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11/10/2010 1 NEW BIOASSESSMENT MODELS FOR NEW BIOASSESSMENT MODELS FOR MONITORING ECOLOGICAL MONITORING ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN HARDWOOD RESTORATION IN HARDWOOD BOTTOMLANDS BOTTOMLANDS Matthew J Gray Matthew J. Gray Elizabeth A. Summers Department of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries Our Task • Habitat birds amphibians mammals fish Bottomland Hardwood (BLH) Forests • Ecosystem services Filter contaminants Store sediments Stabilize riverbanks Flood control Produce biomass, sequester carbon • Most common wetland type in SE • >70% of original BLH converted to Ag Bottomland Restoration Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) Established 1990 under farm bill Retiring agricultural land in floodprone areas SE: Restorations consist of replanting, minor hydrology Most WRP sites in SE are Hardwood Bottomlands Tennessee Began restoration under WRP in 1994 4,014 ha enrolled in TN 90% hardwood bottomlands Mostly in western 1/2 of state 2004 2004

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Page 1: MGraySEAFWA2010 Bioassessment - University of Tennesseefwf.ag.utk.edu/mgray/wfs340/MGraySEAFWA2010_Bioassessment.pdf · Air Ground Canopy Nesting ... Bioassessment Model: Vegetation

11/10/2010

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NEW BIOASSESSMENT MODELS FOR NEW BIOASSESSMENT MODELS FOR MONITORING ECOLOGICAL MONITORING ECOLOGICAL 

RESTORATION IN HARDWOOD RESTORATION IN HARDWOOD BOTTOMLANDSBOTTOMLANDS

Matthew J GrayMatthew J. GrayElizabeth A. Summers Department of Forestry,

Wildlife & Fisheries

Our Taskh

• Habitat

‐ birds‐ amphibians‐mammals‐ fish

Bottomland  Hardwood (BLH) Forests

• Ecosystem services‐ Filter contaminants‐ Store sediments‐ Stabilize riverbanks‐ Flood control‐ Produce biomass, sequester carbon

• Most common wetland type in SE• >70% of original BLH converted to Ag

Bottomland RestorationBottomland Restoration

Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP)– Established 1990 under farm bill

– Retiring agricultural land in flood‐prone areas

– SE: Restorations consist of replanting, minor hydrologyMost WRP sites in SE are Hardwood Bottomlands

Tennessee– Began restoration under WRP in 1994

– 4,014 ha enrolled in TN

– 90% hardwood bottomlands

– Mostly in western 1/2 of state20042004

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• 779,000 ha enrolled in WRP nationwide

• $4.9 billion since 1990

Currently, no monitoring protocol

• Monitoring important to ensure restoration objectives

Monitoring WRP 

•   Monitoring important to ensure restoration objectives are reached

‐ Restoration of the bird community

•   Can lead to adaptive management

Bioassessment Models

• Use community composition of plants and animals to track ecological restoration

– Assumption: Gradient of stressors: community composition

– Physical structure of vegetation (composition): metric 

– Drawback: Requires knowledge and resources– Drawback: Requires knowledge and resources

• Index of Biological Integrity (IBI)

– Use community metrics: summary score

– Disturbance gradient: none (reference) to high

RestorationRepresents a Disturbance

Gradient

Objective

Develop bioassessment models (based on IBI procedures) for vegetation and avian communities to be used for monitoring the state of ecological 

restoration in hardwood bottomlandsrestoration in hardwood bottomlands

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Study SitesStudy Sites

• 17 Randomly selected restoration sites

Multi‐stage sampling approach

– First level: 1st year of restoration 

(1987, 1995‐2006: 2 – 13 yrs, 21 yrs)

– Second level: Size ‐ large (>45 ha) 9 sites

‐ small (<45 ha) 8 sites

• 4 Reference sites in the Hatchie River Bottomland (HNWR)

– Longest unchannelized tributary of Mississippi River (Johnson 2007)

– Mean stand age: 49, 58, 41, and 55 years old

Restoration sites

Reference sites

March –August 2008

Plant CompositionN

Understorywoody plants< 1.4 m tall

Herbaceous vegetation(1‐m2)

Midstorywoody plants <11.4 cm DBH, >1.4 m tall

Overstorywoody plants>11.4 cm DBH

• Vertical structure (0‐2 m above ground)

• Canopy closure

• Overstory height

Vegetative Structure

• Overstory height 

(nearest tree to plot center)

• Tree Basal Area

• Logs (>11.4 cm dia; 100‐m radius plot)

•Snags (>11.4 cm dbh; 3.14 ha)1

2

3

4

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Bird CompositionBird Composition

Point Counts

– Ten minute count at each plot

– 50‐m radius (0.79‐ha plot)

• Verified equal detection to 50 m among sampling sites

Once every 2 wksMar – Aug 2008

sampling sites

Community Metrics

•  Species Richness‐ Total # of species per site

•   Shannon‐Wiener Species Diversity

•   Abundance

‐ Bird habitat‐use guilds4 feeding guilds5 nesting guilds

Bird Habitat Use Guilds

Feeding GuildsAir

Ground Canopy

Nesting GuildsCavity ShrubGround

DeGraaf and Chadwick 1984

Branch Twig

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Bioassessment Model Development

1) Identified community metrics which vary along a disturbance gradient: time since restoration‐Model (Linear L‐S Regression)

2) Select metrics: strength of relationship with site age

‐ Decision rule: R2 > 50% of maximum R2 for a given community

3) Assigned scores to final metrics

0 years

Reference

Site Age

3) Assigned scores to final metrics‐ Observed range of values across all sites for given metric‐ Divided range into quartiles

Percentile Score

0 – 25 1

26 – 50 2

51 – 75 3

76 – 100 4

Results: Vegetation

Logs

ags

R2 = 0.59

Basal Area

cover 

m high

R2 = 0.64

R2 = 0.51

R2 = 0.89

R2 = 0.445

Overstory Trees

Sna

Site Age

Vertical 

0.5 –1 m

Vertical cover under 

0.5 m

 high 

Site Age

R2 = 0.69 R2 = 0.48

Bark Feed

ers R2 = 0.76

Birds

Results: Birds R2 = 0.415

Branch Nesters

Twig Nesters

Site Age

R2 = 0.44

R2 = 0.83

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Metric Field Measurement IBI Restoration ScoreLogs 0 1

(3.14‐ha plot) 1 - 2 23 - 21 3>21 4

Snags 0 11 - 2 2>2 3

Overstory trees 0 1(0.04‐ha plot) 1 - 5 2

Bioassessment Model: Vegetation

>5 3Basal area 0 - 1 1(ft2 / acre) 2 - 30 2

30 - 60 3>60 4

Mid-level vertical cover 93.9 - 100 1(0.5 – 1 m) 80.5 - 93.8 2

47.6 - 80.4 30 - 47.5 4

Low vertical cover 98.3 - 100 1(0 – 0.5 m) 85.1 - 98.2 2

0 - 85 3

Logs / 3.14 ha

Site Age

123

4

Sum for final score

Metric Field Measurement IBI Restoration Score

Branch nesters 0 - 0.3 1

(0.79‐ha plot) 0.4 - 1.0 2

1.1 - 2.6 3

>2.6 4

Model: Birds

Twig nesters 0 - 0.1 1

0.2 - 0.5 2

0.6 - 1.0 3

>1.0 4

Bark feeders 0 1

0.1 - 0.3 2

>0.3 3

‐ Use models alone or sum for overall score

‐ Establish sampling plot at site center‐measure vegetation once (Apr – Aug)‐ sample birds >4 times (Mar – Aug)

Application

State of Restoration

VegetationScore

BirdScore

Early 6 – 9  3 – 4

Mid 10 – 13  5 – 6

Late 14 – 17 7 – 8

Reference 18 – 21 9 – 11

Summed Scores

9 – 14

15 – 20

21 – 26

27 – 32

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Example: Vegetation Model

MetricField

MeasurementIBI Restoration Score

Logs 0 1(3.14‐ha plot) 1 - 2 2

3 - 21 3>21 4

Snags 0 11 - 2 2>2 3

Overstory trees 0 1(0.04‐ha plot) 1 - 5 2

Example

2

+

2

+

2

Example

2 logs

1 snag

3 overstory Late 

restoration>5 3Basal area 0 - 1 1(ft2 / acre) 2 - 30 2

30 - 60 3>60 4

Mid-level vertical cover 93.9 - 100 1(0.5 – 1 m) 80.5 - 93.8 2

47.6 - 80.4 30 - 47.5 4

Low vertical cover 98.3 - 100 1(0 – 0.5 m) 85.1 - 98.2 2

0 - 85 3

+

3

+

3

+

2

14

trees

40 ba

82% cover

90% cover

restoration

State of Restoration

VegetationScore

BirdScore

Early 6 – 9  3 – 4

Mid 10 – 13  5 – 6

Late 14 – 17 7 – 8

Reference 18 – 21 9 – 11

Conservation Implications

‐Bioassessment models can be used as a tool to monitor hardwood bottomland restorations in TN

‐Validated elsewhere ‐LMAV

Confidence

‐Successional gradient

‐Models built using mature forested wetlands as reference and at sites without catastrophic disturbance 

Acknowledgements

Beth SummersLuke OwensLacy RuckerFrank Spilker

Pete Heard (NRCS)Ed Hackett (NRCS)Mike Zeman (NRCS) Bobby Mimms (NRCS)Monica Clutch (TNC)

Christopher Bridges (TNC)Mike Chouinard (Hatchie NWR)

Jason Maxedon (TWRA)Mike Pitts (TN State Parks)Dr. Robert Hayes (WTREC)

Dr. James Schmidhammer (UT)

Funding:NRCS AWCC

The Nature Conservancy

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Questions?Questions?

[email protected]