McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data Resource Management

Chapter 3

The Case is at the end of the presentation. There is a link from that to the solutions

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What about this concerning DRM?

• “I have traveled the length & breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won’t last out the year”.– The editor in charge of business books for

Prentice Hall (1957)

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What about this concerning DRM?

• “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data”. – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1892)

– Sherlock Holmes

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Database Functions

• 1. Manage data storage– AMR parent of Amer Airlines

– Teamed with IBM-1st airline reservation sys.• Saabre

– Saabre became more valuable that the other assets of the co. including its planes.

– Spun it off as Saabre Holdings Corp.• Has 4 times the stock value of AMR

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Database Functions

• 2. Transform data into information

• 3. Provide security – Who has access. Part of Sarbox.

• 4. Allow multi-user access

• 5. Allow programming & Query Lang. ability

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• Data is a resource• Data must be organized (table)• Data must be managed (backup & retrieval• Business survival depends on information

regarding internal & external environ.

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• What is the external environment?– Government: Fed., state, city, county

New laws, changes in laws, mandates, compliance– World Economics

– Politics

– Competitors

– Demographics

– Suppliers

– Technology (hardware, software, etc.

– Customers

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• A managerial activity

• Applies information systems technology to managing data resources to – meet needs of business stakeholders.

• IS technology (from above)– DBMS– Data warehousing– Data mining

• Center for Data Integrity (CDI)

– Webopedia – database, DBMS

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Foundation Data Concepts

• Levels of data– Character

• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol

– Field• Groupings of characters

• Represents an attribute of some entity– Entity

» Person» Place» Object» event

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

– Records• Related fields of data

• Collection of attributes that describe an entity

• Fixed-length or variable-length

Files (table)• A group of related records

• Classified by– Primary use– Type of data– permanence

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

– Database• Integrated collection of logically related data

elements

• Consolidates records into a common pool of data elements

• Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device

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Logical Data Elements

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• Compare the previous figure with the data that was organized before computers.

• Is that older system still used?

• Since data entry bookkeeping?

• Can you have more than one database in your organization? Is so, why would you want this?

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• Who will organize the data (database, tables, records, fields, entities) in your organization.– 4th generation language

• Who will use the data in your organization?

• Who will maintain the data in your org.’s database?

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Types of Databases• Operational

– Supports business processes and operations

– Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, and production databases

– Examples• HR database

• Inventory database

• Customer database

• E-commerce databases

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Access. Example of operational DB that can be created & managed by small bus. or dept

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Types of Databases (continued)

• Distributed– Replicated and distributed copies or parts of

databases on network servers at a variety of sites.• Network servers on the WWW.

• Intranets or extranets

– Replication -- Webopedia

– Done to improve database performance and security• Performance example?

• Security example?– Original database or any of its partitions is destroyed– Assigning privileges

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• Distributed Databases (continued)– Challenge

• Ensuring all replicated data are consistently and concurrently updated

– Synchronization– Novell = NDS=partitioning– Time on servers around the world can be a

problem.– Data log reports are very helpful

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20Replication

• Country– Great Britain

• London– Division 1

» This» That» The Other

– Division 2– Division 3

• Japan– Division 1– Division 2

• U.S.– Division 1

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• External– Available for a fee from commercial sources

or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web or your supplier DB’s.

• Sources are almost endless

• External can be download into DBMS Remember that DBMS is a decision support tool. Example?

• Infor. From the DBMS can be downloaded in to a variety of applications for analysis.

– Excel. Also a decision support tool. Example?

• Database inform. can be accessed by Excel. Excel information can be accessed by DB.

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• Hypermedia Databases– Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

• Text, graphics, photographic images, video, and audio

– A database of interrelated hypermedia page elements, rather than interrelated data records.

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining

• Data warehouse– Stores data extracted from operational,

external, or other databases of an organization

– Central source of “structured” data

– May be subdivided into data marts• Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects

of the co., e.g., by department or process.

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Data warehouse

• Data acquisition– This process includes activities

• Consolidating data from several sources

• Filtering out unwanted data

• Correcting incorrect data

• Converting data to new data types

• The data is then stored so that it can be moved into the enterprise warehouse

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Data Warehouse

• Enterprise warehouse– Can then be moved into data marts or

– To analytical data stores• Holds data in a more useful form for certain

types of data so that it can be used by OLAP applications.

• Link to OLAP

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)

• Data mining– A major use of data warehouse databases

– Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends

• In vast amounts of data– Usually several terabytes of data.

» 4, 000,000,000,000 bytes» Its above gigabytes

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Data Mining (continued)

Data mining software uses:• Advanced pattern recognition algorithms

• Variety of math & statistical techniques

• To filter through data to extract previously unknown strategic business information.

• Examples:– New or change products– New or change services– Marketing activities– Organizational change/process change

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Database Management Approach

• Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs. In our banking example:– Savings Account program

– Checking account program

– Installment loan program

• This approach allows data to be consolidated into a common database, for our case, Customer Database– rather than being kept in separate files for each

of those applications.

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Database Management Approach (continued)

• DBMS serves as an interface between the users and databases. – Controls how databases are

• Created

• Interrogated

• Maintained

– So users can easily access the data in the database

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• Database Interrogation – 3rd Generation. Programming languages

– 4th Generation. SQL and then QBE

– Query• Supports ad hoc requests

• Can save queries

• Tells the software how you want to organize the data and what data that you want?

• Has a graphical user interface (GUI)

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Queries

• A query lets you easily obtain immediate response to an hoc data requests.– What is immediate?

• Can a query be save for future use? If so, give me an example.

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Example of Querying 2 Tables

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SQL & Natural Languages

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• Report Generator– Turns results of a table or query into a

useable report

– Can specify a report format.• Examples of report formatting ???• Can these report formats be saved ???• Can a report also be linked to a query ??? If

so, why would you want to do this ???

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Access Report Generator

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Access Report Generator

• Use Access with an existing database to show options for generating a report.

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Database Maintenance

• Database Maintenance– What is this? 3 simple things that are imp.

– Why must this occur?

– Who does it, usually?

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• Application Development– Function of a DBMS

– The DBMS has built-in software dev. tools

– To develop custom application programs• Develop data entry screens

• Forms

• Reports

– Who does this?• End users

• Systems analysts

• Application developers

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Implementing Data Resource Management

• Why is data resource management needed ???– Link

• Data Resource Management includes:– DBMS

– Data planning

– Database Administration

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• Database Administration– Develop and maintain the data dictionary

– Design and monitor performance of databases

– Enforce database use and security standards

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

• Data Planning– Corporate planning and analysis function

– Developing the overall data architecture

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• Data Administration– Standardize collection, storage, and

dissemination of data to end users

– Focused on supporting business processes and strategic business objectives

– May include developing policy and setting standards

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• Challenges– Technologically complex

• So difficult & expensive• What about recruiting tech. people• What about the training of users

– Vast amounts of data to be managed– Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures– Scalability of your systems

• What about outsourcing?• Data requirements are going to grow

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)• Benefits

– Reduces the duplication of data

– Integrates data so that they can be accessed by multiple programs & users

– Software is not dependent on the format of the data or type of secondary storage hardware

– Business professionals can use inquiry and reporting capabilities

– The security of data are increased. Access to data & modification of data are controlled through the data admin. function

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Section II

Technical Foundations of Database Management

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Data Structures

• The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several logical data structures or models

• DBMS packages are designed to use a specific data structure to provide end users with quck & easy acces to information stored in a DB.

• 5 database structures

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Database Structures

• Hierarchical– Early mainframe DBMS packages used this

– Treelike or hierarchical

– All of the relationships are one-to-many

– Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing

– Not very flexible. One-to-many relationships only.

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Database Structures (continued)

• Network structure– More complex

• Relationships must be specified in advance

– More flexible

– Many-to-many relationship

– More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well

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Database Structures (continued)• Relational structure

– Data elements stored in simple tables

– Relationships do not have to be specified when the database is created.

– Can link data elements from various tables

– Can create new tables of data relationships using parts of data from several tables.

– Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models

– Easier to maintain

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• Multi-Dimensional structure– A variation of the relational model

– Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP) applications

– Popular database structure for the analytical databases that support OLAP.

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Object-oriented structure– Key technology of a new generation of

multimedia web-based applications

– Good for complex, high-volume applications

– OODB software is finding increasing use in:• Managing hypermedia databases on the

– Web– Corporate intranets– Corporate extranets

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• However, major relational DBMS vendors have countered by:– Adding object-oriented modules to their

relational software.• IBM’s DB2

• Oracles’s object based “cartridges”

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Relating Information From Two Tables

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Case for Chapter 3Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme• Solutions to this Case

• 1. What type of data did both companies need to collect?– External data sources

• 2. What was this information made up of?– Information from the customers customers.

• Who were the customers of Krispy Kreme?• Who were the customers of Sherwin-Wms?

• 3. Is there a need to collect external data on other than your customers?

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Case for Chapter 3Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme• 4. Why has external data in corporate data

warehouses increase so much over the last few years?

• 5. It is very simple to integrate external data into your databases. ???

• 6. Most of the external data that is available for purchase is reliable. ???

• 7. How does S-W collect its external data ???

• 8. How does KK collect its data ???

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Case for Chapter 3Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme

• 9. Krispy Kreme used a 3rd party to collect external data. What were some stated advantages ???

• 10. What challenges in acquiring and using data from external sources are identified in this case?

• 11. Do you prefer either of the companys external data gathering approach ??? Why

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies