Medieval Europe: Geography

Identify the physical location and features of Europe and the influence of the North Atlantic Drift on Europe.

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What is the North Atlantic Current (or North Atlantic Drift) and why is it important to Europe.

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It is the time period in Europe following the Fall of the Roman

Empire in 476 CE until the Renaissance around the 1400s.

It is also called the Dark Ages

A time of slow growth, no learning, and many communities

in pure survival mode.

The term “medieval” also refers to this era. Medieval is

Latin for “middle age.”

When Rome fell, so did the political stability in the area.

As a result, anarchy and violence reign.

Most people live on farms and not in cities early in Middle Ages,

but cities grow near the end (1300s).

Medieval EuropeGeography

• Continent of Europe is a huge peninsula with many small peninsulas branching off of it

• Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of a seacoast (TN is 440 miles in length)

NORTH EUROPEANPLAIN

Medieval EuropeGeography• Rivers were deep, wide

and flowed from inland to the seas and oceans around Europe• 1. Seine; 2. Rhine; 3.

Po; 4. Danube (numbers represent location on the map)

• Were very good for trade

• Provided protection from invasions

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NORTHEUROPEAN

PLAIN

How were deep and wide rivers that flowed from inland to seas and oceans beneficial for Western Europe? Explain your answer.

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Medieval EuropeGeography

• Mountains: Pyrenees isolated what is now Spain and Portugal; Alps separated Italy; Carpathian cut off what is now Ukraine and Russia• Made it difficult for one

group to control all of Europe

NORTH EUROPEANPLAIN

Look at this image and make a mental map of the mountains and what countries they are located by.

Mental Map

NORTH EUROPEANPLAIN

How did the mountains affect the development of society in Europe? Explain your answer.

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Identify the physical location and features of Europe the influence of the North Atlantic Drift.

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Medieval Europe: Feudalism

I can describe the development of feudalism and manorialism, their roles in the medieval European economy.

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Feudalism is a class structure society that took hold of Europe during the Middle Ages.

Entire society is based around the exchange of land for military service

All the land the king owns is called the manor

The king cannot protect all the land himself, so

divided into small parcels called fiefs.

King gives a fief to Lords (nobles) to manage and

protect.

Lords then divide the land down further and gives to

Knights to manage and protect

Knights then provide land to peasants to live on,

farm. Paid rent with the crops they produced

Beneath peasants are serfs. Serfs were bound

to the soil, could not leave, and paid rent with

manual labor

LAND is given (to live on)

PROTECTION is provided (military

service)

Entire system is based on loyalty

In the event of an invasion, peasants agree

to fight for the knight, who fights for the lord, who swears allegiance

to the king.

Feudalism most popular in France, England, and

Germany

Knights lived by a code of conduct known as chivalry

Sworn to protect women, children, the helpless.

Sworn to treat the elderly, the unfortunate

with care and respect

Sworn to loyalty, and courteous and brave

behavior

Sworn to never attack unarmed enemy

The three-field system grew very popular during the Middle Ages

Land is divided into three parts

1 part is left to fallow

(unplanted)

The other 2 fields have different

crops

Each year the field’s use rotates

Medieval EuropeFeudal System

• Lords• Had to be part of the nobility to be a lord• Land owner who's land comes directly from the king• Usually had more than one tenant on their land• Leased property to a vassal, who then paid them and swore loyalty to them

• Vassals• A low ranking noble • Swore loyalty to; and received protection from a lord • Leased property from their lord

• Knights• A military person granted the title of Knight by a monarch or other feudal

superior for service to the monarch

Who do you think that the lord got his land from? Explain your answer,and include why this is important.

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Medieval EuropeFeudal System

• Peasants• Poor farmers• Low on social status• Made up the largest part of the population • The main labor force of medieval life• rented a small piece of land for farming from the Lord

• Serfs • Were bound to the land almost like slaves but could not be bought and sold • Could not leave their land without permission• The land and all the food they grew belonged to the manor (noble) • Did many jobs for the noble: carpenter, blacksmith, baker, farmer, and tax collector• Could buy their own freedom if they could get the money

What is the difference between a slave and a Serf...or are they the same? What group made up the majority of the population and was the main labor force?

Think About It

Medieval EuropeFeudal System

• Feudal Manor• The start of Manorialism• Was a Social System mainly• Developed by the Kings forprotection of Kingdom

• Standing Army too expensive• Gave land to Nobles for loyaltyand use of army when called upon

Medieval EuropeManorial System

• Medieval Manor• Part of Feudalism/Feudal System• Was an economic system based on agriculture• Knights and Vassals were given fiefs

• So the manor had protection• Were loyal to the noble that gave them their fief

• Peasants and Serfs• Peasants were the main source of labor in the Feudal

System• Worked the farms and fields for their lords doing

many different jobs• This was the start (development) of the lower

working class in Europe• Received protection from invasions for their

work• Serfs were tied to the land

• Lords provided services such as court• Settled disputes between all members of the Manor• Acted as judge and jury even in criminal matters

Picture of a Medieval Manor

What is the significance of Knights getting fiefs for their service to the lords and vassals?

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Why do you think that Feudalism/Manorialism developed?

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Improvement in Agricultural Technology

• Windmills

• Water Wheels

• Iron tools

• Iron plow (could go down

much deeper into the soil)

• Horse collar

• System of crop rotation

Talk about three of the advances in agriculture and how they improved farming in the middle ages. Be prepared to explain and defend your answers.

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The Three Field System• The method of crop rotation, or the three field

system, was developed during the middle ages and increased crop production.

• Originally half the land would be planted and the other half would be fallow (unplanted)

• Under the new system the land was divided into three fields. Two were planted and one would be left fallow. Crops which used different nutrients would be planted in the two fields and would rotate to let the soil rest.

How was the three field system important for farming and the economy in the middle ages; and still today? What do we call this process today?

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I can describe the development of feudalism and manorialism, their roles in the medieval European economy.

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Medieval Europe: Kingdoms of Europe and the Church

I can demonstrate understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs.

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Tiny kingdoms exist all throughout Western Europe and rule over their territory since Rome fell.

The Franks were the largest of the Germanic tribes. They inhabit the land we now call France and will become the most powerful

force in Western Europe in Medieval times.

Clovis was the first great Frankish king in 481 CE. He converted them to Christianity and united all the Franks under his rule.

Charles Martel, nicknamed “The Hammer,” becomes

the next great leader of the Franks.

He consolidated control over the Franks after his victory at Tours

against the Muslims in 732.

Charles’s son, Pepin the Short, runs the Carolingian Dynasty He extends Frankish control to the northern parts of Western Europe.

His son becomes one of the greatest rules in European

history: Charlemagne.

Son of Pepin the Short and grandson of Charles “The Hammer” Martel. Named Charles, but called Charlemagne, Latin for “Charles

the Great”

His rule cements Catholicism in Western

Europe

Extends rule when he conquers

Lombards in Italy in 774

And later pushes back Muslims in Spain

In 790s, he conquers Goths in Eastern Europe

Goes further when he conquers Saxons in 780s

Frankish capital in Aachen, Germany

In 800, Pope Leo III rewards Charlemagne

for his work in extending Christianity

Charlemagne is made Holy Roman Emperor and a power struggle quickly

begins.

Charlemagne dies in 814, and the Treaty of Verdun splits his kingdom into three regions

Instead of uniting Europe, treaty further divides it

Vikings were seafaring people from Scandinavia (modern day Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark

Begin to leave around 800s looking for better,

warmer climate

Raids throughout northern Europe

terrorized residents for years

Eventually settle in Northern Europe and

become the Normans in France.

Led by Eric the Red, Vikings discover and create a colony in Greenland around the year 980.

First Europeans to Americas (sorry,

Columbus!)

Viking life revolved around the Viking halls.

Place to celebrate victories, conduct

business, plan attacks

The long ship would contain most important possessions; important dead even buried in them

Vikings recorded their histories on rune stones.

Vikings were polytheistic until they converted to Christianity between 850-1100.

Loki: Evil God of Deception

Thor: God of Thunder

Odin: God of Creation, Death, Royalty

Tyr: God of War

Kingdoms of Western Europe

• After the fall of Rome Western Europe divided into many Germanic Kingdoms

• The Franks• The strongest Germanic group• Settled in what is now France and Western Germany• King Clovis (481)

• Became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity leading to nearlyall Franks to become Catholic

• Kings began helping spread Christianity North of the Alps• After Clovis died the Frank Kings lost much power

• Charles Martel called Charles the Hammer• With the Pope’s support became King in 714• Stopped the advance of Islam into Western Europe

• Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours• Victory ensured Christianity would be the dominant religion in W. Europe

• After his death his son Pepin became King

Medieval Europe

Medieval EuropeKingdoms of Western Europe

• Emperor Charlemagne• Pepin’s son• Name was Charles• Became King when Pepin died in 768• Sent his armies into neighboring land

• Almost doubled the size of the kingdom creating an Empire• Controlled what is now: Germany; France; Northern Spain; and most of Italy• By 800 most of Western Europe was under one Government

• First time for this since the fall of Rome• His conquests earned him the name Charlemagne, or Charles the Great

• In 800 went to Rome to defend Pope Leo III• Shows some of the first cooperation between the Pope and a King/European Monarch• Calmed the Roman Nobles that opposed Leo as Pope• Pope Leo III anointed Charlemagne as the “Holy Roman Emperor” showing a renewed unity

between church and government• Created a school

• For the children of Government Officials• They studied Latin, Religion, Arithmetic, Music, and Literature

Explain the significance of Charlemagne being anointed (crowned) Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III?

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The Church• At the fall of Rome Northwestern Europe practiced a variety of religions• Ireland was the exception

• Patrick • Christian Priest• Traveled to his homeland of Ireland in the 400s• Built churches and monasteries and Christianity flourished and grew• Convinced Pope Gregory I to spread Christianity

• The above passage shows how passionate and dedicated Patrick was about wanting to spread Christianity to his homeland of Ireland

Medieval Europe

Pull out evidence from the quote showing that St. Patrick wanted to spread Christianity in his home country of Ireland.

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The Church

• Pope Gregory I• Changed the roles of Monks so they became missionaries to spread Christianity• Had Monks and Nuns copy Christian Writings• By 1050 most Western Europeans had become Catholic Christians• Caused the church to gain wealth and influence

• Church Authority• As monasteries became wealthy the church’s influence grew

• Church officials became involved in politics• The Pope’s believed the Kings should obey the Church

• Caused controversy between Kings and the Pope on who could appoint Bishops

Medieval Europe

What are two ways that Pope Gregory I changed the roles of Monks and or Nuns in the Catholic Church?

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The Church

• Pope Gregory VII (7th)• Mandated that only the Pope could appoint Bishops

• This was the Investiture Controversy (who could appoint church officials)• Angered Henry IV (4th)

• Holy Roman Emperor• Believed he should appoint Bishops in Germany

• Because of this, Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry• This meant Henry no longer had the rights of church membership and could not go to heaven• German Nobles agreed with Pope Gregory• Henry went to Rome and begged for the Pope’s forgiveness• The German Nobles appointed a new King

• Pope Gregory accepted the King• Henry seized Rome with his army and appointed a new Pope• Struggle continued on who could appoint Bishops until Henry V (5th) and a new Pope signedthe Concordat of Worms (Worms is a city in Germany)

• Stated only the Pope could appoint Bishops, but only the King or Emperor couldgive them government posts

Medieval Europe

I can demonstrate understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs.

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Medieval Europe: William the Conqueror

I can examine the Norman Invasion, Battle of Hastings, and the impact of the reign of William the Conqueror.

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William the Conqueror

• King of England dies in 1066 without an heir• Noble Harold Godwinson claimed the throne in England• William Duke of Normandy (in France)

• Stated he, as a relative of the last King was the rightful King• Landed his Norman Knights in England

• Defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings• Was crowned King of England• Became Known as William the Conqueror• Brought Feudalism to England• Wrote the Domesday Book

• A great land survey from 1086, commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess the extent of the land and resources being owned in England at the time (and who owned them),so he could determine the extent of the taxes he could raise, and whom owed him the tax.

Medieval Europe

Battle of Hastings

• Harold did not have Knights or Archersjust foot soldiers or Infantry• William had Knights, Archers, and Infantry• William landed his forces and established abeachhead • Harold tried to surprise William but William’sscouts saw them• Harold died at the end of the Battle causingwhat was left of his army to flee

Medieval Europe

Explain the significance of William the Conqueror’s accomplishments (Winning the battle of Hastings; brought feudalism to England; wrote the Domesday book)?

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Looking through your notes up to this point, explain one way that the Pope and Europe’s rulers interacted.

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I can examine the Norman Invasion, Battle of Hastings, and the impact of the reign of William the Conqueror.

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Medieval Europe: Democratic Thought

I can explain developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought.

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King John of England was a horrible, corrupt king who did little to satisfy his people

Constantly raised taxes to pay for

wars

Took his Lords’ sons hostage since they refused

to fight a war across the English Channel

Destroyed peasant property to satisfy his desire to hunt

Eventually, his Lords fought back, raised armies to defeat King John

Forced him to sign the Magna Carta

in 1215

First document to limit the power of the king

Creates what becomes British Parliament

King John must have consent of a council before taking certain

actions

Democratic Thought in England

• Timeline of Rise in Democratic Thought in England

Medieval Europe

Democratic Thought in England

• Magna Carta• The great charter; placed limits on the king's power• Issued by King John under the threat of civil war

• Protected Church rights• Protected Barons from illegal imprisonment

• A Baron was an honorary title given to a knight that received his fief directly from the king

• Made the King subject to the law

• Model Parliament• Called by King Edward I (1st)• Included Knights, Burgesses, representatives of shires, boroughs, and the lesser clergy

• Burgess: Person in charge of a town or a district• Borough: A town or a district• Shire: A county

• Used to decide important matters• Not done to share royal power, but to strengthen royal authority with support of rising nationalism

• Habeas Corpus Act• Writ requiring an arrested person to be brought before a judge

• Glorious Revolution

Medieval Europe

Explain the significance of the Magna Carta and how it has affected us in the United States?

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Democratic Thought in England

• Habeas Corpus Act• Writ requiring an arrested person to be brought before a judge• Was an Act of the Parliament in England During the reign of King Charles II (2nd)• Required a court to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner's detention and thus prevent unlawful or arbitrary imprisonment• The requirement was written into the Magna Carta of 1215

• Glorious Revolution• Replaced King James II with his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange• Established supremacy of the parliament over the crown• William invaded England with his naval fleet which led to his ascension to the crown• Happened because King James had a son and replaced his daughter in the line of succession to the throne with him

• Was a time of increasing mistrust of the Catholic religion• James’ daughter was Protestant his newborn son was Catholic• Opposition of King James II were afraid of a Catholic Dynasty forming

Medieval Europe

What are the significant outcomes of the Rise of Democratic Thought period in England and what was the purpose/importance of each?

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I can explain developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought.

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