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Microbes and breast feeding: Feeding a microbiome Camilla Urbaniak Lawson Health Research Institute London, Canada June 13 2016

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Page 1: Microbes and breast feeding: Feeding a microbiome …womenandtheirmicrobes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/4.-Camilla... · Microbes and breast feeding: Feeding a microbiome Camilla

Microbes and breast feeding:

Feeding a microbiome

Camilla Urbaniak

Lawson Health Research

Institute

London, Canada

June 13 2016

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Early exposure of the newborn to bacteria

Breast feeding

Microbial content routinely recorded to be as high

as 1 x 105 cfu/ml

Study by Kent et al (2006) reported that 15 week

old infants consumed about 788ml of milk a day

=7.9 x 107 cfu of bacteria ingested per day

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S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

S12

S14

S15

S16

S18

S19

S21

S22

S23

S24

S25

S26

S27

S28

S29

S30

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S50

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Mic

robio

ta fra

ctio

n

BacteroidetesActinobacteriaProteobacteriaFirmicutes

Percent abundance of different phyla in breast milk

Pe

rcent

Abu

ndan

ce

01

020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Bacterial profiles in human milk

Mature milk from 39 Canadian women.

(1month-8months post partum)

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Bacterial profiles in breast milk S

1S

2S

3S

4S

5S

6S

7S

8S

9S

10

S12

S14

S15

S16

S18

S19

S21

S22

S23

S24

S25

S26

S27

S28

S29

S30

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S50

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Mic

robio

ta fra

ctio

n

Remaining fractionBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Paenibacillaceae;AneurinibacillusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;GardnerellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;PeptoniphilusBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Peptostreptococcaceae;PeptostreptococcusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Micrococcaceae;RothiaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Kineosporiales;Kineosporiaceae;KineococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;DialisterBacteria;Proteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;Bacillusunclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Proteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;Bradyrhizobiaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;ArcicellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Thermoanaerobacterales;Family_III;ThermoanaerobacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;LactococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;VeillonellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Flavobacteriia;Flavobacteriales;Flavobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Microbacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Family_XI;GemellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Bacteroidia;Bacteroidales;Prevotellaceae;PrevotellaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteridae;Actinomycetales;Actinomycetaceae;ActinomycesBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;FinegoldiaBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Propionibacteriales;Propionibacteriaceae;PropionibacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;AnoxybacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;BifidobacteriumBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Moraxellaceae;AcinetobacterBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Lactobacillaceae;LactobacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pasteurellales;Pasteurellaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Corynebacteriales;Corynebacteriaceae;CorynebacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;StreptococcusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Pseudomonadaceae;PseudomonasBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Enterobacteriales;Enterobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Staphylococcaceae;Staphylococcus

Remaining fractionBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Paenibacillaceae;AneurinibacillusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;GardnerellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;PeptoniphilusBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Peptostreptococcaceae;PeptostreptococcusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Micrococcaceae;RothiaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Kineosporiales;Kineosporiaceae;KineococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;DialisterBacteria;Proteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;Bacillusunclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Proteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;Bradyrhizobiaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;ArcicellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Thermoanaerobacterales;Family_III;ThermoanaerobacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;LactococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;VeillonellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Flavobacteriia;Flavobacteriales;Flavobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Microbacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Family_XI;GemellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Bacteroidia;Bacteroidales;Prevotellaceae;PrevotellaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteridae;Actinomycetales;Actinomycetaceae;ActinomycesBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;FinegoldiaBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Propionibacteriales;Propionibacteriaceae;PropionibacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;AnoxybacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;BifidobacteriumBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Moraxellaceae;AcinetobacterBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Lactobacillaceae;LactobacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pasteurellales;Pasteurellaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Corynebacteriales;Corynebacteriaceae;CorynebacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;StreptococcusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Pseudomonadaceae;PseudomonasBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Enterobacteriales;Enterobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Staphylococcaceae;Staphylococcus

We performed a Kendall’s Tau correlation test to measure the

strength of association between relative abundances of

bacteria and time post partum.

No statistically significant correlation was found between time

and relative abundances.

This means that microbial profiles are not influenced by how

long a woman has been lactating for.

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Genera Species

Acinetobacter A. calcoaceticus

Akkermansia A. muciniphilia

Bifidobacterium B. breve, B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. animalis, B.

catenulatum

Enterococcus E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. gallinarum, E. mundtii, E. hirae

Escherichia E. coli

Gemella G. haemolysans

Klebsiella K. oxytoca

Kocuria K. kristinae

Lactobacillus L. animalis, L. brevis, L. crispatus, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. oris, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus

Lactococcus L. lactis

Leuconostoc L. citreum, L. fallax, L. mesenteroides

Pediococcus P. pentosaceus

Propionibacterium P. acnes, P. granulosum

Pseudomonas P. synxantha, P. fluorescens

Rothia R. mucilaginosa

Serratia S. proteomaculans

Staphylococcus S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis,

S. pasteuri, S. warneri

Streptococcus S. salivarius, S. mitis, S. gallolyticus, S. australis,

S. vestibularis, S. parasanguis, S. pneumoniae

Weisella W. cibaria, W. confusa

Other genera detected but not assigned to species Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Blautia, Bradyrhizobium, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Clostridium,

Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Granulicatella, Prevotella, Rlastonia, Sphingomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Veillonella

A. junii

L. paracasei

Aeromonas, Anoxybacillus, Finogoldia magna, Gardnerella, Micrococcus,

Peptoniphilus harei, Peptostreptococcus, Pasteurella,

P. avidum

S. nepalensis

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PROTECTION

Breast fed Formula fed

Are the bacteria in breast milk beneficial for neonatal health?

Decreased

Necrotizing enterocolitis

Diarrhea

Asthma

Obesity

Diabetes

Respiratory infections

Increased

Immune regulation

Cognitive function

• Human milk

oligosaccharides

• Vertical transfer

of bacteria from

milk to baby

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What factors influence this microbial composition?

• Bioactive components, macronutrients, cytokines,

enzymes, proteins and immunological factors differ in milk

from:

Pre-term vs Term births

Vaginal vs Cesarean (elective) deliveries

• Energy content in milk differs depending on whether a

mother gives birth to a boy or girl.

We hypothesized that the triggers influencing nutritional and

immune composition in milk could possibly affect microbial

profiles. Therefore we would expect to see differences in

bacterial populations based on gestation, mode of delivery

and gender

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Gestation Delivery

Gender

Mature milk from 39 women. Compared profiles

based on gestation, mode of delivery, gender

Weighted UniFrac

-Places a large emphasis on either rare or

highly abundant taxa, so compositional

changes that occur in moderately abundant

taxa may be overlooked

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Generalized UniFrac

(1) Gestation, mode of

delivery and gender do

not influence the milk

microbiota

OR

(2) These factors do

have an influence but

can only be detected by

looking at the individual

rather that the

population as a whole.

Conclusions

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We should be looking at shifts from a personalized

healthy state to a personalized disease state

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Diagnosed with Hodgkin’s

lymphoma during

2nd trimester of

pregnancy

Undergoes 3 rounds of

chemotherapy at

29wks gestation

(3rd trimester)

Two weeks after the last

session she

delivers

Four weeks after delivery, chemo

starts again. Milk

sample collection

starts for the

study

Week

Sample A B

0

A B

2

A B

4

A B

6 8

A B

10

A B

12

A B

14

A B

16

no milk

collected

ClinicalInforma on

SampleCollec on

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PC2 (11%)

PC3 (3.9%)

PC1 (69%)

A

B

Remaining fractionFirmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Clostridiales_IncertaeSedisXI;FinegoldiaFirmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Eubacteriaceae;EubacteriumActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinomycetales;Corynebacteriaceae;CorynebacteriumProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Methylophilales;Methylophilaceae;MethylophilusBacteroidetes;Sphingobacteria;Sphingobacteriales;Sphingobacteriaceae;SphingobacteriumBacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;BifidobacteriumProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Legionellales;Legionellaceae;LegionellaProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Sphingomonadales;Erythrobacteraceae;PorphyrobacterProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Sphingomonadales;Sphingomonadaceae;Sphingobium/SphingomonasActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinomycetales;Propionibacteriaceae;PropionibacteriumProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;unclassifiedFirmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Lactobacillaceae;LactobacillusProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;unclassified;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;Rhizobiaceae;Rhizobium/AgrobacteriumBacteroidetes;Bacteroidia;Bacteroidales;Prevotellaceae;PrevotellaProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;SchlegelellaProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Burkholderiales_incertae_sedis;TepidimonasBacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;Flavobacterium/CytophagaProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Sphingomonadales;Sphingomonadaceae;SphingomonasDeinococcus−Thermus;Deinococci;Deinococcales;Trueperaceae;TrueperaProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Caulobacterales;Caulobacteraceae;Brevundimonas/CaulobacterFirmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;Anoxybacillus/BacillusActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinomycetales;Micrococcaceae;RothiaProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedFirmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;BacillusBacteroidetes;Flavobacteria;Flavobacteriales;Flavobacteriaceae;CloacibacteriumFirmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Staphylococcaceae;StaphylococcusProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;OTU11Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;StreptococcusProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Pseudomonadaceae;PseudomonasProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Xanthomonadales;Xanthomonadaceae;StenotrophomonasProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Enterobacteriales;Enterobacteriaceae;unclassifiedunclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Xanthomonadales;Xanthomonadaceae;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Moraxellaceae;Acinetobacter

H1

H2A

H2B

H3

H5

H6

H7

H8

H10

0A

0B

2A

2B

4A

4B

6A

6B

10A

10B

12A

12B

14A

14B

16A

16B

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Healthy Wk0 Chemotherapy

Microbiota fraction

Chemotherapy changes microbial profiles

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Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Acinetobacter

Re

lative

pro

port

ion

−2

02

46

81

01

21

4

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Xanthomonadaceae

Re

lative

pro

port

ion

−2

02

46

810

12

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Stenotrophomonas

Re

lative

pro

port

ion

−6

−4

−2

02

46

8

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

−6

−4

−2

02

4

Bifidobacterium

Rela

tive

pro

po

rtio

n

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

−6

−4

−2

02

Eubacterium

Rela

tive

pro

po

rtio

n

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

−6

−4

−2

02

4

Lactobacillus

Rela

tive

pro

po

rtio

n

Changes in relative abundances of certain taxa after treatment

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Acinetobacter

Re

lative

pro

port

ion

−2

02

46

81

01

21

4

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Xanthomonadaceae

Re

lative

pro

port

ion

−2

02

46

810

12

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Stenotrophomonas

Re

lative

pro

port

ion

−6

−4

−2

02

46

8Chemotherapy Wk0/H

−6

−4

−2

02

4

Bifidobacterium

Rela

tive

pro

po

rtio

n

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

−6

−4

−2

02

Eubacterium

Rela

tive

pro

po

rtio

n

Chemotherapy Wk0/H−

6−

4−

20

24

Lactobacillus

Rela

tive

pro

po

rtio

n

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1 2

01

23

45

6

Shan

non

's d

ivers

ity index

●●●

●●

●●

●●

Chemotherapy Wk0/H

Microbial diversity decreases after chemotherapy

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Changes in metabolic profiles after chemotherapy

Decreased as a result of treatment:

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), inositol, PUFA, palmitic acid

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Potential significance for the infant

• Lower bacterial diversity in first few weeks of life has been

associated with NEC and an increased risk of allergy and asthma

in young children

• Bifidobacterium is the predominant organism in the gut of breast

fed infants

– Low levels in milk correlate with low levels in neonate

– Diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma, opportunistic infections

• Eubacterium is a butyrate producer important for health

– Reduces inflammation and metabolic diseases, promotes

colonic repair and protects against colon cancer

• DHA, inositol, PUFA, palmitic acid are important for infant healh

– Brain, eye, neuronal development

– Decreased risk of asthma later in life

– Increased bone strength, intestinal repair and a balanced

immune response

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You may ask, so what? Who cares about this

chemotherapy study if only a small percentage of

women undergoing treatment are lactating and

breastfeeding

Doxorubicin

Bleomycin

Vinblastine

Dacarbazine

What about other prescription drugs or over the

counter meds? What effects could they have

on the milk microbiota?

This study also raises questions as to whether

antibiotics could have similar detrimental effects

* *

Derived from antibiotics produced

from Streptomyces spp

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Enterobacteriaceae

Bifidobacterium

Lactobacillus

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

S12

S14

S15

S16

S18

S19

S21

S22

S23

S24

S25

S26

S27

S28

S29

S30

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S50

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Mic

robio

ta fra

ctio

n

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

S12

S14

S15

S16

S18

S19

S21

S22

S23

S24

S25

S26

S27

S28

S29

S30

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S50

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Mic

robio

ta fra

ctio

n

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

S12

S14

S15

S16

S18

S19

S21

S22

S23

S24

S25

S26

S27

S28

S29

S30

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S50

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Mic

robio

ta fra

ctio

n

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

S12

S14

S15

S16

S18

S19

S21

S22

S23

S24

S25

S26

S27

S28

S29

S30

S32

S33

S34

S35

S36

S40

S41

S42

S43

S44

S45

S46

S50

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Mic

robio

ta fra

ctio

n

No significant levels of

Bifidiobacterium or

Lactobacillus

Subject 6

Term, vaginal

21d post partum

Subject 32

Term, vaginal

25d post partum

Question: What are the consequences of

two infants receiving two different “healthy”

milk bacterial profiles when it comes to

disease risk later in life

The milk microbiota varies amongst

healthy women, but is there one profile

that is “better” than another for the infant

In addition to health benefits for

the baby, could the milk

microbiota also impart health

benefits to the mother?

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The milk microbiota and its role in maternal health

1. Mastitis

Bacterial strains isolated from milk have the ability to prevent

the growth of S.aureus, the causative agent of infectious

mastitis

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Streptococcus salivarius

Enterococcus faecalis

Lactobacillus rhamnosus. L. crispatus, L. lactis

Leuconoctoc mesenteroides

Propionibacterium acnes

(Heikkila and Saris,2003; Shu et al, 2013)

In a study of 352 women with infectious mastitis, women

receiving either L. fermentum CECT5716 or L. salivarius

CECT5713 had better recovery and lower recurrence then

those women administered antibiotics (Arroyo et al., 2010)

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*Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual

data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302

women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease

(Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer. Lancet, 2002)

-Women who breast feed for 12 months or longer have a lower risk

of developing breast cancer then those who do not breast feed

*Breast feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2

mutations carriers

(Jernstrom et al. J.Natl. Cancer Inst., 2004)

-Women with BRCA1 mutations who breast fed for 1 year or longer

had a 45% reduced risk of breast cancer

Factors? Reduced estrogen levels during breast feeding and/or removal

of carcinogens from the breast during lactation BACTERIA

2. Breast cancer

Breast feeding lowers the risk of developing breast cancer

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Breast milk

Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716

Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713

Saliva

Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 701751

Lactobacillus salivarius NCIMB 11795

Perez-Cano et al., Immunobiology, 2010

NK cell

NK cell

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This led us to our work on the breast tissue

microbiome.

• We reasoned that since the milk microbiota

appears to have beneficial health effects,

then bacteria would be present within the

mammary glands (i.e. tissue) throughout a

women’s life irrespective of lactation and

pregnancy

• This tissue microbiome, as with other body

sites, could play a role in health and

disease, both for the mother and the baby

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DNA

Isolation

16S rRNA sequencing

Homogenize plate

1. Columbia

blood agar

2. BHI

3. MacConkey

agar

Incubate

aerobically and

anaerobically at

37oC

Sample collection

Controls:

(i) tube of PBS opened throughout

the duration of the surgery

(ii) skin swab of surgical breast

area obtained before incision but

after disinfection

Healthy controls (age range 21-69)

(breast reductions or enhancements)

N=23

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2 grams

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Percent abundance of different phyla in breast tissue

Pe

rcent

Abu

ndan

ce

01

020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Proteobacteria

Firmicutes

Actinobacteria

Bacteroidetes

Deinococcus−Thermus

Verrucomicrobia

HS

1H

S2

HS

3L

HS

4H

S5L

HS

8L

HS

9L

HS

10L

HS

11L

HS

21

RH

S22L

HS

23L

BT

S1

BT

S2

BT

S4

BT

S5

BT

S6

BT

S12

BT

S16

BT

S20

BT

S22

BT

S23

BT

S24

BT

S25

BT

S26

BT

S27

BT

S31

BT

S32

BT

S34

BT

S35

BT

S36

BT

S37

BT

S3

BT

S7

BT

S9

BT

S10

BT

S13

BT

S19

BT

S21

BT

S29

BT

S30

BT

S33

BT

S49

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Healthy Cancer Benign

Mic

robio

ta f

ractio

n

Remaining fractionBradyrhizobiumKocuriaMicrococcaceaePropionibacteriumSphingomonasAkkermansiaThermusGardnerellaCytophagalesFlavobacteriaceaeBacteroidetesMicrobacteriaceaeBacillalesPseudomonasBradyrhizobiaceaeThermoanaerobacteriumLactococcusCorynebacteriumStreptococcusEnterobacteriaceaeComamonadaceaeAcinetobacterMicrococcusLactobacillusPrevotellaGammaproteobacteriaBacillusStaphylococcus

• Could there be a role of the breast tissue microbiome in breast cancer prevention or

development?

• Do certain factors change the tissue microbiome in such a way that could increase

the risk of breast cancer (promotes inflammation or host DNA damage)

• Tissue collection is invasive; could studies on human milk provide insight into what

factors shape the tissue microbiome

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“ome”

data

Microbiome

Transcriptome Metagenome

Metabolome

What is

there

What genes

are present What genes are

transcribed

What are they

doing

What are they

doing

What are they

doing

What we need to

work on

Functionality is important

because you may have some

bacteria that do not change under

different conditions but their

function may and that could

promote disease.

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Women

and

their

microbes

How we can use this knowledge and apply it for better

health outcomes for women?

First 2 years:

Dynamic changes,

after which the

microbiome is a

reflection of the adult

C-section ? + BF

Are the lactobacilli and

bifidobacteria enough to

compensate for the lack

of Lactobacillus acquired

during vaginal birth?

Should we therefore test

breast milk to ensure

optimal # being passed on

during BF?

If levels are low, should

lactating mothers or the

infants receive probiotics?

Should an infant’s microbiome be monitored (every month) to

ensure “normality” and if disrupted, how do we fix that?

I believe we should focus on monitoring and/or manipulating

the microbiome early in life to help protect against diseases

that occur later in a woman’s life

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CIHR Strategic

Training Program in

Cancer Research and

Technology Transfer

(CaRTT)

Translational Breast

Cancer Research

Trainee Studentship

Michelle Angelini

Dr. Leslie Scott

Dr. Robert Richards Dr. Muriel Brackstone

Dr. Greg Gloor

Dr. Jim Koropatnick

Special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Gregor Reid

Reid/Gloor/Burton lab members