Meiji imperialismSino-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

Events• 1876 Treaty of Kangwha--Puson, Wonsan, Inchon--development of trade interests

• 1880 Korean King asks for Japanese military advisers

• 1882 Korean soldiers revolt against Japanese advisers; Qing dispatch troops, reinstate Queen Min; Chinese advisers; Japanese reforms abolished

• 1884 Kim Ok-kyun and Pak Yong-hyo attempt counter-coup with Japapnese support

• 1884 Convention of Tientsin (Itô Hirobumi & Li Hong Zhang)

1884 Korean coup d’etat attempt

• Kim Ok-kyun– Protegé of Fukuzawa

– Favored Meiji-style modernization in Korea

Fukuzawa Yukichi

• Datsu-A, nyû-Ô• Escape from Asia; Join Europe

Sino-Japanese War

• Kim-Ok-kyun assassinated 1894• Tonghak uprising• Chinese and Japanese send troops in

Brave Soldier Shirakami, Toshihide

Laudable episode, Sekkoku

Sailor’s devotion to duty, Kiyochika

Surrender at Weihaiwei, Toshihide

Treaty of Shimonoseki

• China recognizes Korean “independence”• Liaodong Peninsula ceded over to Japan• 200 million (300) million tael indemnity

• Formosa (Taiwan) ceded over to Japan• Japan becomes a treaty port power in China– MFN– Extended Yangtze River navigation rights– Manufacture in China

Triple Intervention, 1895

• Russia, France, and Germany recommend that Japan return Lioadong Peninsula

• 1898: Russia takes Liaodong Concession, builds up Port Arthur

Japan post 1895

Alfred Thayer Mahan

• “Defense means not merely defense of our territory, but defense of our just national interests, whatever they be and wherever they are.”

Diplomatic maneuvering

• 1896 Russo-Chinese agreement

• 1898 Nishi-Rosen agreement

• Yamagata advocates:– 1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance

• Itô advocates:– Man-Kan Kokan (respective spheres)

Russian expansion to the East

• 1912 map. Maps courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.

Manchuria and the Liaotung (Kwantung) Peninsula

• 1911 map. Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.

February 8, 1904 : Japanese attack Port ArthurMarch: J. Army lands in KoreaMay: J. Army lands in LiaotungRussians fall back to MukdenJan. 2, 1905Port Arthur surrenderFeb-Mar 1905Battle of MukdenMay 1905Tsushima StraitsSept. 5 1905Portsmouth Treaty

1905 Russian Revolution

203 meter hill

• Gen. Nogi takes hill after several months, Dec. 1904

• Bombards city and harbor

• Destroy’s Russian fleet off Pt. Arthur

• Jan. 1905 Pt. Arthur surrender

• Frees Adm. Togo to refit before Baltic Fleet arrives, April 1905

Battle of Tsushima Straits

• Baltic Fleet• Admiral Tōgō• “crossing the t”

Trench warfare, Russo-Japanese War

Ito Hirobumi and Korean Prince

• 1907• Korean King sends secret mission to Hague

• Ito raises Japanese control: forces king’s abdication; abolishes Korean army; Japanese judges/police

Itô Assassinated, 1909Korea annexed, 1910

• Ang Chungun, Korean national hero

Crackdown on Korean resistance

1908- 1919