Milton Friedman 1

Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman

Chicago School of Economics

Born July 31, 1912Brooklyn, New York

Died November 16, 2006 (aged 94)San Francisco, California

Nationality American

Institution Hoover Institution (1977–2006)University of Chicago (1946–77)Columbia University (1937–41, 1943–45, 1964–65)NBER (1937–40)

Field Economics

Alma mater Columbia University (Ph.D.), 1946, University of Chicago (M.A.), 1933Rutgers University (B.A.), (1932)

Opposed John Maynard Keynes, John Kenneth Galbraith, Murray Rothbard

Influences Adam Smith, Irving Fisher, Frank Knight, Murray Rothbard, Jacob Viner, Harold Hotelling, Arthur Burns, Friedrich Hayek,Homer Jones, Ludwig von Mises, Henry Simons, George Stigler

Influenced David D. Friedman, Anna J. Schwartz, Ben Bernanke, Gary Becker, Thomas Sowell, Harry Markowitz, Chicago Boys, William F.Buckley, Jr., Cato Institute

Contributions Price theory, Monetarism, applied macroeconomics, floating exchange rates, volunteer military, Permanent income hypothesis,Friedman test

Awards John Bates Clark Medal (1951)Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (1976)Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988)National Medal of Science (1988)

Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist, statistician, academic, andauthor who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the NobelMemorial Prize in Economic Sciences.Among scholars, he is best known for his theoretical and empirical research, especially consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.[1] He was an economic advisor to U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Over time, many governments practiced his restatement of a political philosophy that extolled the virtues of a free market economic system with little intervention by government. As a leader of the Chicago school of economics, based at the University of Chicago, he had great influence in determining the research agenda of the entire profession. Milton Friedman's works, which include many

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monographs, books, scholarly articles, papers, magazine columns, television programs, videos, and lectures, cover abroad range of topics of microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic history, and public policy issues. TheEconomist described him as "the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century…possibly of all ofit."[2]

Friedman was originally a Keynesian, and even late in life said he favored some aspects of the New Deal such as"providing relief for the unemployed, providing jobs for the unemployed, and motivating the economy to expand...an expansive monetary policy"; however, he never advocated wage and price controls.[3] His challenges to what helater called "naive Keynesian" (as opposed to New Keynesian) theory[3] began with his 1950s reinterpretation of theconsumption function. At the University of Chicago, Friedman became the main advocate opposing activistKeynesian government policies; he has been characterized as "the leader of the first recognized counterrevolutionagainst Keynesianism",[4] although even in the late-1960s he described his own approach (along with all ofmainstream economics) as still wedded to the "Keynesian language and apparatus" albeit rejecting its "initial"conclusions.[5] During the 1960s he promoted an alternative macroeconomic policy known as "monetarism". Hetheorized there existed a "natural" rate of unemployment, and argued that governments could increase employmentabove this rate (e.g., by increasing aggregate demand) only at the risk of causing inflation to accelerate.[6] He arguedthat the Phillips Curve was not stable and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation.[7]

In Friedman's claim that monetary policy could have prevented the Great Depression he was in agreement withKeynes.[8] Though opposed to the existence of the Federal Reserve, Friedman argued that, given that it does exist, asteady, small expansion of the money supply was the only wise policy, and he warned against efforts by a treasury orcentral bank to do otherwise.[9]

Influenced by his close friend George Stigler, Friedman opposed government regulation of many types. He oncestated that his role in eliminating U.S. conscription was his proudest accomplishment, and his support for schoolchoice led him to found The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. Friedman's political philosophy, which heconsidered classically liberal and libertarian, emphasized the advantages of free market economics and thedisadvantages of government intervention and regulation, strongly influencing the opinions of Americanconservatives and libertarians. In his 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman advocated policies such as avolunteer military, freely floating exchange rates, abolition of medical licenses, a negative income tax, and educationvouchers.[10] His books and essays were widely read, and his words had both underground and overt influence inCommunist countries.[11] [12] [13] [14]

Most economists during the 1960s rejected Friedman's economic views, but since then they have had an increasinginternational influence. Some of his laissez-faire ideas concerning monetary policy, taxation, privatization andderegulation were used by governments, especially during the 1980s. A combination of his monetary theory inregard to credit and Keynes's belief in deficit spending to stimulate growth has influenced economists such as BenBernanke and the Federal Reserve's response to the financial crisis of 2007–10.[15] [16]

Early lifeFriedman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to recent Jewish immigrants Jenő Friedman and Sára Landau fromBeregszász in Hungary (now Berehove, part of Ukraine), both of whom worked as dry goods merchants. Shortlyafter Milton's birth, the family relocated to Rahway, New Jersey. A talented student, Friedman graduated fromRahway High School in 1928, just before his 16th birthday.[17]

Friedman graduated from Rutgers University in New Jersey, where he specialized in mathematics and initially intended to become an actuary. During his time at Rutgers, Friedman became influenced by two economics professors, Arthur F. Burns and Homer Jones, who convinced him that modern economics could help end the Great Depression. Friedman did graduate work at the University of Chicago, earning an M.A. in 1933. He was strongly influenced by Jacob Viner, Frank Knight, and Henry Simons. It was at Chicago that Friedman met his future wife, economist Rose Director. During 1933–34 he had a fellowship at Columbia University, where he studied statistics

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with renowned statistician and economist Harold Hotelling. He was back in Chicago for 1934–35, spending the yearworking as a research assistant for Henry Schultz, who was then working on Theory and Measurement of Demand.That year, Friedman formed what would prove to be lifelong friendships with George Stigler and W. Allen Wallis.

Public serviceFriedman was initially unable to find academic employment, so during 1935, he followed his friend W. Allen Wallisto Washington, where Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was "a lifesaver" for many young economists.[18] At thisstage, Friedman said that he and his wife "regarded the job-creation programs such as the WPA, CCC, and PWAappropriate responses to the critical situation," but not "the price- and wage-fixing measures of the NationalRecovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration."[19] Foreshadowing his later ideas, hebelieved price controls interfered with an essential signaling mechanism to help resources be used where they weremost valued. Indeed, Friedman later concluded that all government intervention associated with the New Deal was"the wrong cure for the wrong disease," arguing that the money supply should simply have been expanded, instead ofcontracted.[20] In the publication Monetary History of the United States by Friedman and Anna Schwartz, they arguethat the Great Depression was caused by monetary contraction, which was the consequence of poor policymaking bythe Federal reserve and the continuous crises of the banking system.[21]

During 1935, he began work for the National Resources Committee, which was then working on a large consumerbudget survey. Ideas from this project later became a part of his Theory of the Consumption Function. Friedmanbegan employment with the National Bureau of Economic Research during autumn 1937 to assist Simon Kuznets inhis work on professional income. This work resulted in their jointly authored publication Incomes from IndependentProfessional Practice, which introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income, a major component of thePermanent Income Hypothesis that Friedman worked out in greater detail in the 1950s. The book hypothesizes thatprofessional licensing artificially restricts the supply of services and raises prices.During 1940, Friedman was appointed an assistant professor teaching Economics at the University ofWisconsin–Madison, but encountered antisemitism in the Economics department and decided to return togovernment service.[22] [23] Friedman spent 1941–43 working on wartime tax policy for the Federal Government, asan advisor to senior officials of the United States Department of the Treasury. As a Treasury spokesman during 1942he advocated a Keynesian policy of taxation, and during this time he helped to invent the payroll withholding taxsystem.[24] He later said in an interview, "I have no apologies for it, but I really wish we hadn't found it necessaryand I wish there were some way of abolishing withholding now."[25] As Friedman grew older he reversed himself;during 2006 he observed, "You know, it's a mystery as to why people think Roosevelt's policies pulled us out of theDepression. The problem was that you had unemployed machines and unemployed people. How do you get themtogether by forming industrial cartels and keeping prices and wages up?"[26]

Academic career

Early yearsDuring 1943, Friedman joined the Division of War Research at Columbia University (headed by W. Allen Wallisand Harold Hotelling), where he spent the rest of the war years working as a mathematical statistician, focusing onproblems of weapons design, military tactics, and metallurgical experiments. Then during 1945, Friedman submittedIncomes from Independent Professional Practice (co-authored with Kuznets and completed during 1940) toColumbia as his doctoral dissertation. The university awarded him a Ph.D. during 1946. Friedman spent the 1945–46academic year teaching at the University of Minnesota (where his friend George Stigler was employed). On February12, 1945, his son, David D. Friedman was born.

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University of Chicago

University of Chicago

During 1946, Friedman accepted an offer to teach economictheory at the University of Chicago (a position opened bydeparture of his former professor Jacob Viner to PrincetonUniversity). Friedman would work for the University of Chicagofor the next 30 years. There he helped build an intellectualcommunity that produced a number of Nobel Prize winners,known collectively as the Chicago School of Economics.

At that time, Arthur Burns, who was then the head of the NationalBureau of Economic Research, asked Friedman to rejoin theBureau's staff. He accepted the invitation, and assumedresponsibility for the Bureau's inquiry into the role of money in thebusiness cycle. As a result, he initiated the "Workshop in Money and Banking" (the "Chicago Workshop"), whichpromoted a revival of monetary studies. During the latter half of the 1940s, Friedman began a collaboration withAnna Schwartz, an economic historian at the Bureau, that would ultimately result in the 1963 publication of a bookco-authored by Friedman and Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960.

Friedman spent the 1954–55 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College,Cambridge. At the time, the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority (including JoanRobinson and Richard Kahn) and an anti-Keynesian minority (headed by Dennis Robertson). Friedman speculatesthat he was invited to the fellowship because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions. Laterhis weekly columns for Newsweek magazine (1966–84) were well read and increasingly influential among politicaland business people.[27]

Friedman was an economic adviser to Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater during 1964.

Nobel memorial prize and retirementIn 1976 Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics "for his achievements in the fields of consumptionanalysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy."[1] Duringthe banquet speech he made a reference to “the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel”. In that hewas the first recipient to do so, and it wasn’t until 2006 that a recipient of the prize called it by its proper name.[28]

During 1977, at age 65, Friedman retired from the University of Chicago after teaching there for 30 years. He and hiswife moved to San Francisco. From 1977 on, he was affiliated with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.During the same year, Friedman was approached by the Free To Choose Network [29] and asked to create a televisionprogram presenting his economic and social philosophy. The Friedmans worked on this project for the next threeyears, and during 1980, the ten-part series, titled Free to Choose, was broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service(PBS). The companion book to the series (co-authored by Milton and his wife, Rose Friedman), also titled Free ToChoose, was the bestselling nonfiction book of 1980 and has since been translated into 14 foreign languages.Friedman served as an unofficial adviser to Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign, and then servedon the President's Economic Policy Advisory Board for the rest of the Reagan Administration. During 1988, hereceived the National Medal of Science and Reagan honored him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. MiltonFriedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century.[30] [31] Throughout the 1980sand 1990s, Friedman continued to write editorials and appear on television. He made several visits to Eastern Europeand to China, where he also advised governments.

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Scholarly contributions

EconomicsFriedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output,that is, the quantity theory of money. Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory. Itsorigins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further but Friedman's contribution islargely responsible for its modern popularization. He co-authored, with Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of theUnited States (1963), which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in U.S.history. A striking conclusion of their research was one regarding the role of money supply fluctuations ascontributing to economic fluctuations. Several regression studies with David Meiselman during the 1960s suggestedthe primacy of the money supply over investment and government spending in determining consumption and output.These challenged a prevailing but largely untested view on their relative importance. Friedman's empirical researchand some theory supported the conclusion that the short-run effect of a change of the money supply was primarily onoutput but that the longer-run effect was primarily on the price level.Friedman was the main proponent of the monetarist school of economics. He maintained that there is a close andstable association between price inflation and the money supply, mainly that price inflation should be regulated withmonetary deflation and price deflation with monetary inflation. He famously quipped that price deflation can befought by "dropping money out of a helicopter.""[32]

Friedman's arguments were designed to counter popular claims that price inflation at the time was the result ofincreases in the price of oil, or increases in wages: as he wrote,

Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.—Milton Friedman, Wincott Memorial Lecture, London, September 16, 1970[33]

Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management; and he held that the government's role inthe guidance of the economy should be restricted severely. Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression,which he termed the Great Contraction, arguing that it had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whoseduration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by themisguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve.

The Fed was largely responsible for converting what might have been a garden-variety recession, althoughperhaps a fairly severe one, into a major catastrophe. Instead of using its powers to offset the depression, itpresided over a decline in the quantity of money by one-third from 1929 to 1933 ... Far from the depressionbeing a failure of the free-enterprise system, it was a tragic failure of government.—Milton Friedman, Two Lucky People, 233

Friedman also argued for the cessation of government intervention in currency markets, thereby spawning anenormous literature on the subject, as well as promoting the practice of freely floating exchange rates. His closefriend George Stigler explained, "As is customary in science, he did not win a full victory, in part because researchwas directed along different lines by the theory of rational expectations, a newer approach developed by RobertLucas, also at the University of Chicago."[34]

Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function, the permanent income hypothesis (1957), which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work.[35] This work contended that rational consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income. Windfall gains would mostly be saved. Tax reductions likewise, as rational consumers would predict that taxes would have to increase later to balance public finances. Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment (1968). This critique associated his name, together with that of Edmund Phelps, with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so. Unemployment may be temporarily lower, if the inflation is a surprise, but in the long run unemployment

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will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market.Friedman's essay "The Methodology of Positive Economics" (1953) provided the epistemological pattern for his ownsubsequent research and to a degree that of the Chicago School of Economics. There he argued that economics asscience should be free of value judgments for it to be objective. Moreover, a useful economic theory should bejudged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction.

StatisticsOne of his most famous contributions to statistics is sequential sampling. "Friedman did statistical work at theDivision of War Research at Columbia. He and his colleagues came up with a sampling technique, known assequential sampling, which became, in the words of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 'the standardanalysis of quality control inspection.' The dictionary adds: 'Like many of Friedman’s contributions, in retrospect itseems remarkably simple and obvious to apply basic economic ideas to quality control; that however is a measure ofhis genius.'"[36]

Other workFriedman was an important member of the team during World War II that developed a new proximity fuse foranti-aircraft projectiles, which prevented shells from exploding unless they were near the object they are meant todestroy.[36]

Public policy positions

Federal reserveFriedman believed that if the money supply was to be centrally controlled (as by the Federal Reserve) that thepreferable way to do it would be with a mechanical system that would keep the quantity of money increasing at asteady rate. However, instead of government involvement at all, he was open to a "real," non-government, goldstandard where money is produced by the private market: "A real gold standard is thoroughly consistent with[classical] liberal principles and I, for one, am entirely in favor of measures promoting its development." He didhowever add this caveat, "Let me emphasize that this note is not a plea for a return to a gold standard.... I regard areturn to a gold standard as neither desirable nor feasible—with the one exception that it might become feasible if thedoomsday predictions of hyperinflation under our present system should prove correct."[37] He said the reason that itwas not feasible was because "there is essentially no government in the world that is willing to surrender control overits domestic monetary policy," however it could be done if "you could re-establish a world in which government'sbudget accounted for 10 percent of the national income, in which laissez-faire reigned, in which governments did notinterfere with economic activities and in which full employment policies had been relegated to the dustbin..."[37]

He was critical of the Federal Reserve's influence on the economics profession. In a 1993 letter to University ofTexas economics professor and former House Banking Committee investigator Robert Auerbach, Friedman wrote:

I cannot disagree with you that having something like 500 economists is extremely unhealthy. As yousay, it is not conducive to independent, objective research. You and I know there has been censorship ofthe material published. Equally important, the location of the economists in the Federal Reserve has hada significant influence on the kind of research they do, biasing that research toward noncontroversialtechnical papers on method as opposed to substantive papers on policy and results.[38]

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School choiceIn his 1955 article "The Role of Government in Education" Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operatedschools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of school vouchers.[39] Reforms similar tothose proposed in the article were implemented in, for example, Chile in 1981 and Sweden in 1992.[40] In 1996Friedman, together with his wife, founded the The Foundation for Educational Choice to advocate school choice andvouchers.

ConscriptionMilton Friedman was a major proponent of a volunteer military, stating that the draft was "inconsistent with a freesociety."[41] [42] In Capitalism and Freedom, he argued that conscription is inequitable and arbitrary, preventingyoung men to shape their lives as they see fit.[43] During the Nixon administration he headed the committee toresearch a conversion to paid/volunteer armed force. He would later state that his role in eliminating the conscriptionin the United States was his proudest accomplishment.[9] Friedman did, however, believe a nation could compelmilitary training as a reserve in case of war time.[43]

Liberalism and the republican partyHe served as a member of President Reagan's Economic Policy Advisory Board during 1981. During 1988, hereceived the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science. He said that he was a libertarianphilosophically, but a member of the U.S. Republican Party for the sake of "expediency" ("I am a libertarian with asmall 'l' and a Republican with a capital 'R.' And I am a Republican with a capital 'R' on grounds of expediency, noton principle.") But, he said, "I think the term classical liberal is also equally applicable. I don't really care very muchwhat I'm called. I'm much more interested in having people thinking about the ideas, rather than the person."[44]

Public goods and monopolyFriedman was supportive of the state provision of some public goods that private businesses are not considered asbeing able to provide. However, he argued that many of the services performed by government could be performedbetter by the private sector. Above all, if some public goods are provided by the state, he believed that they shouldnot be a legal monopoly where private competition is prohibited; for example, he wrote:

There is no way to justify our present public monopoly of the post office. It may be argued that the carrying ofmail is a technical monopoly and that a government monopoly is the least of evils. Along these lines, onecould perhaps justify a government post office, but not the present law, which makes it illegal for anybody elseto carry the mail. If the delivery of mail is a technical monopoly, no one else will be able to succeed incompetition with the government. If it is not, there is no reason why the government should be engaged in it.The only way to find out is to leave other people free to enter.—Milton Friedman, Friedman, Milton & Rose D. Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press,1982, 29

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WelfareFriedman made newspaper headlines by proposing a negative income tax to replace the existing welfare system, andthen opposing a bill to implement it because the bill merely proposed to supplement the existing system rather thanreplace it.

DrugsFriedman also supported libertarian policies such as legalization of drugs and prostitution.During 2005, Friedmanand more than 500 other economists advocated discussions regarding the economic benefits of the legalization ofmarijuana.[45]

Economic freedomMichael Walker of the Fraser Institute and Friedman hosted a series of conferences from 1986 to 1994. The goal wasto create a clear definition of economic freedom and a method for measuring it. Eventually this resulted in the firstreport on worldwide economic freedom, Economic Freedom in the World. This annual report has since provided datafor numerous peer-reviewed studies and has influenced policy in several nations.Along with sixteen other distinguished economists he opposed the Copyright Term Extension Act and filed anamicus brief in Eldred v. Ashcroft.[46] He supported the inclusion of the word "no-brainer" in the brief.[47]

Friedman argued for stronger basic legal (constitutional) protection of economic rights and freedoms in order tofurther promote industrial-commercial growth and prosperity and buttress democracy and freedom and the rule oflaw generally in society.[48]

Honors, recognition, and influenceFriedman allowed the Cato Institute to use his name for its biannual Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Libertybeginning in 2001. A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist Peter Bauer during 2002, Peruvianeconomist Hernando de Soto during 2004, Mart Laar, former Estonian Prime Minister during 2006 and a youngVenezuelan student Yon Goicoechea during 2008. His wife Rose, sister of Aaron Director, with whom he initiatedthe Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, served on the international selection committee. Friedman wasalso a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Hong KongFriedman once said, "If you want to see capitalism in action, go to Hong Kong."[49] He wrote in 1990 that the HongKong economy was perhaps the best example of a free market economy.[50]

One month before his death, he wrote the article "Hong Kong Wrong – What would Cowperthwaite say?" in theWall Street Journal, criticizing Donald Tsang, Chief Executive of Hong Kong, for abandoning "positivenoninterventionism."[51] Tsang later said he was merely changing the slogan to "big market, small government,"where small government is defined as less than 20% of GDP. In a debate between Tsang and Alan Leong, rivals forthe job of Chief Executive, Leong introduced the topic and jokingly accused Tsang of angering Friedman to death.

ChileDuring 1975, two years after the military coup that ended the government of Salvador Allende, the economy of Chileexperienced a crisis. Friedman accepted the invitation of a private foundation to visit Chile and speak on principlesof economic freedom. He spent seven days in Chile giving a series of lectures. One of the lectures was entitled "TheFragility of Freedom," and according to Friedman, "dealt with precisely the threat to freedom from a centralizedmilitary government."[52] Friedman encapsulated his philosophy in a lecture at Universidad Católica de Chile,saying: "free markets would undermine political centralization and political control."[53]

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Friedman also met with military dictator President Augusto Pinochet during his visit. He never served as an adviserto the Chilean government, but did write a letter to Pinochet outlining what Friedman considered the two keyeconomic problems of Chile. The letter listed a series of monetary and fiscal measures deemed a "shock program" toend hyperinflation and promote a market economy.[54] His letter suggested (among other, more specificprescriptions) that a brief period of cutting government spending would reduce its fiscal deficit and thus reduce therate of increase of the quantity of money in the country that was driving inflation. The economist did however admithis knowledge of Chile was "too limited to enable [him] to be precise or comprehensive" and that the measures heoutlined were "to be taken as illustrative."[54] Friedman felt that there might be a brief period ("measured in months")of higher unemployment, followed by recovery once inflation was tamed. His letter also suggested that cuttingspending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes to do so. Later,Friedman said he believed that market reforms would undermine Pinochet.[55] Chilean graduates of the ChicagoSchool of Economics and its new local chapters had been appointed to important positions in the new governmentsoon after the coup, which allowed them to advise Pinochet on economic policies in accord with the School'seconomic doctrine.According to his critics, Friedman did not criticize Pinochet's dictatorship at the time, nor the assassinations, illegalimprisonments, torture, or other atrocities that were well known by then.[56] In his 1980 documentary Free toChoose, he said the following: "Chile is not a politically free system, and I do not condone the system. But thepeople there are freer than the people in Communist societies because government plays a smaller role. ... Theconditions of the people in the past few years has been getting better and not worse. They would be still better to getrid of the junta and to be able to have a free democratic system."[57] [58] In 1984 Friedman proclaimed he has "neverrefrained from criticizing the political system in Chile."[52]

Friedman defended his activity in Chile on the grounds that, in his opinion, the adoption of free market policies notonly improved the economic situation of Chile but also contributed to the amelioration of Pinochet's rule and to theeventual transition to a democratic government during 1990. That idea is included in Capitalism and Freedom, inwhich he declared that economic freedom is not only desirable in itself but is also a necessary condition for politicalfreedom. He stressed that the lectures he gave in Chile were the same lectures he later gave in China and othersocialist states.[59] During the 2000 PBS documentary The Commanding Heights, Friedman continued to argue thatcriticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people, and that Chile'sunfree economy had caused the military government. Friedman suggested that the economic liberalization headvocated caused the end of military rule and a free Chile.[60]

IcelandFriedman visited Iceland during the autumn of 1984, met with important Icelanders and gave a lecture at theUniversity of Iceland on the "tyranny of the status quo." He participated in a lively television debate [61] on August31, 1984 with socialist intellectuals, including Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, who later became the president ofIceland.[62] When they complained that a fee was charged for attending his lecture at the University and that hitherto,lectures by visiting scholars had been free-of-charge, Friedman replied that previous lectures had not beenfree-of-charge in a meaningful sense: Lectures always have related costs. What mattered was whether attendees ornon-attendees covered those costs. Friedman thought that it was fairer that only those who attended paid. In thisdiscussion Friedman also stated that he did not receive any money for delivering that lecture.

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EstoniaAlthough Friedman never visited Estonia, his book Free to Choose exercised a great influence on that nation's then32-year-old prime minister, Mart Laar, who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read beforetaking office. Laar's reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverishedSoviet Republic to the "Baltic Tiger." A prime element of Laar's program was introduction of the flat tax. Laar wonthe 2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty, awarded by the Cato Institute.[63]

United KingdomMilton Friedman influenced the thinking of Alan Walters and Patrick Minford, two of Margaret Thatcher's mainmacroeconomic advisers. See the book Margaret Thatcher's Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant,edited by Subroto Roy & John Clarke, Continuum 2005

Criticism

Keynesian criticismDuring the financial crisis of 2007–2010, several Keynesian economists such as James Galbraith and Joseph Stiglitzblamed the free market philosophy of Friedman and the Chicago school for the economic turmoil.[64] In response tothese criticisms, University of Chicago Magazine noted that Chicago's Rajan, Thaler, and Vishney warned the USgovernment that regulations are needed and, “The Chicago School never said we wanted blind deregulation ... Weshould really ask who were the people in 2000 who decided markets don’t need regulating. Those were not Chicagoeconomists. Some of them were Clinton officials, and some of them are now advising Obama” and noted otherexamples to claim that their economists are often mischaracterized regarding their views on deregulation.[65]

After Friedman's death, Keynesian Nobel laureate Paul Krugman, while regarding Friedman as a "great economistand a great man," criticized him during 2007 by writing that "he slipped all too easily into claiming both that marketsalways work and that only markets work. It's extremely hard to find cases in which Friedman acknowledged thepossibility that markets could go wrong, or that government intervention could serve a useful purpose."[66] NationalBureau of Economic Research economist and Friedman's long-time colleague and co-author Anna Schwartz, andEdward Nelson of the Centre for Economic Policy Research responded that Krugman "doubletalks throughout hisessay," and asked "How can he say Friedman was a great economist and a great man, if he believes Friedman to havebeen intellectually dishonest?"[67]

Austrian school criticismDuring 1971, libertarian economist Murray Rothbard criticized Friedman's efforts to make the government moreefficient as detrimental to individual liberty. He concluded that "And so, as we examine Milton Friedman’scredentials to be the leader of free-market economics, we arrive at the chilling conclusion that it is difficult toconsider him a free-market economist at all."[68] Friedman's position on governmental control of money changedsince 1971 when this criticism was made.[69] In a 1995 interview in Reason magazine he said the "differencebetween me and people like Murray Rothbard is that, though I want to know what my ideal is, I think I also have tobe willing to discuss changes that are less than ideal so long as they point me in that direction." He said he actuallywould "like to abolish the Fed," and points out that when he has written about the Fed it is simply hisrecommendations of how it should be run given that it exists.[9]

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Other criticismIn her book The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, journalist and author Naomi Klein critiquedFriedman's ideology and the principles that guided the economic restructuring that followed the military coups incountries such as Chile and Indonesia, drawing analogies between the way that Friedman proposed using the social"shock" of the coups to create an economic "blank slate" with Ewen Cameron's controversial medical experimentsthat used electroshock therapy to create a mental "blank slate" in patients with mental disorders.[70] Based on theextent to which the application of neoliberal policies has contributed to income disparities and inequality,[71] bothKlein and Noam Chomsky have suggested that the primary role of neoliberalism was as an ideological cover forcapital accumulation by multinational corporations.[72] Chilean economist Orlando Letelier asserted that Pinochet'sdictatorship resorted to repression because of popular opposition to Chicago School policies in Chile.[73]

Klein's critique of Friedman is disputed by economists, including Tyler Cowen and Don Boudreaux.[74] JohanNorberg, a senior fellow at the libertarian think tank Cato Institute, accused Klein of distorting quotations fromFriedman's writings and of "linking him to Augusto Pinochet's brutal military dictatorship in Chile in the 1970s."[13]

Personal lifeAccording to a 2007 article in Commentary magazine, his "parents were moderately observant [Jews], but Friedman,after an intense burst of childhood piety, rejected religion altogether."[75] He described himself as an agnostic.[76]

Friedman wrote extensively of his life and experiences, especially in 1998 in his memoirs with his wife Rose, titledTwo Lucky People. He died of heart failure at the age of 94 years in San Francisco on November 16, 2006.[77] [78] Hewas survived by his wife (who died on August 18, 2009) and their two children, David, who is a philosopher andanarcho-capitalist economist, and Janet. David's son, Patri Friedman, is the executive director of the SeasteadingInstitute.[79]

Notes[1] "Milton Friedman on nobelprize.org" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ economics/ laureates/ 1976/ ). Nobel Prize. 1976. . Retrieved

February 20, 2008.[2] "Milton Friedman, a giant among economists" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ business/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=8313925). The

Economist. November 23, 2006. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[3] "Milton Friedman" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ commandingheights/ shared/ minitext/ int_miltonfriedman. html#7). Commanding Heights.

PBS. 1 Oct 2000. . Retrieved 2011-09-19.[4] Milton Friedman—Economist as Public Intellectual (http:/ / www. dallasfed. org/ research/ ei/ ei0202. html)[5] Mark Skousen. The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=6sisXMv_AecC& lpg=PA407& dq=friedman we. are. all. keynesians. now& pg=PA407#v=onepage& q=friedman we. are. all.keynesians. now& f=false). M.E. Sharpe. p. 407. ISBN 0765622270. .

[6] Among macroeconomists, the "natural" rate has been increasingly replaced by James Tobin's NAIRU, the non-accelerating inflation rate ofunemployment, which is seen as having fewer normative connotations.

[7] Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman notonly showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combinedinflation and high unemployment...dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age ofDiminished Expectations (1995) p 43 online (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=GcmvijkDrEcC& pg=PA43& lpg=PA43& dq=friedman+stagflation+ krugman+ decisive& source=bl& ots=S6Xzh9k7Ed& sig=fhh8I_YV3OWf8qlVl5n3QYxcU4E& hl=en& sa=X&oi=book_result& resnum=1& ct=result)

[8] Hall, Thomas Emerson; Ferguson, J. David (1998). The Great Depression: an international disaster of perverse economic policies (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=cAX5bOJIeEYC& lpg=PA157& dq=monetary. policy great. depression keynes& pg=PA157#v=snippet&q=monetary. policy. weak& f=false). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472066676. .

[9] Doherty, Brian (June 1, 1995), "Best of Both Worlds" (http:/ / www. reason. com/ news/ show/ 29691. html), Reason Magazine, , retrievedOctober 24, 2009

[10] Milton Friedman (1912–2006) (http:/ / www. econlib. org/ library/ Enc/ bios/ Friedman. html)[11] "Capitalism and Friedman" (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ editorial/ feature. html?id=110009260). The Wall Street Journal. November

17, 2006. . Retrieved August 22, 2008.

Milton Friedman 12

[12] Václav Klaus (January 29, 2007). "Remarks at Milton Friedman Memorial Service" (http:/ / www. klaus. cz/ klaus2/ asp/ clanek.asp?id=3DpXss5H9RJv). . Retrieved August 22, 2008.

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[14] Friedman 1999, p. 506[15] Bullock, Penn (September 1, 2009), "Friedman Economics" (http:/ / reason. com/ archives/ 2009/ 09/ 01/ friedman-economics), Reason

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city_region/ breaking_news/ 2006/ 11/ nobel_lauriet_e. html). The Boston Globe. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[19] Friedman 1999, p. 59[20] "Right from the Start? What Milton Friedman can teach progressives." (http:/ / delong. typepad. com/ pdf/ 20070308_108-115. delong.

FINAL. pdf) (PDF). J. Bradford DeLong. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[21] Bernanke 2004, p. 7[22] Friedman 1999, p. 42[23] Friedman 1999, pp. 84–85[24] Schmidt, Mark (July 29, 2002). "National Taxpayers Union" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080410100639/ http:/ / www. ntu. org/ main/

press. php?PressID=256& org_name=NTU). Nationals Taxpayers Union. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. ntu. org/ main/ press.php?PressID=256& org_name=NTU) on April 10, 2008. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.

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[26] Hawkins, John. "Interview with John Hawkins" (http:/ / www. rightwingnews. com/ interviews/ friedman. php). Right Wing News. .Retrieved February 20, 2008.

[27] CATO, "Letter from Washington," National Review, September 19, 1980, Vol. 32 Issue 19, p 1119[28] { http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ economics/ laureates/ 1976/ friedman-speech. html }[29] http:/ / freetochoose. com/[30] "Milton Friedman: An enduring legacy" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ daily/ news/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=8190872). The Economist.

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article/ 2006/ 11/ 16/ AR2006111600592. html). The Washington Post. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[32] Optimum Quantity of Money. Aldine Publishing Company. 1969. p. 4.[33] Terry Fitzgerald (1990). "Money Growth and Inflation:How Long is the Long-Run?" https:/ / www. clevelandfed. org/ Research/

Commentary/ 1999/ 0801. pdf[34] Friedman, Milton (1969). Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist. Aldine Publishing Company. p. 4.[35] Charlie Rose Show. December 26, 2005.[36] The Life and Times of Milton Friedman – Remembering the 20th century's most influential libertarian (http:/ / www. reason. com/ news/

show/ 118494. html)[37] Richard M. Ebeling.Monetary Central Planning and the State, Part 27: Milton Friedman's Second Thoughts on the Costs of Paper Money

http:/ / www. fff. org/ freedom/ 0399b. asp[38] Grim, Ryan (September 7, 2009) Priceless: How The Federal Reserve Bought The Economics Profession (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost.

com/ 2009/ 09/ 07/ priceless-how-the-federal_n_278805. html), Huffington Post[39] Leonard Ross and Richard Zeckhauser (December 1970). "Review: Education Vouchers". The Yale Law Journal 80 (2): 451–461.

JSTOR 795126.[40] Martin Carnoy (August 1998). "National Voucher Plans in Chile and Sweden: Did Privatization Reforms Make for Better Education?".

Comparative Education Review 42 (3): 309–337. JSTOR 1189163.[41] Milton Friedman. (1991). The War on Drugs (http:/ / yes390. org/ friedmanvideos. html). America's Drug Forum. .[42] Rostker, Bernard (2006). I Want You!: The Evolution of the All-Volunteer Force. Rand Corporation. p. 4. ISBN 9780833038951.[43] Friedman, Milton (November 15, 2002). Capitalism and Freedom. University Of Chicago Press. p. 36.[44] "Friedman and Freedom" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060811115145/ http:/ / queensjournal. ca/ article. php?point=vol129/ issue37/

features/ lead1). Queen's Journal. Archived from the original (http:/ / queensjournal. ca/ article. php?point=vol129/ issue37/ features/ lead1) onAugust 11, 2006. . Retrieved February 20, 2008., Interview with Peter Jaworski. The Journal, Queen's University, March 15, 2002 – Issue 37,Volume 129

[45] "An open letter" (http:/ / www. prohibitioncosts. org/ endorsers. html). Prohibition Costs. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[46] "In the Supreme Court of the United States" (http:/ / cyber. law. harvard. edu/ openlaw/ eldredvashcroft/ supct/ amici/ economists. pdf).

Harvard Law School. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.

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[47] Lessig, Lawrence (November 19, 2006). ""only if the word 'no-brainer' appears in it somewhere": RIP Milton Friedman (Lessig Blog)"(http:/ / lessig. org/ blog/ 2006/ 11/ only_if_the_word_nobrainer_app. html). Lessig.org. . Retrieved July 29, 2010.

[48] A New British Bill of Rights: The Case For, ISR Online Guide (http:/ / industry. books. officelive. com/ billrights. aspx)[49] Ingdahl, Waldemar (March 22, 2007). "Real Virtuality" (http:/ / www. american. com/ archive/ 2007/ march-0307/ real-virtuality/ ). The

American. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[50] Friedman, Milton; Friedman, Rose (1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Harvest Books. p. 34. ISBN 0156334607.[51] Friedman, Milton (October 6, 2006). "Dr. Milton Friedman" (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ editorial/ feature. html?id=110009051).

Opinion Journal. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[52] Milton Friedman. (August 31, 1984) (Flash Video). Iceland Television Debate (http:/ / www. youtube. com/

watch?v=oJNxg3ZhXf8#t=9m11s& feature=PlayList& p=EBBF6DB20C85145A& playnext_from=PL& index=3). [Television production].Reykjavík: Icelandic State Television. Event occurs at 009:48:00. . Retrieved June 27, 2010.

[53] "Interview with Jeffery Sachs on the "Miracle of Chile"" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ commandingheights/ shared/ minitextlo/ufd_reformliberty_full. html). PBS. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.

[54] Letters of correspondence between Friedman and dictator Pinochet (http:/ / wwww. naomiklein. org/ files/ resources/ pdfs/friedman-pinochet-letters. pdf)

[55] "Commanding Heights: Milton Friedman" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ commandingheights/ shared/ minitext/ int_miltonfriedman.html#10). PBS. . Retrieved December 29, 2008.

[56] O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (December 11, 2006). "General Augusto Pinochet" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ obituaries/general-augusto-pinochet-427998. html). The Independent. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.

[57] "Free to Choose Vol. 5" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080209233014/ http:/ / www. freetochoose. net/ 1980_vol5_transcript. html).Free to Choose. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. freetochoose. net/ 1980_vol5_transcript. html) on February 9, 2008. . RetrievedFebruary 20, 2008.

[58] Frances Fox Piven vs. Milton Friedman, Thomas Sowell (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=JQkdSj6arn0), debate, 1980, YouTube.[59] Friedman 1999, pp. 600–601[60] "Milton Friedman interview" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ commandingheights/ shared/ minitextlo/ int_miltonfriedman. html). PBS. .

Retrieved February 20, 2008.[61] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ view_play_list?p=EBBF6DB20C85145A[62] Friedman, Milton; Grímsson, Ólafur Ragnar. Milton Friedman on Icelandic State Television in 1984.[63] "Mart Laar" (http:/ / www. cato. org/ special/ friedman/ laar/ ). Cato Institute. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[64] John Lippert, Friedman Would Be Roiled as Chicago Disciples Rue Repudiation (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ apps/

news?sid=a3GVhIHGyWRM& pid=20601109), Bloomberg L.P., December 23, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009.[65] "The University of Chicago Magazine: Features" (http:/ / magazine. uchicago. edu/ 0910/ features/ chicago_schooled. shtml).

Magazine.uchicago.edu. . Retrieved July 29, 2010.[66] The New York Review of Books, Who Was Milton Friedman? (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 19857), February 15, 2007[67] Nelson, Edward; Schwartz, Anna J. (March 2007), 'Who Was Milton Friedman?' (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5ovXfWhGh), The New

York Review of Books, archived from the original (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ archives/ 2007/ mar/ 29/ who-was-milton-friedman/) on April 11, 2010,

[68] Murray Rothbard, "Milton Friedman Unraveled" (http:/ / www. lewrockwell. com/ rothbard/ rothbard43. html). Originally printed 1971 inThe Individualist. Reprinted in the Journal of Libertarian Studies, Fall 2002.

[69] Ebeling, Richard. M., "Monetary Central Planning and the State, Part 27: Milton Friedman's Second Thoughts on the Costs of Paper Money"(http:/ / www. fff. org/ freedom/ 0399b. asp)

[70] Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine, Metropolitan Books, New York, NY 2007.[71] Goldberg, P.K. and Pavcnik, N. (2007) "Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries" (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/

27646747) Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association 45(1): 39–82[72] Noam Chomsky (1999) Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order, Seven Stories Press, New York, NY.[73] Orlando Letelier, Economic Freedom's Awful Toll (http:/ / www. tni. org/ detail_page. phtml?page=letelier-docs_thenation), The Nation,

August 28, 1976.[74] "Cowen (and Manne) on Klein (and Stiglitz)" (http:/ / cafehayek. com/ 2007/ 10/ cowen-and-manne. html), CafeHayek.com.[75] Lanny Ebenstein, Milton Friedman (https:/ / www. commentarymagazine. com/ viewarticle. cfm/

milton-friedman-by-lanny-ebenstein-10876?page=all), Commentary, May 2007, p. 286.[76] Asman, David (16 November 2006). "'Your World' Interview With Economist Milton Friedman" (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/

0,2933,230045,00. html). Fox News. . Retrieved 2 August 2011.[77] Christie, Jim (November 16, 2006). "Free market economist Milton Friedman dead at 94" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ ousiv/

idUSWBT00621920061116). Reuters. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[78] Ambrose, Jay (November 22, 2006). "Milton Friedman’s legacy" (http:/ / www. examiner. com/

a-413909~Jay_Ambrose__Milton_Friedman_s_legacy. html). Examiner.com. . Retrieved February 20, 2008.[79] Doherty, Brian (July 1, 2009), "20,000 Nations Above the Sea; Is floating the last, best hope for liberty?" (http:/ / www. reason. com/ news/

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Milton Friedman 14

References• Bernanke, Ben (2004), Essays on the Great Depression, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691118205• Friedman, Milton (1999), Two Lucky People: Memoirs, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226264157• Wood, John Cunningham, and Ronald N. Wood, ed. (1990) Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments, v. 3. Scroll to

chapter-preview links. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?hl=en& lr=& id=goa--dQ_eHUC& oi=& dq=)Routledge.

Further reading• Friedman, Milton (1948). "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability," American Economic

Review, 38(3), pp. 245-264. (http:/ / www. hilbertcorporation. com. ar/ amonetaryandfiscaleconomicstability. pdf)Also in Friedman (1953), pp. 133–56.

• Friedman, Milton (1953). Essays in Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press. Chapter- preview links.(http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=rSGekjfpf4cC& printsec=toc& dq=friedman+ essays& lr=&source=gbs_summary_s& cad=0)

• Friedman, Milton (1959). A Program for Monetary Stability. Fordham University Press. New York. TOCchapter-preview links. (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=22831717)

• Friedman, Milton (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton University Press.ISBN 0691003548.

• "The Role of Monetary Policy." American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 1–17 JSTOR(http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 1831652) presidential address to American Economics Association

• Ebenstein, Lanny (January 23, 2007). Milton Friedman: A Biography. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403976279.• Enlow, Robert (September 25, 2006). Liberty & Learning: Milton Friedman's Voucher Idea at Fifty. Cato

Institute. ISBN 1930865864.• Friedman, Milton (November 15, 2002). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.

ISBN 0226264211.• Friedman, Milton (November 26, 1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Harvest Books.

ISBN 0156334607.• Friedman, Milton (February 1, 2008). Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers. University of Chicago

Press Journals. ISBN 0226263495.

External links• Works by or about Milton Friedman (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-117948) in libraries (WorldCat

catalog)• Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0295313/ ) at the Internet Movie Database• Appearances (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ miltonfriedman) on C-SPAN• Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. charlierose. com/ guest/ view/ 160) on Charlie Rose• Milton Friedman (http:/ / topics. nytimes. com/ top/ reference/ timestopics/ people/ f/ milton_friedman/ ) collected

news and commentary at The New York Times• The Milton Friedman papers (http:/ / www. oac. cdlib. org/ findaid/ ark:/ 13030/ tf7t1nb2hx/ ) at the Hoover

Institution Archives (http:/ / www. hoover. org/ hila)• Selected Bibliography for Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. lib. uchicago. edu/ e/ busecon/ econfac/ Friedman.

html) at the University of Chicago Library• Inflation and Unemployment (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ economics/ laureates/ 1976/ friedman-lecture.

html) 1976 lecture at NobelPrize.org• Profile (http:/ / ideas. repec. org/ e/ pfr10. html) and Papers (http:/ / econpapers. repec. org/ RAS/ pfr10. htm) at

Research Papers in Economics/RePEc

Milton Friedman 15

• Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. econlib. org/ library/ Enc/ bios/ Friedman. html) at Econlib• Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ commandingheights/ shared/ minitext/ int_miltonfriedman. html),

Commanding Heights, PBS, October 1, 2000, interview, profile and video• Becker Friedman Institute (http:/ / bfi. uchicago. edu/ ) at the University of Chicago• Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. cato. org/ special/ friedman/ ) at the Cato Institute• Free to Choose Network (http:/ / www. ideachannel. com/ )• The Foundation for Educational Choice (http:/ / www. edchoice. org/ )• Milton Fridman (http:/ / www. economictheories. org/ 2008/ 08/ milton-friedman-histor-theory-biography. html)

at Scarlett• Milton Friedman:Why Not a Volunteer Army? (http:/ / oll. libertyfund. org/ ?option=com_staticxt&

staticfile=show. php?title=2136& chapter=195469& layout=html&Itemid=27#c_NIR_1360-016_footnote_nt1046), New Individualist Review, Spring 1967

• The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits (http:/ / doc. cat-v. org/ economics/milton_friedman/ business_social_responsibility), Milton Friedman, The New York Times Magazine, September13, 1970

• Interview with Milton Friedman (http:/ / www. dominicstreatfeild. com/ 2010/ 11/ 08/interview-with-milton-friedman/ ), Dominic Streatfeild, May 25, 2000, source material for Cocaine: AnUnauthorised Biography

• Milton Friedman vs. The Fed Bailout (http:/ / www. newsweek. com/ id/ 207218) by Michael Hirsh, Newsweek,July 17, 2009

• Four Deformations of the Apocalypse (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 08/ 01/ opinion/ 01stockman.html?_r=2), David Stockman, The New York Times, July 31, 2010

• The Case for Free Trade by Milton and Rose Friedman (http:/ / doc. cat-v. org/ economics/ milton_friedman/the_case_for_free_trade)

• How to Cure Inflation : Milton Friedman (http:/ / marcfaberchannel. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 12/how-to-cure-inflation-featuring-milton. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 16

Article Sources and ContributorsMilton Friedman  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=453030702  Contributors: (, 1122334455, 128.122.22.xxx, 5 albert square, 777sms, A Kit, A. Berdah, AB390, AapoLaitinen, AaronJBiterman, Abraham802, Ace ETP, Adam sk, Adam78, AdamSmithee, Adbarnhart, Adrignola, Aecis, After school special, Ageo020, Ahoerstemeier, Ajpisharodi, Aktsu, Al B.Free, Alan Peakall, Alansohn, Aleksander breian, Alewhey, Alexew, All Male Action, Amercury168, Anarchei, Andrei Rublev, Angela, Anibar E, Annoynmous, Anthon.Eff, Anubis3, Aprock,Armandeh, Arminius, Arpadkorossy, Art LaPella, Artcarden, Artoasis, Artur Vaz, Aschrei, Astangelo, Asteriks, Astuishin, Atlastawake, Audacity, AurakDraconian, Austin Hair, Austinfidel,AxelBoldt, Az1568, Balthazarduju, Barneca, Barney Gumble, Bastin, Bbsrock, Beaucouplusneutre, Beetstra, Beit Or, Bellstarr, Ben Ben, Bender235, Benl47, Benson85, Bentogoa, Berks105,Betterusername, Bhawk361, BigK HeX, Bill krueger, Binarybits, Biruitorul, Bixgal, Bkalafut, Bkell, Bkwillwm, Blablablob, Blackspotw, Blahalb, Blahmos, Bo Basil, Bob, Bobblewik, Bobcathokie, Bombastus, Bombaw, Bonewah, Bonus Onus, Breadbkt, Breddings, Britannicus, BrokenSegue, Brooktwn, Brossow, Brownlee, Bstein80, BueSo, Buldri, Bunzil, C.Fred, CWenger, CYLee,Camptown, Can I touch it?, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, CanisRufus, Carbuncle, Carlon, Causa sui, Ccg 1, Ceranthor, Cerealkiller13, Ceyockey, Cgould, Chadloder,CharlesGillingham, Chealer, Chester Blood, Childhoodsend, Chimeric Glider, Chowbok, Chris Gair, Chris Roy, Chris the speller, Christofurio, Christopher Mann McKay, Christopherlin,Clapyourfeet, Clipjoint, CloudNine, Coemgenus, Cognition, Collard, College Watch, Columbianjuan, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Comradesandalio, CondeNasty, Conti, Conversion script,Copytiger, Corvus, Couchie, Cretog8, Crimson3981, Ctrl build, Cutter, Czalex, D6, DMacks, DRHagen, DStoykov, DTMGO, Damnedkingdom, DancingPenguin, Daniel J. Leivick, Daniel11,DanielPenfield, Danny lost, Dannycas, Darklilac, Darklordsmasma, DarknessEnthroned, Daveroo69, DavidMaas, Davshul, Dblobaum, Dbtfz, Deor, Der Falke, Derbyborn, Dfrankow,DickClarkMises, Dinnertimeok, DirkvdM, Discospinster, Dissembly, Djordjes, Dken5, Dland5others, Dman727, Donarreiskoffer, Doopdoop, DoubleBlue, DrTorstenHenning, Dragoon009,Drmies, DukePatton, Dukeofkings, EPMD, Eastfrisian, Eb.hoop, Ebiglione, Ed Poor, EditorKid, Educatedseacucumber, Edward, Edward321, Edwardmking, Edwardvankuik, Eekonermissed,Egern, Ehn, Eisfbnore, El Mayimbe, El T, Elisamin, Emerson7, Emmisa, Enchanter, Encyclops, Engwar, Enlightenmentreloaded, Epbr123, Ephraim33, Equilibrial, Eric gates, Eric278,Erik-the-red, Erlendnn, Esprqii, Etacar11, Etherialemperor, Everyking, Everything Else Is Taken, Evil Monkey, EvilUnderFoot, ExplorerCDT, F, FargoWells, Favonian, Felisopus, Fennec,Filippowiki, Fill in the facts, FisherQueen, Flamurai, Flatterworld, Foofighter20x, FrankTobia, Freddy S., Freetochooseeditor, Fubar Obfusco, FurrySings, Fvw, Fæ, G716, G7error, GMcGath,GRBerry, Gaara42, Gabbe, GalupK, Gandalfxviv, Garion96, Gary King, GcSwRhIc, Gecko11, Giftlite, Gilisa, Glen, GoldRingChip, Good Olfactory, Goofus1776, Graham87, Gregalton,Gregbard, GregorB, Gretchen, Gribniff, Griot, Groyolo, Gtj, Gunnar Dofri, Gurch, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Hahauhmmno, Hairy Dude, Hannes H. Gissurarson, Harry491, Harryboyles,Haverpopper, Headbomb, Hiramhamilton, HitByAMakTruck, Hmains, Hooperbloob, Hu12, I Syd O'Kaye, Ich, Id4abel, Igorsyl, Ilovenc123, Instantiayion, Instantnood, Intangible,Integralolrivative, InverseHypercube, Ipsherman, Iridescent, Irishguy, Itsnotvalid, J.R. 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