MCSE Lessons

8/3/2019 MCSE Lessons

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Bashir Ahmad Noori Presents 1

MCSE (Microsoft Certified System Engineer)

1. This course is designed keeping in view to requirements for a Network System

Engineer or Administrator, so by learning this course you can get a job like

Network Operation Manager, Network Administrator or Network Engineer.

1. WINDOWS SERVER 2003 (Operating System)

2. NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE OF WINDOWS SERVER 2003

3. BASIC NETWORKING CONCEPTS

4. DEVICES USED FOR NETWORKING AND INTERNETWORKING

5. CREATING A WORK GROUP Type Network

6. CREATING DOMAIN TYPE Network

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Operating System: Computer industry is divided into two main categories.

1. HARDWARE

2. SOFTWARE

Hardware means that, the manufacturing of Computer and the Repairing of

Computer. Means that we deal with the physical parts of the computers. While

Software is a term which is use to operate the computer or link the different parts

of computer will each other to make one computer. The Software part is divided

into followings:

1. System Software

2. Application Software


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3. CAD (Computer Aided Design)

System Software are those program which are use to operate the computer or by

using which we can develop the application software. So System Software is

further divided into two categories.

1. Operating Systems

2. Languages of Computers

Operating System:

A System Software which is use to links different parts of computers, and transfer

the require sub software in the memory of computer to make the different parts of

computer active, like mouse, key board hard disk, monitor, these sub software arecalled device drivers, and then provide us a way for Further working.

Explanation:

When ever we turn on our computer, the first process after switching on the

computer is called POST ( Power on Self Test ) , In this process computer will

check all the internal and external parts if there is any problem in any part

computer display the message in shape of text or by visual like beeps, After the

post process the operating system started the work, of linking different parts of

computer with each other through different mediums like cables or wires or

interface, after that operating system will transfer the driver program for each

device internally or externally attached with the computer. After drivers are the

program provided by the manufacturer of the device. After transformation of the

Device Drivers

The operating System load the GUI (Graphics User Interface) Screen for further

working. The Common Operating System we use are .

1. Windows NT Family (Windows Server 2003)

2. UNIX Operating System

3. LINUX (Operating System)

4. VMS (For Main Frame Type Computers) Operating System.


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Windows Server 2003:

Normally it contains a Program Manager when loaded; this program manager is

divided into two main parts.

1. Desktop Area

2. Task Bar and Start Menu

This is the original GUI of the Windows Server 2003. Different Operations can be

performing at the same time in the Windows. This is because of the fast memorymanagement, memory management means that the Window Server 2003 is

multitasking and multi-user system. First when we open a task in the windows it

will transfer this task to memory and then the memory transfer it as an image to the

monitor screen, so when we open the next task suddenly then the first task will

deleted from the memory but remain its image on screen and when we click on the

screen the task will be again transfer to memory.

1. Installation of the Windows on Computer.

At Least we need Pentium III computer, with 500 MMX Processor, with 256

MB of RAM and 10 GB Hard disk Space.

Installation means that copy the files of the operating system in the computer hard

disk and then make them active, different types of installations are provided for

Server 2003 operating System.

1. Manual Installation

2. Automatic Installation

3. Remote Installation


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4. Unattended Installation.

The Windows Server 2003 Installation is quite different from the Windows XP

Installation, in the Windows Server 2003 Installation we need to configure the

networking criteria for our Computer, and set the number of clients ( if our

computer is a Server Computer ) then setup the options for the Workgroup or

Domain Type Networking Structure.

Server: A Server is a technology by using we can deploy our data from one device

to other device. A Server is also a main computer in a network which controls all

the clients computer.

How to Install the Windows Server 2003 in Computer.

1. Insert the CD of windows Server 2003 in CD Drive

2. The Boot from CD Drive Option will display after the Post process completed

3. Press Any Key to accept the Boot from CD.

4. The Windows SERVER 2003 Standard Setup will be started.

5. The First Screen of the Windows Setup will copy the Hardware information of

your computer into the memory.

6. After loading all the devices and driver information, the Setup Welcome Screen

will display

7. Here you will see three options

8. Enter to Continue

9. R to Repair

10. F3 to Quit from the Setup Screen.

11. Even we want to install first time or we want to repair the windows press Enter

Key

12. The Windows Server License Screen will be display this is an agreement


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provided by the Microsoft, and contains the term and conditions of using the

Windows Server 2003. Here Press F8 Key to accept the agreement.

13. the Next screen display the status of the current window installed in your

computer, now here if you want to repair the window press r, if you want to install

new window press Esc (Escape Key) which do not Repair

14. The Hard Disk Partitioning Screen will display, which shows the different

partitions already, exists in your hard disk.

15. First we will delete all old partition and then create the new partitions

16. Select the Partition, which you want to delete and press D from the key board.

17. The Partition deletion information screen will display which shows the text thatwhat will happen when we delete the partition. Here Press Enter Key to continue if

you want to delete partition or Esc to cancel the deletion process.

18. The next screen will be the confirmation screen for deleting the partition press

L to confirm to delete the selected partition.

19. The partition will be deleted, do the same steps for other partition to delete.

20. After deleting all the partition, we will re create the partition we will check how

much space of total hard disk we have.

21. We can set the partition size in the percentage, for example we want to set the

C Drive Space to 50% and remaining 50% to D drive,

22. Press C to create a Partition, The Total Space of hard disk will display in the

partition screen, delete the space, and type the space like 6500 (Half of a 13 GB

Hard Disk Space), and Press Enter Key to create the Partition.

23. Now to create new partition, select the un- partition space from the screen and

press C, Enter to accept the New Partition the Partition will be created, now we will

format our partition where we want to install the windows, so select the first

partition also called primary disk partition or C drive and press enter to start the

formatting process, Formatting is a process to create track and sectors on hard

disk where our data will store in a sequence, as first time our hard disk is like a


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white paper and computer it self does not identify the actual space of the hard disk,

so we perform the formatting process to convert this white space with the

measurable space.

With the formatting computer will create first Track 0, which contains a sector

(sector 0) which has the complete information about the boot record of the hard

disk the bootable files of windows and the directory structure of the file, This sector

is called boot sector is our hard disk damage so it means that boot sector is

damage. This is the first path where we enter our data in our hard disk. Every time

formatting the Hard Disk will damage the Hard Disk so keep in mind that less

formats the hard disk.Press Enter Key to continue the Installation.

The format Options will display.

1. We have two types of format process.

1. FAT (File Allocation Table) Type Format

2. NTFS (New Technology File System).

FAT was insecure and covering a lot of space during the data storage on hard

disk, while the NTFS is only cover the actual data space on hard disk and very fast

and secure system for creating the Directory Structure on Hard Disk.

There are two methods provided to format the hard disk.

1. Normally Format

2. Quick Format

If you are formatting you hard disk first time then use the normal format option and

if your hard disk is already formatted before so use the quick format option and


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click on Enter.

The formatting will be started and after the formatting, the computer will copy the

windows files to continue the installation it make a temporary folder transfer the

files from CD the hard disk and then from hard disk to memory.

After the transformation of the files, computer will restart and the GUI Setup

Screen will display.

A graphical screen with different controls like text box, like combo box and

command buttons to perform an operation required by us is called a GUI Screen.

In the TEXT Base Setup Screen, the Collecting of Information, Dynamic Updatesand Preparing Installation options are completed, now just the Installing window

and Finalizing Installation option will completed in this screen with in 39 minutes.

When the installation remaining time is 33, windows setup screen will display,

Here you can set the language option, Click on Next command button, Then

Screen

Will ask the COMPUTER NAME and Organization Name type the names and Click

on Next and then type the CD Key provided to you. This is the products key,

Type the product key and clicks on next command button.

WHAT IS NETWORKING?

Networking is the way for transformation of information from one computer to

other

Computer by means of using the network mediums like, NIC (Network Interface

Card), Modem (Modular De modular Device), Cables, Switch, Hub, Routers, B-

routers, Bridges and VSAT technologies.

Networking provides the principles and methods for this connectivity is called

protocols.


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A Protocol is a set of rule which is use to make the information identification during

the transmission from one NIC to other NIC. So Every Network Card is a standard

of IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers). This institute is in USA

which is responsible to test any new engineer device and after the satisfaction of

the test the IEEE permit the manufacturer to release the copies of this device in

the Market.

The NIC standard is Ethernet. The minimum speed of transformation of information

of this device is 10 mbps (Mega Bytes per seconds) and maximum is 100 mbps. If

you NIC card or your connection showing the 100 mbps speed it means that

connection is ok.

How the information transfer from one computer to other computer?

1. Every computer must contain a NIC card, and this card has a port, a port is the

way of connecting the computer with the network mediums like cables. Each cable

has a connector or jack for Local Network, we use commonly RJ45 (Register Jack

45) or RJ11 (Register Jack 11) and we put these connectors to the port of one

computer.

2. Through the cables data will be transfer means send or receive,

3. When we send a data from a network computer, the computer memory transfer

the data into network card memory,

4. Then network card uses the protocol according to the network connection, the

data will be converted into small pieces, and these pieces are called data packets,

and then these data packets are converted to electric signals, and when the

receiver computer receive the information, the NIC card again convert the signals

to the packets and the packets to the original form of data.

5. In the old days the network was not so powerful and only a single method of

networking was used, as the networking is developed in 1960s, and there was not

switch or hub device so the method was peer to peer, means when they send the


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information each computer receive the information, but now a days we transform

the data indirectly by using the hub and switch type devices, that data transfer from

NIC through Cables to the switch, and switch make analysis upon data that this

data is related to which port and then it transfer to only specific computer.

6. If we are sending data to other computer and that computer also busy to

receive some other computer data, then our data will wait to send. And when the

computers free the data will display.

7. In the Windows Server Family, we have two methods for network connectivity.

1. WORKGROUP

2. DNS (DOMAIN NAME SERVICE) SERVER.

We need the following devices to make the network.

1. Peer to Peer Networking: Cables, connectors, NIC card and Computers

crimpling Tools.

2. Client/Server Networking: Cables, Hubs/Switches, Connectors, Cables, NIC

Card, Crimpling Tools and Computers.

1. LAN (Local Area Network)

2. WAN (Wide Area Network)

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Networking).

LAN (Local Area Network):

The range of this network is within a building, and different rooms of the building

will connected to different computers. One computer can handle all the clients

computers and the entire client must work under the server or main computer.


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Network cabling:

What is network cabling?

Cable is a medium through which information usually moves from one network

device to another. There are several types of cable, which are commonly used with

LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks

will use a variety of cable type of cable for network is related to the networks

topology, protocol and size. Understanding the characteristic of different types of

cable and how they relate to other aspects of network is necessary for

development of a successful network.

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in network and other

related topics.

Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP) cable

Shielded Twisted pair (STP) cable

Coaxial cable

Fiber optic cable

Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP) cable:

Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded.

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option

for school networks (see fig .1)

Figure 1.

The quality of UTP may vary from telephone grade wire to extremely high speed

cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with

a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent

pair and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported

transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. The EIA/TIA (electronic


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industry association /telecommunication industry association) has established of

UTP and rated five category of wire.

Type Use

Category 1 Voice

Category 2 Data to 4Mbps (local talk)

Category 3 Data to 10Mbps ( Ethernet)Category 4 Datato20Mbps(16 Mbps token ring)

Category 5 Data to 100 Mbps (fast Ethernet)

Buy the best cable you can afford; most school purchase category 3 or category 5.

if you are designing a 10 Mbps Ethernet network and are considering the cost

saving of buying category 3 wire instead of category 5 , remember that the

category 5 cable will provide more room to grow as transmission technologiesincrease. Both category 3 and category 5 UTP have a maximum segment length of

100 meters. In Florida category 5 cable is required for retrofit grants. 10Base T

refers to the specifications for unshielded twisted pair cable (category 3, 4 or 5)

carrying Ethernet signals. Category 6 is relatively new and is used for gigabit

connections.

Unshielded Twisted pair connector:

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.

This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (see

figure 2).

A slot allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way RJ stand for registered jack ,

implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from the telephone

industry . This standard designates which wire goes with each pin inside the

connector.

Figure 2.

Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable:


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A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical

frequency interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments

with electrical interference; however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite

bulky. Shielded twisted pair is often used on networks using Token Ring topology.

Coaxial cable:

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides

insulation between the center conductor and braided metal shield (see figure .3).

The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights,

motors, and other computers.

Figure 3.

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal

interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network

devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial

and thin coaxial.

Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thin net.10Base 2 refers to the

specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the

approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In fact, the maximum

segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable is popular in school networks,

especially linear bus networks.

Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base 5 refers to the

specification for thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to

maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra

protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor.

This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in linear bus

networks. One disadvantage of thick coaxial cable is that it does not bend easily

and difficult to install.


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Coaxial cable connector

The most common type of connector used with coaxial cable is the bayone-neill-

concelman (BNC) connector (see figure.4). Different type of adapters is available

for BNC connector, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator.

Connectors on cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid

problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather

than screw, onto the cable.

Fiber optic cable:

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of

protective materials (see figure .5). it transmits light rather than electric signals

eliminating the problem of electrical interference . This makes it ideal for certain

environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. it has also

made it the standard networks between buildings , due to its immunity to the

effects to moisture and lighting.

Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances

than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has capability to carry information at vastly

greater speeds. This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include

services such as video conferencing and interactive services . this cost of fiber

optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling however, it is more difficult to install

and modify . 10BaseF refers to the specification for fiber optic cable carrying

Ethernet signals.


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Fact about fiber optic cables:

Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC.

Kevlar fiber helps to strengthen the cable and prevent breakage.

A plastic coating is used to cushion the fiber center.

Center (core) is made of glass plastic fibers.

Fiber optic connector:

The most common connector used with fiber optic cable is an ST connector. It isbarrel shaped, similar to a BNC connector, a newer connector; the SC is becoming

more popular. it has squared face and easier to connect in a confined space.

Ethernet cable summary

Specification Cable type Maximum length

10BaseT Unshielded twisted pair 100 meters

10Base2 Thin coaxial 185 meters

10Base5 Thick coaxial 500 meters

10BaseF Fiber optic 2000 meters

100BaseT Unshielded twisted pair 100 meters

100BaseTX Unshielded twisted pair 220 meters

HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN CAT 5 TWISTED-PAIR NETWORK CABLES

INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this article is to show you how to make the two

kinds of cables which can be used to network two or more computers together to

form quick and simple home or small office local area networks (LANs). These


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instructions can also be used to make patch cables for networks with more

complex infrastructure wiring.

The two most common unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) network standards are the10

MHz 10BASE-T Ethernet and the 100Mhz 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet. The

100BASE-TX standard is quickly becoming the predominant LAN standard. If you

are starting from scratch, to build a small home or office network, this is clearly the

standard you should choose. This article will show you how

to make cables, which will work with both standards.

LANS SIMPLIFIED. A LAN can be as simple as two

computers, each having a network interface card (NIC) or

network adapter and running network software, connected

together with a crossover cable.

The next step up would be a network consisting of three or more computers and a

hub. Each of the computers is plugged into the hub with astraight-thru cable

(the crossover function is performed by the hub).

NETWORK CABLE AND CONNECTORS

There are several classifications of cable used for twisted-pair networks. I'll skip

right over them and state that I use and recommend Category 5 (or CAT 5)

cable for all new installations. Likewise, there are several fire code

classifications for the outer insulation of CAT 5 cable. I use CMR cable, or

"riser cable," for most of the wiring I do. You should also be aware of CMP or

plenum cable (a plenum is used to distribute air in a building). You may be

required by local, state or national codes to use the more expensive plenum-

jacketed cable if it runs through suspended ceilings, ducts, or other areas, if they


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are used to circulate air or act as an air passage from one room to another. If in

doubt, use plenum. CMR cable is generally acceptable for all applications not

requiring plenum cable.

CAT 5 wire is available in reel-in-box packaging. This is very handy for pulling the

wire without putting twists in it. Without this kind of package or a cable reel stand,

pulling wire is a two-person job. Before the advent of the reel-in-box, we used to

put a reel of wire on a broom handle to pull it. One person would hold the broom

handle and the other would pull and measure the cable. You will produce a

tangled mess, if you pull the wire off the end of the reel.

Stranded wire patch cables are often specified for cable segments running from a

wall jack to a PC and for patch panels. They are more flexible than solid core

wire. However, the rational for using it is that the constant flexing of patch cables

may wear-out solid core cable--break it. I do not think this is a real concern in the

average small network. For example, I have one solid core cable going to my

work bench. It has probably flexed and average person's lifetime of flexes from

the many times I have connected customer computers to my network. Also,

stranded cable is susceptible to degradation from moisture infiltration, may use an

alternate color code, and should not be used for cables longer than 3 Meters

(about 10 feet).

Most of the wiring I do simply connects computers directly to other computers or

hubs. Solid core cable is quite suitable for this purpose and for many home and

small business networks. I find it also quite acceptable for use as patch cables.

You might consider stranded wire patch cables if you have a notebook computer

you are constantly moving around.

CAT 5 cable has four twisted pairs of wire for eight individually insulated wires.

Each pair is color coded with one wire having a solid color (blue, orange, green, or

brown) twisted around a second wire with a white background and a stripe of the

same color. The solid colors may have a white stripe in some cables. Cable


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colors are commonly described using the background color followed by the color of

the stripe; e.g., white-orange is a cable with a white background and an orange

stripe.

CONNECTORS. The straight through and crossover patch cables

discussed in this article are terminated with CAT 5 RJ-45 modular

plugs. RJ-45 plugs are similar to those you will see on the end of

your telephone cable except they have eight versus four or six

contacts on the end of the plug and they are about twice as big. Make sure they

are rated for CAT 5 wiring. (RJ means "Registered Jack"). In addition, there are

RJ-45 plugs designed for both solid core wire and stranded wire. Others are

designed specifically for one kind of wire or the other. Be sure you buy plugs

appropriate for the wire you are going to use. I use plugs designed to

accommodate both kinds of wire.

COLOR-CODE STANDARDS

Again, please bear with me... Let us start with simple pin-out diagrams of the two

types of UTP Ethernet cables and watch how committees can make a can of

worms out of them. Here are the diagrams:

Note that the TX (transmitter) pins are connected to corresponding RX (receiver)

pins, plus to plus and minus to minus. And that you must use a crossover cable to


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connect units with identical interfaces. If you use a straight-through cable, one of

the two units must, in effect, perform the cross-over function.

Two wire color-code standards apply: EIA/TIA 568A and EIA/TIA 568B.The codes

are commonly depicted with RJ-45 jacks as follows (the view is from the front of

the jacks):

If we apply the 568A color code and show all eight wires, our pin-out looks like:

this.

Note that pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 and the blue and brown pairs are not used in either

standard. Quite contrary to what you may read elsewhere, these pins and wires

are not used or required to implement 100BASE-TX duple Xing--they are just plain

wasted.

However, the actual cables are not physically that simple. In the diagrams, the

orange pair of wires are not adjacent. The blue pair is upside-down. The right

ends match RJ-45 jacks and the left ends do

not. If, for example, we invert the left side of

the 568A "straight"-thru cable to match a

568A jack--put one 180 twist in the entire


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cable from end-to-end--and twist together and rearrange the appropriate pairs, we

get the following can-of-worms:

This further emphasizes, I hope, the importance of the word "twist" in making

network cables which will work. You cannot use a flat-untwisted telephone cable

for a network cable. Furthermore, you must use a pair of twisted wires to connect

a set of transmitter pins to their corresponding receiver pins. You cannot use a

wire from one pair and another wire from a different pair.

Keeping the above principles in mind, we can simplify the diagram for a 568A

straight-thru cable by untwisting the wires, except the 180 twist in the entire

cable, and bending the ends upward. Likewise, if we exchange the green and

orange pairs in the 568A diagram we will get a simplified diagram for a 568B

straight-thru cable. If we cross the

green and orange pairs in the 568A

diagram, we will arrive at a simplified

diagram for a crossover cable. All three

are shown below.

LET'S MAKE IT SIMPLE

There are only two unique cable ends in the

preceding diagrams. They correspond to the

568A and 568B RJ-45 jacks and are shown to the

right.

Again, the wires with colored backgrounds may

have white stripes and may be denoted that way in diagrams found elsewhere.


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For example, the green wire may be labeled Green-White--I do not bother. The

background color is always specified first.

Now, all you need to remember, to properly configure the cables, are the diagrams

for the two cable ends and the following rules:

A straight-thru cable has identical ends.

A crossover cable has different ends.

It makes no functional difference which standard you use for a straight-thru cable.

You can start a crossover cable with either standard as long as the other end is the

other standard. It makes no functional difference which end is which. Despite

what you may have read elsewhere, a 568A patch cable will work in a network with

568B wiring and 568B patch cable will work in a 568A network. The electrons

couldn't care less.

My preference is to use the 568A standard for straight-thru cables and to start

crossover cables with a 568A end. That way all I have to remember is the diagram

for the 568A end, that a straight-thru cable has two of them, and that the green and

orange pairs are swapped at the other end of a crossover cable.

LET'S MAKE SOME CABLES

1. Pull the cable off the reel to the desired length and cut. I have a box of cable at

one end of my shop and a mark on the floor 10' away. For cable lengths,

which are a fraction of ten feet, I eyeball the length as I pull the cable out

of the box (also, my feet are about one foot long). For longer cables, I pull

it out to the ten-foot mark, go back to the box, and pull the remaining

fraction or another ten


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RJ-45 plug is crimped on.. Flatten again. There should be little or no space

between the wires.

6. Hold the RJ-45 plug with the clip facing down or away from you. Push the wire

firmly into the plug. Now, inspect the darn thing... before crimping and

wasting the plug! Looking through the bottom of the plug, the wire on the far left

side will have a white background. The wires should alternate light and dark from

left to right. The furthest right wire is brown. The wires should all end evenly at

the front of the plug. The jacket should end just about, where you see it in the

diagram--right on the line. Aren't you glad you did not crimp the plug?

Network technology point to-point data links

These are the most basic data communications links. Ex:

Virtually all computers support such data links, using

their so-called serial ports. Typically, these ports areable to operate at any standard bit rate between 300 bps and 230400bps.

The most common hardware interface standard used in such data links is called

RS232. In fact, a connection may be direct or may use a modem.

Modems

A modem allows a point-to-point data link to be carried over the analog telephonesystem (PSTN, also called POTS, or plain old telephone system), thus:

The modem can:


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Dial the telephone number of another modem under the program control, or

answer the phone.

Negotiate a connection at the highest common bit rate that each modem can

support

Perform on the fly data compression

Perform (under some conditions) error detection and correction.

How to make cross cable or p2p cable:

With cat 5 cables we can easily make a cross cable, cross cable is used for

interconnecting of two pc with windows 98/me/xp or other windows. here are show

the ranging of color below:

The first side of the cable:

White orange, orange

White green, blue

White blue, green

White brown , brown

On the other side of the cable:

White green , green

White orange , blue

White blue , orange

White brown , brown

What is protocol?


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Networking Protocols: A Protocol is a rule, method, or principle, which uses the

Network Interface card to transfer the data from one computer to other computer.

The two computers, which are connected with each other, must have same or

compatible protocol. The most common protocol for LAN (Local Area Network)

System connectivity is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol) / Internet Protocol,

which is the standard by IEEE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineering.

The protocol provides an address to connect form one computer to other, and this

address is called IP Address (Internet Protocol) address, so the IP address are

always unique. Different ways are provided to set the IP Address the most

common use is the manually or using DHCP (Dynamic Host ConfigurationProtocol) Server. The DHCP Server provides and automatic IP address inside the

networking zone.

Normally in a small network, we can manually or through the remote desktop

facility change the IP Address.

Every thing we can access from a network possible through the IP address.

What is IP (internet protocol) address?

The data transformation is depending upon the protocol, which are the rules and principles

we define to make a same environment for the sender and receiver computer. If the twocomputers are using the different protocols then the data transmission is not possible by

simple ways. The main protocol for wan and LAN type networks are called TCP/IP,

Transmission Control protocol/ Internet protocol. These protocols generate the unique

address to access the computer or make the communication between the computers. These

IP address are divided into three categories


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Class A Addresses: 127.0.0.0 (satellite connection) or ISP (MAN)

Class B addresses: 128.0.0.0 (ISP) Internet Service Provider Company (MAN)

Class C Addresses: 192.0.0.0 (LAN and WAN)

Step1: Create the cross through cable and connect its one end to computer NIC port and

second to the switch or hub port.

Then we will set the IP addresses for both computers.

1. On the Desktop double click on the My Network Places Folder

2. Click on View Network Connections

3. The connection will display if you see a lock on the connection turn off the windows

firewall option from the control pane.

4. right mouse click on the connection and click on properties

5. Select the Internet protocol TCP/IP

6. Click on Properties command button

7. and check on use the following IP address

8. In the IP address type your IP address

9. In the Subnet mask computer will display the end range of that IP address.

10.Click on OK

11.Click on OK

12.the IP Address will be set

13.Now to check the Internet protocol configuration use the (IPCONFIG) for short

configuration, and if you are using the domain controller then you can see detail

information like you domain name, IP address the subnet and so on.


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14. In the run command type CMD

15. type (IPCONFIG) or (IPCONFIG/ALL)

16. If we want to check the connection of other computer with this computer, we will

use the ping command.

17.If the domain is installed in our computer then we use the (NSLOOKUP) command

What is workgroup and how to make it?

Work Group is a small type LAN Network not support much computers, and the

security option of the work group computer is not much higher then a Windows server

2003 operating system.

We can add the clients to our workgroup computer.

1. Move to the client computer

2. Right mouse click on the My Computer Folder

3. Click on Properties

4. and select the computer name tab

5. click on change command button

6. and type the same name of the workgroup you set it in the server computer

7. click on ok

8. then restart the computer

9. After log on it will be added to the server and the server will added to the client.

If we want to open the other computer link, we must know the user name and the password

of that computer.

How to check list of computer connected in the workgroup?

In the My Network Places folder double


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Click on View workgroup Computer

Centralized vs. Client/Server Computing

early networks were based on the centralized-computing model. Usually, in these

networks, one large server (a mainframe computer) handled all aspects of the

network, while each user accessed the main server from a terminal. Because the

centralized computer handled all the high-level computing chores, the terminals

were typically inexpensive, low-performance computers. Today, thanks to

improvements stemming from the rapid evolution of the personal computer, the old

centralized model is being replaced with the client/server model. Today's users

have the full power of a mainframe computer at their fingertips, with the added

advantage of an interconnected network.

Centralized Computing

In the traditional mainframe environment, an application such as a database runs

on a large and powerful centralized mainframe computer and is accessed by

terminals. The terminal sends a request for information to the mainframe

computer; the mainframe retrieves the information and then displays it on the

terminal.

The entire database travels from the server across the network and is downloaded

to the client that made the request. The file access takes place through the

network operating system (NOS) and the cable. There is very little coordination

between the terminal and the mainframe. The data is processed on the mainframe

and then delivered to the terminal. The data transfer between the terminal and the

mainframe increases network traffic and slows down requests from other

terminals.

Client/Server computing

the term "client/server computing" refers to the process by which data processing

chores are shared between the client computer and the more powerful server

computer. Figure 8.9 shows a simple client/server network with one server, three

clients, and a printer.


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The client/server approach can benefit any organization in which many people

need continual access to large amounts of data.

The client/server network is the most efficient way to provide:

Database access and management for applications such as spreadsheets,

accounting, communications, and document management.


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Network management.

Centralized file storage.

Client/Server-Model Overview

Most networks operate in the client/server model, also referred to as "server-based

networking." A client workstation makes a request for data that is stored on a

server. The client workstation processes the data using its own CPU. Data-

processing results can then be stored on the server for future use. The data can

also be stored on the client workstation and accessed by other client workstations

on the network. In peer-to-peer networks, where there is no central server, each

client workstation acts as both client and server.

The Client

The user generates a request at the front end. The client runs an application that:

Presents an interface to the user.

Formats requests for data.

Displays data it receives from the server.

In a client/server environment, the server does not contain the user-interface

software. The client is responsible for presenting the data in a usable form. The

user enters instructions from the client computer. The client computer prepares the

input for the server. The client computer sends a request for specific information

across the network to the server. The server processes the request, locatesthe appropriate information, and sends it back across the network to the client. The

client computer then feeds the information to the interface, which presents the

information to the user. The client computer can also process the information

further, using its own CPU and software.

The Server


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The server in a client/server environment is usually dedicated to storing and

managing data. This is where most of the actual database activity occurs. The

server is also referred to as the back end of the client/server model because it

fulfills the requests of the client. The server receives the structured requests from

the clients, processes them, and sends the requested information back over the

network to the client.The database software on the file server reacts to client

queries by running searches. As part of a client/server system, it returns only the

results of the searches.Back-end processing include sorting data, extracting the

requested data, and sending that data back to the user.

Additionally, database server software manages the data in a database including:

Updates.

Deletions.

Additions.

Security.

Stored Procedures

Stored procedures are short, prewritten data-processing routines that help with

data-processing details. The procedures are stored in the server and can be used

by any client. Stored procedures help process data. One stored procedure can be

used by any number of clients, thus avoiding the need to incorporate the same

routine into the code of each program.

These stored procedures:

Perform some of the processing usually performed by the client.

Reduce network traffic, because a single call from the client to the server

can begin a series of stored procedures that otherwise would require several

requests.


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Can include security controls to prevent unauthorized users from running some of

the procedures.

Server Hardware

The server computers in a typical client/server environment should be morepowerful and faster than the client computers. In addition to a high-speed

processor, these computers need lots of RAM and plenty of hard-drive space.

These computers must be able to handle:

Multiple requests.

Security.

Network management tasks.

Any organization that implements a client/server network should use dedicated

servers to handle the back-end functions.

Client/Server Architecture

There are several possible client/server arrangements. In the two primary

arrangements, illustrated in Figure 8.11:

The data can be placed on a single server.

The data can be distributed across several database servers. The locations of the

servers depend on the locations of the users and the nature of the data.


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Servers over a WAN periodically synchronize their databases to ensure that they

all have the same data. A data warehouse stores large volumes of data and

forwards the most sought-after data to an intermediate system that is able to

format the data into its most requested form. This offloads some of the data

processing from the main server to other servers.


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Advantages of Working in a Client/Server Environment

Client/server technology creates a powerful environment that offers many real

benefits to organizations. A well-planned client/server system provides relatively

inexpensive networks. These systems provide mainframe-computing capacity

while allowing easy customization for specific applications. Because client/server

processing sends only the results of a query across the network, it cuts down on

network traffic. Client/server computing uses a powerful server to store data. The

client workstation can process some or all of the requested data. On a busy

network, this means that the processing will be distributed more efficiently than in a

traditional mainframe-based system. Because the file services and the data are on

the back-end server, the servers are easier to secure and maintain in one location.

Data is more secure in a client/server environment because it can be placed in a

secure area away from users. The data is also more secure when Windows NT


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Server-based security is used to prevent unauthorized access to files. When the

data is stored in a limited number of locations and managed by one authority,

backups are simplified.

Lesson Summary

The following points summarize the main elements of this lesson:

The client/server model has several advantages over a centralized network;

for example, in this model, tasks are divided between client and server, resulting in

a more efficient network. Client/server networks can be arranged in two ways: data

can be stored on a single server or distributed across several servers.

Client/server networks commonly use structured query language (SQL) fordatabase management. In a client/server network, the client, or front end, is

responsible for presenting data in a useful form and for writing reports; the server,

or back end, is responsible for storing and managing the data. Client/server

networks can be arranged in two ways: data can be stored on a single server or

distributed across several servers.

A driver (sometimes called a device driver) is software that enables a computer

to work with a particular device. Although a device might be installed on a

computer, the computer's operating system cannot communicate with the device

until the driver for that device has been installed and configured. It is the software

driver that tells the computer how to work with the device so that the device can

perform its job.

There are drivers for nearly every type of computer device and peripheral

including:

Input devices, such as mouse devices.

Hard and floppy disk drives and controllers.

Multimedia devices, such as microphones, cameras, and recorders, NICs. Printers

Plotters, and tape drives.


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Usually, the computer is operating system works with the driver to make the device

perform. Printers provide a good illustration of how drivers are used. Printers built

by different manufacturers have different features and functions. It is impossible for

computer and operating-system manufacturers to equip new computers with all the

software required to identify and work with every type of printer. Instead, printer

manufacturers make drivers available for each of their printers. Before your

computer can send documents to a printer, you must install, or load, the drivers for

that printer so that your computer will be able to communicate with it.

Generally, manufacturers of components, such as peripherals or cards that must

be physically installed, are responsible for supplying the drivers for theirequipment. For example, NIC manufacturers are responsible for making drivers

available for their cards. Drivers are usually included on a disk that accompanies

computer equipment when it is purchased. Drivers can also be downloaded from a

service such as The Microsoft Network (MSN), CompuServe, or the manufacturer's

Internet site or bulletin board.

The Network Environment

Network drivers provide communication between a NIC and the network redirector

running in the computer. (The redirector is part of the networking software that

accepts input/output (I/O) requests for remote files and then sends, or redirects,

them over the network to another computer

Drivers and the OSI Reference Model

NIC drivers reside in the Media Access Control sub layer of the data-link layer of

the OSI Reference Model. The Media Access Control sub layer is responsible for

providing shared access for the computer's NICs to the physical layer. In other

words, the NIC drivers ensure direct communication between the computer and

the NIC. This, in turn, establishes a link between the computer and the rest of the

network.


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Chapter Summary

The following points summarize the key concepts of this chapter:

Choosing a Network Design

The first step in network design is to decide whether the network will be peer-to-

peer or server-based.

Take a detailed inventory of all the available networking hardware, software, and

telecommunications equipment on hand before recommending any equipment

purchases for a new LAN. Create a map of the facility layout and the network

(logical and physical) as the beginning of your network-documentation package.

Installing network media is difficult, and complex configurations requirea professional installer. Basic installations can be accomplished without

professional assistance. By knowing the specifics of each piece of hardware that

will be on the network, you can map a network design and foresee potential

problems.

Addressing potential problems before implementing the network can save time and

expense.

Establishing a Client/Server Environment

The client/server model has several advantages over a centralized network; in this

model, tasks are divided between client and server, resulting in a more efficient

network. Client/server networks can be arranged in two ways: the data can be on a

single server or distributed across many servers.

Client/server networks commonly use structured query language (SQL) for

database management.

In a client/server network, the client, or front end, is responsible for presenting data

in a useful form and for writing reports; the server, or back end, is responsible for

storing and managing the data. Client/server networks can be arranged in two

ways: data can be stored on a single server or distributed across several servers.


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How to make a user Account:

Select the My Computer Folder

Right mouse click on it

Click on manage option

Move Local Users and Groups

In the List view portion

Double Click to turn on the users

Right mouse click on the screen and click on New User

In the User Name Box type the Name of the User, you want to create


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In the Full Name if you want to type a detail user name then type the full

name

In the description type the details about the account

in the password set a password to the user

in confirm password again type the password

User Must Change password at first logon, means that when we log on the

user computer asks to change the password, if you want to fix the given

password then check off this option

In the user Can Not change the password, it means that user has no

permission to change its password this user will work under the administrator

account and only the administrator is responsible to make change in the user

password.

We have local Account Policies in which the password expiry date is

mentioned if password is expired then we type a new password by entering

the old password.

If check on this Option that password never expires then until our windows

work computer will not asks for a new password or the password will notexpires.

Account is disable if we check on this option then we can not log on the

account until we check off this option

We apply different permission in the above window to handle a user account,

A user account is differ from a domain account

Because the Server Security Structure is more power full than the XP

windows hence the user account are protected and given in the Computer

management option, as the control panel of the windows XP is very weak

when a virus comes to computer it can destroy the accounts and the control

panel folders, therefore, in server the virus cannot affect the internal process,

the computer management process is an internal process where virus can

not access or a hacker can not enter with out a security permission.


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We can also rename and delete the accounts, listed in the user account

section, by right mouse clicking on an account and click on delete then click

on yes to confirm the deletion the account will be deleted.

To rename an account right mouse click on it and click on rename type the

new name for the account the name will be given to that user.

In server windows every thing is in manage form. That we create a schedule

for doing some thing and our work will be in an organize position so every

thing is connected to its concern topic.

1. There are the local computer users and there are the network users. The

Network Users we can connect using the Remote Desktop or through a

Domain Controller.2. Or we can create the clients account in the server and then we can

implement these accounts on clients computer.

In a Workgroup System when we talk about the Client / Server the client are

fully under control by the server computers and the server computer canhandle all the user management activities from remote.

Group Policies:

A group Policy is rule, role, or method we apply on both the local computer and the

network computer deny or access permission for these computer. In both Windows

XP and Windows Server the command to access the group policies are same

Gpedit.msc

(Gpedit means Group Policy Editor and (msc means Microsoft System Console)

Console is a window in which we perform different operation.

We can implement the group policy for Local computer and for a network

computer.


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In the Start Menu In run command type Gpedit.msc and press enter

A group policy is use to turn on or off a property of windows.

When the group policy editor will display you will see a main folder with the

name of local computer policies

This folder contains two sub folder

a. Computer configuration Folder

b. User Configuration Folder

The Computer Configuration Folder will be used by the Hard Ware Engineers

to set the hard ware policies installed in the computer.

The user configuration will be used by a network person to implement

different rules and methods on the software side like on operating system

Each User and Computer configuration folder contains three sub folder

Software Settings

Window Components

Administrative Templates.

Administrative Templates in the User configuration Folder.

Administrative means perform the Admin work of windows XP or Windows Server,

the Administrative work of the windows XP or Windows Server are related with its

Desktop

Control Panel

User Accounts

Task Bar and Start Menu

Shared Folder

Network

System

Windows components.

What is the control panel of the windows XP or Server?


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When we see the Windows folder structure we have two types of folders in

windows, User define folder, and system folders

A control panel is the combination of different system folders, which are related,

with separate process of the devices attached with the computer. We can control

the activities or change the activities of different devices or process like Server by

using the control panel. There are different folders provided for different works.

Accessibility Wizard Folder

Add/Remove Program

Add New Hard Ware

Display Folder

Key board

Folder Options folder

Mouse Folder

Network Folder

Regional and Language Settings Folder

Administrative Tools Folder

Sound Folder

Printer and Faxes Folder

Scanner and Camera

Task bar and Start Menu Folder

Licensing Folder

Internet option Folder

User Account Activities

System Folder


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Automatic Update Folder

Date Time Folder

Game Controller

Fonts folder

Mail Folder

Portable Media Devices

Phone and Modem Folder

Schedule Task Folder

Power Option Folder

Speech folder

The above folders are standard folders of the control panel.

General Group policies of Control Panel:

These policies we generally apply directly to the overall control panel folder and the

specified control panel folders. Every group policy has three properties, Not Configure,

Enable and Disable. The Not configure means not implemented and disable means

implemented but not yet. Enable means that implemented.

1. Prohibit Access to the control panel

With the help of this policy we can lock our control panel and one can not be able to access

the control panel.

In the Start Menu

Move to Run command

type Gpedit.msc

Move User configuration

click on Administrative template folder

Click on the control panel

Double click prohibit access to control panel


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Set it enable

Click on Apply

Click on OK

close the gpeditor window

refresh on desktop

Now access the control panel the control panel will be lock.

To unlock the control panel in the same process set the policy property to not configure.

2. To Hide Specified items on the control panel

By using these properties, we can hide the folders of the control panel according to our

own choice.

In the start Menu

Move to Run command

type Gpedit.msc

Move to user configuration

click on administrative templates

click on control panel

double click on To Hide specified items on the control panel

Set the policy to enable

Click on Show button

Click on Add Command button and type the name of folders to hide

click on ok

Click on apply

click on ok


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close the gpeditor

Refresh the desktop, open the control panel, and check the result.

To unhide the folder use to not configure.

3. Show Only specified control panel applets

If we want to display only those folders, which we set in the policy in control panel, then

we apply then policy to enable.

Click on Start Menu

Move to run command

type Gpedit.msc

move to user configuration folder

click on administrative template

Click on control panel

Click on Show command button

Click on Add command button

type the name of the folders which you want to display

click on ok

click apply

click on ok

Refresh the desktop and open the control panel only the selected folders will display

other folders will be hidden.

Force Classic Control Panel Style


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We have to two types of the view of the control panel.

Category View in which we have link to open the folders

Classic View in which the folder listing display.

If we enable this policy then computer will only display the classic view of the control

panel.

Click on Start Menu

Move to Run command

in the run command type Gpedit.msc

move to user configuration

Click on Administrative template

click on control panel

Double click on Force Classic Control Panel Style

Set it enable

click on apply

click on ok

refresh the desktop


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Group policies remain and will write latter


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Domain \DNS (Domain Name Service \Server)

A domain type network is providing fully control on the clients computer and use to setup

its own client from a network to other network by using the networking services

component of the windows. Domain type network is very useful for the Internet and the

LAN (Local Area Networking) that the client is completely under the server computer and

the domain is used because of this powerful security purpose.

There are following four levels of domain

.com

.org .edu .af

(.Com) is the commercial domain

(.org) is under the .com

(.edu) is under the .com

(.af) is under the .com

www.abc.af

How to make a Domain?

1. First you install the Server 2003 windows in your computer

2. Then we have to add the following components from the add/remove program folder

of the control panel, Windows components tab.

a. Application Server: This component contains the Internet Information

Server, Network DTC Com+ Object and Application Server console

b. Insert the Server 2003 CD in the Drive

c. Open the Control Panel

d. Open the Add/Remove Programs Folder
http://www.abc.af/http://www.abc.af/


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e. Click on Add/Remove Windows components

f. Check on following components

i. Application Server

ii. Management and Monitoring Tools

iii. Networking Services

iv. Click on Next to install the components.

The folders will be added to your administrative tools folder of control panel after the

installation.

How to install Domain & Active Directory Services?

An Active Directory is a special Database for the Network Server and Client information

Accounts. It uses a Forest System and in this system all the domain and client accountsexists. We can install the active directory database by using the Server 2003 system.

Click on Start Menu

in the Run command Type DCPROMO ( Directory Console Promotion )

The Active directory wizard screen will be started

click on next command button

In the operating system security information screen click on next command button

In the domain controller type screen you will see two option

o Domain Controller for a new Domain means that if your computer is installing

this domain first then it will be a new domain

o Additional Domain Controller for an existing Domain means that we have

already a domain in this computer or some other computer which will be our

main domain and our computer will work under that domain as a child domain

Select the first option That Domain Controller For a New Domain

Click on Next command button

Create a New Domain Screen will display which contains the following three

options


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o Domain in a New Forest means that if we are newly installing the domain in

our computer as an independent domain then select first option

o Child Domain in an existing forest means that if we already have a domain or

domains in the forest in the same computer or other computer then we will

select this option

o Domain Tree in an Existing forest means that we do not want to work under

any domain of this computer and we want to install another independent

domain so select this option

Select the Domain in New Forest and click on Next

New Domain Name Screen will be display

Here type your full domain Like Ariana.com and click on next command button

The NetBIOS ( Networking Basic Input Output System) screen will display asks for

the NetBIOS Name leave the name as it is and click on next command button

The Database and Log Folder Screen will display the Database Folder will be

C:\Windows\NTDS and the log files folder will be the same name click on next

command button

The Shared System Volume screen will display this screen means that whenever anyother computer access the domain it send a copy of the domain to that computer.

Click on Next command button

The DNS Registration Diagnostics Screen will Display which contains the following

three options

I corrected the problem perform the Diagnostic Test Again Leave this options

Install and configure the DNS in this computer select this option I correct the problem late and configure the DNS manually leave this option

Click on next command button

The Permissions Screen will display, which contains the two options

one for windows 2000 do not select for 2003


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second for windows 2000 and windows 2003 server select this option and click on

next command button

Directory Service Restore Mode Administration Password screen will display type a

password and confirm it and click on next command button

Click on Next and Click on Next the Installation will be Started.

How to make client Accounts?

First, check the connection between the Server and the Client Computer by applying

the Ping command in the run.

Move to Client computer and set the server domain and IP to link the client

computer with the server computer.

In the Client computer in the My Computer right mouse click

Click on properties

My Computer Properties will display

Select Computer Name Tab

Click on Change command button

Select Domain Option

Write the server domain name like ariana

Click on ok

Computer will asks the server user name and password type the server user name

like administrator and password

Click on ok

After some time you will receive a message welcome to Ariana Domain.

Then Restart your computer.

Now after restarting the computer

Go to client computer and do these actions.

Select the my network places folder in the client computer


Click on properties


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The network connection will display

Right mouse click on the connection

Click on properties

Select the TCP /IP protocol

Click on properties command button

In the Preferred DNS type the server computer IP like 192.168.0.10

Click on ok

Click on close.

If we do not give this the Server IP in the client computer, it takes a long time to log

on.

Come back to the Server computer.

In the Server Computer

Open the control panel

And open the administrative tools folder

Open the Active Directory Users and Computer folder

Click on Computer and check the client computer Name the Client computer will be

link with the server computer.

After the making and checking of connection between server computer and client

computer, we can create a client by doing these actions.

Before creating a client account

In the administrative tools folder of the computer double click on dns folder and

open it

We have two options in this folder

Forward lookup zones and reverse lookup zone, a lookup zone is use to deploy the

domain to the client computer and forward zone is use to deploy the server settings

to client computer and reverse is receive the client settings to server computer.

Select the forward zone right mouse click on it

Click on new zone the new zone wizard will be started


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Click on next and select the primary zone and click on next

Select all domain server in the forest of ariana.com and click on next

Type the zone name any and click on next command button

Select allow security zone for dynamic updates ( active directory recommended )

and click on next command button

Then click on finish command button

Now the forward lookup zone will be created

We will create our server as a host

Click on the created forward lookup zone like Peshawar and right mouse click on it

and click on new host ( a ) in the new host name window type you domain name like

ariana

In the ip address type the server ip like 192.168.0.10.

Click on add host command button a message will display that host for ariana.

Peshawar successfully created.

Click on ok and click on done

Now we will create the reverse lookup zone


Click on new zone

The reverse lookup zone wizard will be started


Select primary zone and click on next command button

Select to all zone in DNS active directory forest ariana.com


In the network id always type class c ip, 192.168.0


Click on next

Click on finish

The reserve zone will be created. Close the DNS folder


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Now we will make the client account for our client computer.

Open the active directory user and computer folder

All the client accounts will work under the organizational unit; OU is the grouping

of the clients according to our organizational work.

In the domain name right mouse

Move to new

Click on organizational unit

Type the OU name and click on ok

The OU will be created

Now right mouse click on the OU

Move to new

Click on user account

Type the user name

Click on next

Uncheck user change the password on next log on

Check the user can not change the password

Check the user password never expire

Set the password for the user

Confirm the password

Click on ok

The user account will be created.

End of the lesson up to current Date.


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Documents

MCSE Lessons