3
W ith his popularity lower than that of any Mexican president since the 1990s, Enrique Peña Nieto further alienated many Mexicans in late August 2016 by meeting in Mexico City with U.S. Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, who had called illegal Mexican immigrants to the U.S. rapists and promised to build a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border that he said would be paid for by Mexico. Already blamed by many for the country’s struggling economy and resur- gence of violence, Peña Nieto was also on the defensive over allegations that his government had covered up the truth regarding the September 2014 abduction of 43 (still missing) college students. Demography Population (2016): 121,568,000. Density (2016): persons per sq mi 160.8, persons per sq km 61.9. Sex distribution (2015): male 48.60%; female 51.40%. Population projection: (2020) 126,980,000; (2030) 138,245,000. Major cities (metropolitan areas; 2014): Mexico City 8,555,500 (20,843,000); Ecatepec 1,742,000 1 ; Guadalajara 1,500,800 (4,766,000); Puebla 1,498,300 (2,936,000); Juárez 1,398,400 ([2010] 1,332,131); Tijuana 1,386,100 (1,941,000); León 1,277,700 (1,769,000); Zapopan 1,202,900 2 ; Monterrey 1,173,600 (4,435,000); Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl 1,158,100 1 ; Chihuahua 887,600 (924,000); Naucalpan 835,200 1 ; Mérida 827,000 (1,050,000); Hermosillo 778,000; Aguascalientes 766,400 (1,012,000); Saltillo 762,200 (911,000); San Luis Potosí 761,700 (1,127,000); Culiacán 743,200 (745,000); Mexicali 730,800 (1,016,000); Cancún 722,800 (810,000); Acapulco 708,100 (894,000); Guadelupe 690,600 3 ; Chimalhuacán 688,800; Tlalnepantla 682,200 1 ; Torreón 652,100 (1,310,000); other cities with an urban agglomeration of more than one mil- lion include: Querétaro 642,100 (1,233,000) and Toluca 520,800 (2,120,000). Households (2010). Total households 28,614,991; distribu- tion by size (2005): 1 person 7.3%; 2 persons 14.0%; 3 per- sons 18.2%; 4 persons 22.8%; 5 persons 17.4%; 6 persons 9.5%; 7 or more persons 10.8%. Migration. Legal Mexican immigrants entering the U.S. in 2004: 173,664; total number of illegal Mexican immigrants in U.S. (2014) c. 5,600,000 4 . Urban-rural (2014): Vital statistics Birth rate per 1,000 population (2015): 18.8 (world avg. 19.5). Death rate per 1,000 population (2015): 5.3 (world avg. 8.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2015): 13.5 (world avg. 11.4). Life expectancy at birth (2015): male 72.9 years; female 78.6 years. Adult population (ages 15–49) living with HIV (2015): 0.2% (world avg. 0.8%). Mexico Official name: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (United Mexican States). Form of government: federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [128]; Chamber of Deputies [500]). Head of state and government: President Enrique Peña Nieto. Capital: Mexico City. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: Mexican peso (Mex$); valu- ation (Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = Mex$18.87; 1 £ = Mex$25.10. Area and population area population 2015 States Capitals sq mi sq km estimate Aguascalientes Aguascalientes 2,112 5,471 1,312,544 Baja California Mexicali 26,997 69,921 3,315,766 Baja California Sur La Paz 28,369 73,475 712,029 Campeche Campeche 19,619 50,812 899,931 Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez 28,653 74,211 5,217,908 Chihuahua Chihuahua 94,571 244,938 3,556,574 Coahuila de Zaragoza Saltillo 57,908 149,982 2,954,915 Colima Colima 2,004 5,191 711,235 Durango Durango 47,560 123,181 1,754,754 Guanajuato Guanajuato 11,773 30,491 5,853,677 Guerrero Chilpancingo 24,819 64,281 3,533,251 Hidalgo Pachuca 8,036 20,813 2,858,359 Jalisco Guadalajara 31,211 80,836 7,844,830 México Toluca 8,245 21,355 16,187,608 Michoacán de Ocampo Morelia 23,138 59,928 4,584,471 Morelos Cuernavaca 1,911 4,950 1,903,811 Nayarit Tepic 10,417 26,979 1,181,050 Nuevo León Monterrey 25,067 64,924 5,119,504 Oaxaca Oaxaca 36,275 93,952 3,967,889 Puebla Puebla 13,090 33,902 6,168,883 Querétaro de Arteaga Querétaro 4,420 11,449 2,038,372 Quintana Roo Chetumal 19,387 50,212 1,501,562 San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí 24,351 63,068 2,717,820 Sinaloa Culiacán 22,521 58,328 2,966,321 Sonora Hermosillo 70,291 182,052 2,850,330 Tabasco Villahermosa 9,756 25,267 2,395,272 Tamaulipas Ciudad Victoria 30,650 79,384 3,441,698 Tlaxcala Tlaxcala 1,551 4,016 1,272,847 Veracruz-Llave Jalapa (Xalapa) 27,683 71,699 8,112,505 Yucatán Mérida 14,827 38,402 2,097,175 Zacatecas Zacatecas 28,283 73,252 1,579,209 Mexico City 5 Ciudad de México 571 1,479 8,918,653 CONTINENTAL AREA 756,066 6 1,958,201 6 LAND 736,950 1,908,690 WATER 19,116 49,511 INSULAR AREA 7 1,980 5,127 TOTAL 758,450 8 1,964,375 8 119,530,753 © 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. World Data ENCYCLOPÆDIA Britannica

Mexico - Encyclopedia Britannica · PDF fileNational economy (continued) mineral fuels 15,879; base metals 9,903; bricks, cement, and ceramics 5,377; fabricated metal products 5,102;

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Page 1: Mexico - Encyclopedia Britannica · PDF fileNational economy (continued) mineral fuels 15,879; base metals 9,903; bricks, cement, and ceramics 5,377; fabricated metal products 5,102;

With his popularity lower than that of anyMexican president since the 1990s, EnriquePeña Nieto further alienated many Mexicans in

late August 2016 by meeting in Mexico City with U.S.Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, whohad called illegal Mexican immigrants to the U.S. rapistsand promised to build a wall on the U.S.-Mexico borderthat he said would be paid for by Mexico. Already blamedby many for the country’s struggling economy and resur-gence of violence, Peña Nieto was also on the defensiveover allegations that his government had covered up thetruth regarding the September 2014 abduction of 43 (stillmissing) college students.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 121,568,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi 160.8,persons per sq km 61.9.

Sex distribution (2015): male 48.60%;female 51.40%.

Population projection: (2020) 126,980,000;(2030) 138,245,000.

Major cities (metropolitan areas; 2014):Mexico City 8,555,500 (20,843,000);Ecatepec 1,742,0001; Guadalajara1,500,800 (4,766,000); Puebla 1,498,300(2,936,000); Juárez 1,398,400 ([2010] 1,332,131);

Tijuana 1,386,100 (1,941,000); León 1,277,700 (1,769,000);Zapopan 1,202,9002; Monterrey 1,173,600 (4,435,000);Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl 1,158,1001; Chihuahua 887,600(924,000); Naucalpan 835,2001; Mérida 827,000 (1,050,000);Hermosillo 778,000; Aguascalientes 766,400 (1,012,000);Saltillo 762,200 (911,000); San Luis Potosí 761,700(1,127,000); Culiacán 743,200 (745,000); Mexicali 730,800(1,016,000); Cancún 722,800 (810,000); Acapulco 708,100(894,000); Guadelupe 690,6003; Chimalhuacán 688,800;Tlalnepantla 682,2001; Torreón 652,100 (1,310,000); othercities with an urban agglomeration of more than one mil-lion include: Querétaro 642,100 (1,233,000) and Toluca520,800 (2,120,000).

Households (2010). Total households 28,614,991; distribu-tion by size (2005): 1 person 7.3%; 2 persons 14.0%; 3 per-sons 18.2%; 4 persons 22.8%; 5 persons 17.4%; 6 persons9.5%; 7 or more persons 10.8%.

Migration. Legal Mexican immigrants entering the U.S. in2004: 173,664; total number of illegal Mexican immigrantsin U.S. (2014) c. 5,600,0004.

Urban-rural (2014):

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015): 18.8 (worldavg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000 population (2015): 5.3 (worldavg. 8.1).

Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2015):13.5 (world avg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2015): male 72.9 years;female 78.6 years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) living with HIV(2015): 0.2% (world avg. 0.8%).

Mexico

Official name: Estados Unidos Mexicanos(United Mexican States).

Form of government: federal republic withtwo legislative houses (Senate [128];Chamber of Deputies [500]).

Head of state and government: PresidentEnrique Peña Nieto.

Capital: Mexico City.Official language: Spanish.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: Mexican peso (Mex$); valu-ation (Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = Mex$18.87;1 £ = Mex$25.10.

Area and populationarea population

2015States Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Aguascalientes Aguascalientes 2,112 5,471 1,312,544Baja California Mexicali 26,997 69,921 3,315,766Baja California Sur La Paz 28,369 73,475 712,029Campeche Campeche 19,619 50,812 899,931Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez 28,653 74,211 5,217,908Chihuahua Chihuahua 94,571 244,938 3,556,574Coahuila de Zaragoza Saltillo 57,908 149,982 2,954,915Colima Colima 2,004 5,191 711,235Durango Durango 47,560 123,181 1,754,754Guanajuato Guanajuato 11,773 30,491 5,853,677Guerrero Chilpancingo 24,819 64,281 3,533,251Hidalgo Pachuca 8,036 20,813 2,858,359Jalisco Guadalajara 31,211 80,836 7,844,830México Toluca 8,245 21,355 16,187,608Michoacán de Ocampo Morelia 23,138 59,928 4,584,471Morelos Cuernavaca 1,911 4,950 1,903,811Nayarit Tepic 10,417 26,979 1,181,050Nuevo León Monterrey 25,067 64,924 5,119,504Oaxaca Oaxaca 36,275 93,952 3,967,889Puebla Puebla 13,090 33,902 6,168,883Querétaro de Arteaga Querétaro 4,420 11,449 2,038,372Quintana Roo Chetumal 19,387 50,212 1,501,562San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí 24,351 63,068 2,717,820Sinaloa Culiacán 22,521 58,328 2,966,321Sonora Hermosillo 70,291 182,052 2,850,330Tabasco Villahermosa 9,756 25,267 2,395,272Tamaulipas Ciudad Victoria 30,650 79,384 3,441,698Tlaxcala Tlaxcala 1,551 4,016 1,272,847Veracruz-Llave Jalapa (Xalapa) 27,683 71,699 8,112,505Yucatán Mérida 14,827 38,402 2,097,175Zacatecas Zacatecas 28,283 73,252 1,579,209

Mexico City5

Ciudad de México — 571 1,479 8,918,653CONTINENTAL AREA 756,0666 1,958,2016

LAND 736,950 1,908,690WATER 19,116 49,511

INSULAR AREA7 1,980 5,127TOTAL 758,4508 1,964,3758 119,530,753

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Page 2: Mexico - Encyclopedia Britannica · PDF fileNational economy (continued) mineral fuels 15,879; base metals 9,903; bricks, cement, and ceramics 5,377; fabricated metal products 5,102;

Social indicatorsAccess to services (2005). Proportion of dwellings having: electricity 96.6%; piped water supply 87.8%; piped sewage 84.8%.Material well-being. Percentage of households possessing (2005): television 91.0%, refrigerator 79.0%, washing machine62.7%, computer 19.6%.

Quality of working life (2014). Average workweek 42.4 hours. Annual rate per 100,000 insured workers for: injury 3,141;death 7.9. Labour stoppages (2008): 21, involving 13,242 workers.

Social participation. Eligible voters participating in last national election (June 2015): 48%. Trade union membership intotal workforce (2012): 9.2%. Practicing religious population (1995–97): percentage of adult population attending churchservices at least once per week 46%.

Social deviance (2007). Formally registered offense rate per 100,000 population for: murder 6.2; property damage 14.5; rape4.3; battery 30.2; robbery 69.3; illegal narcotics possession 16.0; fraud 4.4; squatting 3.3; breaking and entering 2.5.Incidence per 100,000 in general population of: alcoholism (2000) 7.6; suicide 4.2.

National economyGross national income (GNI; 2015): U.S.$1,233,658,000,000(U.S.$9,710 per capita); purchasing power parity GNI(U.S.$17,150 per capita).

Budget (2013). Revenue: Mex$2,703,575,200,000 (tax revenue57.8%, of which income tax 33.5%, VAT 20.6%; nontax rev-enue 42.2%). Expenditures: Mex$3,097,715,500,000 (transfers53.7%; extra-budgetary expenditure 26.4%; current expendi-ture 13.2%; capital expenditure 6.7%).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$238,409,864,000.Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2013): sugarcane (2014) 56,672,829, corn(maize; 2014) 23,273,257, sorghum (2014) 8,394,057, oranges 4,409,968, wheat (2014) 3,669,814, tomatoes 3,282,583, chilies andgreen peppers 2,294,400, lemons and limes 2,138,737, bananas 2,127,772, mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas 1,901,871, potatoes(2014) 1,678,833, avocados 1,467,837, dry beans (2014) 1,273,957, dry onions 1,270,060, coconuts (2014) 1,118,750, watermelons953,244, seed cotton (2014) 861,531, apples 858,608, pineapples 771,942, papayas 764,514, palm fruit oil (2014) 678,935, cucum-bers and gherkins 637,395, grapefruit and pomelos 425,433, strawberries 379,464, grapes 350,421, coffee (green) 231,596, saf-flower seeds (2014) 144,411, asparagus 126,421, walnuts 106,945, anise, badian, fennel, coriander 65,057, garlic 59,015, vanilla463; livestock (number of live animals; 2014) 32,939,529 cattle, 16,098,680 pigs, 8,687,814 goats, 8,575,908 sheep, 6,355,000 hors-es, 526,843,000 chickens, 1,933,10512 beehives; roundwood (2015) 44,203,772 cu m, of which fuelwood 88%; fisheries production(2014) 1,714,117 (from aquaculture 11%); aquatic plants production (2014) 8,490 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining andquarrying (2015): silver 5,400,000 kg13 (world rank: 1); fluorspar 1,100,000 (world rank: 2); strontium 70,000 (world rank: 3); bis-muth 70013 (world rank: 3); lead 240,00013 (world rank: 5); cadmium 1,46013 (world rank: 5); zinc 660,00013 (world rank: 7); ironore 8,094,00012, 13; gypsum 5,090,86312; sulfur 1,836,00012; copper 409,17212, 13; gold 117,848 kg12, 13. Manufacturing (value addedin U.S.$’000,000; 2013): food and beverages 32,486; transportation equipment 27,326; chemicals and chemical products 16,965;

Age breakdown (2015):

Ethnic composition (2010): Religious affiliation (2010):

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2013 2014

in value % of total labour % of labourMex$’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 540,300 3.4 6,977,100 13.3

Mining and quarrying 1,220,000 7.6 395,800 0.8Manufacturing 2,754,800 17.1 7,928,500 15.1Construction 1,165,300 7.2 3,788,000 7.2Public utilities 258,000 1.6 … …Transp. and commun. 1,353,700 8.4 2,385,500 4.5Trade, hotels 2,854,900 17.7 13,069,200 24.9Finance, real estate 3,289,000 20.4 3,414,200 6.5Pub. admin., defense 661,800 4.1 2,298,900 4.4Services 1,410,600 8.8 9,169,200 17.5Other 595,9009 3.79 3,022,20010 5.810

TOTAL 16,104,40011 100.0 52,448,70011 100.0

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Page 3: Mexico - Encyclopedia Britannica · PDF fileNational economy (continued) mineral fuels 15,879; base metals 9,903; bricks, cement, and ceramics 5,377; fabricated metal products 5,102;

National economy (continued)mineral fuels 15,879; base metals 9,903; bricks, cement, andceramics 5,377; fabricated metal products 5,102; rubber andplastic products 4,756; electrical machinery and equipment4,418; machinery and apparatus 4,043; textiles and wearingapparel 3,377; paper and paper products 3,093.

Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr;2014–15) 170,379,000,000 ([2012] 229,807,000,000), by source(2013): fossil fuels 82.2%; nuclear power 3.9%; renewableenergy 13.9%, of which hydroelectric 10.0%, geothermal2.2%, wind 1.4%, other 0.3%; hard coal (metric tons;2014–15) 12,400,000 ([2011] 2,860,000); lignite (metric tons;2012) 13,000,000 ([2011] 15,800,000); crude petroleum (bar-rels; 2014–15) 851,000,000 ([2011] 440,000,000); petroleumproducts (metric tons; 2012) 73,860,000 ([2011]81,639,000); natural gas (cu m; 2014–15) 66,981,000,000([2013] 64,580,000,000).

Population economically active (2014): total 52,448,700;participation rates: ages 15–64, male 74.6%; female42.5%; unemployed 5.2%, of which youth (ages 15–24)10.6%.

Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporarycrops or left fallow 13.1%, in permanent crops 1.4%, in pasture38.6%, forest area 33.3%.

Foreign tradeImports (2013): U.S.$381,210,200,000 (machinery andapparatus 38.3%, of which electrical machinery andapparatus 17.2%, general industrial machinery 16.4%,telecommunications equipment and parts 4.7%; mineralfuels 9.0%, of which refined petroleum products 6.6%;road vehicles and parts 8.8%; base and fabricated met-als 8.0%; chemicals and chemical products 7.7%; plastics[all forms] 5.5%; optical and medical instruments 3.3%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013): U.S.$380,026,600,000 (machinery andapparatus 34.7%, of which electrical machinery andapparatus 15.8%, general industrial machinery 14.2%,telecommunications equipment 4.7%; road vehicles andparts 20.3%; crude petroleum 11.2%; base and fabricat-ed metals 4.4%; optical and medical instruments 3.4%;chemicals and chemical products 3.0%; food and foodproducts 2.8%). Major export destinations:

Education and healthLiteracy (2012): total population age 15 and over literate94.2%; males literate 95.4%; females literate 93.2%.

Health (2013): physicians15 212,265 (1 per 555 persons);hospital beds 188,558 (1 per 625 persons); infant mortalityrate (2015) 12.2; undernourished population (2006–08)less than 5% of total population based on the consump-tion of a minimum daily requirement of 1,860 calories.

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2012): route length (20134) 16,607mi, 26,727 km; passenger-km 970,000,000; metric ton-kmcargo 79,353,000,000. Roads (2007): total length (20134)235,451 mi, 378,923 km (paved 39%); passenger-km449,917,000,00016; metric ton-km cargo 222,391,000,000.Vehicles (201317): passenger cars 24,819,524; trucks andbuses 10,050,087.

1Within Mexico City urban agglomeration. 2Within Guadalajara urban agglomeration.3Within Monterrey urban agglomeration. 4Preliminary. 5The Distrito Federal was offi-cially renamed Ciudad de México on Jan. 29, 2016; the former’s 16 boroughs becamemunicipalities in this move toward statehood. 6Continental area per more recent sur-vey equals 756,470 sq mi (1,959,248 sq km). 7Uninhabited (nearly all Pacific) islandsdirectly administered by federal government. 8Total area based on more recent surveyfigure for continental area. 9Net taxes on products. 10Includes 2,746,200 unemployed.11Detail does not add to total given because of rounding. 122013. 13Metal content.14End of year. 15Public health institutions only. 16Buses only. 17January 1. 18Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía www.inegi.org.mx• Banco de México www.banxico.org.mx

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015): 277,150(army 75.2%, navy 21.8%, air force 3.0%). Militaryexpenditure as percentage of GDP (2015): 0.5%; percapita expenditure U.S.$50.

Financial aggregates2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Exchange rate14, Mex$ per:U.S. dollar 10.88 10.87 13.54 13.06 12.36 13.99 13.01£ 21.36 21.77 19.74 21.15 19.34 21.63 20.53SDR 16.37 17.17 20.85 20.47 19.03 21.48 20.00

Interest and pricesTreasury bill rate (%) 7.19 7.19 7.68 5.43 4.40 4.24 4.24

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 106,83118 85318

Landline 2015 19,887 159

Internet users 2009 28,439 260Broadband 2015 14,58418 11718

Selected economic activities (2003)

yearlyno. of wage as

establish- no. of a % of avg.of value addedments employees all wages (Mex$’000,000)

Manufacturing 328,178 4,198,579 130.8 927,987ServicesTransportation, storage 41,899 634,940 158.1 124,561Mass media 7,586 244,679 340.7 166,901Finance, insurance 10,417 275,830 358.4 285,715Real estate, rental 45,579 179,146 52.2 38,967Professional, scientific, andtechnical 68,589 472,348 109.8 65,479

Sanitation, waste management 43,152 815,388 129.2 90,233

Education 30,891 517,958 118.6 53,846Health, social assistance 102,940 355,169 46.2 22,700Recreation 31,790 143,589 53.1 11,340Hotel, restaurant 277,436 1,218,262 35.2 64,700

TradeWholesale 86,997 962,143 113.3 261,546Retail 1,493,590 4,035,223 35.2 318,648

Mining 3,077 122,640 255.2 432,764Electricity, gas, water 2,437 221,335 279.5 168,941Construction 13,444 652,387 59.7 60,542

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