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PlotMaker Mining Methods 5 th December 2008 VENKAT M. Team Lead –Minex, INDIA

Mining Methods - Venkat

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Page 1: Mining Methods - Venkat

PlotMaker

Mining Methods5th December 2008

VENKAT M.

Team Lead – Minex, INDIA

Page 2: Mining Methods - Venkat
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Mining Methods

• Coal is mined by two main methods - surface

or ‘opencast’ mining and ‘underground’

mining.

• The choice of method is largely determined by

the depth, geology of the coal deposit andthe depth, geology of the coal deposit and

other factors.

• The majority of the world's coal production is

coming from Opencast mines.

• This scenario is same in India also.

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Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|

Drill machines (rotary/percussive)

|SMS, emulsion, Primer, Nonel, etc

|Shovels, Draglines, etc

|

OPENCAST

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

|

Front-end loader, etc

|

Dumpers, Conveyors, etc

|

Coal washeries…

Page 5: Mining Methods - Venkat

Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|

OPENCAST

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

DRAG LINE

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Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|

SURFACE MINER

OPENCAST

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

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Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|IN-PIT CRUSHING &

OPENCAST

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

IN-PIT CRUSHING &

CONVEYING

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Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|

Coal drill

|Permitted explosives

|Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper

|

UNDERGROUND

Supporting

Ventilation

Pumping |

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

|

Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper

|

Tubs, Conveyors, etc

|

Coal washeries…

Pumping

Page 9: Mining Methods - Venkat

Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|

ROAD HEADERS

CONTINUOUS MINERS

UNDERGROUND

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

Page 10: Mining Methods - Venkat

Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

| SDL/ LHD/

UNDERGROUND

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

SDL/ LHD/

SCRAPER

Page 11: Mining Methods - Venkat

Mining Process

Drilling

|

Blasting

|

Loading

|LONGWALL

UNDERGROUND

|

Hauling

|

Transporting

|

Processing/Washing

LONGWALL

Page 12: Mining Methods - Venkat

Selection of Mining Equipment

• Stripping Ratio – in case of Opencast.

• Life of the mine

• Infrastructure available

• Proposed annual output• Proposed annual output

• Technology available

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OPENCAST

MININGMINING

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Different OC Machinery

1. Shovel + Dumper

2. Dragline

3. Surface Miner

4. Bucket Wheel Excavator4. Bucket Wheel Excavator

5. In-pit crushing + Spreader

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Schematic diagram of Opencast

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Heavy blasting in open cast benches

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Shovel + Dumper

1. Multi seam extraction

2. More flexibility

3. Can work in steep gradients upto 1 in 5

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Shovel + Dumper

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Rope Shovel and Dumper

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Hydraulic Shovel and Dumper

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Surface Miner

1. Selective mining.

2. Particularly suitable for coal having

compressive strength below 250 kg/cm2.

3. Suitable in gradient of 1 in 10 and flatter.

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Surface Miner

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Surface Miner

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Bucket wheel excavator

1. Used mainly for lignite extraction.

2. Particularly suitable for coal having low

compressive strength upto 100 kg/cm2.

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Bucket wheel excavator

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DRAGLINE

1. Gradients flatter than 1 in 6.

2. Seams should be free of faults & other

geological disturbances.

3. Deposits with Major Strike length.

4. A hilly property is not suitable.4. A hilly property is not suitable.

5. Deposit should have atleast 15 years life.

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DRAGLINE

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Giant Dragline bucket

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In-pit crusher conveyor technology

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In-pit crusher conveyor technology

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In-pit crusher conveyor technology

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UNDERGROUND MINING

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Incline entry into a seam.

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Entry through a shaft

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Entry

through a

shaft

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Man riding systems in the mines

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A well supported underground roadway

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Coal train - 1919, Pennsylvania

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Drilling operation in the coal face

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MANUAL COAL LOADING

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LOAD HAUL DUMPER

Capacity – 2/2.7 Cu.M

Production – 150/200 Tonnes/day

For seams of 1 in 6 gradient and flatter

Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m

Page 49: Mining Methods - Venkat

SIDE DUMP LOADER

Capacity – 1.0 Cu.M

Production – 120 Tonnes/day

For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter

Thickness of 2.0 m to 3.5 m

Page 50: Mining Methods - Venkat

MECHANISED DRIVAGE MACHINES

Rate of drivage –6 meters/day

Production –150 Tonnes/day

For seams of 1 in 4 gradient and flatter

Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m

Page 51: Mining Methods - Venkat

Continuous Miner

Rate of drivage –50 meters/day

Production –1500 Tonnes/day

For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter

Thickness of 3.0 m to 4.0 m

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Mechanised Roof Bolter

Bolting -240 bolts/day

For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter

Thickness of 2.0 m to 5.0 m

Page 53: Mining Methods - Venkat

FACE

TOP Gate

LONGWALL GENERAL LAYOUT

Bottom

Gate

Dip direction

- Longwall mining method includes drivage of two long roadways in coal and joining themat the end by a perpendicular drivage forming a face.

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LONGWALL MINING

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SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE

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SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACESHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE

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POWERED ROOF SUPPORT AT LONGWALL FACE

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LONGWALL MAIN GATE

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NEW CONCEPTS (Going to be implemented in INDIA)(Going to be implemented in INDIA)

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Highwall Mining

Trench Mining

Bench Mining

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Highwall Mining

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Highwall Mining

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Punch Longwall

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Advantages

• Step change in cost and productivity

• More production capacity

• High productivity & low cost

Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction

Punch Longwall

• Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction

• Easy logistics – near surface

• High gate road development rates feasible

• Higher and faster returns on investment

• Total investment ~ $100 million – compared with > $300

millions UG

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Punch Longwall

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Punch Longwall

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Erection of Arches

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Erection of Arches

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Meshing & Lagging with special sleepers

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Punch Longwall

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1st pressure

peak

Rock stress Low stress Stressabrupt drop

2nd pressurepeak

Compact stress

Pressure curve of top coalseam

Technical Principle Of Top Caving

Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)

goaf

Virgin

coal

FractureCoal Broken Coal

caving

Working

Height

Front AFC Rear AFC

2800

5600

backbackback

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Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)

Page 74: Mining Methods - Venkat

Modulator

Link Data Link

Antenna

(Surface or

Underground)

PED schematic operation

PC for

entering

messages.

PED Receivers can be:

• BeltPED Personal Receiver (shown)

• AutoPED Vehicle Receiver

• ControlPED for Equipment Switching

• BlastPED for Remote Blast Initiation

ModulatorTransmitter

Ultra Low Frequency Transmission

Through Rock

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PED receiver cap lamps

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Questions…

PleasePlease

Page 78: Mining Methods - Venkat

VENKAT M.

TL-Minex-INDIA