Minh Van-BT00CNH-Bao Cao TT3

SVTH: HO TH MINH VAN chuan o lng Chat lng 3

Bao cao Trung tam Tieu

MUC LUCM AU CHNG I: TONG QUAN TRUNG TAM 3 1.1. Lch s va hnh thanh phat trien cua Trung Tam Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 1.2. Chc nang nhiem vu cua Trung Tam Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng khu vc 3 1.3. Qua trnh hoat ong chnh cua Trung Tam Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 1.4. S o to chc va bo tr nhan s 1.5. S o bo tr mat bang cua Trung Tam Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 1.6. X ly nc thai 1.7. Moi trng phong th nghiem 1.8. Thiet b va chat chuan CHNG II: QUAN LY MAU TH 2.1 Khai niem 2.2 Lay mau 2.3 Lu gi mau th nguy hiem 2.4 Quan ly mau th 2.5 Thu tuc CHNG III: CAC TIEU CHUAN KIEM TRA CHAT LNG S DUNG TRONG NGANH THC PHAM 3.1. Cac phng phap th nc ngoai 3.2. Cac phng phap th Tieu chuan Viet Nam CHNG IV: PHAN TCH CAC CH TIEU TRONG NGANH THC PHAM 4.1. Phan tch gia tr cam quan cua san pham 4.2. Phan tch cac ch tieu hoa ly 4.3. Phan tch cac ch tieu vi sinh CHNG V: KET LUAN CHNG VI: PHU LUC Tran g 1 3 4 4 5 7 18 20 22 22 26 26 26 26 27

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SVTH: HO TH MINH VAN Bao cao Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng

LI CAM N

Sau ba thang lam luan an tot nghiep, toi xin chan thanh cam n: Cac Ban lanh ao Trung tam Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 a tao ieu kien thuan li e cho toi hoan thanh tot luan van nay. Cac anh ch ong nghuiep a truyen at nhng kinh nghiem quy bau Co Ton N Minh Nguyet a tan tnh hng dan va ch bao Cac ban a giup va ong gop y kien. -

Sinh vienHo Th Minh Van

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M AUQuan ly chat lng nguyen lieu va san pham theo nhng tieu chuan trong va ngoai nc la mot trong nhng chc nang quan trong nhat cua Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 (goi tat la Trung tam Ky thuat 3). ay la ni ban hanh hieu chuan cung nh tien hanh kiem tra chat lng nguyen vat lieu va san pham cong nghiep noi chung, cung nh la san pham thc pham noi rieng. Trai qua nhieu nam thang, hoat ong cua Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 ang ngay cang i vao ne nep, cac phng tien, phng phap kiem tra hien ai hn, phu hp hn vi yeu cau cua khach hang, gop phan on nh chat lng cho cac san pham cong nghiep. Nham tm hieu ky hn hoat ong kiem nghiem, quan ly chat lng cua Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3, em a nhan e tai Bao cao Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3. Ben canh viec trnh bay ve to chc hoat ong kiem nghiem, co c s vat chat cua Trung tam, em se tong hp cac tieu chuan kiem tra chat lng thc pham hien ang c s dung tai Trung tam 3 va tap trung trnh bay cac tieu chuan kiem tra nguyen lieu va san pham t sa. Do kha nang co gii han em rat mong c thay co ch bao them.

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CHNG I TONG QUAN TRUNG TAM 3. Lch s va hnh thanh phat trien 1.1 . Chc nang nhiem vu. 1.2 . Qua trnh hoat ong chnh 1.3 . S o to chc va bo tr nhan s 1.4 . S o bo tr mat bang 1.5 . X ly nc thai 1.6 . Moi trng phong th nghiem 1.7 . Thiet b Chat chuan

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1.1. LCH S VA HNH THANH PHAT TRIEN: 1.1.1. Gii thieu: Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3(goi tat la Trung tam Ky Thuat 3), ten giao dch tieng Anh la Quality Assurance & Testing Centre 3 QUATEST 3 la mot n v trc thuoc Tong Cuc tieu Chuan o lng Chat lng, Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe. Trung tam Ky thuat 3 c thanh lap theo quyet nh so 1275/ Q ngay 5/11/1994 cua Bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trng (nay la Bo Khoa hoc va cong nghe), c cau to chc cua Trung tam 3 theo Quyet nh so 124/ Q-TC ngay 26/04/1999 cua Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng. 1.1.2. Lch s cua Trung tam 3: Nam 1979, c quan Tieu chuan o lng va Chat lng mien Bac va Vien nh Chuan mien Nam ket hp vi Cuc Tieu Chuan o lng va Chat lng. Vao au nam 1984, lap thanh Tong Cuc Tieu Chuan o lng va Chat lng. Cung chnh t o Vien nh Chuan mien nam c oi ten la Trung tam Tieu Chuan o lng Chat lng 3 (goi tat la Trung tam 3) van phong chnh luc o c di ve 49 Pasteur, Q.1, TP. Ho Ch Minh. T nam 1994 Trung tam 3 c oi ten thanh Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 (goi tat la Trung tam Ky thuat 3). - Van phong chnh at tai 49 Pasteur, Nguyen Thai Bnh, Q.1, TP. Ho Ch Minh. ien thoai: (848) 8294274 Fax: (848) 8293012 Website: www.quatest3.com.vn - Khoi th nghiem Bien Hoa nam trong khu Cong nghiep Bien Hoa 1, ong Nai. ien thoai: 8461 - 836212 Fax: 8461 - 836298 Email: [email protected] - Xng thiet b o lng so 62 Le Hong Phong, Q.5, TP. Ho Ch Minh. - Bo phan dch vu phong th nghiem: so 79 Trng nh, Q.3, TP. Ho Ch Minh. 1.1.3. Nguon nhan lc: Trung tam 3 co nguon nhan lc hung hau hn 200 ky s va can bo ky thuat co kha nang thc hien cac hoat ong ky thuat cua Trung tam nh:Trang 5/109


Cac can bo vi nhieu nam kinh nghiem trong lnh vc Tieu chuan-o lng-Chat lng. Cac cong tac vien co chuyen mon ky thuat gioi cac nganh cong nghiep, vien nghien cu, trng ai hoc. Cac chuyen gia, to chc nc ngoai co uy tn Ngoai ra nhieu can bo thuoc Trung tam ang c hoc tap chuyen mon nc ngoai. Trung tam Ky thuat 3 co oi ngu nhan vien co trnh o cao, ong thi Trung tam Ky thuat 3 co nhng hoi tot giup nhan vien c hoc tap va thang tien. 1.2. CHC NANG NHIEM VU CUA TRUNG TAM 3 1.2.1. Nhiem vu: Tien hanh th nghiem phan nh, giam nh chat lng hang hoa va o lng phuc vu cho cong tac Nha nc ve Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng cung nh cac yeu cau quan ly cua cac c quan Hai quan, Moi trng, Quan ly th trng Cong nghe, T phap. Ngoai ra, Trung tam Ky thuat 3 con c phep khai thac nang lc o lng, th nghiem e phuc vu cac yeu cau cua cac c s san xuat kinh doanh. Bao quan s dung thiet b o lng va tien hanh kiem nh tieu chuan theo phan cap cua tong cuc TC oi vi chi cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng tnh, thanh pho trc thuoc trung ng, oi vi cac c s san xuat, kinh doanh. Tham gia xay dng tieu chuan Viet Nam, tieu chuan quoc te. To chc cong tac thong tin, ao tao, hp tac Quoc te tren a ban theo s phan cong cua tong cuc. Quan ly can bo, tai san, tai chnh theo quy nh. 1.2.2. Quyen han: Cap phieu ket qua th nghiem, giay chng nhan chat lng, chng th giam nh chat lng san pham, hang hoa, giay chng nhan kiem nh thiet b theo quy nh. Ky cac hp ong ve kiem nh va th nghiem, cac dch vu khac cung nh cac noi dung khac theo yeu cau cua cac c s san xuat kinh doanh, cac to chc ca nhan. Thu le ph kiem tra, kiem nh, th nghiem theo quyet nh cua Nha nc.Pham vi hoat ong cua trung tam bao gom nhieu lnh vc, trong o trung tamTrang 6/109


va phai thc hien nhng nhiem vu do Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng giao, va cung cap nhng dch vu ky thuat tren c s tan dung nhng nang lc hien co va theo nhu cau cua nen kinh te. Nhieu n v trong trung tam cung luc thc hien nhiem vu khac nhau thuoc nhng qua trnh khac nhau nhng c ch ao thong nhat theo cac thu tuc ieu hanh. o Pham vi ap dung cac chuan mc ve quan ly chat lng trong cac lnh vc hoat ong chnh sau: Kiem tra chat lng san pham, hang hoa xuat nhap khau theo danh muc do chnh phu ban hanh va theo cac qui trnh Tong cuc TC. Tham nh ky thuat lien quan en tieu chuan o lng Chat lng theo yeu cau c quan quan ly Nha nc. Th nghiem chat lng san pham, hang hoa va thiet b, cong trnh theo yeu cau cua cong tac quan ly Nha nc va Doanh nghiep. Hieu chuan phng tien o theo yeu cau cua cac to chc va doanh nghiep, kiem nh phng tien o cong tac va chuan o lng theo qui nh cua phap lenh o lng. Hng dan xay dng he thong quan ly, ao tao chuyen mon, nghiep vu lien quan en tieu chuan hoa, o lng va chat lng theo yeu cau. Nghien cu va che tao th thiet b th nghiem, phng tien o cong tac va chuan phuc vu cho cong tac kiem nh, hieu chuan va o lng cong nghiep. 1.2.3. Hoat ong cua Trung tam Ky thuat 3: Kiem tra nha nc ve chat lng hang hoa xuat nhap khau, tham nh ky thuat ve tieu chuan, o lng, chat lng Th nghiem va anh gia chat lng nguyen lieu, vat lieu, san pham va hang hoa thuoc lnh vc c kh th nghiem khong pha huy, san pham tieu dung, xay dng, ien ien t, hoa, moi trng, dau kh, thc pham .... Kiem nh va hieu chuan phng tien o va phng tien chuan tren cac lnh vc: khoi lng, o dai, lc, o cng, ien, nhiet, dung tch, lu lng, ap suat, chan khong, hoa ly ...Trang 7/109


anh gia s phu hp theo tieu chuan (Viet Nam, nc ngoai) ao tao t van cac hoat ong lien quan en tieu chuan, o lng va chat lng. 1.3. QUA TRNH HOAT ONG CHNH: - Trung tam Ky thuat 3 xay dng he thong quan ly chat lng phu hp vi cac yeu cau cua tieu chuan TCVN ISO 9001:2000 co s ket hp hp ly vi cac tieu chuan khac nh TCVN ISO/ IEC 17025:2001 Yeu cau chung ve nang lc cua phong hieu chuan va th nghiem va TCVN ISO/ IEC 17020:2001 Cac chuan mc chung cho cac to chc giam nh. - Trong 8 phong th nghiem va 2 phong o lng a c Vietnam Laboratory Accreadation schemes (VILAS)To chc cong nhan phong th nghiem cong nhan a xay dng c he thong quan ly chat lng phu hp vi tieu chuan TCVN ISO/ IEC 17025. - Phong nghiep vu 4 la n v hng dan xay dng ap dung cac he thong quan ly chat lng cho cac doanh nghiep, a c chng nhan co he thong quan ly chat lng phu hp vi tieu chuan TCVN ISO 9001:2000. Cac phong nghiep vu 1 ,2 ,3, 5, 6 ang trong giai oan xay dng e tien en cuoi nam 2006 se tien hanh ang ky xin cong nhan phu hp vi TCVN ISO/ IEC 17020. - Hoat ong chnh cua trung tam bao gom 5 mang sau: 1.3.1. Tham nh ky thuat: - Trung tam c ch nh la c quan kiem tra chat lng oi vi cac san pham va hang hoa buoc phai kiem tra nha nc ve chat lng. - Thc hien tham nh ky thuat yeu cau cua c quan quan ly nha nc chuyen nganh va yeu cau khac thuoc cac lnh vc: Thiet b cong nghe, C kh Luyen kim, Vat lieu Xay dng va cong trnh xay dng, san pham tieu dung, nong san Thc pham, Hoa chat Vat lieu, Dau kh. 1.3.2. Th nghiem: Th nghiem, phan tch chat lng, yeu cau ve ve sinh, an toan cac san pham, hang hoa va cong trnh. Trung tam Ky thuat 3 co he thong 8 phong th nghiem theo cac chuyen nghanh sau: C kh NDT: Vat lieu kim loai, thiet b, kiem tra khong pha huy.

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Hang tieu dung: vai si, may mac, giay, cao su, chat deo,sn, o chi tre em... Xay dng: vat lieu xay dng, cong trnh xay dng va giao thong, nha ng ien: san pham ien ien t: day cap ien, dung cu ien dan dung, c cau ong ngat, thiet b ien... Hoa Moi trng: phan bon, hoa chat c ban, vat lieu, khoang san, my pham, nc sinh hoat, nc thai, chat thai ran, kh ... Hoa hu c: hp chat thien nhien, hng lieu, pham mau, oc chat hu c, thuoc tr sau, thuoc khang sinh, thuoc bao ve thc vat... Dau kh: xang, xang may bay, dau boi trn, nhien lieu, kh hoa long... Thc pham: nong san, ngu coc, thc pham, thuy san, tra, ca phe, thuoc la, ng, mat, banh, keo, thc an gia suc, nc giai khat ... 1.3.3. o lng: Kiem nh phng tien o: thuoc danh muc bat buoc phai kiem nh cua Nha nc Hieu chuan phng tien o va chuan o lng trong cac lnh vc o dai, lc, o cng, ap suat, chan khong, khoi lng, ien, nhiet, cac ai lng, hoa ly ... T van trang b, lap at van hanh dung cu o lng va th nghiem. thiet b, che tao, lap at cac chuan, dung cu o lng ve khoi lng, ap suat, sung tch, lu lng, ien... 1.3.4. Hng dan ao tao: Hng dan cho cac to chc, doanh nghiep trong viec xay dng ap dung cac he thong ve: Quan ly chat lng theo ISO 9000 Quan ly chat lng theo ISO 14000 An toan ve sinh thc pham theo HACCP, GMP Quan ly phong th nghiem theo ISO 17025 To chc cac khoa ao tao c ban va nang cao theo nhng noi dung: He thong quan ly: ISO 9000, ISO 14000, SA 8000, ISO/ IEC 17025 .... Cac cong cu quan ly chat lng Ky thuat thong ke

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Cong tac tieu chuan hoa, o lng, quan ly chat lng trong doanh nghiep Ky thuat th nghiem theo cac lnh vc: c ly, hoa hoc, vi sinh ... - Kiem nh vien o lng thuoc cac lnh vc khoi lng, ap suat, lc, nhiet - Ky thuat o trong cac lnh vc - Bao dng, hieu chnh, bao tr cac phng tien o kiem trong doanh nghiep. 1.3.5 Thong tin Tieu chuan:Dch vu tm kiem thong tin va t lieu ve tieu chuan, o lng, chat lng theo chu e cung cap, cap nhat cac loai tieu chuan va tai lieu sau: Tieu chuan Viet nam (TCVN) Tieu chuan nc ngoai: ASTM, JIS, GOST, BS, AS, IS, DIN, NF, APHA, ASME, AWS, AOAC, AOCS, CIPAC, FAO FNP ... Tieu chuan va tai lieu quoc te: ISO, IEC, CODEX, OIML ... Tai lieu phap che va nghiep vu ve tieu chuan o lng chat lng. 1.4. S O TO CHC VA BO TR NHAN S: 1.4.1. C cau to chc: - Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat l 3 goi tat la Trung tam Ky thuat 3 la mot trong ba trung tam Ky thuat trc thuoc Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng. C cau to chc bo may cua trung tam Ky thuat 3 c sap xep nh sau: - Lanh ao Trung tam: Gom 01 giam oc, 02 pho giam oc c phan cong: Giam oc phu trach chung Pho giam oc phu trach ky thuat Pho giam oc nghiep vu 1.4.2. Cac n v trc thuoc: Trung tam ky thuat 3 co 20 n v trc thuoc: gom 19 phong, 01 xng. Nhiem vu chnh cua moi phong nh sau: Phong tong hp: - To chc xay dng ke hoach theo doi, ieu o viec thc hien cong tac chuyen mon. - au moi giai quyet cac van e nghiep vu Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng - Theo doi cac cong tac ve phap che Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng - Theo doi cong tac hp tac quoc teTrang 10/109


- To chc thc hien hoat ong ao tao Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng cho ben ngoai - Thong tin phat hanh va phuc vu tra cu cac tai lieu ve Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng - Tiep nhan ang ky kiem tra hang hoa xuat nhap khau va tham nh ky thuat Phong hanh chanh To chc: - Hanh chanh: van th lu tr, cong van i en, tiep tan va hng dan thu tuc xuat nhap canh, gi va nhan hang, bep an, tap vu ... - Quan tr: To chc thc hien xay dng, sa cha nha xng, bao ve, PCCC, quan ly s dung tai san van phong, ien, nc, ien thoai... - To chc can bo: Nhan s, ao tao, che o chnh sach, chnh tr noi bo... - Tai vu: Quan ly cong tac thu chi, bao cao tai chnh, quan ly tai san ... - Tiep th: Quan ly cong tac tiep th, to chc cac hoat ong xuc tien Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng (quan ba gii thieu, hoi thao). Phong nghiep vu chuyen nganh: Gom 06 phong nghiep vu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6 - Nhiem vu: Kiem tra chat lng hang hoa, Tham nh ky thuat san pham (hang hoa) va thiet b cong nghe, anh gia s phu hp. - Pham vi: Phong nghiep vu 1: C kh tieu dung, Thiet b cong nghe. Phong nghiep vu 2: Cong nghe tieu dung, Hoa chat vat lieu, Cong nghe dau kh Phong nghiep vu 3: Nong san thc pham, thuy san va hoa nong Phong nghiep vu 4: Hng dan doanh nghiep ap dung he thong quan ly chat lng, o lng, hieu chuan, he thong quan ly moi trng va he thong quan ly phong th nghiem. Tham gia anh gia cac he thong quan ly chat lng, moi trng, phong th nghiem va san pham phu hp tieu chuan. Phong nghiep vu 5: ien ien t

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Phong nghiep vu 6: Tham nh cac cong trnh xay dng Phong ho tr ky thuat: Phong ho tr ky thuat co nhiem vu thc hien cac cong tac ho tr, lam au moi giai quyet cac van e ky thuat va nghien cu phat trien cac van e lien quan en lnh vc th nghiem cho cac phong th nghiem Bien Hoa cua Trung tam Ky thuat 3. Quan ly cong tac ao tao chuyen mon, nghiep vu, th nghiem thanh thao, kiem soat tai lieu ben ngoai va to chc giai quyet cac y kien phan anh, khieu nai cua khach hang. Quan ly mua sam, cong tac yem tr va cong tac Hanh chnh Quan tr trong khu vc th nghiem Bien Hoa. o Phong th nghiem c kh NDT: Co kha nang th nghiem cac ch tieu chat lng cua vat lieu kim loai, cac san pham c kh nh gang, thep, kim loai mau, noi hi, thiet b ap lc, phu tung chi tiet may moc, ket cau... C tnh vat lieu: th keo, uon, nen, va ap, th o cng cac loai Thanh phan hoa hoc kim loai, xac nh mac kim loai nh gang, thep, nhom, kem... To chc tho ai, to chc te vi kim loai, lp phu Kiem tra ong lng moi han, qui trnh, tay nghe th han Kiem tra khong pha huy bang phng phap sieu am, chup anh phong xa o Phong th nghiem hang tieu dung: Co chc nang th nghiem cac ch tieu chat lng san pham cac nganh giay, cao su, sn, mc, plastic, san pham det, th nghiem an toan o chi tre em ...

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Thiet b th keo t cao su tre em

Thiet b th o chi

Thiet b th nghiem giay hong ngoai

Thiet

b

quang

pho

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o Phong th nghiem Xay dng:

Th nghiem cac loai vat lieu xay dng nh ximang, be tong, cat, a, gach, ngoi, tam lp, nha ng, be tong nha ... Th nghiem va tham nh ky thuat cac cau kien nh cot ien, be tong uc san, be tong cot thep... va cong trnh xay dng, giao thong, thuy li.

Thiet b th nen ximang tong

Thiet b th nen be

Thiet b th o mai mon cua gach men Xac nh cot thep tai hien trng o Phong th nghiem ien: chuyen ve th nghiem cac san pham ien gia dung, day va cap ien, kh cu ien nham phuc vu: Cong tac chng nhan phu hp tieu chuan cac san pham Viet Nam, IEC, cac san pham ien, day va cap ien, kh cu ien, vat lieu cach ien. Th nghiem cac tnh nang an toan cho cac san pham ien.Trang 14/109


Th nghiem kiem tra, giam nh hang hoa xuat nhap khau.

Thiet b th dong ro cho lo viba Thiet b th chong chay

Dung cu th cap bao ve IP

Thiet b Buong th bui

o Phong th nghiem Hoa Moi trng: chuyen

ve phan tch, th nghiem cac loai mau thuoc cac lnh vc: Phan bon, ximang, chat tay ra, hoa chat kim loai va hp kim. Cac thanh phan vi lng kim loai trong: thc pham ti song va che bien, nc uong va nc giai khat, phan bon, thc an gia suc, vat lieu cac loai ... Nc t nhien, nc sinh hoat, nc thai chat thai ran.

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Nghien cu, ao tao chuyen mon cho cac lnh vc phan tch hoa moi trng.

Thiet b sac ky kh Thiet b quang pho hap thu nguyen t vi ky thuat ngon la o Phong th nghiem hoa hu c: chuyen ve th nghiem cac san pham, vat lieu hu c Ham lng hoat chat, d lng thuoc tr sau, d lng khang sinh. Pham mau thc pham, hoa chat phu gia Cac oc to nh mytococin ... Mau ozo, PCP, phenol & dan xuat phenol, NAA, PCB, PAH ... nh danh cac thanh phan hu c, thanh phan acid beo o Phong th nghiem dau kh: chuyen th nghiem cac san pham dau kh nh: Xang ong c, nhien lieu may bay Dau m boi trn Nhien lieu dieselc (DO), nhien lieu ot lo (FO), dau hoa (KO) Kh thien nhien va kh hoa long (LPG)

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Thiet b kh hoa long ong

Thiet b Chng cat t

Thiet b o o nht octan

Thiet b o ch so

Thiet b kiem thanh phan kim loai Thiet b kiem nht o Phong th nghiem thc pham: chuyen th nghiem cac loai thc pham cho con ngi va gia suc: Phan tch cac thanh phan dinh dng: protein, glucid, lipid, khoang Vitamin va cac thanh phan cholesterol, taurine ... Phan tch phu gia thc pham: tinh bot bien tnh, sulfat, acid benzoic, enzym, chat chong oxy hoa ...Trang 17/109


ng hoa hoc: sacarin, cyanhydric, dulcin, aspartam, acesulfam Cac oc to nh nitrat, acid cyanhydric, borax ... Kim loai nang nh: ch, thuy ngan, asenic, kem ... Vi sinh: moc oc, vi khuan gay benh, salmonella, E. coli. vibri cholera, clostridium perfringens, bacillus, listeria, vi sinh hu ch ... Khang sinh: choloramphenicol

Thiet b may quang pho t ngoai mong

Sac ky ban

Thiet b chng cat Soxhlet Thiet b tu am (vi sinh) o Phong o lng 1(phong hieu chuan): co nhiem vu hieu chuan cac phng tien o thuoc cac lnh vc sau: Khoi lng, dung tch; o dai, lc, o cng,

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ap suat (c); Nhiet; ien; Cac ai lng hoa, ly khac

Thiet b hieu chuan ap ke qua can

Thiet b kiem nh

Thiet b hieu chuan nhiet ke Thiet b hieu chuan qua can F2

Thiet b may o van nang cu o ien o Phong o lng 2:

Thiet b hieu chuan dung

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Hng dan, trang b cac thiet b o lng, th nghiem Sa cha, hieu chnh cac thiet b o lng, th nghiem Nghien cu che tao mot so chuan phng tien o thong dung o Phong o lng 3: Kiem nh cac phng tien o kiem o Xng thiet b o lng: Kiem nh cac can khoi lng ln va Che tao, lap at va sa cha, bao tr cac can co khoi lng ln.

Thiet b kiem nh thiet b ap suat nh ong ho xang dau

Thiet b kiem

Thiet b kiem nh ong ho taxi nh ong ho nc

Thiet b kiem

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Thiet b kiem nh may o o am kiem nh t trong ke

Thiet b

GIAM OC TRUNG TAM AI DIEN LANH AO

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4.3. S o to chc cua trung tam Ky thuat 3:

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4.4. S o to chc va c cau nhan s cua cac phong th nghiem:TRNG PHONG

PHU TRACH CHAT LNG

PHU TRACH KY THUAT

CAC KIEM NGHIEM VIEN

5. S O BO TR MAT BANG TRUNG TAM: 5.1. Gii thieu khu th nghiem trung tam Ky Thuat 3: Cac phong th nghiem cua Trung tam Ky Thuat 3 at tai khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa 1, tnh ong Nai, tren mot khuon vien co dien tch khoang 20 000 m2, dien tch mat bang khoang 12 000 m2 vi tren 130 can bo nhan vien c ao tao chuyen nganh va co nhieu kinh nghiem trong cac lnh vc th nghiem. Cac phong th nghiem c trang b thiet b th nghiem va o lng hien ai, co ay u tai lieu, tieu chuan ve phng phap th, co kha nang ap ng cac nhu cau th nghiem e phuc vu cong tac kiem tra chat lng, tham nh ky thuat, th nghiem va anh gia san pham, kiem nh va hieu chuan phng tien ong san xuat kinh doanh, quan ly chat lng, nghien cu khoa hoc va giao duc ao tao. Chi tiet nang lc th nghiem c mo ta tai lieu lien quan. Giam oc Trung tam Ky thuat 3 giao cho Pho Giam oc Ky thuat (PGKT) trc tiep ieu hanh hoat ong th nghiem cua Trung tam. 5.2. S o mat bang Trung tam Ky Thuat 3: trang sau nh kem 1.6. AN TOAN LAO ONG VA VE SINH MOI TRNG LAM VIEC: 1.6.1. An toan lao ong:

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Ngi lao ong (L) lam viec trong ieu kien nang nhoc, oc hai phai nghien cu ky cac qui nh ve an toan lao ong (ATL) cho tng noi dung cu the va ky xac nhan vao so theo doi cua n v ve viec a nghien cu ky cac noi dung trong qui nh o. Moi ngi lao ong phai tuan thu theo cac qui nh ve tieu chuan ATL, ve sinh lao ong. Ngi L phai tham gia ay u cac buoi huan luyen hng dan ve nhng qui trnh, qui pham an toan ky thuat (ATKT), bien phap lam viec an toan lien quan en nhiem vu c giao (do Khoi, Phong thc hien). Chap hanh lch kham sc khoe nh ky hoac ot xuat (khi can) cho ngi lao ong do can bo trung tam e xuat thc hien - Trc khi ra ve phai kiem tra va thc hien bien phap an toan ien, la, nc ni lam viec - Phai chap hanh nghiem tuc noi qui PCCC cua Trung tam Ky thuat 3. 1.6.2. Ve sinh lao ong: - Ngi L co trach nhiem gi gn sach se ngan nap ni lam viec - Khong nau an, uong ni lam viec, Co y thc gi gn ve sinh chung toan c quan - Cac thiet b may moc dung cu van phong ... lien quan en ngi phai luon c gi gn sach se, bao tr, bao dng & thc hien ung cac qui trnh ve van hanh. 1.6.3. Phong chay cha chay: e bao ve tai san XHCN, bao ve trat t va an toan c quan ngi phai tuan thu noi qui PCCC sau: - Tat ca cac phong lam viec eu phai sap xep gon gang, trat t, khong e nhng vat lieu de chay gan nguon nhiet: la, ien. - Khong dung ien nau cm, nau nc (tr y te va phong hanh chanh), khong t tien mac ien, sa ien. neu can bao cho quan tr e cho th sa cha - Quan tr phai thng xuyen kiem tra, bao ve he thong ien, tu sa cho h hong, chap mach. Dung cau ch ung tieu chuan, cac thiet b phai ong kn. - Xang dau phai cach ly rieng biet va bao ve chu ao, tuyet oi khong e chung vi vat de chay, khong c hut thuoc gan nguon xang. van phong pham va nhng cho cat nguyen lieu, o go ... phai -

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sap xep trat t gon gang, khong xep chung vi vat de chay - Khong c t tien s dung hay di chuyen nhng dung cu PCCC. oi PCCC c quan co trach nhiem quan ly, bao ve va kiem tra thng xuyen nhng dung cu PCCC e san sang khi can en. - Khi phat hien co dau hieu chay cho nao th ngi L phai lap tc keu to CHAY va bao cho moi ngi tai cho biet e tm cach dap tat ngay. Neu can th bao cho phong canh sat PCCC thuoc S Cong An thanh pho (T so 114). oi PCCC cua c quan la bo phan chu lc, moi ngi phai bnh tnh tham gia tch cc khi co am chay xay ra.

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1.7. X LY NC THAI: 1.7.1. Phan loai: Da theo ban Danh muc cac chat thai can kiem tra cua cac phong th nghiem ( gom phan loai cac chat thai; dung cu cha chat thai; lu tr ; ngi co trach nhiem thu gi, x ly, van chuyen chat thai en ni qui nh). 1.7.2. Thu gi va x ly chat thai: - Chat thai ran thong thng c cho vao gio rac, nhan vien cua phong se thu gom van chuyen i - Chat thai la bao b ng hoa chat, dung moi phai c ay kn va thu gom e rieng mot cho qui nh va nhan vien ve sinh van chuyen i - Cac chat thai long thong thng co chat o hai thap c kiem nghiem vien pha loang vi nc va o vao he thong cong nc thai cua phong. - Cac chat thai long can phai a i x ly phai c kiem nghiem vien thu gom vao cac bnh cha chuyen biet va co nap ay kn va c at trong cac tu hut va cach ly. Kiem nghiem vien c phan cong se van chuyen cac bnh chat thai en ni lu tr chung cua c quan. - Cac th nghiem co sinh ra kh oc hoac s dung dung moi bay hi oc phai tien hanh trong tu hut chuyen biet - Can bo ky thuat phong th nghiem nh ky hang thang kiem tra, bao tr cac dung cu, bnh cha cac chat thai can x ly. - Danh muc chat thai can kiem soat: xem bang 1 Ghi chu:(1) Ky hieu phan loai chat thai A: ran, thong thng B: hoa chat trong nc hoac ru, thong thng C: kh, thong thng D: chat oc ran (cyanide, cac loai muoi asenic, thuy ngan, thuoc diet chuot, thuoc tr sau ... E: dung moi goc halogene F: dung moi goc hydrocacbon G: chat oc long (thuoc diet chuot, tr sau ...) H: chat long oc hai cao (cyaninde, cac loai muoi asenic, thuy ngan ...) ham lng t 1% tr len) (2) Ky hieu cac loai dung cu cha TT-1: bnh cha bang thuy tinh co mieng hep TT-2: bnh cha bang thuy tinh co mieng rong NH-1: bnh cha bang nha (PP hoac PE) co mieng hepTrang 26/109


rong tui

NH-2: bnh cha bang nha (PP hoac PE) co mieng NL: tui nylon c cot chat BB: bao b goc co nap kn hoac cot chat mieng

(3) Ky hieu lu gi: TH: tu hut; CL: cach ly; TM: thoang mat Bang 1: Danh muc chat thai can kiem soat:S T Loai, ten chat T thai Phan loai chat thai Dun Thong Can x g cu ch thng ly a A B C D E F G H Ni lu gi Trach nhiem

1. Bao b ng mau, giay tham gie lau, X tro, than, nha ng, tua lu huynh 2. Bao b ng hoa chat, bao X b ng dung moi 3. Cac dung dch hoa chat trong nc, ru cua th X nghiem ch, Vanadium, nit, lu huynh, kim loai, Acetone 4. Cac kh oc sinh ra t phan ng th nghiem nh NO, NO2, SO2, SO3, Br2, NH3, X HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, cac hi dung moi hi acid khi pha che, kh thai khi o mau 5. Dung moi thai X cha goc halogene nh chlorobenzen,Trang 27/109

Gio rac

NV ve sinh thu gom ngay 2 lan kiem nghiem vien

BB

kiem nghiem vien

TH

kiem nghiem vien

NH-1

TH

kiem nghiem vien


chloroform, trichloroethylen 6. Chat thai goc hydrocarbon nh benzen, tolue, xylen, MIBK, pentan, heptan, ether, LAB, Jet A 1, xang, condensate, KO, DO, FO, dau nhn, dau cong nghiep, dau thc vat, m nhn

X

NH-1

TH

kiem nghiem vien

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1.8. MOI TRNG PHONG TH NGHIEM: 1.8.1. Khai quat: Cac phong th nghiem cua Trung tam Ky Thuat 3 xay dng, lap thanh van ban, thc hien theo doi va duy tr viec kiem soat moi trng th nghiem e am bao thoa man: Khu vc th nghiem phai ve sinh sach se va ngan nap Tieng on, o rung phai c cach ly, x ly theo yeu cau cua phep th e khong anh hng en o chnh xac cua phep th Cac th nghiem yeu cau co kiem soat cac thong so ve moi trng nh nhiet o, o am ... th phai co cac thiet b o, ghi nhan thch hp. Cac so lieu ve moi trng can phai c ghi chep va lu gi An toan va bao ve sc khoe cho con ngi 1.8.2. Danh muc kiem soat moi trng: Can bo chat lng cua phong th nghiem thiet lap Danh muc cac yeu to moi trng can kiem soatda tren cac qui nh cua phng phap th (hieu chuan) va qui nh cua Trung tam Ky thuat 3. Cac yeu to trong danh muc c pho bien en nhng ngi co lien quan nham muc ch nhac nh, quan tam kiem soat va theo doi trong qua trnh chuan b va th nghiem; Ho s kiem soat moi trng do cac phong th nghiem thc hien va lu tr. 1.8.3. An toan: Cac mau th co anh hng en an toan, sc khoe phai c cach ly va han che toi a cac anh hng Tat ca thanh vien cua phong th nghiem eu phai c ao tao, kiem tra va ky cac nhan ve an toan trong phong th nghiem trc khi bat au lam viec theo tinh than An toan la tren het. Phong th nghiem co cac qui nh an toan cho tng oi tng cu the, co c che nhac nh cho ngi s dung de nhan biet khi thc hien cong viec va phan cong ngi chu trach nhiem an toan trong n v. 1.9. THIET B CHAT CHUAN: 1.9.1. Khai quat: - Trang thiet b, chat chuan co anh hng trc tiep hoac gian tiep en chat lng th nghiem, goi tat la thiet b va chat chuan, phai c kiem soat thchTrang 29/109


hp nham am bao chat lng chat lng ket qua th nghiem cua Trung tam Ky thuat 3. - Cac thu tuc va hng dan can thiet c thiet lap thc hien e duy tr viec quan ly thiet b th nghiem, phu tr, thiet b hieu chuan, cac phng tien chuan, chat chuan

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1.9.2. Thiet b: Danh muc, ho s thiet b: Cac n v phai thiet lap ho s va quan ly thiet b hien ang trang b trong n v. Cac thiet b co anh hng en chat lng th nghiem phai c quan ly, theo doi kiem soat tnh trang hoat ong, tnh trang hieu qua chuan Ho s thiet bva Danh muc hieu chuan thiet b. am bao chat lng thiet b, chat chuan vat t Hoa chat: * Mua sam: - Trc khi mua thiet b, chat chuan, vat t, hoa chat (goi tat la thiet b) co anh hng en chat lng th nghiem, phai tien hanh anh gia nha cung ng theo thu tuc QAP G 03 hoac s dung nha cung ng c chap nhan trong danh muc. Danh sach cac nha cung ng c chap nhan c thiet lap, kiem soat, lu gi va cap nhat bi phong Ho tr Ky thuat. - Viec mua sam thiet b, lap at, s dung thiet b phai theo ung ch dan cua nha san xuat yeu cau cua thiet b va quan ly thiet b * Hieu chuan: - Phong th nghiem co ke hoach nh ky hieu chuan thiet b va chat chuan trong o xac nh pham vi, trach nhiem, ni thc hien, viec kiem soat hieu chuan - Ch cho phep s dung cac thiet b can phai qua hieu chuan co tnh trang hieu chuan phu hp hoac ngi co trach nhiem phai chng minh thiet b o con u o tin cay, o chnh xac thoa man cac yeu cau cua phng phap th. * Kiem tra: - Thiet b trc khi s dung hang ngay phai c kiem tra thch hp theo qui nh cua phng phap th, hng dan cua nha san xuat hay cac hng dan s dung thiet b. neu co dau hieu bat thng nao, phai bao ngay cho ngi co trach nhiem, tien hanh xem xet cac van e lien quan va ch s dung sau khi chng to thiet b co u tin cay va phu hp. - Gia hai lan hieu chnh, thiet b co the c kiem tra theo ke hoach e theo doi tnh trang hoat ong, ghi lai nhng thay oi, co so lieu lam c s kiem tra tnh chnh xac cua phep th. * Bao tr: Viec bao tr nh ky theo ke hoach (ot xuat theo yeu cau phai

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va c thc hien bi nhan vien co kha nang phu hp). * S dung va bao quan: - Ch co nhng thanh vien trong phong th nghiem a c tap huan ve thiet b mi c phep t mnh s dung thiet b - Thiet b phai c dung ung muc ch va trong ieu kien qui nh. Trong trng hp s dung khong ung muc ch hoac ngoai tam kiem soat cua n v, thiet b phai c xem xet, anh gia la phu hp vi yeu cau cua phep th trc khi a vao s dung lai. - Thiet b khong c kiem soat hoac khong phu hp phai c tach biet, ghi dau hieu nhan biet tnh trang khong s dung c. * C che nhac nh: Phong th nghiem tuy theo ieu kien cu the phai co c che nhac nh tnh trang thiet b e am bao chat lng khi s dung thiet b. 1.9.3. Chat chuan: * Khai quat: Chat chuan dung lam chuan th nghiem, hieu chuan phng tien o, anh gia phng phap th, kiem tra tay nghe cua nhan vien ... phai c kiem soat thch hp e bao am o tin cay cua chat chuan khi s dung. * Quan ly, s dung va bao quan: - Can bo chat lng (QO) cua n v co trach nhiem phan cong, kiem tra xac nhan viec s dung, bao quan cac chat chuan. - Ch s dung cac chat chuan con hieu lc, phu hp vi yeu cau ung muc ch. Trong trng hp s dung chat chuan khong ung muc ch hoac ngoai tam kiem soat, phai kiem tra va chng to chat chuan van ap ng cac yeu cau qui nh trc khi a vao s dung lai. Khi phat hien hoac nghi ng chat chuan co dau hieu h hong, bien chat, ngi s dung, quan ly phai ngng ngay viec s dung va thong bao cho QO biet e co bien phap x ly kp thi.

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CHNG II QUAN LY MAU TH2.1. Khai niem 2.2. Lay mau 2.3 Lu gi mau th nguy hiem 2.4 Quan ly mau th 2.5 Thu tuc 2.6 Tiep nhan mau th nghiem

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2.1. Khai quat: - Cac mau th nghiem bao gom mau th nghiem, hieu chnh (goi tat la mau) phai c quan ly, kiem soat ke t khi lay mau, tiep nhan, van chuyen, th nghiem, lu mau cho en khi thanh ly Phan lay mau, phan chia va lu mau khong ap dung cho mau hieu chuan. - Viec lay mau th nghiem tuan theo qui nh cua tieu chuan lay mau hien hanh cho tng phan loai vat lieu, san pham cu the - Viec tiep nhan, nhan dang, van chuyen, phan chia, lu mau, thanh ly va lu tr ho s mau thc hien theo qui nh cua thu tuc TTTN03. 2.2. Lay mau: - Khi cac phng an lay mau vi tieu chuan, phong th nghiem thoa thuan vi khach hang va a ra cac phng an lay mau da vao phng phap thong ke thch hp trong qua trnh lay mau, phong th nghiem lap bien ban lay mau, ghi lai cac yeu to kiem soat moi trng theo qui nh va cac thong tin lien quan khac. - Neu khach hang yeu cau viec lay mau khac vi phng phap lay mau thoa thuan ban au th phong th nghiem tien hanh xem xet s thch hp, ghi lai bang van ban cac thoa thuan thong bao en nhng ngi lien quan. - Ho s lien quan en viec lay mau va cac thong tin can thiet c phong th nghiem lu gi va a vao cac phieu th nghiem tng ng. 2.3. Lu gi cac mau th nguy hiem - Cac mau th co tnh chat nguy hiem hoac oc hai, co anh hng an toan phong th nghiem hay sc khoe con ngi phai c nhan dang, co dau hieu nhac nh rieng cach ly khoi cac mau hoac moi trng khac - Viec gi cac mau th co tnh chat nguy hiem hoac oc hai nay tuan theo qui nh cua thu tuc TTTN03. 2.4. Quan ly mau th - Mau th sau khi tiep nhan phai c phan loai, gi gn can than va chu y en cac mau can phai bao quan ac biet trong qua trnh van chuyen, lu gi. Cac mau eu co dau hieu nhan dang e tranh nham lan, am bao mau khong b tac ong gay h hong, an mon hay thay oi tnh chat trong qua trnh en phong th nghiem

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- Cac n v co trach nhiem gi gn mau th khong b mat mat hay b tac ong gay h hong, an mon hay thay oi tnh chat trong van chuyen, th nghiem, lu gi - Phong Ho tr Ky thuat co trach nhiem quan ly cac mau lu. Ni lu mau c thiet ke thch hp e co ieu kien moi trng phu hp cho tng loai mau, am bao mau c an toan, khong b mat mat hay b tac ong gay h hong, an mon va tranh thay oi tnh chat trong qua trnh lu gi

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2.5 Thu tuc:

TOM TAT TRACH NHIEM Gi mau yeu cau th nghiem Khach hang Xem xet hp ong PHK (BPGD)/PTN Xem xet s phu hp Nhan mau, kiem tra va nhan dang Chuyen mau cho PTN. PHK (BPGD) Th nghiem va lap phieu KQTN Kiem tra mau Phan cong th nghiem PTN Thc hien, lap bao cao th nghiem Kiem tra bao cao th nghiem Chuan b phieu KQTN Kiem tra phieu KQTN Quan ly viec th nghiem PTN PTN Ghi nhan, chuyen phieu KQTN PTN e trnh ky PHK (BPGD) Quyet nh viec lu, khong lu mau Trnh ky phe duyet phieu KQTN Chuyen giao cho khach hang PHK (BPGD) Chuyen giao phieu KQTN Tra mau lu (neu co) PHK (BPGD) Lu mau PHK (BPCL) Tiep nhan, x ly phan anh cua khach hang (neu co) PHK (BPGD/BPYT) Thanh ly mau th PHK (BPGD) Lu ho s th nghiem Chu thch: PHK: Phong ho tr ky thuat; BPGD: Bo phan Van th Giao dch

LU TRNH

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BPYT: Bo phan yem tr; BPCL: Bo phan chat lng PTN: Phong th nghiem ; KQTN: ket qua th nghiem

CHNG III CAC PHNG PHAP TH3.1. Cac phng phap th nc ngoai (chau Au, chau My) 3.2. Cac phng phap th cua Viet Nam

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Do chc nang va lnh vc hoat ong cua Trung tam Ky thuat 3, nen cac phng phap kiem tra chat lng tai Trung tam Ky thuat 3 khong ch la tieu chuan Viet nam (TCVN) ma con la nhng tieu chuan nganh, nhng tieu chuan Quoc te nh AOAC, AOCS (oi vi hang xuat i cac nc Chau Au nh My, Phap, Anh ...), Fao, FNP (oi vi hang xuat khau cac nc Chau A nh Thai Lan, Indonesia...). Mac khac, a so tieu chuan Viet Nam (TCVN) hien hanh a c ban hanh kha lau va oi hoi phai soat xet lai, cai tien, nang cap cho phu hp vi s tien bo cua cac nganh san xuat va ap ng vi yeu cau cao cua cac tieu chuan nc ngoai. Sau ay toi xin iem qua cac tieu chuan kiem tra chat lng san pham thc pham s dung tai trung tam Ky thuat 3. 3.1. Phng phap AOAC (Association of official Analytical Chemitsts): - Phng phap AOAC c dung rat pho bien trong th nghiem, no c dung rong rai trong nhieu san pham nh thc pham, dc pham, y hoc, my pham... - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Chau My, Nhat th dung phng phap th AOAC, v nhu cau oi hoi ve ve sinh an toan thc pham oi hoi cao. - Tieu chuan AOAC do hiep hoi cac nha phan tch hoa cua My ban hanh, no co pham vi s dung toan quoc. 3.2. Phng phap AACC (Analytical Association of Cereal Chemitsts): - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Chau My, Nhat th dung phng phap th AACC. Tieu chuan nay do hiep hoi cac nha hoa phan tch ngu coc cua My ban hanh 3.2. Phng phap AOCS (American Oil Chemitsts Society): - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Chau My th dung phng phap th AOCS. Tieu chuan nay do hiep hoi cac nha hoa phan tch hoa dau cua My ban hanh 3.3. Phng phap BS (British Standard): - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Anh, My th dung phng phap th BS. Tieu chuan nay do Anh ban hanh 3.4. Phng phap CODEX STAN (Codex Standard):

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- oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc c th dung phng phap th CODEX STAN. Tieu chuan nay do hiep hoi thc pham c ban hanh 3.5. Phng phap EEC (European Commission): - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Chau Au th dung phng phap th EEC. Tieu chuan nay do cong ong chung Chau Au ban hanh 3.6. Phng phap FDA(Food and Drugs Associantion) & Food stuffs-EC (thc pham) - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Chau Au th dung phng phap th FDA. Tieu chuan nay do hiep hoi thc pham va dc pham ban hanh 3.7. Phng phap FAO FNP(Food & Agriculture Organization - Food and Nutrition paper): - Phng phap FAO FNP c dung rat pho bien trong th nghiem, no c dung rong rai trong nhieu san pham nh thc pham, dc pham, giay... oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang cac nc Chau Au th dung phng phap th FDA. Tieu chuan nay do hiep hoi thc pham va nong san hiep hoi giay va thc pham ban hanh 3.8. Phng phap GAFTA(Grain and Feed Trade Association): - Phng phap GAFTA c dung rat pho bien trong th nghiem, no c dung rong rai trong nhieu san pham nh thc pham, chan nuoi... Tieu chuan nay do hiep hoi kinh doanh ngu coc va thc an chan nuoi ban hanh 3.8. Phng phap ICUMSA(International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis): - Phng phap GAFTA c dung rat pho bien trong th nghiem, no c dung rong rai trong nhieu san pham nh thc pham... Tieu chuan nay do Uy ban quoc te thong nhat phng phap phan tch san pham ng ban hanh. 3.9. Phng phap ISO (Internatinal Organization for Standardization): - oi vi phng phap th ISO c s dung trong nc va quoc te. Tieu chuan nay do to chc tieu chuan hoa quoc te ban hanh 3.10. Phng phap IS (Indian Standard): - oi vi hang xuat nhap khau sang An o th dung phng phap th IS. Tieu chuan nay do An o ban hanh

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3.11. Phng phap QTTN/ KT3 (Regional Training Course in Fish Quanlity Assessment: Methods Seafood Safety 1998): - oi vi tieu chuan QTTN/ KT3 la tai lieu ao tao cua khu vc ve anh gia chat lng hai san: phng phap phan tch an toan san pham hai san 1998. Tieu chuan nay do Trung tam Ky thuat Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng 3 ban hanh 3.12. Phng phap TCV (Tieu chuan vung): - oi vi tieu chuan vung ch s dung cho mot vung hay mot khu vc nao o, ch s dung trong nc. Tieu chuan nay do mot so vung ban hanh 3.12. Phng phap TCVN (Tieu chuan Viet Nam): - Phng phap tieu chuan Viet Nam c dung rat pho bien trong th nghiem, no c dung rong rai trong nhieu san pham nh thc pham, dc pham, y hoc, my pham... Tieu chuan nay do Trung tam tieu chuan ban hanh

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Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My: Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham Ham lng natri benzoate AOAC 2002 (979.08) o am AOAC 2002 (950.46) Ham lng nit bay hi FAO FNP 14/8 (p.140)AOAC 1986 Ham lng ure AOAC 2002 (967.07) AOAC Ham lng cat, san FAO FNP 5/Rev.(p.25)AOAC 1983 Ham lng histamin AOAC 2002 (957.07) AOAC Ham lng chat beo FAO FNP 14/7 (p.212)AOAC 1986 Ham lng indol AOAC 2002 (948.17) AOAC Thuy Ham lng protein FAO FNP 14/7 (p.221)hai AOAC 1986 san Ham lng SO2 AOAC 2002 (892.02) AOAC Ham lng Polyphosphate BS 4401:1981 Part 15 Ham lng Tetracycline AOAC 2002 (995.09) Ham lng canxi AOAC 2002 (935.13) Ham lng phot pho AOAC 2002 (965.17) Ham lng tro tong FAO FNP 14/7 (p.228)1986 Ham lng natri AOAC 2002 (969.23) Ham lng kali AOAC 2002 (969.23) Ham lng ISO 13493:1998 Chloramphenicol Ham lng AOAC 2002 (995.09) Oxytetracycline Thanh phan acid beo AOAC 2002 (969.33) Dau m BHT, BHA & TBHQ AOAC 2002 (983.15) Ch so iot AOCS Cd 1-25 (1997) Ch so khuc xa AOCS Cc 7-25 (1997) Ch so peroxyt AOCS Cd 8-53 (1997) Ham lng monoglyceride FAO FNP 5/Rev.1(p.185)1983 o mau livibond AOCS Cc 13e-92 (1997)Trang 41/109


T khoi Ham lng photpho Ham lng tap chat Ham lng tro tong Ham lng xa phong Ham lng acid beo t do Ch so acid Ch so xa phong hoa

AOCS Cc 10a-95 (1997) AOCS Ca 12-55 (1997) AOCS Ca 3a-46 (1997) AOCS Ca 11-55 (1997) AOCS Ca 17-95 (1997) AOCS Ca 5a-40 (1997) AOCS Cd 3a-63 (1997) AOCS Cd 3-25 (1997)

Trang 42/109


Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My (tiep theo): Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham Nhiet o nong chay AOCS Cc 3-25 (1997) Dau Thanh phan acid beo AOCS 2002 (969-33) m Ham lng casein AOAC 2002 (979.08) C hat AOAC 2002 (965.22) Ham lng tro tong AOAC 2002 (920.23) Ca Ham lng tro trong acid HCl AOAC 2002 (920.23) phe 10% Ham lng tro trong nc AOAC 2002 (920.73) 6. Ham lng tro khong tan AOAC 2002 (920.73) trong nc 1. Ham lng nicotine AOAC 2002 (960.08) Thuoc 2. Ham lng tro trong acid FAO FNP 5/Rev.1(p.25)la HCl 10% 1983 o kiem cua tro tan trong ISO 1578 : 1975 nc Ham lng cafein AOAC 2002 (979.08) Ham lng chat tan AOAC 2002 (920.104) o am FAO FNP 14/7(p.205)1986 Tra Ham lng tro tong AOAC 2002 (920.100A) Ham lng tro khong tan AOAC 2002 (920.100B) trong acid HCl 10% Ham lng x FAO FNP 14/7(p.230)1986 Ham lng theobromin AOAC 2002 (980.14) anh gia cam quan CBQCM SW-L-023 iem en CBQCM SW-L-023 o mau ICUMSA FAO FNP 14/8(p.101)1986 GS 2/3-9(2002) ICUMSA 2003 ng o am GS2/1/3-15 (1994) tinh ICUMSA 2003 luyen o uc CB QCM-SW-L-002 Mui sau khi acid hoa CBQCM SW-L-004 Ham lng saccaro Foodstuffs EC 1994(p.552) Ham lng tro sunphat Foodstuffs EC 1994(p.551)Trang 43/109


Ham lng sunfua dioxyt (SO2) Phan ng tao tua Ham lng tap chat Ham lng ng kh Ham lng protein Hoat lc diaxta o acid

GS2/1/7-33 (2000) ICUMSA 2003 GS2/3-40(2000) ICUMSA 2003 GS2/3-19(2002) ICUMSA 2003 GS2-6 (2001) ICUMSA 2003 FAO FNP 14/7(p.221) -1986 CODEX STAN 12:1981 CODEX STAN 12:1981

Trang 44/109


Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My (tiep theo): Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham T khoi FAO FNP 5/Rev. 1(p.103)-1983 5. Ham AOAC 2002(980.23) ng lng H.M.F tinh (hydrocymethyl furfurol) luyen Ham lng saccaro CODEX STAN 12:1981 Ham lng tap chat CODEX STAN 12:1981 o baume QTTN KT3 025:2005 Ham lng Brix QTTN KT3 025:2005 Ham lng ng tong QTTN KT3 025:2005 Mat r Ham lng ure AOAC 2002 (990.07) o am FAO FNP 14/7 (p.205)1986 o chua AOAC 2002 (947.05) Hoat o ure AOAC Ba 9-58 (1997) Ham lng photpho AOAC 2002 (965.11) Ham lng ciahydric AOAC 2002 (915.03) Ham lng xanthophyll AOAC 2002 (970.64) Ham lng tro tong FAO FNP 14/7 (p.228)1986 Ham lng cat, san FAO FNP 5/Rev.1(p.25)1983 Ham lng x FAO FNP 14/7 (p.230)1986 Ham lng iod AOAC 2002 (935.14) Ham lng protein AOAC 2002 (990.03) Thc an Ham lng beo FAO FNP 14/7 (p.212)gia suc 1986 Ham lng canxi AOAC 2002 (927.02) Ham lng muoi an FAO FNP 14/7 (p.233)1986 Ham lng cholesterol AOAC 2002 (994.10) Ham lng Chloramp ISO 13493:1998 henicol Ham lng Tetracycline ISO 13493:1998 Ham lng AOAC 2002 (995.09) Chlotetracycline Ham lng Oxy AOAC 2002 (995.09) tetracyclineTrang 45/109


nh tnh cyclamat nh tnh duclin nh tnh saccarin Ham lng NaHCO3 Ham lng cafein Ham lng taurin

AOAC 2002 (957.09) AOAC 2002 (957.11) AOAC 2002 (957.10) QTTN/KT3 026:2005 AOAC 2002 (979.08) AOAC 2002 (997.05)

Nc giai khat

Trang 46/109


Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My (tiep theo): Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham Ham lng protein tong FAO FNP14/7 (p.221)1986 Ham lng chat beo FAO FNP14/7 (p.212)1986 Ham lng x FAO FNP14/7 (p.230)1986 Ham lng tieu hoa AOAC 2002 (985.29) Ham lng protein tong FAO FNP14/7 (p.221)o 1986 hop Ham lng chat beo FAO FNP14/7 (p.212)1986 Ham lng x FAO FNP14/7 (p.230)1986 Ham lng tieu hoa AOAC 2002 (985.29) Ham lng tro tong FAO FNP14/7 (p.228)1986 Ham lng x tieu hoa AOAC 2002 (985.29) o acid AOAC 2002 (947.05) Banh Nang lng dinh dng QTTN KT 3 024:2005 Ham lng tro khong tan FAO FNP 5/ Rev. 1 trong acid (p.25)-1983 Ham lng sorbitol AOAC 2002 (973.28) o am FAO FNP 14/7(p.205)1986 Banh Ham lng protein FAO FNP 14/7(p.221)phong 1986 tom Tro khong tan trong acid FAO FNP 5/ Rev. 1 (p.25)1983 Ham lng x FAO FNP 14/7 (p.230) Bot 1986 dinh dng Ham lng x tieu hoa AOAC 2002 (985.29) Bot C hat AOAC 2002(965.22) dinh o am FAO FNP 14/7(p.205)dng 1986 o acid AOAC 2002 (947.05) Hoat o ure AOCS Ba 9-58(1997) Nang lng dinh dng QTTN/ KT3 024:2005 (am+ beo +Trang 47/109


carbohydrat) Ham lng protein

FAO FNP 14/7(p.221)1986 Ham lng photpho AOAC 2002 (995.11) Ham lng sat AOAC 2002 (999.11) Ham lng magie AOAC 2002 (985.35) Ham lng mangan AOAC 2002 (985.35) Ham lng nitrit AOAC 2002 (973.31) Ham lng nitrat AOAC 2002 (993.03) Ham lng taurin AOAC 2002 (997.05) Ham lng cholesterol AOAC 2002 (994.10) Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My (tiep theo): Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham o am AOAC 2002 (925.10) Ngu coc Ham lng protein AOAC 2002 (992.23) Ham lng beo FAO FNP 14/7 (p.212) 1986 C hat AOAC 2002 (965.22) o chua AOAC 2002 (947.05) o pH AACC Method 02-52 Ham lng x FAO FNP 14/7 (p.230) 1986 Ham lng tro tong FAO FNP 14/7 (p.228) 1986 Ham lng tro AACC Method 08-01 11. o acid AOAC 2002 (947.05) 12. Nang lng dinh QTTN/ KT3 024:2005 dng (am+ beo + carbohydrat) 13. Nang lng protein FAO FNP 14/7 (p.221) 1986 Ham lng tro tong FAO FNP 14/7 (p.228) cong 1986 Ham lng tro khong FAO FNP 5/Rev.1 (p.25) tan 1983 trong acid HCl Ham lng sorbitol AOAC 2002 (973.28) Ham lng lipid FAO FNP 14/7 (p.212) 1986Trang 48/109


Ham lng Ham lng Ham lng kho Ham lng o am o mau o pH

tinh bot acid beo gluten t/ ochratoxin

AOAC 2002 (922.44) AOAC 2002 (935.05) AACC Method 38-10 AOAC 2002 (991.44) FAO FNP 14/7 (p.205) 1986 TC 4/ Ajinomoto Food stuffs-EC 1994 (p.133) AOAC 2002 (965.22) FAO FNP 5/Rev.1 (p.105)1983 FAO FNP 52/2 (p.998) 1992 AOAC 2002 (869.23) AOAC 2002 (869.23) IS 3988 : 1968 IS 3988 : 1969

C hat Nang suat cc quay 6. Ham lng PCA (porrolidone carboxylic acid) Ham lng kali Ham lng natri o am o nht

Bot ngot

Muoi an Guar gum

Trang 49/109


Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My (tiep theo): Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham o pH IS 3988 : 1970 Ham lng protein IS 3988 : 1972 Ham lng tro tong cong IS 3988 : 1973 Ham lng gum IS 3988 : 1971 Chat khong tan trong acid IS 3988 : 1967 o am Analytical EBC 1987(4.2) o pH Analytical EBC 1987(4.6) Ham lng protein FAO FNP 14/7(p.221)1986 Ham lng nit hoa tan Analytical EBC 1987(4.9) Ham lng nit amin t do Analytical EBC 1987(4.10) Malt Ham lng chat chiet Analytical EBC 1987(4.4) Ham lng nit tong Analytical EBC 1987(4.2) Mau EBC AOAC 2002 (972.13) Hoat lc enzym AnalyticalEBC 1987(4.12) Thi gian ng hoa AnalyticalEBC 1987(4.4.1) nh tnh borax FAO FNP 14/8 (p.149)1986 Ham lng cyclamate AOAC 2002 (957.09) Ham lng dulcin AOAC 2002 (957.11) Ham lng sacarin AOAC 2002 (941.10) Phu gia Ham lng sunfua dioxyt AOAC 2002 (892.02) (SO2) Ham lng sorbitol AOAC 2002 (973.28) Ham lng natri benzoate AOAC 2002 (979.08) Ham lng piperin AOAC 2002 (987.07) Tieu Ham lng dau bay hi AOAC 2002 (962.17) Ham lng caroten AOAC 2002 (960.74) Vitamin Ham lng vitamin B1 AOAC 2002 (953.17) Ham lng vitamin B2 AOAC 2002 (970.65) Ham lng vitamin A AOAC 2002 (2001.13)Trang 50/109


Ham lng vitamin C Ham lng vitamin E o ang cua bia Ham lng bieu kien Ham lng ngam thc s Ham lng nit t do Ham lng andehyt nh lng furfurol

AOAC 2002 (967.21) AOAC 2002 (992.03) AOAC 2002 (970.16) AOAC 2002 (945.09A) AOAC 2002 (945.09B) Analytial-EBC 1987(8.81) 53 TCV 118 :1986 53 TCV 121 :1986

Bia Con tinh che

Trang 51/109


Bang 3.1: Cac phng phap th cua Chau Au, Chau My (tiep theo): Ten ch tieu Phng phap th Ten san pham Ham lng este 53 TCV 119 :1986 Con tinh che Ham lng andehyt 53 TCV 118 :1986 Ham lng ru tap 53 TCV 120 :1986 Ham lng metanol 53 TCV 117 :1986 Ru mui nh lng furfurol 53 TCV 121 :1986 Ham lng este 53 TCV 119 :1986 o am FAO FNP 14/8 (p.30)1986 Ham lng protein FAO FNP14/7 (p.221)1986 Ham lng beo FAO FNP 14/8 (p.10)1986 Sa Ham lng casein AOAC 2002 (927.03) Ham lng tro tong FAO FNP14/7 (p.228)1986 Ham lng lactose AOAC 2002 (930.28) Ham lng acid lactic AOAC 2002 (947.05) Ham lng Cloramphenicol ISO 13493:1998 o am AOAC 2002 (950.46) o pH Food stuff Ec 1994)p.133) nh tnh borax FAO FNP14/8 (p.149)1986 Ham lng protein FAO FNP14/7 (p.212)Tht 1986 Ham lng nitrit (NO2) AOAC 2002 (971.31) Ham lng cholesterol AOAC 2002 (994.10) Ham lng Oxytetracycline AOAC 2002 (995.09) Ham lng Clotetracycline AOAC 2002 (995.09) Ham lng Tetracyclin AOAC 2002 (995.09) Ham lng sat AOAC 2002 (999.11) Ham lng ong AOAC 2002 (999.11) Ham lng ch AOAC 2002 (973.25) Kim loai Ham lng kem AOAC 2002 (999.11) trong thc Ham lng cadimi AOAC 2002 (999.11) pham Ham lng asen AOAC 2002 (986.15) Ham lng thuy ngan AOAC 2002 (971.21) Ham lng thiec AOAC 2002 (985.16)Trang 52/109


Ham lng antimon

AOAC 2002 (986.15)

Trang 53/109


3.12. TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM: 3.12.1. Nhom ong vat: bao gom cac tieu chuan Viet Nam (TCVN) kiem tra chat lng cua cac loai thuy san va cac loai tht. Thuy san: - Nc ta co b bien dai hn 3000 km, do o tai nguyen ve thuy san rat phong phu bao gom ca, tom, mc va cac loai hai san khac. Do ac iem ve cau truc va thanh phan hoa hoc nen cac loai thuy san thng e b h hong hay cha ng vi sinh vat gay benh hoac cac oc to co the anh hng en sc khoe ngi tieu dung. - ay la nhom san pham co nhieu tieu chuan kiem tra chat lng nhat trong cac nhom san pham thc pham (Bang 3.2). - Mat khac, hau nh tat ca cac Cong ty che bien san pham thuy hai san eu ang tien hanh xay dng chng trnh HACCP va ISO cho mat hang thuy san. Do o kiem tra chat lng san pham thuy san rat can thiet va c thc hien rat thng xuyen trong qua trnh san xuat. Tht: - Viet Nam la nc co kh hau on i thuan li cho viec chan nuoi, do o ve tht co rat nhieu loai bao gom heo, bo, ga, de va cac loai tht khac. Do ac iem ve cau truc hoa hoc nen tht cung b h hong va rat nhieu vi sinh vat gay thoi ra, gay benh lam anh hng en ngi tieu dung. - San pham tht cung co rat nhieu tieu chuan e kiem tra trong thc pham (Bang 3.2). - Tuy nhien, hau het cac Cong ty, x nghiep che bien san pham tht cung tien hanh lam cac he thong ve an toan trong thc pham. Do o kiem tra chat lng san pham tht can c kiem tra trong suot qua trnh san xuat. Bang 3.2: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom ong vat 1. Sn phm thy sn (c, tm, mc): 1. m & nh tnh amoniac 3699 : 1981& 3699 :1990 2. nh tnh sunfua hydro (H2S) 3699 :1990 3. Hm lng mui n & Hm lng axt 3701 :1990 & 3702 :1990 4. Hm lng nit amin amoniac 3707 :1990 5. Hm lng nit amoniac 3706 :1990 6. Hm lng nit axt amin 3708 :1990Trang 54/109


7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

nh tnh lng m Hm lng nc Hm lng cht bo Hm lng histamin Hm lng tro tng Hm lng protein

3703 : 1990 3700 : 1990 3699 : 1981 3704 : 1990 5105:1990 3705:1990

Trang 55/109


Bang 3.2: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom ong vat (tiep theo) 2. Tht & sn phm t tht: 1. nh tnh amoniac (NH3) 3699:1981 2. nh tnh borat 5152:1990 3. Hm lng tro tng cng 7142:2002 4. nh tnh sunphua hydro (H2S) 3669:1981 5. Hm lng mui clorua natri 4591:1988 (NaCl) 6. Hm lng nit amoniac 3706:1981 7. Hm lng cht bo 5148:1990 8. Hm lng nitrt (NO 2 ) 5147:190 9. Hm lng protein 5149:1990 3.12.2. Nhom thc vat: bao gom cac tieu chuan Viet Nam (TCVN) kiem tra chat lng cua cac loai nh rau qua, tra, ca phe, thuoc la, ng, mat, thc an gia suc, ngu coc, phu gia, dau m. - Nc ta la nc nong nghiep rat thuan li cho viec trong trot nh rau qua, cac loai ngu coc va cac loai cay khac nhau. Do ac iem cua moi loai san pham co cau truc ve thanh phan hoa hoc va cac ham lng trong moi san pham cung khac nhau nh sau: Rau qua: la nguon cung cap thc an chnh cung cap cho c the con ngi cac vitamin, cac chat khoang trong cuoc song hang ngay. Do co thanh phan hoa hoc cua rau qua ti bao gom cac chat vo c va hu c nen rau qua de b h hong va co nhieu vi sinh vat gay benh cho ngi tieu dung. Cho nen cac Cong ty, x nghiep nghiep che bien, bao quan rau qua can phai kiem tra chat lng thng xuyen (Bang 3.3) Tra, ca phe, thuoc la, thc an gia suc: la nguon cung cap cho con ngi, ong vat. Cac loai thc vat nay co cau truc hoa hoc cha nhieu nc nen san pham de len men, len moc do. Mat khac, cac cong ty che bien va bao quan ang xay dng cac he thong ISO hang Viet Nam chat lng cao. Do o viec can kiem tra san pham thng xuyen trong qua trnh che bien (Bang 3.3). ng, mat ong: Nc ta la nc co kh hau on hoa nen viec trong ma, nuoi ong lay mat va lam nen nhieu san pham co gia tr cao, cung cap nguon dinh dng quy gia cho ngi tieu dung. Tuy nhien, cac san pham nay no cung co cau truc hoa hoc, cac vi sinhTrang 56/109


vat gay ra am moc va nhng chat oc hai. Do o, kiem tra chat lng san pham thng xuyen ma cac Cong ty, x nghiep can phai thc hien thng xuyen trong qua trnh che bien (Bang 3.3). Phu gia, dau m,vitamin: la nguon cung cap trong cuoc song hang ngay. cac san pham nay cung co nhieu thanh phan hoa hoc rat oc, cac ham lng can bo sung cho san pham. Do o, kiem tra chat lng san pham thng xuyen ma cac Cong ty, x nghiep can phai thc hien thng xuyen trong qua trnh che bien (Bang 3.3). Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc vat 1. Tr, C ph, Thuc l: C ph: 1. C ht 4708:2001 2. m 5701:1993 3. Hm lng cafein 6603:2000 4. Hm lng tro tan trong nc 5253:1990 5. Hm lng tro tng 5253:1990 6. Tro khng tan trong axt HCl 5252:1990 10% 7. Hm lng cht tan 5252:1990 8. Hm lng tp cht 5252:1990 Thuc l: 1. T l r u 4285:1986 Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc vat Thuc l: 2. T l bi trong si 6671:2000 3. Chiu di u lc 6670:2000 4. Chiu di thuc 6669:2000 5. Hm lng clo 4591:1991 6. m 6675:2000 7. Hm lng nicotine 6682:2000 8. ng knh iu 4285:1986 9. Hm lng gluxt 4295:1986 10. Tro khng tan trong axt HCl 10% 5076:2001 Tr: 1. m 5613:1991 2. Hm lng cafein 5617:1991 3. Hm lng cht tan 5610:1991 4. Chun b nc pha cm quan 5096:1990Trang 57/109


5. Hm lng tro tng 6. Hm lng bi & Hm lng x 7. Hm lng tp cht l 8. Tro khng tan trong axt HCl 10% 9. Hm lng tp cht st 10. Hm lng vn

5611:1991 5616:1991& 5714:1993 5615:1991 5612:1991 5614:1991 5616:1991

Trang 58/109


Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc vat (tiep theo) 2. ng, Mt, Sn phm t ng: Ko: m, Hm lng axt 4069:1985 & 4073:1985 Hm lng cht bo 4072:1985 Hm lng ng kh 4075:1985 Hm lng tng 4074:1985 Hm lng tro tng 4070:1985 Khi lng tnh 4068:1985 Tro khng tan trong axt HCl 10% 4071:1985 1. Tr, C ph, Thuc l: ng tinh luyn: 1. mu & Thnh phn ht 5447:1991 & 4838:1989 2. c & am 7369:2003 & 4839:1989 3. Hm lng sunfua dioxyt 6328:1997 4. Hm lng tp cht khng tan 7273:2003 Mt ong: 1. axt & m 5271:1990 & 5260:1990 2. Hm lng prolin 5265:1990 3. Hm lng cht khong 5267:1990 4. Hm lng saccar 5269:1990 5. Hm lng tp cht 5268:1990 6. T khi & Hm lng protein 5261:1990 & 5270:1990 2. Thc n gia sc: Hm lng canxi 1526:1986 m & chua 1524:1986 & 1520:1986 Hm lng ct sn 1522:1986 Hm lng iod & Hm lng lipid 1528:1986 & 1502:1986 Hm lng mui n 1527:1986 Hm lng protein 1529:1986 Hm lng pht pho 1525:1986 Hm lng tro tng & Hm lng x 1521:1986 & 1503:1986 3. RAU QU: hp rau, qu: Phn tch cm quan bng phng php cho im 3216 :1994 Phng php xc nh anhydric sunfua 4712 :1989 Phng php xc nh axt sobic 4713 :1989 Phng php xc nh axt benzoic 4714 :1989 7. Phng php xc nh vitamin C (acid ascorbic) 4715 :1989 8. Phng php xc nh etanol 4716 :1989 Rau, qu ti:

Trang 59/109


Rau, qu:

Trang 60/109


Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve vat (tiep theo) Sn phm rau, qu v ch bin: 3. Phng php chun v so mu xc nh hm lng acid oxalic (vitamin C) 4. Xc nh hm lng cht kh bng phng php lm kh di p sut thp v xc nh hm lng nc bng phng php chng ct ng tch Xc nh hm lng ng bng phng php quang ph Xc nh hm lng km Xc nh acid chun dc Xc nh hm lng thic bng phng php so mu Rau , qu v cc sn phm rau, qu: Xc nh hm lng acid ascorbic (phn 1: pp chun) Xc nh hm lng acid ascorbic (phn 2: pp thng dng) Xc nh hm lng acid ascorbic (phn 1: pp quang ph) Xc nh hm lng etanol Xc nh hm lng st (bng pp quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la) Xc nh hm lng ng (pp ngn la) Xc nh hm lng thy ngn (pp ngn la) 4. o hop: Cm quan Hm lng cht bo Hm lng axt c nh Hm lng protein tng Hm lng axt d bay hi Hm lng axt tng Hm lng cht kh ( brix) Hm lng mui n Hm lng ng kh Hm lng ng tng Hm lng tinh bt Khi lng tnh T l khi lng cc thnh phn trong hp 5. Ng cc v cc sn phm ch bin t ng cc: Bnh: Hm lng ng tng m Hm lng lipid Hm lng proteinTrang 61/109

nhom thc

5246 :1990 5366 :1991 5368 :1991 5487 :1991 5483 :1991 5496 :1991 6472 1:1998 6472 2:1998 6428 :1998 6429 :1998 6540 :1999 6541 :1999 6542 :1999 4410:1987 4592:1988 4589:1988 4593:1988 4589:1988 4589:1988 4414:1987 4591:1988 4594:1988 4594:1988 4594:1988 4411:1987 4411:1987

4594:1988 5909:1995 4510:1988 4591:1988


Hm lng tro tng cng

4595:1988

Trang 62/109


Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc vat (tiep theo) Bot dinh dng: Hm lng nitrt, nitrt 6839:2001 axt 5448:1991 Hm lng bo 6833:2001 Hm lng st 6207:1997 Hm lng tro tng 6511:1999 Hm lng vitamin A 7081:2002 Hm lng gluxt 4295:1986 Hm lng mui n 4291-1:1986 Hm lng canxi 6838:2001 Hm lng pht pho 6271:1997 Hm lng protein 5537:1991 Bnh phng tm: m 4590:1988 Hm lng protein 4593:1988 Hm lng mui n 4591:1988 4. Hm lng ng tng 4594:1988 5. T l gy v 5932:1995 6. Hm lng gluxt 4295:1986 M an lien: m & Hm lng lipid Hm lng mui n axt 5777:1994 Hm lng protein Ch s peroxyt Tro khng tan trong axt HCl Ngu coc: C ht 6129:1996 Hm lng protein 5451:1991 Hm lng cht bo 6555:1999 m 4946:1989 Xc nh dung trng 4996:1989 Hm lng gluten t/ kh 1874:1986 6. Ph gia Gia v: Muoi an: m & Hm lng canxi 3973:1984 Hm lng t 5647:1992 Hm lng kali & Hm lng manh 3973:1984 Hm lng natri 3973:1984 Hm lng sunpht 3973:1984 6. Hm lng tp cht khng tan trong nc 3973:1984Trang 63/109


Trang 64/109


Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc vat (tiep theo) Bt ngot: Hm lng clo 4591:1988 C ht 1460:1997 Hm lng monosodium glutamat 1459:1996 Nc mm: Hm lng axt 3702:1990 Hm lng mui n 3701:1990 Hm lng nit tng 3705:1990 Nit amoniac 3706:1990 Nit formn 3707:1990 Nc tng: axt Hm lng mui n Nit amoniac 1764:1975 Hm lng nit formn Hm lng nit tng Ph gia thc phm: Cht to ngt 6463:1998 Hng liu 6467:1998 Phm mu 6459:1998 Cht to hng 6417:1998 Bt canh (hm lng it) 6487:1999 Tiu: m 4045:1993 Khi lng th tch xp 4045:1993 Tp cht 4045:1993 Hm lng ht no, lp 4045:1993 5. Hm lng cht chit khng bay hi 7039:2002 Hm lng tro tng 7038:2002 Vitamin: Hm lng caroten 5284:1990 Hm lng vitamin B1 7081-1:2002 Hm lng vitamin B2/ B6 7081-1:2002 Hm lng vitamin PP/ E/ C 7081-1:2002 Hm lng vitamin A/ C 7081-1:2002 Hm lng taurine 5284:1990 7. Dau m va cac san pham dau m: Ch s acid & Ch s t 6127:1996 & 6122:1996 Ch s khc x 2640:1999

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Bang 3.3: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc vat (tiep theo) 7. Dau m va cac san pham dau m: Ch s peroxyt & Ch s x phng ha 6121:1996 & 6126:1996 im nng chy & im c 6119:1996 & 2627:1993 Hm lng axt bo t do 6205:1999 Hm lng cht khng x phng ha 6123-1:1996 Hm lng glycerol t do 6762:2000 Hm lng monoglyceride 6762:2000 Hm lng nc v cht bay hi 6118:1996 Hm lng it 6122:1996 m hm lng cht bay hi 6120:1996 Hm lng tro tng 6351:1998 Hm lng x phng & T khi 2638:1993 & 6117:1996 3.12.3. Nhom thc uong: bao gom cac tieu chuan Viet Nam (TCVN) kiem tra chat lng cua cac loai nh sa, ru, bia, con ... Sa: - Tren th trng Viet Nam hien nay co rat nhieu loai sa do cac nha may, Cong ty san xuat khac nhau, do o so lng ve sa rat phong phu , a dang bao gom sa bot, sa ti, sa chua, kem sa, yaout va cac loai sa khac. Do ac iem ve cau truc va thanh phan hoa hoc nen cac loai sa thng e b h hong hay cha ng vi sinh vat gay benh hoac cac oc to co the anh hng en sc khoe ngi tieu dung. - ay la nhom san pham co nhieu tieu chuan kiem tra chat lng ve mat cam quan, hoa ly va vi sinh trong nhom san pham thc pham (Bang 3.4). - Mat khac, hau nh tat ca cac Cong ty, x nghiep che bien san pham sa eu ang tien hanh xay dng chng trnh HACCP va ISO cho mat hang sa. Do o kiem tra chat lng cac san pham sa rat can thiet va c thc hien rat thng xuyen trong qua trnh san xuat. Bia: - Tren th trng Viet Nam hien nay co rat nhieu loai nc giai khat do cac nha may, Cong ty san xuat khac nhau, a dang bao gom cocacola, bia ben thanh, bia tiger, ru va cac san pham che bien t con khac nhau. Do ac iem ve cau truc len men va thanh phan hoa hoc nen cac loai nc

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giai khat b h hong hay cha ng cac oc to co the anh hng en sc khoe. - Nhom san pham co nhieu tieu chuan kiem tra chat lng ve mat cam quan, cac ham lng trong nhom san pham thc pham (Bang 3.4). - Mat khac, hau nh tat ca cac Cong ty, x nghiep che bien san pham eu ang tien hanh xay dng chng trnh HACCP va ISO. Do o kiem tra chat lng cac san pham rat can thiet trong san xuat.

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Bang 3.4: Nhng tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nhom thc uong: 1. Nc gii kht: nh tnh axt v c 5042:1994 Hm lng axt 5564:1991 Hm lng cacbon dioxyt (CO2) 5563:1991 Hm lng ng tng 4594:1988 Hm lng cyclamat 5565:1991 Hm lng saccarin 5562:1991 Hm lng dulcin 5561:1991 Hm lng cafein 5563:1991 2. Cn - Ru - Bia: Bia: axt 5564:1991 mu 6061:1995 ng ca bia 6059:1995 Hm lng ha tan nguyn thy 5565:1991 Hm lng cacbon dioxyt (CO2) 5563:1991 Hm lng etanol 5562:1991 Con tinh che: nh tnh furfurol Hm lng axt Hm lng etanol 1051:1971 Hm lng mtanol Hm lng ru tp Ru mui: 1. Hm lng axt 2. Hm lng ng tng 1273:1986 3. Hm lng etanol 4. Th tch ru trong chai 3. Sa: 1. axt 5448:1991 2. T khi 6842:2001 3. Hm lng sacaroza 5535:1991 4. Ch s ha tan 5534:1991 Hm lng axt lactic 6836:2001 Hm lng cht bo 5504:1991 Ch s khng ha tan 6511:1999 Hm lng cht kh 6511:1999 Hm lng lactose 6835:2001 10. Hm lng protein 5537:1991 11. Hm lng canxi 6838:2001 12. Hm lng saccarose 4594:1988Trang 68/109


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Ban luan ve tieu chuan Viet Nam: An toan ve chat lng thc pham la oi hoi bc bach cua ong ao ngi tieu dung. ay cung la ch tieu quan trong nhat oi vi thc pham ma Chnh phu cac nc cung nh cac To chc quan l chat lng, cac Hoi bao ve quyen li ngi tieu dung tren the gii yeu cau cac nha san xuat cung cap thc pham phai bao am. Thc pham phai ap ng ong thi ca hai yeu cau: Ham lng dinh dng va an toan ve sinh oi vi sc khoe con ngi. Khong an toan ve sinh ong ngha vi khong chat lng, tham ch con nguy hai hn. Tnh trang ngo oc thc pham xay ra ngay cang nhieu, phan ln co nguyen nhan t thc pham khong am bao chat lng. Mot trong nhng bien phap c ban la cac c s san xuat, cung cap thc pham phai thc hien nghiem chnh cac Tieu chuan ve ve sinh an toan thc pham, ve van chuyen, bao quan oi vi tng san pham cu the va cac Tieu chuan ve quan ly an toan, ve sinh thc pham nh SSOP (Tieu chuan ve ieu kien ve sinh), GMP (thc hanh san xuat tot), HACCP (phan tch moi nguy va kiem soat cac iem ti han) ... Viet Nam ang chuyen sang kinh te th trng cung vi qua trnh cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa, hoi nhap vi khu vc the gii. Viet nam a tr thanh, thanh vien chnh thc cua To chc Tieu chuan quoc te (ISO). c Chnh phu uy nhiem, Bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe a ban hanh nhieu Tieu chuan nong nghiep (TCVN) va cac Bo Cong nghiep, Thuy san, Nong nghiep phat trien nong thon ban hanh nhieu Tieu chuan nghanh (TCN) ve thc pham t nguyen lieu ti thanh phan a ra th trng, ke ca san pham xuat khau (nh: gao, cac san pham che bien t bot gao, m; cac san pham che bien t rau, qua; cac loai banh, keo; ru va cac loai nc uong; thuy san ong lanh ...). Tuy nhien, cac Tieu chuan nay phan ln a ban hanh kha lau, mot so a c sa oi, bo sung tren c s cua cac Tieu chuan ISO, nhng nhieu Tieu chuan khac (khoang 40% theo so lieu cua Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng) khong con thch hp nhng cha c sa oi, bo sung. ay la mot nhc iem ln ang gay tr ngai ve mat ky thuat trong quan he thng mai va hp tac gia nc ta vi cac nc trong khu vc va the gii (nhat la vi EU va My). Giai phap tot nhat cho van e nay la: Mot mat, can bo sung, sa oi, hoan chnh he thong Tieu chuan ve thc pham hng ti cac tieu ch quoc te, tc hng ti cac Tieu chuan quoc te nh ISO, EU. Ngoai cac Tieu chuan Nha nc (TCVN), Tieu chuan nghanh (TCN), trc mat can ho trTrang 70/109


cac Doanh nghiep xac nh va cong bo Tieu chuan c s cua mnh e quang ba, giao thng, k ket cac hp ong mua, ban san pham. Du Tieu chuan cap nao, mc chat lng va cac yeu cau lien quan khac nh bao goi, van chuyen, bao quan, phng phap th ... cung phai tng ng nhau. Mot he thong cac Tieu chuan cac cap ong bo, hng ti cac tieu ch quoc te (nhat la ve an toan va ve sinh thc pham) la c s quan trong e pha rao can ve ky thuat, hoa nhap vi the gii ben ngoai. Mat khac, mat c ban nhat, la t than cac Doanh nghiep phai vn len e u ieu kien (nhat la nang lc cong nghe) thc hien cac Tieu chuan mot cach vng chac. So vi trc ay 10 nam, cac Doanh thc pham Viet nam a co bc tien ln ve chat lng noi chung va ve an toan, ve sinh thc pham noi rieng.

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CHNG IV CAC CH TIEU TH NGHIEM CUA SAPhan tch gia tr cam quan cua san pham theo TCVN 4410 87 Cac ch tieu kiem tra phan hoa ly Cac ch tieu kiem tra phan vi sinh

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4.1 PHAN TCH TNH CAM QUAN THEO TCVN 4410- 87 4.1.2 Pham vi ap dung: Th cam quan cac loai o hop thc pham, tr o hop s 4.1.2. Quy nh chung: Phai x ly mau nh ghi tren nhan trc khi th cam quan. o hop co m ong vat phai th nhiet o (50 60) oC. o hop qui nh dang lanh th nhiet o phong Khi cung tien hanh th cam quan nhieu loai o hop th trnh t th nh sau: o hop t nhien o hop dam dam va sa lat o hop ca chua co ac o hop nc sot o hop nc qua o hop qua nc ng (tang dan theo o ngot) oi vi san pham khong co ng th trnh t th nh sau: San pham khong beo San pham khong co gia v San pham co o thm nhe San pham co t gia v San pham co chat beo San pham co mui v manh oi vi san pham co muoi th th theo trnh t ham lng muoi tang dan Th san pham khong ngot trc san pham ngot Lng mau cho ngi th cam quan khi th mui v nh sau: o hop tht ca va nc qua khong nho hn 50g o hop qua nc ng va mt khong nho hn 20g Sau moi lan th khong dung qua 20g banh m va 50 nc nguoi e trang mieng va thanh v. Dung ky hieu e anh dau mau th. Moi lan th khong qua 20 mau, mot ngay khong th qua 2 lan oi vi san pham co phan cai, nc rieng biet (qua nc ng, rau qua dam dam, tht ca hop...) M 1/3 mien hop gan het phan nc sang coc thuy tinh e quan sat trang thai nc. Sau o m tiep nap hop va o nhe phan cai sang da s trang quang sat, anh gia theo trnh t. oi vi san pham ac (mt, qua, tht xay...) M nap hop roi o nhe len a s. Quan sat anh gia oi vi cac loai san pham nc qua: Lac eu trc khi m nap, sau o m 1/ 3 nap va o sang coc thuy tinh. Quan sat, anh gia.Trang 73/109


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4.1.3. Tien hanh th: Th cac ch tieu cam quan theo trnh t: trang thai, mau sac, mui v Kiem tra trang thai: quan sat trang thai san pham, cai, nc, be mat c kch, o ong eu, o mem, o chac ... Kiem tra mau sac: Quan sat mau sac ve tnh ac trng, cng o mau, o ong eu Kiem tra mui, v: kiem tra mui ac trng, cng o mui, mc o hai hoa va mui v la. 4.1.4. X ly ket qua: Bao cao nhng g ma ta quan sat c trong qua trnh th nghiem.

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CAC CH TIEU KIEM TRA HOA LY: 4.2.1 Xac nh so lng om trang theo phng phap TCVN 6832 : 2001 4.2.1.1 Pham vi ap dung: Tieu chuan nay qui nh phng phap xac nh so lng om trang trong sa bot nguyen chat tan nhanh 4.2.1.2 nh ngha: - om trang: cac hat khong hoa tan co the nh thay ro khi quan sat mot lp mong sa a c hoan nguyen - So lng om trang: Phan the tch chat long khong lot qua sang trong vong 15s khi tien hanh theo qui trnh qui nh trong tieu chuan nay. 4.2.1.3 Nguyen tac: Ngc vi cac hat phan tan cham, cac om trang de dang lam tac bo loc hoac li mn do co so lng nhieu va de dnh ket. ac tnh nay c dung e xac nh s co mat cua chung. The tch chat long c gi lai tren sang sau mot thi gia xac nh bieu th so lng om trang. 4.2.1.4 Lay mau: ieu quan trong la phong th nghiem nhan c ung mau ai dien va khong b h hong hoac b bien oi chat lng trong suot qua trnh van chuyen va bao quan 4.2.1.5 Chuan b mau th: Tron ky mau th nghiem va lay mau th trc tiep t mau th nghiem 4.2.1.6 Cach tien hanh: - Lam t sang 63 m va dung giay loc e tham het phan nc con ot lai. Lap sang va pheu thuy tinh co ng knh 110 mm vao cac vong cua gia , at ong ong di pheu sao cho cuong pheu c at ung v tr. Chnh sang theo v tr nam ngang - ong (100 1) mL nc nhiet o (20oC 1)oC cho vao coc thuy tinh kho. Cho (24 0,1) g mau th vao coc, ong thi bat ong ho bam gi. - Khi ong ho bam gi ch 5s, at dao tron vao coc cho en cham ay. Khi ong ho ch 10s, tien hanh khuay bang dao tron, moi s thc hien hoan chnh mot hanh trnh khuay. C 1s thc hien mot hanh trnh cua dao tron i ngang qua coc t pha nay sang pha kia nhng au dao tron luon e cham ay coc. Nghieng nhe dao tron ve pha coc cuoi moi na hanh trnh tron e giam toi a s lang ong mau cha b t nc len thanh coc. Trong khi thc hien khuyan 20 hanh trnh hoanTrang 76/109


chnh trong 20 s xoay lien tuc coc tren e sao cho at c khoang 360o moi lan xoay. Sau khi khuyay xong, e yen lng cha trong coc 30s, ngha la cho en khi ong ho bam gi ch 55s, sau o them tiep 100 mL 1 mL nc (20 1)oC. Khi ong ho ch 60 s, lap lai thao tac khuyay 20 lan trong 20s, tiep tuc quay coc nh mo ta trong Dng ong ho bam gi. Trong vong 5s, rot lng chat long len sang a c lam t va bat au bat lai ong ho. Khi ong ho ch 15s, oc the tch (V) cua chat long trong ong ong chnh xac en 2mL. Sau moi lan s dung, ra sang di nc chay, ra tiep trong nc am cha chat tay ra. 4.2.1.7 Tnh toan va bieu th ket qua: WFN = 215 trong o: 215 la the tch tnh c cua chat long a hoan nguyen lam mau th, (mL) V la the tch cua dch loc thu c trong 15s, (mL) 4.2.1.8 Bao cao th nghiem: Bao cao th nghiem phai ch ra: Phng phap lay mau a s dung, neu biet Phng phap a dung Ket qua thu c Neu ket qua tra o lap lai, neu ket qua thu c Bao cao th nghiem cung phai e cap en tat ca cac chi tiet thao tac khong qui nh trong tieu chuan nay, hoac tuy y la chon cung vi cac chi tiet bat thng nao khac co the anh hng ti ket qua. Bao cao th nghiem cung phai gom moi thong tin can thiet e nhan biet ay u ve mau th. 4.2.2 Xac nh mat o ty khoi theo phng phap th TCVN 6842 : 2001 4.2.2.1 Pham vi ap dung: Tieu chuan nay qui nh phng phap xac nh mat o khoi cua sa bot nguyen chat, sa bot a tach phan kem va sa bot gay (theo nh ngha trong tieu chuan cua FAO/ WHO), ke ca tan nhanh cung nh khong tan nhanh 4.2.2.2 nh ngha: - Mat o khoi rot: Thng so cua khoi lng va the tch sa bot sau khi c chuyen vao ong ong qui nh.Trang 77/109 V 215

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oi vi sa bot va san pham sa bot, mat o khoi rot c bieu th bang g/L - Mat o khoi e ti: Thng so cua khoi lng va the tch sa bot sau 100 lan go theo cac ieu kien qui nh trong tieu chuan nay. oi vi sa bot va san pham sa bot mat o khoi e ti c bieu th bang g/L. - Mat o khoi e ti: Thng so cua khoi lng va the tch sa bot sau 625 lan go theo cac ieu kien qui nh trong tieu chuan nay. oi vi sa bot va san pham sa bot mat o khoi e ti c bieu th bang g/L 4.2.2.3 Nguyen tac: Go phan mau th cua sa bot trong ong ong. Sau khi at u so lan go qui nh, ghi lai the tch cua san pham va tnh mat o khoi cua no. 4.2.2.4 Lay mau: Cho mau th nghiem vao hop ng kho, sach, kn kh. Co the s dung luon hop dung e ban le con nguyen cha m 4.2.2.5 Chuan b mau th: Gi mau th nghiem nhiet o moi trng (20 oC en 25oC) . Tron ky mau (tranh lam v cac hat) bang cach quay va lat chieu hop. Khong nen e ay qua hai phan ba hop. Neu hop qua ay kho tron th chuyen het mau th nghiem vao mot hop ng khac, kho, sach, kn kh co u dung tch va tron nh a mo ta tren. 4.2.2.6 Cach tien hanh: 4.2.2.6.1 Phan mau th: Can 100g 0,1 g sa bot cho vao coc co mo dung tch 250 mL. Neu ong ong dung tch 250 mL khong ng het c 100 g bot th giam c mau xuong 50g 0,1g. Tien hanh xac nh: a) at pheu co ng knh 20 mm va dung dao tron chuyen bot vao ong ong. Neu can, dung ban chai e chuyen het cac vet bot vao ong ong. e co c so oc de dang, dung dao tron san phang be mat, ghi lai the tch bang mL (V0). b) Co nh ong ong vao dung cu o mat o khoi va go 100 lan. Dung dao san phang be mat va ghi lai the tch bang mL (V100). c) Chnh so lan go en 625 (ke ca lan go trong b). Sau khi go, dung dao tron san phang be mat va ghi lai the tch bang mL (V625).

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4.2.2.7 Bieu th ket qua: Tnh ket qua, bieu th bang g/ L, cong thc: Mat o khoi rot: Mat o khoi: 625 0

= Vo ; Mat o khoi ti: m

m

100

= V ; 1 00

m

= V 65 2 Trong o: m : khoi lng phan mau th, g 0, 100, 625 : cac mat o khoi, tng ng sau khi chuyen vao ong ong, sau 100 lan go va sau 625 lan go tnh bang mL V0, V100, V625 : cac the tch, tng ng sau khi chuyen vao ong ong, sau 100 lan go va sau 625 lan go, tnh bang mL Bieu th ket qua en ch so th ba sau dau phay. 4.2.3 Xac nh ham lng canxi (theo PP chuan o) theo PP TCVN 6838:2001 4.2.3.1 Pham vi ap dung: Tieu chuan qui nh phng phap chuan o e xac nh ham lng canxi trong sa va sa hoan nguyen t sa ac, sa ac co ng hoac sa bot 4.2.3.2 nh ngha: Ham lng canxi cua sa la phan khoi lng cua cac chat xac nh c bang phng phap qui nh trong tieu chuan nay. 4.2.3.3 Nguyen tac: Lam ket tua cac protein trong phan mau th bang axit tricloaxetic, sau o loc. Canxi trong dch loc c ket tua la canxi oxalat va c tach ra bang cach ly tam. Chat ket tua sau khi a ra va hoa tan c chuan o bang kali permagannat. 4.2.3.4 Thuoc th: Ch s dung thuoc th co o tinh khiet phan tch, tr khi co qui nh khac va nc cat hoac nc a loai khoang hoac nc co chat lng tng ng. Dung dch axit tricloaxetic I, 200 g/L Dung dch axit tricloaxetic II, 120 g/L Amoni oxalat, dung dch bao hoa, lanh Dung dch o metyl Hoa tan 0,05 g o metyl trong 100 mL etanol (96% phan the tch) Dung dch axit axetic 20% phan the tch Dung dch amoniac I: tron cac the tch bang nhau (25% phan khoi lng) va nc Dung dch amoniac II: Pha loang 2 mL dung dch amoniac (25% phan khoi lng) bang nc en 100 mL.Trang 79/109


Axit sunfuaric: Cho 20 mL axit sunfuaric (98% phan khoi lng) vao 80 mL nc Dung dch the tch chuan kali permanganat c(KMnO 4) = 0,004 mol/l 0,0001 mol/L. Kiem tra chuan o bang qui trnh phong th nghiem thong thng s dung axit oxalic hoac natri oxalat. 4.2.3.5 Lay mau: Quan trong la phong th nghiem nhan c mau ung, mau ai dien va khong b h hong hoac b thay oi chat lng trong qua trnh van chuyen va bao quan. 4.2.3.6 Chuan b mau th : a mau th cua sa hoac sa hoan nguyen ve (20 2)oC va tron ky. Neu khong thu c s phan bo ong nhat cua chat beo th un nong nhe mau en 40 oC, tron nhe nhang bang cach lat i lat lai hop ng va lam nguoi en (20 2)oC. 4.2.3.7 Cach tien hanh: 4.2.3.7.1 Phan mau th: Chuyen khoang 20g mau th a chuan b vao bnh nh mc 50 mL vao phan mau th cho en khi thu c 50 mL. lac manh trong vai giay va e yen 30 phut. Loc qua giay loc, chu y dch loc thu c phai trong. a) Ket tua canxi theo oxalat va tach oxalat - Dung pipet lay 5 mL dch loc trong, 5mL dung dch axit tricloaxetic II, 2mL dung dch amoni oxalat, hai giot dung dch o metyl va 2mL dung dch axit axetic vao ong ly tam. tron bang cach xoay ong. - Cho tng giot dung dch amoniac I vao cac dung dch trong ong ly tam cho en khi co mau vang nhat. Sau o cho vai giot dung dch axit axetic cho en khi xuat hien mau hong. e yen 4h nhiet o phong. - Pha loang lng cha trong ong ly tam bang nc en 20 mL. Ly tam ong nay 1400 x g trong 10 min. Dung dung cu hut e loai phan chat long trong suot noi pha tren cua ong ly tam. - Dung 5 mL dung dch amoniac II trang thanh cua ong ly tam. Chu y khong lam khuay tron chat lang canxi oxalat. Ly tam lai ong ly tam 1 400 x g trong 5 min. Dung dung cu hut e loai phan chat long trong suot noi pha tren cua ong ly tam (Lap lai thao tac ra nay hai lan). b) Chuan o - Cho 2 mL axit sunfuaric va 5 mL nc vao chat lang canxi oxalat - at ong len noi cach thuy ang soi e hoa tan het chat lang canxi oxalat. Chuan o canxi oxalat a hoaTrang 80/109


tan bang dung dch kali permaganat cho en khi co mau hong ben vng.Chu y e nhiet o cua dung dch trong qua trnh chuan o luon cao hn 60oC. - Ghi lai the tch cua dung dch kali permanganat a dung, chnh xac en 0,01 ml, tnh bang mL. 4.2.3.7.2 Th mau trang: Tien hanh th mau trang song song vi viec xac nh, s dung 20 mL thay cho phan mau th. Ghi lai the tch cua dung dch kali permanganat a dung, chnh xac en 0,01 ml, tnh bang mL 4.2.3.8 Tnh toan tnh ham lng canxi theo cong thc sau ay W = 0,0004 (V-V0) x Trong o: w la ham lng canxi, tnh bang % V:the tch dung dch kali pernanganat a s dung cho phan mau th , mL V0: the tch dung dch kali pernanganat a s dung cho phan mau trang, mL m : khoi lng phan mau th, tnh bang g f : he so hieu chnh cho the tch ket tua t viec ket tua bang axit triloaxetic, nh sau: Ham lng chat beo cua mau, % He so hieu chnh 3,5 en 4,5 f= 0,972 3 f= 0,976 2 f= 0,980 1 f= 0,985 < 0,1 f= 0,989 4.2.3.9 Bao cao th nghiem: Moi thong tin can thiet e nhan biet ay u ve mau th Phng phap lay mau a s dung, neu biet Phng phap th a dung Tat ca cac chi tiet thao tac qui nh trong tieu chuan nay, tuy y la chon, cung vi cac chi tiet bat thng nao khac co the anh hng ti ket qua Ket qua thu c Neu kiem tra o lap lai, neu ket qua thu c 4.2.4 Ham lng chat kho va nc theo phng phap th TCVN 5533:1991: Tieu chuan nay ap dung cho sa ac co ng va khong co ng va sa bot va qui nh phngTrang 81/109 1000 f m

= 0,4 (V-V0) x

f m

-

-


phap xac nh ham lng chat kho trong sa ac co ng va khong co ng, xac nh ham lng nc trong sa bot. 4.2.4.1 nh ngha: Chat kho cua sa ac co ng va khong co ng la phan con lai cua mau sau khi c say kho nhiet o (102 2) oC en khoi lng khong oi va c bieu th bang gam tren 100 gam san pham. 4.2.4.2 Ban chat cua phng phap: Pha loang bang nc, tron vi cat, em say kho nhiet o (102 2) oC. Khoi lng sau khi say la khoi lng chat kho 4.2.4.2.1 Lay mau: Theo s thoa thuan cua cac ben co lien quan 4.2.4.2.2 Chuan b mau: Sa hop ac: - Lay hop sa ac khong co ng mi san xuat, lac manh va lat vai lan, sau o m nap hop va rot sa sang bnh (chu y lay het sa con dnh nap, ay va thanh bnh), dung tha khuay eu, roi rot t bnh no sang bnh kia vai lan va ay kn bnh. Neu mau san pham a cu hoac a b phan lp th trc khi m nap, cho hop vao noi cach thuy co nhiet o t 40 en 60oC trong 2 gi, c 15 phut lay hop sa ra va lac manh. Lam nguoi eu tren di can than rot het sa sang hop khac va ap kn. - Neu sa ac co ng mi san xuat, lac manh va lat hop vai lan, m nap hop, dung tha hoac bay tron khuay that eu lp tren va lp di. Trut het sa sang bnh khac (chu y lay het sa con dnh nap, ay va thanh hop), ay nap bnh. - Neu sa bao goi dang tui th bop cho het sa vao bnh sau o cat doc tui va lay het sa trong bao b cho vao bnh khuay eu va ay nap. - Neu sa a cu hoac phan lp, lay hop hoac tui ng sa cho vao noi cach thuy nhiet o 30 en 40 o C trong 2 gi. C 15 phut lai lay hop hoac tui ra va lac that manh. M nap hop hoac tui, lay het sa sang bnh khac, vet het sa dnh tren bao b, e nguoi en nhiet o phong, khuyay eu va ay nap. 4.2.4.3 Tien hanh th: - Cho vao chen khoang 25 g cat va ua thuy tinh at chen can a m nap va nap chen vao tu say nhiet o (102 2) oC trong 2 gi. Lam nguoi chen a ay nap trong bnh hut am en nhiet o phong va can,Trang 82/109


phep can nay vi phep can sau tien hanh vi o chnh xac en 0,001 g. - Gat cat sang mot ben cua chen can va rot vao o 1,5g mau, hi nghieng chen can va rot 5mL nc nhiet o 80 en 90oC sao cho nc khong lan vi cat. Dung ua thuy tinh khuay eu sa vi nc sau o tron lan vi cat e lai ua thuy tinh trong chen can. - at chen can vao noi cach thuy soi trong 20 phut, thnh thoang dung ua khuay eu. Chuyen chen can co hon hp o va ua thuy tinh vao tu say nhiet o (102 2) oC trong khoang 90 phut, ay nap chen can va lam nguoi trong bnh hut am en nhiet o phong va em can. Cho phep say lan th nhat trong tu say nhiet o (102 2) oC t 2-3 gi khong dung noi cach thuy. - Say lai trong 1 gi, lam nguoi va can lap lai viec say cho en khi chenh lech khoi lng gia 2 lan can cua 2 lan say lien tiep khong ln hn 0,005g. neu sau khi say lai ma khoi lng tang, lay ket qua nho nhat. 4.2.4.4 Tnh toan ket qua: Ham lng chat kho (X) tnh bang gam, tren 100 san pham tnh theo cong thc:3 1 X = M M x100 2 1

M M

trong o: M1: khoi lng cua chen can co cat, ua, nap (g) M2: khoi lng ban au cua chen can co cat, ua, nap va mau th; (g) M3: khoi lng cuoi cung cua chen can co cat, ua, nap va mau th (g) Ket qua th la tung bnh cong cua 2 phep xac nh tnh chnh xac 0,01 g 4.2.4.5 anh gia ket qua: Chenh lech ket qua cua mot mau gia hai phep xac nh song song (do cung mot ngi thc hien ong thi hoac hai lan lien tiep khong c ln hn 0,1 g chat kho cho 100 g san pham) Chenh lech ket qua th c thc hien hai phong th nghiem khong c ln hn 0,2g chat kho cho 100 g san pham) Xac nh ham lng nc cua sa bot: 4.2.4.6 nh ngha:

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Ham lng nc cua sa bot la khoi lng mat sau khi say san pham nhiet o (102 2)oC en khoi lng khong oi, tnh bang gam tren 100 g san pham. 4.2.4.7 Ban chat cua phng phap: Lam boc hi nc cua mau th bang cach say nong mau trong tu say nhiet o (102 2)oC khi at khoi lng khong oi. 4.2.4.8 Tien hanh th nghiem: - at chen can khong co nap va nap vao tu say nhiet o (102 2) oC trong 1 gi. - ay nap chen can va lam nguoi chen en nhiet o phong bang cach cho vao bnh hut am, sau o can bnh, phep can nay va cac phep can sau c tien hanh vi o chnh xac 0,0001 g. -Cho 2g sa kho vao chen can, ay nap va can nhanh. Sau o at chen can khong ay nap va nap vao tu say nhiet o (102 2)oC trong 2 gi. ay nap lai va a sang bnh hut am lam nguoi en nhiet o phong va can nhanh. - Lai a chen vao tu say, say trong 1 gi, roi lam nguoi va can. - Lap lai viec say trong khoang 2 en 3 gi cho en khi chenh lech khoi lng gia hai la can, cua hai lan say khong ln hn 0,0005 g. Sau khi say ma khoi lng tang, lay ket qua nho nhat 4.2.4.9 Tnh toan ket qua: Ham lng nc (X) tnh bang gam, tren 100 san pham tnh theo cong thc:2 3 X = M M x100 2 1

M M

Trong o: M1: khoi lng cua chen can tnh ca nap (g) M2: khoi lng ban au cua chen can (tnh ca nap) co mau lay e phan tch;(g) M3: khoi lng cuoi cung cua chen can (tnh ca nap); (g) 4.2.4.10 anh gia ket qua: - Chenh lech ket qua cua mot mau gia hai phep xac nh song song (do cung mot ngi thc hien ong thi hoac hai lan lien tiep khong c ln hn 0,06 g nc tren 100 g san pham).

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Chenh lech ket qua th gia hai phong th nghiem khong c ln hn 0,2g chat kho cho 100 g san pham). 4.2.5 Xac nh ch so khong hoa tan theo phng phap TCVN 6511:1999 4.2.5.1 Pham vi ap dung va lnh vc ap dung: - Tieu chuan nay qui nh phng phap xac nh ch so khong hoa tan e anh gia o hoa tan cua sa bot nguyen chat, sa bot a tach mot phan chat beo va sa bot a tach hoan toan chat beo (nh ngha trong tieu chuan FAO/ WHO A-5 la sa bot nguyen chat, sa bot a tach mot phan chat beo va sa bot a tach hoan toan chat beo sa la loai hoa tan hay khong tan nhanh. - Phng phap nay co the ap dung cho whey bot, buttermilk bot va thc pham dung cho tre nho che bien t sa bot cung nh ap dung cho cac san pham sa bot trong o chat beo cua sa a c thay the bang chat beo khac, hoac san pham t sa say mang thay cho sa say phun. 4.2.5.2 nh ngha: Ch so hoa tan la the tch cua phan lang (can khong tan) tnh bang ml, thu c khi hoa hoan nguyen sa bot hoac san pham sa bot, sa hoan nguyen hoac san pham sa hoan nguyen c ly tam cac ieu kien qui nh trong tieu chuan nay. 4.2.5.3 Nguyen tac: Cho them nc co nhiet o 24oC (hoac 50oC neu thch hp) vao phan mau th va hoan nguyen bang may tron chuyen dung. Sau mot khoang thi gian qui nh e on nh, cho li tam mot the tch nhat nh cua sa hoan nguyen hoac ly tam san pham sa a hoan nguyen trong ong nghiem co chia o, loai bo phan chat long n

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