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Guide to MLA in-text citations and full citations for Works Cited pages.
Citation preview
Citing Sources: MLA Style
In MLA documentation style, you give credit to your
sources by inserting brief parenthetical citations within the
text of the paper. The citations appear in more detailed
form in an alphabetical list of the works used – called Works
Cited – that appears at the end of the paper.
The following examples show the MLA style for citing
print and electronic resources in your Works Cited page, as
well as within the text of your paper. An abbreviated guide
to MLA styling can be found at the Modern Language
Association’s web site (http://www.mla.org).
Pay close attention to examples marked with .
They are the ones you will be using more often.
Title Page
Center on middle of page, one line for each of the
following, double spaced: Title of your composition,
your first and last name
Lower right of page, one line for each of the following,
double spaced: Instructor’s name, class and date
Type
12 point font size
Times New Roman, Helvetica or Ariel font
Indentation and Spacing
Indent first sentence of each paragraph
Double space
Quotations of over five lines should be indented; do not
use quotation marks
Indent lists
Margins
1˝ left and 1˝ right
1˝ top and bottom
Standard MS World default is acceptable (1.25˝ left and
right, 1˝ top and bottom)
Body of text is left justified
Formatting the Title Page and Text
Print Sources
Book—One AuthorFormat
Author’s last name, first name. Title. Place of
Publication: Publisher, copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Breihan, Carl W. Great Gunfighters of the West. New York: New American Lib., 2004.
Example – In Text Citation
“While many people idolize Billy the Kid, viewing him as a bold and courageous man, the truth is that William Bonney was not a person to admire. In fact, Bonney killed twenty-one people, in most cases without any acceptable reason” (Breihan 112-113).
Two Books—Same AuthorExample – Works Cited Page
Breihan, Carl W. Great Gunfighters of the West. New York: New American Lib., 2002.
------------. Outlaws of the Old West. New York: Scribner’s, 2000.Examples – In Text Citations
Dodge City was one of the most notorious settlements of the nineteenth century (Breihan, Great Gunfighters of the West 85).
Bank robbery and cattle hustling were the favorite crimes of organized gangs (Breihan, Outlaws of the Old West 4).
Book—Two Authors Format
First author’s last name, first author’s first name,
and second author’s first name last name.
Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,
copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Brown, John H., and William S. Speer. Encyclopedia of the New West. Easley, SC: Southern Historical Press, 2003.
Example – In Text Citation
Helena, Montana was one of the most profitable mining areas of the nineteenth century (Brown and Speer 37).
Book—Three or More AuthorsFormat
First author’s last name, first author’s first name,
et al. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher, copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Sheridan, Marion C., et al. The Pacific Northwest. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
Example – In Text Citation
On April 3rd, the explorers set out across Puget Sound toward the Olympic Peninsula and immediately ran into a vicious storm (Sheridan, et al. 176).
Book—No AuthorFormat
Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Personalities of the West and Midwest. New York: American Biographical Institute, 2000.
Example – In Text Citation
After the Civil War, the Federal Government made an effort to civilize the West by assigning U.S. marshals to the territories. However, they weren’t very effective since they often had to patrol thousands of square miles by themselves (Personalities of the West and Midwest 122).
Book—Editor as AuthorFormat
Editor’s last name, editor’s first name, ed. Title.
Place of Publication: Publisher, copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Steffan, Jerome O., ed. The American West. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.
Example – In Text Citation
The Piegans, or Blackfeet, were the most aggressive Indian tribe west of the Mississippi River (Steffan 41).
Book in a Series (for example: Opposing Viewpoints) Format
Author’s last name, first name. “Article or Chapter
Title.” Volume Title. Ed. Editor’s Name.
Series Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher, copyright date. Rpt. of “Original
Title.” Original Publication Date of Original
Publication.
Example – Works Cited Page
Rifkin, Jeremy. “Humans Should Not Be Genetically Redesigned.” Genetic Engineering. Ed. William Dudley. Opposing Viewpoints Series. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of “Genetic Engineering Serves the Body Politic.” Insight 9 Jan. 1995.
Example – In Text Citation
“We do not have, nor can we acquire, the perspective needed to make intelligent decisions relating to the genetic composition of future generations” (Rifkin 74).
Article in an Anthology or Collection Format
Author’s last name, author’s first name. “Selection
Title.” Anthology Title. Ed. Editor’s Name.
Place of Publication: Publisher, copyright
date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Gandhi, Mahatma. “Non-Violence is the First Article of My Faith.” The Penguin Book of Twentieth Century
Speeches. Ed. Brian MacArthur. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2005. Encyclopedia Article—Signed
Format
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.”
Name of Encyclopedia, year ed.
Example – Works Cited Page
McDonald, Forrest. “History of the United States.” World Book, 2000 ed.
Example – In Text Citation
The Vietnam War claimed the lives of approximately 58,000 Americans (McDonald, vol. 23: 351).
Encyclopedia Article—UnsignedFormat
“Article Title.” Name of Encyclopedia, year ed.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Earp, Wyatt.” Collier’s Encyclopedia, 2004 ed.Example – In Text Citation
Wyatt Earp, his brothers, and Doc Holliday killed several of Ike Clanton’s friends in the famous gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Although Earp was a Western legend, he eventually moved to Los Angeles and died there in 1929 (“Earp, Wyatt” vol. 24: 298-299).
Magazine Article with an AuthorFormat
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Name
of Magazine, date of magazine: pages used.
Example – Works Cited Page
Lyon, Peter. “The Wild, Wild West.” American Heritage, Aug. 1993: 45-46.
Example – In Text Citation
Some of the people in Tombstone, Arizona, wanted to lynch the Earps and Holliday after Clanton’s friends were killed (Lyon 45).
Magazine Article without an AuthorFormat
“Title of Article.” Name of Magazine, date of magazine:
pages used.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Drummer.” The New Yorker, 27 Oct. 1999: 45.Example – In Text Citation
His bizarre life and unique writing have made Edgar Allen Poe one of the best known writers in the Western world. In fact, more books have been written about Poe than any American writer (“Drummer” 47).
Pamphlets, Government DocumentsFormat
Name of Agency. Title of Pamphlet or Document.
Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Example – Works Cited Page
U.S. Department of Justice. The United States Marshals’ Service Then . . . and Now. Washington: GPO, Oct. 2004.
Example – In Text Citation
Life wasn’t easy for U.S. marshals in the nineteenth century. Pay was low and the job was dangerous. To make things worse, most the citizens the marshals were trying to protect were unwilling to cooperate (U.S. Department of Justice 7).
NewspapersFormat
“Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper, date:
section page.
Example – Works Cited Page
“The Threatened Spotted Owl”. The Oregonian, 3 Apr. 2005: B13.
Example – In Text Citation
The spotted owl controversy began when a group of biologists determined that the spotted owl depended on a habitat of old growth timber for its survival (“The Threatened Spotted Owl” B13).
Interview that you conductedFormat
Name of person interviewed. Type of interview (personal,
telephone). date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Smithson, Jonathan. Personal interview. 14 Jan. 2005.Example – In Text Citation
“Relapse is the thing that every addict fears. For those who do not rely on a support group to help them through the rough spots, chances of staying clean are greatly reduced” (Smithson).
Sources from Public Access Search Engines
Entire Internet SiteFormat
Title of Site. Ed. Name of Site Editor. Vers.
and/or Date of publication or latest update.
Name of institution/organization affiliated
with the site, location of sponsoring
institution. Date of access <electronic
address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Thomas: Legislative Information on the Internet. Ed. Robert Godwin. Vers. 1.1 Jun. 2001. Library of Congress, Washington. 18 May 2002 <http://thomas.loc.gov>.
Entire Internet Site—PersonalFormat
Author’s last name, author’s first name. Home page.
Date of creation or latest update. Date of
access <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Friggieri, Vince. Home page. 12 Aug. 2004. 13 Feb. 2005 <http://friggieri.com>.
If you cannot find some of the information identified in the general format, cite what is available.
If the URL (web address) is particularly long, you are allowed to shorten it by citing through to the domain (e.g. .com; .org; .edu; .gov).
Web Site Article—One AuthorFormat
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Name
of institution/organization affiliated with the
site. Vers. Date of Internet posting. Date of
access <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Sohmer, Steve. “12 June 1599: Opening Day at Shakespeare’s Globe.” Early Modern Literary Studies Vers. 3.1 Jan. 2001. 26 Sept. 2002 <http://www.shu.ac.uk>.
Example 1 – In Text Citation
“The debut of Julius Caesar,” according to Sohmer, “proclaimed Shakespeare’s Globe a theater of courage and ideas, a place where an audience must observe with the inner eye, listen with the inner ear” (par. 44).
Example 2 – In Text Citation
Called the first politically motivated playwright, Shakespeare was caught in the ferment of ideas that came out of the Elizabethan Renaissance (Shomer, screens 2-3).
Web site—No Author, No TitleCheck web site at beginning and end of page for author and title information. Use this format if none can be identified.
Format
<electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
<ftp://ftp.ncifcrf.gov/pub/IPS-WWW/arid95d.del>.Example – In Text Citation
A 1990 survey found that eleven percent of teens had an eating disorder. This would translate into approximately 716,000 young people nationwide (ftp://ftp.ncifcrf.gov, par. 3).
Sources from Online Subscription Databases(for example: any the ELM databases or the Britannica Online Encyclopedias)
Magazine or Newspaper
Format
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.”
Name of Magazine Date of Magazine: Pages.
Name of Subscription Service. Date accessed
<electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Cook, William J. “Molding Minds or Moldy Minds?” U.S. News & World Report 25 Mar. 1999: 108-112+. Electric Library. 25 Apr. 2005 <http://elibrary.bigchalk.com>.
Example – In Text Citation
If it’s done right, education ought to make students uncomfortable once in a while (Cook, par. 19).
Scholarly Journal
Format
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Name
of Journal Volume Issue (Year): Pages/Paragraphs.
Name of Database. Name of Subscription Service.
Date accessed <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Youakim, Sami. “Work-Related Asthma.” American Family Physician 64 (2001): 1839-52. Health Source Plus. EBSCO. 12 Jan. 2005 <http://search.epnet.com>
Example – In Text Citation
See Magazine or Newspaper.
Opposing Viewpoints
Format
Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.”
Volume Title. Ed. Name. Publisher, copyright
date. Rpt. “Article Title.” Original
Publication. Original Date of Publication.
Name of Database. Name of Subscription
Service. Date accessed <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Post, Stephen G. “Commerce in Organs is Unethical.” Medical Ethics. Ed. James D. Torr, Current Controversies Series. Greenhaven Press, 2000. Rpt. of “Organ Volunteers Serve Body Politic.” Insight 9 Jan. 1995. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale Group Databases. 6 Feb. 2005 < http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
Example – In Text Citation
See Magazine or Newspaper.
Online EncyclopediaFormat
“Article Title.” Name of Online Encyclopedia.
Original Publication, year of publication. Web.
Date accessed.
Example – Works Cited Page
"Einstein, Albert." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1999. Web. 27 Apr. 2009.
Subscription Database—No Author
Format
“Article Title.” Name of Journal Volume Issue (Year):
Pages/Paragraphs. Name of Database. Name of
Subscription Service. Date accessed <electronic
address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Environmental Control and Asthma.” Clinical Reference System 2001: 731. Health & Wellness Reference Center. Gale Group Databases. 28 Oct. 2004 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com>.
Example – In Text Citation
A growing body of scientific evidence is making a strong case supporting the link between environmental pollution and asthma (“Environmental Control and Asthma,” par. 3).
Other Common Sources
E-MailFormat
Author (sender). “Title of message (if any).” E-mail to
[name of recipient]. Date of E-mail.
Example – Works Cited Page
Moore, Kevin. “RE: Don’t Despair.” E-mail to Jessica Logan. 18 Nov. 2004.
Paintings and PhotographsArtist/photographer’s last name, first name. Title [if
available]. Date of original production [if
given]. Name of sponsoring institution, place.
Date of access <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Rivera, Diego. Agrarian Leader Zapata. 1931. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 11 Feb. 2004 <http://momastore.org>.
Tables, Charts and Graphs“Title of Graph or Chart.” Descriptive label. “Article
Title.” Original source title Publication date.
Database Name. Name of subscription service [if
applicable]. Date accessed <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Crime in Texas.” Table. “Juvenile Crime Dips in Texas.” The Dallas Morning News 20 Jun. 1999. NewsBank NewsFile Collection. 7 May 2004 <http://infoweb.newsbank.com>.
CD-ROM, EntireFormat
Name of Publication. CD-ROM. Place of Publication:
Publisher, copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
Encyclopedia of Islam. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 2005. Example – In Text Citation
“Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the belief in one God. Muslims use the Arabic word for God, Allah, to refer to the creator of the world and life within it” (Encyclopedia of Islam).
CD-ROM, ArticleFormat
“Title of Article.” Name of Publication. Edition.
CD-ROM. Place of Publication: Publisher,
date.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Children’s Television Workshop.” Encyclopedia of Television. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. New York: Gibaldi Associates, 2003.
Example – In Text Citation
Sesame Street was the first televised series to achieve significant notoriety in the field of children’s programming (“Children’s Television Workshop”).
Radio or TV ProgramFormat
“Title of the episode or segment.” Program Title. Name
of the network. TV/Radio Station Call Letters,
City location of the station. Broadcast date.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Death and Society.” Weekend Edition Sunday. Natl. Public Radio. WUWM, Milwaukee. 25 Jan. 2005.
Example – In Text Citation
Studies showed that young people had become desensitized to images of death portrayed in the media (“Death and Society”).
Sound Recording—CD, LP, AudiocassetteFormat
“Segment Title.” Album Name. Format. Producer,
copyright date.
Example – Works Cited Page
“Love Poetry, II.” What’s the Word? CD. Modern Language Association, 2001.
Videocassette or DVDBegin citation with underlined title and include any of the following information: the director, the distributor, the year of release, and format. You may include other information that seems pertinent, such as the names of the writer, performers, and producer between the title and the distributor.
Format
Title. Dir. Name of Director. Perf. Name(s). Distributor, year of release.
Format.
Example – Works Cited Page
It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. Republic, 1946. DVD.
Online Book (eBook)Cite online books as you would cite a printed book, using any original publication information that is available, and then add the date of access and electronic address. You may add in brackets [ ] other relevant information.
Format
Author’s last name, first name. Title. [Orginal
publication date]. Electronic source. Date
of access <electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Dumas, Alexandre. The Three Muskateers. [1844]. Netlibrary. 3 Mar. 2004 <http://netlibrary.com>.
Online Government PublicationTo cite an online government publication, begin with the same facts given for printed sources and conclude with date of access and electronic address.
Format
Author’s last name, first name. Country of Origin.
Department and / or Office. Document Title.
Date of Internet Posting. Date of Access
<electronic address>.
Example – Works Cited Page
Snyder, Howard N. United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention. Law
Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. Dec. 2004. 29 Feb. 2005 < http://www.usdoj.gov>.
Formatting the Works Cited Page Works Cited Page(Example)
Your Works Cited list should begin on a separate page from the text of your paper, with
the words Works Cited centered at the top (do not enclose in quotation marks or
underline).
Double space
First line of each entry should be flush left. All subsequent lines should be
indented five spaces (use hanging indent feature on word processor)
Alphabetize entries by author’s last name, or by the first significant word in the
entry if there is no author
Author’s names are inverted (last name first)
If citing more than one work from the same author, alphabetize by author and then
by title. Use a dashed line in place of author’s name for the second entry. For
example:
Adams, Douglas. The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. New York: Harmony Books,
1989.
-------. Life, the Universe, and Everything. New York: Ballantine, 1995.
Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc. This rule does not apply
to a word such as a, an, the, and, but, of, to, for, at, and so forth unless it is the first
word of the title or subtitle.
Underline all titles of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, and films. Use
quotation marks around the titles of articles in journals, magazines, and
newspapers. Also use quotation marks for the titles of short stories, book
chapters, poems, and songs.
“Abe Lincoln in Illinois.” CD-ROM. Hackensack, NJ: Salem, 2000.
Berger, Gilda. Violence and the Media. New York: Watts, 2003.
Burgess, D. and Ann Strissguth. “Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal
Alcohol Effects.” Phi Delta Kappan 24. (2001): 45-61.
Day, Martha. “Review of film --- Alien.” E-mail to Xu Liang. 30
July 2004.
Drugs and You. Videocassette. AIMS Media, 1999.
“Fresco.” Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 2003.
Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 Mar. 2004
<http://www.eb.com>.
Frick, Robert. "Investing in Medical Miracles." Kiplinger's Personal
Finance Feb. 2005: 80-87. Business Source Premier. EBSCO.
Andover High School Media Center, Andover, MN. 10 Feb.
2005 < http://search.epnet.com>.
Kulikowski, Vince. Homepage. 3 Jan. 2004
<http://www.vincekulikowski.net>.