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Knowledge Development Five

Question 1

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Question 9

Question 10

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Knowledge Review Five – Question 1

When should you write up a report after a dive accident? What should you avoid doing on a report or when answering questions?

Prescriptive

Following an accident that requires first aid and summoning emergency medical care of other emergency personnel.

Do not guess or speculate or offer opinions.

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Explain why administering oxygen to a diver suspected of having decompression illness is crucial.

Prescriptive i

Research indicates that emergency oxygen provides significant benefit in many (but not all) cases of decompression illness.

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List six procedures to follow when handling oxygen.

Prescriptive i

1. Keep unit clean and protected in its box until needed. 2. Never attempt to lubricate oxygen equipment or use standard

scuba parts in it. 3. Always open valves on oxygen equipment slowly. 4. Keep your unit assembled to minimize the possibility of

contaminates getting into it and to save time in an emergency. 5. Never attempt to clean or service the equipment yourself.

Have it serviced regularly as required by the manufacturer. 6. Always extinguish any source of flame before deploying

oxygen.

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Describe the procedures for administering oxygen to a breathing diver.

Prescriptive

Slowly open the valve and test the unit by inhaling from the mask.

Say to the injured diver, “This is oxygen. It will help you. May I give it to you?”

Assuming agreement, place the mask on the diver's face and instruct the person to breathe normally.

Monitor the oxygen pressure gauge and do not let it run empty with the mask still on the diver.

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Describe the procedure for administering oxygen to a weakly breathing diver.

Prescriptive

Slowly open the valve and set the continuous flow rate to 15 litres per minute. Using a nonrebreather mask, hold your thumb over the inlet inside the mask

and allow the reservoir bag to inflate. Say to the injured diver, “This is oxygen. It will help you. May I give it to you?” Assuming agreement, place the mask on the diver's face and instruct the

person to breathe normally. Use the head strap to secure the mask. If the reservoir bag collapses completely when the diver inhales, increase the

flow rate to 25 litres per minute. Monitor the oxygen pressure gauge and do not let it run empty with the mask

still on the diver.

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Describe the procedure for administering oxygen to a nonbreathing diver.

Prescriptive

Slowly open the valve and set the continuous flow rate to 15 litres per minute.

Give rescue breaths through the pocket mask. If diver begins to breathe, switch to the demand or

nonrebreather masks.

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Describe what to do for a diver after beginning primary care, secondary care, oxygen and other first aid while waiting for emergency medical care to arrive.

Prescriptive

The priority is to continue to monitor the patient’s lifeline and the ABCD’S.

Protect the patient from excess heat or cold (shock management).

Control bystanders to keep the area open for arriving emergency medical personnel.

Keep a responsive patient comfortable, but lying down. Try to collect information regarding the accident and write

it down to send with the injured diver.

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What information should you collect to send with the injured diver upon the arrival of emergency medical services?

Prescriptive

Diver’s name and contact information.Significant medical history.First aid procedures initiated.Dive profile information.Comments relative to emergency care received.Contact information for local diver emergency system

and name of doctor or personnel you’ve spoken with.

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Describe how to perform the lifeguard exit.

Prescriptive

Rescuer places injured diver’s hands on the deck.The rescuer gets out of the water keeping one hand

on the victim’s hands so the victim doesn’t slide back into the water.

Holding the diver by the wrists and standing, the rescuer lifts the victim’s waist to dock level, then lowers the diver face down on the deck.

From there, the rescuer rolls the victim over, and may drag the person the rest of the way from the water.

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Explain how circumstances may affect exiting with an unresponsive diver.

Prescriptive i

Shore exits: give two full breaths then carry or drag the victim ashore.

Exit through surf: protect the victim’s airway.Over rocks: let the water carry you and the victim up

the rocks in stages.Swim steps, low docks, and small boats: use lifeguard

exit.Tall dock or boat pier: use the roll up technique.

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Avoid speculation and guesses.

Stick to the facts – what youpersonally witnessed.

Refer media questions to the proper authorities.

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Administering oxygen for suspected decompression illness is the dive community standard of care.

Medical case histories show that prompt oxygen first aid can improve the effectiveness of recompression treatment.

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Keep your emergency oxygen system professionally serviced as required by the manufacturer.

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Give a breathing injured diver 100 percent oxygen supplied by a nonresuscitator demand valve unit.

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If the diver is breathing very weakly, use the continuous flow outlet and setting with a nonrebreather mask.

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If you have an unresponsive nonbreathing diver, you’ll use a pocket mask with oxygen inlet valveand continuous flow oxygen.

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Maintain a vigilant watch over the primary ABCD’S.

An injured diver’s condition can change from breathing to nonbreathing and from responsive to unresponsive quickly.

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Use the PADI Accident Management Workslate to collect valuable information for EMS.

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Return

Exit Circumstances to consider

Exits over rock (avoid if at all possible). Proceed cautiously and allow the water to carry you and the injured diver up the rocks in stages.

Expecting help. Consider staying in the water, maintaining the airway and/or giving rescue breaths until help arrives.

Exits onto swim steps. Swim steps, low docks and small, stable boats may be easiest using the lifeguard exit.

A second rescuer available. One rescuer can continue rescue breathing while the other goes ahead and prepares exit equipment.

Interrupting rescue breaths. The priorities are maintaining rescue breathing and contacting emergency medical care.

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