e Modals: abillty, permssion, advice, criticism, obligation and necessity,degrees of certainty

lUfodals; abilityUse Modal Example

Expressing ability now or generally can I can run a kilometre in four minutes.Expressing decisions made nowabout future ability can We can meet at the gym tomorrow,if you like.

Expressing ability in the past could I could do fifty press-ups with one hand when Iwasyounger.Expressing ability in present futureor general hypothetical situations could lf only I could quit smoking!

Expressing ability in pasthypothetical situations

could + perfectinfinitive

I could have roasted the potatoes, but I decided that bolng themwos healthier,

We use be able to for the infinitive and other tenses.,/ I'd love to be able to fit into these jeans agolnl (infinitive)/ I'll be able to leave hospital in a few weeks, apparently. (future)/ I've been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)

Modals; perrnissonUse Modal Example

Asking for and giving permission now,for the future or generally

maycouldcan

May / Could / Can I seethe doctor,pleose?

@

May is more polite than could,and cauld is more polite than con.We don't usually use a modal to talk about past permission./ lwas allowed to wear a knee support during the match.xHowever, we do use could to talk about past permission in reported speech.,/ fhe coach said I could wear a knee support during the match.

e

Modals; adviceUse Modal Example

Asking for and giving advicenow, for the future or generally

shouldought to You ought to / should cut down on the amount of red meat you eat.

fftodals; criticismUse Modal Example

Crticising past behaviourshould

ought to(+ perfect infinitive)He ought to / should have made more of an effort with his diet.

Modals: ability, permission, advice, crticism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certanty Unit 13

n Dfi;dals: obliga:tion and necessityExample

I must / have to / need to pick up that prescription fromthe chemist on the waY home.must / have to / need to

You needn't / don't have to / don't need to pick up thatprescription from the chemi:i. as ru g itwhile fneedn't I don't have todon't need tot had to take the pills three times a daY for t49 vveeks'

: Expressing Past obligationI needn't have gone / didn't have to go / didn't need toneedn't (+ perfect infinitive) /

didnt haveto / didn't need to

There is usually no difference in meaning between must and have to' However, we are sometimesmore likely to use musf for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do)and havefo for external obiigation (somone else mak'ng a d-ecision about what we must do)'We can also se wi!! have/need fo to express future obligation'j you'il have/need to be more carefu! about what you eat in future.It is unusual to use must for questions.we usually use have/need to./ Oot have/need to take ths mdicine before every meal?Must cannot be used as an infinitive' Use to have to'/ td hate to have to have iniections every doy'xMustn,t and don,t/doesn,t have/need to have different meanings.i Vo, mustn't do that! (Don't do thatl)/ You don't have/n"li Ao that. No,u can do that if you want to but it's not necessary')Needn,t(+perfectinfinitive)alwaysreferstoanactionthathappened.'Oit

nr"'to and didn't need to cn refer to actions that did or didn't happen'/ I needn't have goneto the doctor.(l went but it wasn't necessary.)/ t didn't havelned to go to the doctor because I suddenly felt better' (l didn't go')/ t didn,t have/neealiio to tne doctor but !went iust to be on the safe side. 0 did go')@ Be careful with the verb need. lt can also take the -ing form'

/ I need to sterilise this sYringe.,/ Tns syringe needs sterilising-

l**'*

Modals; degrees of certaintYExampleUse Modal

Expressing certaintY (ornear certainty) about nowor generally

mustcan't

couldn't

That must be the dstrict nurse atthe door.These can't / couldn't be the pills;they're the wrong colour'

She must hqve been in a lot of Pain.His teg can't / couldn't have been in plaster for two years!

You ouEht to / should fee! better in a few days, os long as youget lots of rest.

Expressing certainty (ornear certainty) about thepast

mustcan't

couldn't(+ perfect infinitive)

Expressing probabilitYabout noqthe future orgenerally

shouldoughtto

Expressing probabilityabout the past

shouldought to

(+ perfect infinitive)The bruise ought to / should have disappeared days ago' Iwonder why it didn't.

Expressing possibility aboutnow, the future or generallY

couldmay

might

You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could /may / might be dangerous

Expressi ng possibility aboutthe real past

couldmay

might(+ perfect infinitive)

That coatd I may / might have been the doctor whorangearlier while we were out.

Expressing possibility abouta hypothetical past

couldmight

(+ perfect infinitive)It's a good thing you went to the doctor or you cotild / mighthave become quite ill.

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73 Grammar

A lf a word 0r phrase in bold is correct, put a tick (4.ft it is incorrect, rewrite it correctly on theline.

1 Can you to speak French?2lcangiveyouahandtomorroWmorning,ifyoulike.3 l'll can take my driving test after a few more lessons.4 Jack can play the guitar before he learnt to talk!5 lf only I can afford to buy that top!6 We can have gone up the EiffelTower while we were in Paris, but we decided to go to the

Louvre instead.7 I could get a more expensive computer, but t didnt seem worth it: .................8lwishlcouldgetoutofthemathste5ttomorrow!..............9 I bet you'd love to be can to get satellite TV.

10 You'd better tell the coach if you can't playing on Saturday

B Circle the correct word or phrase. lf both options are correct, circle both.1 Hello. Could / Can I speak to Mrs Johnson, please?2 We could / were allowed to go home early yesterday because our teacher was ill.3 The head teacher said we could / were allowed to go home.4 Do you think I should I could be worried about these spots on my forehead?5 You ought to / should enter that talent contest!6 You couldn't / shouldn't talk to people like thatl lt's rude!7 Alan should write / have written two essays in the exam yesterday, not one!8 No, you rnay i should not go out tonight.You know you're groundedl9 Diana should have waited / been waiting for me at the corner.I wonder where she went.

1O What were you doing in the park? You ought to have done / been doing your homeworkthen!

1 1 Yes, of course you can / are able to open the window if you're too hot!

{t Writeaformof musf haveto,needorneedt0ineachgaptoc0mpleteihesentences. lf m0rethan one possibility is correct, write all possibilities'

'l Oh,l ..................... ...... remember to get some potatoes on the way home tonight.Z Jason .... see the headmaster during the next break.l wonder what

it's about?3 We .... light lots of candles during the power cut two nights ago.4 l'll..................5 Carl, you ................... ........ run into the street like that without looking first.lt's

dangerous!6 People with solar-powered cars .............. worry about the price of petrol.7 I wouldn't like to .... get up at five o'clock every morning.I We ............... do any washing-up after the picnic because we'd used

disposable plates and cutlerY.g Do professional musicians................. .......... practise every day?' 0 I ..................... ...... have bothered cooking all that food; they d eaten before they

arrived.

80

Modals: ability, permission, advice, cricism, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty Unit 7

B Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to thefirst sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.

His lights are on so l'm pretty sure Dan is at home. as,Dan ..............Susiet car's not here so she's almost certainly taking Dobber to the vet. b'e

Dobber to the vet since her car's nothere.There's no way that boyt Simon. Het much taller! boy

... Simon. He's much taller!l'm certain the Winners don't think we're coming tonight; we arranged it for nextTuesday.expectingTheWinners..... tonight; we arranged it for nextTuesday.I bet you were exhausted after such a long journey! haveYou .............. .... exhausted after such a long journey!The only explanation is that Evan was on the phone to someone in Australia! talkingEvan ................r,,.........i.r............:... on the phone to someone in AustralialTheret no way Casey won the disco dancing competition

- he's got two left feet! have

Casey the disco dancing competition -

he's gottwo left feet!I don't believe Helen's been trying to call us allday.The phone hasnt rung once. beenHelenonce.

Use the words in the box only once to complete the sentences in Table A. The meanng of thesentences in Table B will help you.

able "

cannot "

could u had o have "

miEht a tustneedn't"s mustn't. ought. should . will

Table A Table B1 I ......................;.. have left my bag on the bus. expressing certainty2 ln a few months,l'll be .. to buy a car. exp ressi ng futu re abi lity3 I ......................... drive when I was thirteen years old! exp ressi n g past abi I ity4 No,you .. have any more pocket money! refusing a request5 I thnk tou ...:..................... consider a career in the

armed forces. giving advice

6 I ......................... forget to phone Julie tonight! exp res s i ng perso n a I o b li g ation7 I ......................... to havea filling at the dentist's. exp ress i ng externa I ob I i gati o n i n

the past8 You don't ............ to do Exercise D for

homework. expressing a lackof obligation

9 You .. have to work a lot harder if youwant to get a good report. exp ressi n g futu re ob li gation

10 They .. to arrive at about B. exp ressi ng p robabi I ity11 Sean ............ have got stuck in traffic. exp res si n g pos si bi lity12 I ......................... have worried so much about Jan's

present. She loved it!expressing a lack of pastobligation

8f

---------7y'Jnit 13 Grammar

I

67

Circle the correct answer.

I have a look at those shoes inthe window, please?A MustB WouldC ShouldD CouldWe ............ pay for the tickets as Josiewon them in a competition.A mustn'tB didn't have toC couldntD hadnttoYou really make such amountain out of a molehill!A can'tB won'tC mightn'tD shouldn'tYou won't to connect to thelnternet once you've got broadband asyou're online twenty-four hours a day.A needB mustC oughtD ableI hope we............ find the cinema easily.A couldB mayC mightD can

We couldn't find a hotel room so wesleep in the car.lt was awful!

A mustB shouldC had toD couldWe'd love to ............ afford to go on around-the-world cruise.A canB be able toC will have toD have toFiona can't ............ about the meeting.lreminded her this morning!A forgetB be forgettingC have forgottenD have been forgettingShe could in the garage whenwe came round,which would exPlainwhy she didn't hear the bell.A workB be workingC have workedD have been workingYou'll ............ tell the police that yourhouse was broken into.A have toB mustC had toD should

10

.i:i.'ti 4j

ffi Write a mgdal or semi-modal in each gap to replace the phrase in brackets. Add any otherwords you need.

1 Bruce .... (is able to) finish most crosswords in under ten minutes.2 Charlotte didn't get to the Craig David concert because she ......'........

(wasn't able fo) get tickets.I .....................more modern university.you.............. (werewrongtotell) Angus.You know he can't keep a secret!lf you have a cashpoint card, you ...i-................. .... (are not forced to) go into thebank to get money from your account.We ............... {were made to) apologise to the police for wasting their time.That ............. (almost definitely wasn't) the last can of soda in the fridge. Ibought loads this morningl

Iinterview?

9 Children .... (are not allowed to) be left unattended'1O The weather..................... ...... (wittprobably) be good tomorrow.

E2

Modals: ability, permisson, advice, critcism, obligaon and necessfy, degrees of certainty Unit 73

H Choose the correct answer.

l,::l .:

.r.: : ji.i':'i

i.1r: 'ii'.1

,.i;: i,:li't i','l

I

1

234q

67II

1011't2

A mustA canA madeA shouldA canA mustn'tA mustn'tA can'tA ought toA ableA wont have toA must ''-)

B wouldB couldB forcedB wouldB couldB don't have toB couldn'tB canB mustB mustB doesn't have toB might

will have tomustablewillmayshouldn'tmightn'thave tocan'tallowedwon'tought to

cccccCCCCccC

DDDDDDDDDDDD

shouldwouldallowedmightmightcan'twon'twouldhave tohave tomustn'thas to

E3

E Write one word in each gap.When I broke my arm a week ago,l guess it (1) ............. to have hurt. But it didn,tl We weredoing PE at school,and we were making a pyramid.We (2) .. to stand on each other,sshoulders.l was right at the top.We (3) ......................... have been doing it properly because suddenlythe pyramid collapsed and we all fell.I landed on my arm.Mr Jenkins (4) ......................... have known immediately that l'd broken my arm because he sentsomeone to call an ambulance.'Sit still, and don't move your arm at all untilthe ambulance comes,'he said' I (5) ......................... still remember the feeling

- my arm was numb, and looked very strange,

but there was no pain at all.I remember thinking:'lt (6) ........... be broken.lf it was broken,ldbe in agony.'l suppose not feeling any pain (7) ...................,..... have been because I was in shock.The plaster (8) ........,.,............. corne off in about three week but it (9) .. have to stay onlonger.lt depends on whether the break has healed properly or not.The next three weeks may(10

....'.................... be the best three weeks of my life -

no basketball, no playing in the playground,no swimming

- but l'm counting my blessings.lt (11) .. have been a lot worse!

'ffi.H