Modern English to Old English Vocabulary

A

abandon anforlætan; forlætan; ofgiefan (5)

abbess abbudisse, f.

abbot abbod, m.

abduct forwgan

abide anbidian

ability cræft; mæð

able, be magan

about abutan; be (+dat)

above onuppan

accept onfon

accomplish forðian; fremman

according to (prep) æfter (+dat)

accost nægan

acknowledge oncnawan

acquaint (s.o. with s.t.) acythan

acquire begietan (sv 5)

act gefaran

active (adj) from; hwæt

active, be onettan

adder nædre

address næfan

admonish manian

adorn bywan; fægrian; frætwan; ge-frætwan; glengan gyrwan

advance faran (6)

advanced gelyfed

advantage duguð

adversary andsaca, m

advice ræd, m

advise læran; ge-læran; rædan

advisor rædbora

affectionately luflice

afflict bysigian; gedrefan

affliction myrðu; niþ, m

afraid forht

afraid, be ondrædan

after æfter; ofer

afterwards (adv) æfter; eft

again eft; ongean

against on; ongean

age (n) ealdor, n

age (v) forealdian

agreeable leof

air lyft, f

ale ealu

alien ellorgæst; elþeodig

alight lihtan

alive cwic

all (adj) eall

all (adv) eall

allow alyfan

allowed be allowed to: motan

almighty ælmihtig

alongside onemn

also eac; eac swa; eac swelce (swa); swelce eac

always, adv. a; awa; æfre

amid mid

amidst onmiddan

among betweox, betwux; ongemang

ancestor (paternal) rihtfæderencyn

ancestors ieldran

ancient eald; gamol

and ac; and; ond; eac; ge

angel engel; gast

angry hatheart

animal deor

announce abeodan, sv 2; beodan;

another elra; oðer

1

answer (vb) answarian;andwyrdan (+dat); oncweðan

answer (noun) answaru, f

anxious nearo

any ænig

anything awiht, n.; owiht

anywhere ahwær

appear ætywan

appearance onsyn, f

apply befæstan

apply oneself befeolan

approach gretan

archer sceotan

arise arisan (sv 1)

aristocratic indryhten

arm earm, m

armour herepad

army fyrd; here; prass, m

around abutan

arouse aweccan

arrange endebyrdan; gefadian; ge-logian

arrangement fadung

arrest gehætan

arrive gelendan

arrogance byldu; ofermod; ricceter

arrow flan; onga

art list, f

artifice searoþonc

ascend astigan

ash æsc, m.

ask ascian; acsian; biddan; frignan (3)

asleep fall asleep: onslepan

ass assa, m

assembly mæðd, n; meðelstede

astonished, be ofwundrian

at æt

at last ænextan

attain geferan

attention pay attention to: onmunan

attitude gebæro, n.

audacious frecne

authority onweald, m

autumn hærfæst

await abidan (sv 1); bidan; gebidan

awaken aweccan; onwæcan

away (adv) from; onweg

awe egesa, m

awesome egeslic

awl awel, m.

B

Bachelor hagostealdmon

back bæc, n; hrycg

back (adv) eft; ongean

bag fætels, m

bait æs, n.

bake (vb) abacan; bacan

baker bæcere, m

band heap

bane bana

banner fana

baptism fulwiht

baptismal rite fulluhtþeaw

bath bæð, n.; gecamp

bathhouse burnsele

bathe baþian

batter cnyssan

battle beadu, n.; fæhðo, f; feoht; gefeoht; folcgewin; garræs guð; hild; orlege, m

be beon, wesan (irregular)

beacon beacen, n.

2

beam beam, m.

bear beran (sv 6)

beast nieten

beat beatan

beautiful ænlic; fæger; freolic

beautify fægrian

beauty fægernis

become beautiful fægrian

become gloomy drysmian

bed bedd, n.; leger

befall alimpan; gesælan

befit gedafenian

before (adv) ær, æror, ærest

before (prep) ætforan

beforehand foran to

beg for giernan

begin beginnan (sv 3); onginnan (3)

beginning anginn, n.; fruma, m.; or, n

beguile lytegian

behind (prep) eæftan (+dat)

behold behealdan; sceawian

belief ge-leafa

believe geliefan

belligerent aglæca

bellows bielg, m

belly hrif, n

belonging to gelong

beloved deore; leof

belt belt, m

bemoan begnornian; mænan

bench benc, f.

bend gebigean; bugan; hyldan; lutan; onbugan; onhnigan

bend down: onlutan

benefit (v) dugan; fremman

benefit (n) duguð fiorm, f.; fremsumnes; nyttnes, f

benefit from brucan

bequeathe læfan

beset besettan

besides eac; eac þon

bestower brytta

best betst; cyst (n); selest

better betera

between (prep) betweonan (+dat); betweox

bewail cwiðan

beyond (prep) begeondan (+dat)

bid biddan

bin binn

bind bindan; gebindan; sælan

binder bindere, m.

bird bridd; fugol, m

birdlime lim, m

bishop biscop

bite (v) bitan

bite (n) bite, m

bitter biter; heard

black blæc

blacksmith isensmiþ

bladder bielg, m.

blame (v) lean (6)

bless bletsian; segnian; ge-segnian

blessed eadig; ge-sælig; ge-sæliglic; ge-sælice

blessedness eadignes

blessing bletsung, f

blind (vb) ablendan, wv 1

blink bryhtm, m

bliss bletsung, f.; eadignes; hyht

blood blod; heolfor

bloody blodig 3

bloom blowan

blossom blostma

blow blawan

blow (n) dynt

blow upon bewawan; biwawan

bluff næss

boar bar, m; eofor

board (naut) bord, n.

boast beot, n.; gylpword

boastful beotlic

boasting gylp

boat bat; naca, m; sæbat

bodily lichomlic

body bodig, n.; feorgbold, n; feorhhus, n.; flæschama; lic; lichama

boil brædan

bold (adj) bald; caf; deor; gedyrstig; frecne

boldly baldlice; caflice; cene; modiglice

boldness byldu

bond bend

bone ban

book boc

border mearc, f

bosom bearm, m.; bosm, m.

both ægðer; begen; butu

in both respects: gehwæðeres

both ... and (correl conj)

ægðer ... ge; (ægðer) ge ... ge

bottle flasce, m

boundary mearc, f

bow boga, m.

bow (v) hyldan; onlutan

bow down: hnigan; onhnigan

boy cnapa; cniht

braid bregdan

brandish acweccan

brass mæstling

brave caf; cene; collenferð; deor; heard; heardhicgende; heaþodeor heaþorof; hildedeor; modig; secgrof

bravely caflice; cene; modiglice

bread hlaf

break brecan

breast breost; ferðloca; hreðerloca

bridge bricg

bridgeguard bricgweard

bridlepath horsweg

brief medmicel

brier brer

bright beorht

bring beran (sv6); brengan; bringan; gebringan; lædan

bring forth acennan; asprytan; forþbringan

bring in inlædan

bristle byrst, f

broad brad

broth broþ

brother broðor

buddy gefera

build betimbran

build around bewyrcan

building edor; foldbold, n; hof, n; reced

buildings scurbeorg

burden hefigan

burdensome hefigtyme

burial place byrgen

burn byrnan; forbærnan; ontendan

burn down: forbeornan (3)

4

burn up: forbærnan

burning bærnett, n.; brond, n.; bryne

burst berstan (sv 3)

bury bebyrgan; bedelfan; burgan

busy bysig

but a; butan, buton; hwæðere; nefne

butter butere, f

buy bycgan; gebycgan; ceapian; geceapian

buy off forgyldan

by fram (+dat) by means of: mid

C

call ceallian; clipian, clypian; hatan; nemnan

call out clipian, clypian

can cunnan; magan

canon canon

cape hoh, m

capital heahburg

captive hæft, m

capture læccan

care reccan

care about gyman; reccan

care for (v) freoþian; gyman

care bisgu; cearo, f.; heord, f

careless recceleas

carry beran (sv 6); ferian

carry away; oðberan

carry out forðian; ge-læstan

carve ceorfan (sv 3)

catch betræppan; fon (7); gefon (7); gehæftan; læccan

cathedral mynster

cattle neat, n; nieten; orf, n

cause intinga

causeway bricg

cave eorðscræf; hlæw

cellar cleofa

certain cuðlic

certainly hura

chamber bur, m

champion cempa

chance gesælan

change awendan; hwierfan; onhweorfan (3); onwendan

chapel gebedhus

chase bedrifan; ehtan

cheerful bliðe

cheerfully rotlice

cheese ciese, m.

chest breost; hreðerloca

chest (i.e. container): scryn

chew the cud eodorcan

chicken cicen

child bearn, n.; cild; lytling

childbearing geacnung

chill ciele, n

chipped sceard

choose ceosan

church cirice, circe; mynster

circuit begong

citizens ceasterware; leod, m

city burgsteall; burgstede; burgtun; eard

city building burgræced

city dweller ceasterbuend

clash hnitan

clasp beclyppan

claw grap, f

5

clean (ad) clæne

clean (vb) feormian

cleanliness clænnis

cleanse fæsian

cleanser feormynd

clear geryman

clearly andgitfullice

cliff clif, n.

close (adj) nearo

close (v) betynan

clothe scrydan

clothing scrud

coal gled

coast særima

coffer scryn

cold (ad) cald;

cold (n) cald; ciele, n.

collapse gedreosan

colour bleo, n.

combatitive aglæca

come becuman; cuman;

come after æfterfylgan

come to pass alimpan

comfort (n) eðnis

comfort (v) frefran

comfortable sefteadig

coming cume

command (v) bebeodan; beodan; hatan

command (n) hæs; onweald, m

commander heretoga

commend bebeodan

(be) committed to (s.t.) cnodan

community geferscipe, m.

companion gefera; heorðgeneat; ge-selda

company gedræg; heap

compell abædan

complete (adj) full

complete (v) geendian

completely clæne; eall; ful

comrade eaxlgestealle; gefera; geneat

conceal behydan; deagan; gehydan; miþan

concern bisgu

concerning be (+dat)

conclude betynan

conclusion ende

confess andettan

confidant gehola, m; runwita

confirm befæstan

conflict guðplega, m

confront nægan

conscience ingehygd, f

consecrate halgian

consolation frofor

console frefran

consult run

consume gefeormian

contain belucan

contempt forhognis

contend lacan; genæstan

contest (n) geflit

contest (v) flitan

continue ge-læstan

control ge-reccan

convenient hyþelic

cook coc

cool (v) colian

copper ar, n

corpse hræw

correct (v) gerihtan

correctly rihte

corrupt geblandan

6

costly deorwierþe

cottage bur, m

coulter culter, m

council gemot

counsel (n) larcwida

counsel (v) rædan

counsellor runwita

country eard; folclond; land, lond; londstede

courage ellen, n; hige; mod

course drohtoð; for, f.

courageous heaþorof; heaþodeor; modig

cover (v) besettan; bewreon; bihreosan

cover (v) helm, m

cover with liquid begeotan (sv 2)

cowardly earh

crab crabba, m

craft cræft

create scieppan; ge-scieppan

creation frumsceaft; ge-sceaft, f; ge-sceap, f

creator meotod; scieppend

creature ge-sceaft, f

crime fyren; man; mandrinc; morð; mor;thorn;or

cross oneself segnian; ge-segnian

cross gealgu; gealgtreo; rod

sign of the cross: rodetacn

cross-beam eaxlgespann

cruel reþe

crust rind

cry cyrm, m; hleoðor

cuckoo geac

cudgel sagol

cunning list, f

cup bune; druncfæt

curse awiergan

custody heord, f

cut (n) bite, m.

cut (ad) sceard

cut the hair efsian

cut down aheawan (sv 7); forheawan (7); fyllan; heawan

cut off beheawan

cut through forslean (6)

D

damage (n) hearm

damn (vb) awiergan

danger frecennis; pleoh, m

dangerous frecne; pleolic

dare durran

daring gedyrstig; frecne

dark deorc; fealu

darken nipan, genipan

darkness heolstor, m; ge-nip; sceadu

dart onga

dejected hean

demon scynscaþa

desirable lustbære

desire geornfulnes; lust, m; neodlaðu

desiring gelysted

desolate feasceaftig

despair forðencan

despondent ormod

despoil forhergian

determined higeþigtig

determinedly eornoste

dash cnossian; (against) cnyssan

daughter dohtor

dawn dægræd

7

day dæg; dogor (poet)

day, number of dægrim, n.

day's work dægweorc, n.

days gone by geardagas

days of life ealdordagas

daybreak ærdæg, m.

dead dead

deadly ættryne

dear deore; leof

death cwalu, f; deaþ ealdorgedæl; forðfor; forðweg; fyl, m. guðdeað, m; lifgedæl

decay afeallan; brosnian

deceitful geap

deceive bepæcan; beswican; lytegian

decide ge-rædan

declare gecyðan

decline dreosan; oðfæstan

decorated fah; ge-regnad

deed dæd

deep deop

deeply deoplic

deer heorot

defence gebeorg, n.

defend beorgan, gebeorgan; ealgian

defile afylan

delight dream

deliver (a message) abeodan (sv 2)

deliver (s.t.) betæcan

densely nearolice

depart afaran, sv 6; geleoran

departure forðweg; fromsiþ

deprive bedæan (+dat); beniman; bidreosan; biniman; bistelan;

deprived befeallen

deride ahliehhan (sv 7)

descent æþelo, np

deserve geearnian

despise forseon

despoil behlyþan

destroy bereofan; fordon; forleosan; ofslean

deviate from ahyldan

devil helsceaða

devour ge-etan (5); forswelgan; fretan

die gefaran; forðferan

dig (v) delfan

digging (n) gedelf

diligently neodlice

diminish lytlian

dire ealfelo

direct (v) gedihtan; gerihtan

directions, in all æghweder

dirt greot

discard aweorpan

disclose iewan; onwreon

discover geascian; onfindan

disease adl, f

disengage geæmetigan

disgrace bysmor; edwit

disgraceful scand

dish disc

dishonourable (adj) arleas

dismount lihtan

dispense with forþolian

dispose endebyrdan

dispute geflit

dispute (v) flitan

distant fierlen

distort aweorpan 8

distress hreðerbealo; nearones; oncyðð

disturb drefan

disturbance myrðu, f

dive dufan

divine godcund

divinely godcundlice

divinity godcundnes

do don; gefremman

do without: forþolian

doctrine lar

donor goldgiefa

door duru, f

down dun; ofdune

drag bregdan

dragon draca; wyrm

drape with (s.t.) behon

draw ateon

draw near nealecan

draw (a sword) bregdan

dreadful atelic; egeslic

dream gemætan

drench begeotan (sv 2); besteman; beswillan

dress (v) gyrwan

dress (n) hrægl

drink (v) drincan

drink (n) drynce

drive bedrifan (sv 1); cnossian; drifan

drive out adræfan (sv 1)

drown besencan

dumb dumb

during on

dust dust; greot

dwell buan

dwelling byht; eardgeard

E

each ægðer; ælc; gehwa; gehwelc

eager eallgearo; fus (+gen); georn; geornful

eagerly georne; geornlice

eagle earn, n

ear eare

earlier æror

early morning ærnemergen

earn geearnian

earnestly eornoste

earth eormengrund; eorð folde; grund, m; hruse, f; molde, f

ease eðnis

easily eaðe

east east from the east: eastan

eat brucan; etan (5); ge-etan (5); forswelgan

eat up gefeormian; fretan

ebb-tide ebba

edge ecg

edit endebyrdan

eel æl, m.

eight eahte

either gehwæðer

elders ieldran

eleventh endlyfta

else elles

ember gled

embrace (v) beclyppan; clyppan

embrace (n) fæðm

emperor casere

employment notu, f

empty (adj) æmettig

empty (vb) geæmetigan

enclose befon (sv 7); lucan

enclosure burg, byrig; geard; hege; loc, n

9

encounter (n) gemot

encounter (v) metan

encourage byldan

end ende

end (v) geendian

endow ge-godian

enemy andsaca, m.; feond, m.; feondsceaþa, m; fynd, feond

England Angelcynn

English, the Engle

English (adj) Englisc

English language Engliscgereorde

enjoy brucan; notian

enmity fæhðo, f; feondræden, f.

enough genog

enrage gebelgan; gremian

enraged bolgenmod

ensnare beswican; besyrwan

entertainment gomen

entice atyhtan

entire full

entirely clæne; eall; fullice

entrap besyrwan; betræppan

entreat giernan

entrust betæcan

entry ingong, m.

envelop bewindan (sv 3)

equip gescyrpan

error gedwol; gedwyld

escape ætberstan; losian

especially huru

essential niedbeðearf

establish arædan; astellan; (a truce) fæstnian; onstellan

esteem eahtian

eternal ece

eternally ece

eucharist husl

even efne; furþum

evening æfen; æfentid, f.

evening speech æfenspræc,f

event gelimp

eventually ænextan

ever æfre

everlasting ece

every ælc

every one (pro) æghwa; gehwa

everything æghwa

everywhere æghweder; gehær

exalt onhebban

examine beseon; geondsceawian

examination sceawung

example gebisnung; bysen, f

excellence fægernis

excellent ærgod; betlic

except butan, buton

except (con) nefne; nemne; nymþe

exemplar bysen, f

exhort manian; gemanian

exile adræfan

experience gebidan

experienced frod

extend astreccan; ryman

explain reccan

exult ahliehhan (sv 6)

eye eage, n.

F

fable leasung 10

face andwlita, m.; onsyn, f

fade searian

fail abreoðan

faith ge-leafa

faithful ge-leafful

fall fyl, m.; hryre, m

false leas

fall befeallan; crincgan (sv 3); feallan; gefeallan; hreosan

fall apart berstan (sv 3)

fall off afeallan

fame hlisa, m; mærðu, f

familiar cuð

family cynn

famine hungor

famous mære

far (adj) feor

far (adv) feor

as far as: oð

fare feran

farmer ierþling

farming eorþtilþ

fast (adj) fæst

fast (n) fæsten

fast (adv) fæste

fast (v) fæstan

fasten besmiþian; fæstnian; gefæstnian; sælan

fat fæt

fatal ættryne

fated fæge

father fæder

favour ar, f; geearnung; milts

fear (n) ege, m; fyrhtu

fear (v) forhtian

fearful egeslic

feast gebeorscipe; fyllo, f

feather feðer

feed afedan; fedan

feel gefelan

fell (v) fyllan

fellowship geferscipe, m

fence hege

festivity mondream

fetch gefecgan; fetian

fetter clomm, clamm, n.; feter, f.

feud fæhðo, f

few feawe; hwon; lyt

fiction leasung

field æcer, m; feld, m.

fierce biter; gram; grim; heard; reþe

fiercely grimme; heardlice

fifty fifteg

fig fic

fight (v) feohtan (3); gefeohtan (3); lacan

fight (n) feohte, f

figleaf ficleaf

file (n) feole

file (v) feolian

fill (v) fyllan; ge-fyllan

fill (n) fyllo, f

fill up

filled (adj)

full

find findan; gemetan

find fault with: lean (6)

find out: cunnian; gefrignan (3)

finger finger, m.

fingernail nægl

fire brond, n.; bryne; lig

firm (adj) fæst

firmly (adv) fæstlice

11

first (adj) ærest; fyrmest

first (adv) ærest; forma

firstborn frum-bearn, n.

fish (n) fisc, m

fish (v) fiscian

fisherman, fiscere, m

fitness mæð, f

fitting gedefe; riht; gerisenlic

fittingly gerisenlice

five fif

fixed fæst

flame lig

flammable libgysig

flask flasce, m

flee fleon (2); forbugan (2); sceacan

fleet sciphere

flight fleam, m; flyht

fling bregdan

float fleotan

flood (n) flod, m

floor flet; flor, m

flow (v) flowan (2);

flow (n) gang, m

flow around beflowan

fly fleogan (2)

fly away ætfleogan

fodder fodor

follow æfterfylgan; folgian; fylgan; læstan

folly dysignese

food bileofa; fodor; mete

foolish dol; dysig

foolishness dysignes

foot fot, m

footstep fotstapol

for, in place of fore (+dat)

forbid forbeodan (2)

force cræft; mæenþise

ford ford, m

foreign elþeodig

foremost fyrmest

forest holt; holtwudu

forever, adv. a; awa; æfre

forgive forgiefan

forgiveness forgifenes

form (n) hiw

formerly geo

fornication forliger

forsake forlætan

forsee foresceawian

forth forð

fortress fæsten

forward forð

foul ful

four feower

fourteen feowertyne

fowler fuglere

free (vb) geæmetigan

free (adj) freo; freolic

frequent gelome

frequently geneahhe

freight hlast

friend freond; heorðgeneat; gehola, m

friendless freondleas

friendship freod, f

friendly bliðe; bliðemod; hold

friendship freondscipe

from æt; fram (+dat); of (+dat)

from afar feorran

from here heonon 12

from near nean

from the north norðan

from within innan

frost forst, n.; hrim, m

frosty hrinde

frozen freorig

fulfilment gefillednys

full (adj) full

fully fullice

furious reþe

further furþur

G

gain begietan (sv 5)

gallop ærnan; hleapan (7)

gallows gealgu; gealgtreo

game gomen; huntoþ

gannet ganet

garden neorxenawang

garment hrægl; reaf

gate geat, n

gather ge-gaðerian

gathering<DD. ð gaze

behealdan (sv 7)

gem gimm, m; searogim

generous cystig

gentle liþe; monðwære

get begietan (sv 5); gegongan (7)

gesture gebære

get up astandan

ghost gast

giant ent; eoten

gift giefu, f

gird gyrdan

give forgiefan; giefan (5)

give birth acennan

give thought hogian

give up alecgan

give way abugan; onirnan (3)

given gifeðe

giver brytta

gladly bliðelice; lustfullice

glas glæs

gleeming scir

glide sriþan

glorious mære

glory blæd; mærðu, f

go faran (6); feran; gan; gongan (7); hweorfan

go mad awedan

goad gad, f

goat gat

goathair gatehær

goblet bune

god god, n.

godson godsunu

gold gold, n.

goldsmith goldsmiþ

good god

good deed fremu, f

goodness god

goods god

gore helofor

gospel godspel

grace ar

gracious glæd hold

grain corn

granted by fate gifeðe

grapple genæstan

grasp grap, f; gripe

grave byrgen; eorðscræf; græf; moldern, n

great mæst; micel; rice

greatest mæst

13

greatly miclum

greedy gifre; grædig

green grene

greet gretan; halettan

grey græg; har

grey-haired feaxhar; gomelfeax; har

grief hearm; oncyðð

grim biter

grimly grimme

grind grindan

grip clomm, n; clamm, n; grap, f.; gripe

ground folde; grunde

grove bearu

grow, grow up aweaxan (sv 7)

grow dark nipan, genipan

grow old forealdian

grow over beweaxan

grow pale blacian

grow desolate dreorgian

grow old ealdian

guard bewitan

guardian hyrde

guardianship hyrdræden, f

guilty fah; scyldig

H

hail (v) halettan

hail hægl

hailstorm hæglfaru

half healf

hall dryhtsele; gifheall; goldsele, m; heall, f; reced; sæ, n; sele

hand folme; hand, f

handgrip mundgripe

hang hangian; hon

hanged, be hon

happen alimpan; befeallan; limpan; ge-limpan; ge-sælan

happily ge-sælice

happiness bliss, f; sæl, m/f

happy fægen; gesæliglic

hard forheard; heard

hardship gedeorf; earfoð

hardship, time of earfoðhwil

harm (n) bealo, n.; frecennis; hearm

harm (v) derian

harness gerædu

harp gleobeam; hearpe

hasp hæpse

haste hreading, f

hasten efstan; onettan

hasten away: sceacan

hateful atol; lað

hatred niþ, m

have agan; habban

have to: sculan

hawk hafoc

head hafela; heafod

headland næss

headless heafodleas

heal halian; hælan

healthy halwende

hear hieran; gehieran

hearing gehyrnes, f

hearsay gefræge

heart breostcofa; breosthord; ferðloca; heorte, f; hige; hordcofa, m hreþer, n; modsefa; sefa, m

14

heat hat, n

heathen hæþen

heaven heofon, m; rodor

heavenly heofonlic

heavy hefig

hedgehog igl

heed onmunan

heel hoh, m

heirloom laf, f

hell hell, f

helmet helm, m

help (v) fultumian; ge-fultumian; fylstan (+dat); helpan

help (n) fultum; geoc; help, f

hence heonon

herder hyrde

here (adv) her

hereafter heræfter

heresy gedwol; gedwyld

heretic gedwolmann

hero hæeþ, m; hererinc, m

herring hæring

hew heawan

hidden deogollice

hiding place heolstor, m

high heah

hide (n) hyd

hide (v) behydan; deagan; hydan

hill beorg, m.; dun

himself, herself self

hinder ge-lettan

hither hider

hoard (n) hord, m

hoard (v) hydan

hoarfrost hrim, m.

hoarse has

hoary har

hold habban; heabban; gehealdan

hold fast gebindan

holly holen

holly holen

holy halig

home (adj) ham

home (n) ham

homeland eard; eþel

homewards ham

honourable arweorðe; gerisenlic

honourably (adv) arlice

hook angel, m

horn horn, m

horrible atelic

horror fyrhtu

horse eoh; hengest; hors, n; mearh

horseguard renweard

host husl

hostage gisl

hostile bealohydig; gram

hostility anda

hot hat

how hu

however hwæðere

house hus; sele

human beings firas

humble eadmod; eaðmod

humble (v) hnæan

humbly eadmolice; eaðmodlice

humiliating heanlic

hundred hund

hunger hungor

hunt (n) hunta; huntoþ

hunting huntoþ

huntsman hunta

I

I, me, my ic, me, min

15

icecold hrimceald; isceald

icicle hrimgicel

idle idel

if gif

ignorant dysig; læwede

illustrious mære

image anlicness, f; onlicnes, f

imagine asmeagan

imitate geæfenlæcan

immediate hrædlice

immigration ingong, m.

imminent neah

impel afysan (wv 1)

improve gebetan

impulsive hatheort

in (adv) in

in (prep) binnan; in (+dat); on

in addition to eac

in advance foran to

in front of ætforan; biforan (+ dat)

incarnation menniscnis

incite hwettan

incline onhyldan; onlutan

increase (n) eaca

indicate gebicnian

infantry feða

infect geblandan

inform cyðan

ingenuity hwætred; searoþnc

inhabit buan

inhabitants landbuend

inheritance laf, f

injure hynan; sceðan

injury bealo, n.

innocent bilewit

inquire frignan (3)

inside (adv) in; inne

insolently orhlice

inspiration inbryrdnes

inspire onbærnan

institute (v) onstellan

intact gehal

intelligence andgit; orþonc

intelligently andgitfullice

intend hogian; myntan

intention gehygd; ingehygd, f

intersection eaxlgespann

interval tæc

into on

invite laðian

iron isen

island ealond; eglond

ivory elpendban

J

javelin gafeluc

jewel eorcanstan; gimstan

jewelry eorcanstan

join lucan

joint banloca

joke gleowian

journey for, f

joy bletsung, f; dream; hyht; liss; sæl, m/f

joyfully glædlice; gliwstafum

joyous gloædmod

judge (v) deman

judgment dom, m.

judgment day domdæg; domesdæg

jurisdiction onweald, m

16

justice riht

K

keel ceol

keen cene

keep healdan

keeper hyrde

kidnap forwegan

kill acwellan; cwellan; gefyllan; heawan; hynan; ofslean

killer bana

kin cynn; cyþþ

kind gecynd; cynn

kind (adj) glæd; liþe; milde; monðwære

kindness liss

kindle onæan; onbærnan; ontendan

king cyning

kingdom cyneric; rice

kiss cyssan

knee cneo, n

knit bregdan

know, know how to cunnan

knowledge ongytenes, f

L

ladder hlæder

lament begnornian; cwiðan

lake mere

land (n) land, n

land gelendan

language -geþiode

lap bearm, m.

large micel

larger: mara

Latin læen

laugh hliehhan

laugh at: ahliehhan

laughter hleahtor

law æ, f

lawful gecynde

lay (n) læwede

lay (v) lecgan

lay down alecgan

lay hold of begietan (sv 5)

lay waste awestan

lead lædan; ge-lædan

leader ealdor, m.; folctoga; heafodman; heretoga; leodfruma

leap hleapan

leap upon: gehleapan (7)

leap up: ahleapan (sv 7)

learn learnian; ge-leornian

learn (by asking)

geascian; gefrignan (3)

learning liornung

least læsst

leather bag bielg, m.

leave afaran, sv 6; læfan; geleoran

leave unfulfilled aleogan

leggings leþerhose

lent lencten

less læs; læssa

lest þy læs þe

let lætan

let go forlætan

letter ærendgewrit

liberate onlysan

lichen ræg

lie licgan; restan

life ealdor, n.; feorh, n.; lif; lifdagas

life-sustaining frþfriðende

lift lædan

lift up ahebban (sv 7); hebban; ræran

17

light leoht; scima

like gelic; gelice

likewise eac swa

limb lim, n; liþ

limited mæte

linen linen

listen hieran; hlystan; gehlystan

literature boccræft

little fea; hwon; lyt; lytel

live libban

livestock orf, n

lo (inter) hwæt

load hlast

lobster loppestre

lock belucan; lucan

lock (n) hæpse

log beam, m.

long (adj) lang, long

long ago ealdes; geara

longing langoþ

look beseon

look at: sceawian

lord drihten; frea, m; freadryhten; goldgiefa; goldwine; heorra; hlaford

lordly dryhtlic

loss demm, m

lost (be, get) losian

loud hlud

loud (adv hlude

loudly hlude

love (n) frendscipe; lufu

love (v) freogan; lufian

loved felaleof

lover freond

lovingly freondlice

lower onhyldan

loyal hold

luck hælo, f

lumber healwudu

lurk lutian

lust lust, m

lying leasung

M

magnificence onmedla

magnificent dryhtlic

maiden fæmne; mægð

maintain gehealdan

make don; macian

make beautiful gef&elig;rian

make famous mæran

make glad gef&elig;nian

make known acythan; cyðan; gecyðan

make use of neotan

make wet besteman

male mann

malice anda; niþ, m

man beorn, m.; esne, m; guma; mann; hæle, m; leod, m; mann, m; mæcg; reordberend; rinc; scealc, m; secg

manger binn

mankind feorhcynn, n.; foldbuend; mancynn

many fela; manig

many a: manig

maple hlin

mare myre, f

marsh fen; fenhlið; mor

marvel ofwundrian

master frea; hlaford

masterless hlafordless

may motan

18

mead medodrinc; meodo

meadhall meodoheall

meaning andgit, n.

measure gemet

meat flæscmete

meditate geondþencean

mediation run

meet findan; metan; gemetan

meet with geferan

meeting gemot

meetingplace meðelstede

melt gemeltan

memory gemynd

men ælde, mp

merchant ciepemann

merciful milde; mildheort

mercy ar, f; mildheortnes; milts

message ærende, n.; ærendgewrit

messenger ar, m.; ærendraca; boda

metre gemet

mew mæw

midday middæg

middle midd

in the middle of: onmiddan

midnight middeneaht, f

might miht

mighty mihtig

milestone milgemearc

milk melcan

mind ferð; hige; mod; gemynd

mindful gemyndig

mingle gemengan

misdeed misdæd, f

miserable earmlic; earmsceapen

miserably earmlice

misery iermðu

misfortune demm, m; gelimp

misleading gedwolsum

missile flan; scotung

mist ge-nip

mock bysmerian; gebysmerian

moderate medmicel

moderately,

mid gemete; gemetlice

monastery mynster monastic orders

munuchad monasticism

munuchad money

feoh; sceatt

monk munuc

monster sceadugenga

month monað

moor mor

more ma; mara

any more than: þon ma þe

moreover

eac swelce (swa); swelce eac; eac þon

morning morgen r

most mæst

mostly mæste

moth moð&eht;e, f

mother modor

mound hlæw

mount gehleapan (7)

mountain beorg, m.; dun; munt

mountainside beorghliþ, n

mountain slope beorghliþ, n

19

mountain stream fyrgenstream

mountainwood fyrgenholt

mourn gnornian; murnan

mouth muð

move astyrian; onhreran

much miccle; micel

must, be obliged sculan

much (n) micel, n

mudcrust lamrind

multiply gemanigfealdan

multitude dryht; menigu

murder morþor

mutilate sceard

my, mine min

N

nail, fingernail nægl

naked nacod

name (n) nama, m

name (v) hatan; nemnan

narrative ge-recednis

narrow nearo

nation folc, n; leodscipe; mægð

natural gecynde

nature cynd

navy flothere; sciphere

near (adj) neah; nean

near (adv) neah

near to gehende (+dat)

nearby gehende

necessary niedbehefe; niedbeðearf

neck hals, m

need beþurfan

needle nædl

neglect forlætan

negligent recceleas

neighbourhood neawest

neither naþer; nohwæðer

neither ... nor ne .... ne; nohwæðer ... ne

nephew nefa

net nett, n

never na; næfre

nevertheless hwæðere; noht þon læs

new niwe

newly niwan

next oðer

night niht, f; nihthelm

nightcrawler sceadugenga

nightshift nihtweorc, n

nightwatch nihtwaco

nightwork nihtweorc, n

ninety hundnigontig

no na; nic

nobility eorlscipe; indrhyto, f

noble æðele; cynelic; freolic; hærlic; indryhten

noble kinsman: freomæg

nobleman ealdorman; eorl

nobly manlice

noise breahtm

none nænig

noon middæg

nor even ne eac

nor ne ... ne

northwards norð

nostril nosþyrl

not ne; nic; noht

not at all; by no means

20

na; nateshwon; næs; nealles; noht

nothing nanwuht; nawiht

notorious mære

now nu

now that: nu

O

oak tree actreo, m

oar ar, f

oath að

obedience gehiersumnes

obey hieran; hiersumian; ge-hiersumian

obliged, be sculan

observe healdan

observer sceawere, m

obtain begietan (sv 5); gegongan

occasion mæl; sæl

occupation (=worry) bisgu

occupy bysigian

occurrence gelimp

ocean geofon, m/n; gelagu; mereflod

ocean current sæstream

ocean path, route brimlad

offer beodan; gebeodan; offrian; ge-offrian

offer up: ge-offrian

offering lac; offrung

office had

offspring eafore; ofspring; sæd

often geneahhe; oft

oil ele, m

old eald; frod; gamol

on (adv) on

on on (+d,a)

on this side of (prep)

behionan

one an

one (indef pro) man

only (conj) butan, buton

only (adv) efne

onto on

onward (adv) on

open (adj) open

open (v) openian; geryman

openly (adv) openlice

opponent andsaca, m

opportunity byre

oppose ongeanstandan

oppressive hefig

or hwæþer þe; oþþe

oratory gebedhus

ordain hadian; ge-scrifan

order (n) endebyrdnes, f; fadung; had (=religious order); hæs

order hatan

origin æþelo, np; ; gecynd

original bysen, f

ornament fæt; frætwe (pl); hyrst, f

ornament (v) frætwan

ornamented fæted; ge-regnad

orthodox rihtgeleaffull

other oðer

otherwise elcor; elles

ought to sculan

outcast (adj) fah

outcry gebære, n.

over ofer (+dat/acc)

overcome ofercuman

21

overconfidence ofermod

overhang oferhelmian

overrun gegongan (7); ofergan

overshadow oferhelmian

overtake beridan

own (adj) agen

own agan

ox oxa, m

oxherd (a useful word in modern English)

oxanhierde, m

P

pain sar; sarnes

painful sar; sarlic

pantry cleofa; hedærn

paradise neorxenawang, n

pardon arian (wv 2)

part dæl

part (v) sceadan

party gebeorscipe

past (n) geardagas

pastime gomen

pasture læs, f

path foldweg; pæð, m

pay gieldan

payment sceatt

peace freod, f; frið

peasant ceorl

penetrate feolan

penitence dædbot, f

penance dædbot, f

people firas; folc, n.; leode

perceive oncnawan; ongietan (5)

perform began (anom); dreogan; ge-læstan

perish gecringan, gedreosan; forweosan; losian

permanence fæstnung

permit alyfan; lætan

person mann

pertain belimpan

pervade geondhweorfan (3)

phrase (v) gefadian

pike hacod

piety arfæstnis, f; æfæstness, f;

pious æfæst

pit seaþ

piteable earmlic

pitiably earmlice

pity mildheortnes

place lecgan; ge-logian

plan hicgan

plated fæted

pleasant fæger; leof; lustbære; lustbære

pleasantly fægere

please lician

plenty fyllo, f

plough erian

ploughman ierþling

ploughshare scear

plunder herehuð, f

plunder (v) rypan

plural menifealdlice

poem leoð; leoðsong

poet scop

poetics leoðcræft

poetry leoð; leoðsong; scopgereord

point ord, m

poisonous ættryne

polish bywan

polisher feormynd

pomp onmedla

ponder geondþencean

22

pool hringmere (circular); mere

poor earm

pope papa, m

population burhwaru

portent beacen, n.; niðwundor

possess agan

possessions æht, f

pouch fætels, m

pound (n) pund, n

pound (vb) beatan

pour geotan

power mægen; miht; onweald, m

powerful mihtig; rice

practise began (anom)

praise (v) eahtian; herigean

pray gebiddan

prayer gebed, n.

preach bodian

precede foregangan (7)

precious deore

precious stone eorcanstan

preordain foresceawian

prepare bywan; gearcian; gearwian; ge-gearwian; gyrwan

prepared gearo

present (adj; as in "the present day")

andweard; ondweard

preserve gehealdan

press out oðspringan

presume medan

prevent ge-lettan

previously ært1anðe, ært1æmt1e

pride gylp; ofermod

priest mæssepreost; preost, m

prince æþeling; ealdor, m.; leod, m

prison carcern; clustor

proceed astigan; gefaran; feran

proclaim mærsian

produce acennan; atyhtan; forþbringan

profound deop

profoundly deoplic

promise (vb) behatan (sv 7); gehatan

promise (n) gehat, n

proper gecynde; gerisenlic

properly rihte

property æht

prosperity ar, f

prostrate (adj) neowol

protect beorgan, gebeorgan; bewerian; freoþian; ge-nerian

protection helm, m; hleo; mundbyrd

protective clothing hleosceorp

protector hleo

proud gilphladen

provide foresceawian; ge-fremman

provisions metsung, f

public folclic

pugnacious aglæca

pull bregdan

pure clæne; hluttor

purge fælsian

purity clænnis

purpose inwitþanc (hostile); modgeþanc

pursue æfterfylgan; ehtan

push scufan

put ge-logian

put to flight aflyman

23

Q

queen cwen, f

quick caf; hraðe; hwæt

quickly (adv) arodlice; færlice; hrædlice; ofstlice; recene

R

Race cynn

rage grymetian

rain rinan

raise ahebban; ræran

raise up, raise aloft hafenian; hebban; onhebban

ram ramm, m

rancour inca, m

ransom lysan

rare selcuþn

ravage awestan; bereofan; forhergian; hergian

ravaging hergung

raven hremm

ravenous gifre

raw grene; hreaw

reach geræcan

reach out: ræcan

read arædan; rædan

readily geare; georne; geornlice

ready fus (+gen); gearo

realize onfindan

rebuilder betend, m.

receive ge-geopan; onfon

recently niwes

recite gieddian

reckless recceleas

recognize oncnawan

recommend bebeodan; befeolan;

red read

red-stained: readfah

redeem lysan; onlysan

regal cynelic

regally cynelic

region mearc, f; sceat, m

regret besargian

regular regollic

reign (n) rice

reign (v) ricsian

reject forseon

rejoice gægnian; gefeon

rejoicing fægen

relate mænan; reccan

relative magan; mæg

release alysan; lysan

relics haligdom

religion æfæstness, f; halignes

religious godcund

relinquish alecgan

remain restan

remain behind belifan

remain standing ofstondan

remedy (v) gebetan

remedy (n) bote, f

remember gemunan; gemyndgian

remind gemanian

remnant laf, f

remove afierran, aferran (wv 1); astyrian; aswipan; forniman

rend scieran

render areccean; gieldan (3)

renew niwian

render useless aidligan

renounce anforlætan

24

repay leanian

repel abaedan

repent behreowsian

replenish gefyllan

reproach ætwitan; edwit

reputation hlisa, m; lastword

rescue ahreddan; hreddan

resolute (adj) anræd; heard; hygerof

resound dynnan; hlimman; hlynsian

rest (n) rest, f

rest (v) restan; ge-restan

restore niwian

restorer betend, m.

restrain abædan

resurrection ærist

retainer dryhtguma; selesecg

return gecierran

return (n) eftsið

reveal cyðan; onwreon

revelry breahtm; mondream

revile bysmerian

reward (v) leanian

rich fæt

riddle giedd

ride ridan

ride up to beridan

right riht

righteous rihtwis

righteousness<DD. rind

rind

ring beag, m.; hring

rise up hlifian

risk (n) pleoh

rivalry geflit

river ea, f; lagustream

riverbank easteð; ofer

roar grymetian; hlimman

roast (v) brædan

rob bereofan; forstelan

robber feondsceaþa, m

roebuck ra

rolling gelac

rood rod

roof hrof

row (v) rowan

rowing rewett, n

ruin (n) hryre, m

ruinous hreorig

rule rædan

ruler anwealda, m; ealdorman; heretema

run ærnan; irnan

rush ræsan

S

sack abrecan

sacrifice (n) lac; offrung

sacrifice (v) geoffrian

sad dreorig; geocor; geomor; geomormod; hygegeomor; ormod; sarlic

sadfaced dreorighleor

sadhearted hygegeomor

sadness geomerung

safe hal

sailor brimliðend; brimmann; flota, m; flotman; lidmann; s&aelida; sæmann; særinc

saint halga; sanct

salmon leax

salt sealt

salt-maker sealtere, m

salutary halwende

same ilca; self

sanctuary herig

25

sand sandceosol

satisfy fyllan

save ahreddan; beorgan; gebeorgan; hælan; hreddan; ge-nerian

say cweðan; gecweðan; secgan; ge-secgan

saying cwide

scholar bocere; leornere

scorn forhicgan

sculpt ceorfan

sea brim; flot, n; geofon, m/n; holm; holm; hwælweg; sæ

seabird brimfugol; fleotend

seagull mæw

sealane brimlad; lagulad, f

sea voyage sæfor

sea water lagu

seamonster nicor, m

seaman flota, m.

search secan

search for: secan

secret deogol; dyrne

see sceawian

seek secan; ge-secan

seed sæd

seize begietan; cepan; fon (7); ge-niman; oferfon

seldom seldon

self self

self-employed hlafordleas

sell ciepan

send asendan; onsendan

send forth fysan; onsendan

sense andgit, n

separate (v) gedælan

sepulchre moldern, n

sequence endebyrnes, f

serious geomormod

serpent nædre

servant cnapa; cniht

service manræden

set (vb) asettan; oðfæstan

set an example: bisnian, gebisnian

set in motion: hreran

set out on a journey: siþ asettan; feran; fundian

set up: asettan

severely miclum

shade scead; sceadu

shadow sceadu

shaft sceaft, m

shake asceacan; acweccan; bifian

shame scand; scomu, f

shameful bysmorful; heanlic

shamefully huxlice

shape hiw

share dælan

sharpen grindan (3)

shatter gebrecan

sheath sceð, f

shed scipen, n

sheep sceap, n

sheepfold loc, n

shellfish sciellfisc

shelter (n) hleo; scurbeorg

shepherd sceaphierde, m

shield bord, n; scield

shine scinan

shining beorht; goldbeorht

ship ceol; flota, m; scip; merehengest; naca, m; sæbat

26

shipwreck forlidennes, f

shoe sco

shoes gescy, n.p.

shoemaker scowyrhta

shoot fysan; ofsceotan; sceotan

shore ofer

shoulder eaxle

shout ceallian; clipian, clypian

shouting clypung; hream

shove scufan

show ætywan; gecyðan; iewan

shower scur

shrine scryn

shrink scrincan

sibling geboren

sick healf, f

sickness adl, f.

sign (n) beacen, n.

signify gebicnian

similar gelic

simple (adj) anfeald

sin fyren; leahtor

sinner manshliht

sing asingan; singan; galan; gieddian

single (adj) anlepe

sink (cause to) besencan

sir leof

size micelnes, f

skilful ge-rad

skill cræft; list, f; orþonc; searoþonc

skin fell, n; hyd; rind

skulk lutian

sky lyft, f; rodor

slaughter (v) ofsniðan

slay ofslean; sægan

slayer bana

small mæte

smaller læssa

smash gebrecan

snake nædre

snare grin

snow hrið

snowswept hryðig

soak beswillan

solace frofor

soldier beorn, m.; cempa; fyrdrinc; guðrinc, m; hererinc, m; hildemecg, m; hilderinc, m; hiredmann; hyse, m.; lindwigend; rinc;

scealc, m; sceotan; secg

solitary ænlic

someone hwa

something hwa; hwæhwugu

somewhere forhwega

son bearn, n; eafora

song leoð; leoðsong

soon hraðe

sore sar

sorely sare

sorrow cearo; hearm; inwidsorH

sorrowful hreocearig; sarig

soul gast; sawol

sound (n) ansund; hleoðor

sound (v) galan

space of a foot fotmæl

spacious brad; geap

spare arian (wv 2)

speak gecweðan; hleoðrian; maðelian; mælan; gemælan

speak of mænan

spear franca; gafeluc; gar; ord

species gecynd

spectral gæstlic 27

speech giedd; gereord

speech, make a maðelian;

spirit ferð; gast; mod; modsefa

spirited modwlonc

spiritual gastlic

spiritually gastlice

splendid betlic

splendour gleomu

sport (n) gomen

sport (v) gelac

spread brædan

spring (n) lencten

spring (v) spring apart: onspringan

spring open: onirnan (3)

sprout asprytan

stab ofstician; ofstingan

staff sagol; sceaft, m

stag hæstapa; heorot

stain (vb) afylan

stained fah; -fah

stake (a claim) mærsian

stand alongside bestandan

stand fixed ætstandan

stand up astandan

stalk bestealcian

start beginnan (sv 3)

statement cwide

steadfastly fæstlice

steadily fæstlice

steal forstelan

step forth ætsteppan

still (adv) giet

stir hreran (cf. Du "roeren); onhreran

stir up drefan

stoop lutan

stop ætstandan

storekeeper ciepemann

storeroom hedærn

storm (v) abrecan

storm (n) scur

story ge-recednis

straighten gerihtan

stranger gyst, m

stream flod, m

strength ellen, n; mægen

stretch out astreccan

strife orlege, m

strike hnitan

strip behlyþan; ongyrwan

strike down gefyllan

strong forstrang; from

stronghold burg, byrig; fæsten

student leornere

study leornian

submit bugan; gebugan

succeed fon to rice

succession endebyrnes, f

sudden færlic

suddenly færlice

suffer dreogan

suitable gehæp; gelimplice; gemæc; gerisenlic

summon bonnan; clipian, clypian; laðian

supplies metsung, f

supply onstal, n

support (n) fultum

support (v) fultumian

surface sceat, m

surround began (anom); bewyrcan

28

survey geondsceawian

survive belifan; gedygan

swallow gegeopan

sweep away aswipan

swift from

swiftly hrædlice

swimmer fleotend

swimming pool burnsele

swing open onbregdan

sword bill, n.; ecg; guðbill, n; iren; mece

symbol beacen, n.

T

Table beod, m.; bord, n.

tailor seamere

taint geblandan

take don; niman; geniman

take away forniman

take heed geman

take out ateon

take up onfon

taste byrigan; onbyrigan

teach læran; ge-læran

teacher lareow; magister, m

teaching lar

tear (v) scieran

tell asecgan; reccan; secgan

temple herig

temporary læne

terrible atol

terrified anforht

terrifying gæstlic

territory eþel

terror broga, m; ege, m; egesa, m

test fandian

the, that se, seo, þæt

Note: See chart for forms

therefore forðy

they (indef pro) man

think hicgan; hogian; myntan

thought hige; gehygd

threat beot, n.; feorhbealo, .

threatening beotlic

throne cynestol; giefstol

through geond

throughout geond

throw sceaotan

throw away: aweorpan

thrust sceotan

tide flod, m; mereflod

tilling eorþtilþ

time first, m.; hwil; -hwil; mæl; sæl

for a long time: lange; langlice

timid forhtmod

tired meðe

together ætgædere; ætsomne; endemes; geader; samod

toil gedeorf

too<DD. toss cnossian

totally clæne

touch æthrinan; gretan; hrepian; hreppan; hrinan; ge-ræcan

tower (v) hlifian

town burg, burig; burgtun; burgsteall; ceaster

track feorhlast, m; last

trade cræft

translate areccean; awendan

trap betræppan 29

trapping hyrst, f

trappings gerædu

travel faran (6)

treasure beahhord, n.; goldhord, m; hord, n.; maðm

treasurer-giver maþþumgyfa

tree beam, m.

Tremble bifian

tribute gafol, n; manræden

troop heap

trouble (v) bysigian; gedrefan

trouble (n) cearo, f; myrðu; niþ, m

troubled earmcearig; hreoh; hreocearig

troublesome hefigtyme

trout sceota, m

truce grið

trust geliefan

try cunnan

tub byden

tumult gedræg; gelac

turn hweorfan; hwierfan; gehwierfan; oncierran

turn around: nhwyrfan

turn away: bugan

U

Uncle eam

unclothe ongyrwan

uncooked grene

understand asmeagan; gecnawan; forstandan; ongietan (5)

undress ongyrwan

unfortunate heardlice

unhappy heardselig

unhurt hal

unimportant leohlic

unique ænlic

unite geanlæcan

unity annis, f

unless nymþe

until hwænne; oð

unyoke ongeocian

up up to: oð

upon on

upright rihtwis

uproar cyrm, m

urge manian; gemanian

use (v) befæstan; brucan; neotan; notian

use (n) fiorm, f; nytt, f

useful, be dugan

useful usefulness

nyttnes, f

utensil fæt

utility nytt, f

utter acweðan (sv 5); gecwðan

utterance cwidegiedd

utterly clæne; eallunga

V

vain idel

valley denu, f

valuable deorwierþe

various manigfeald; mislic; missenlic

vat fæt

vein æder, f

venom attor, m.

venture ge-neþan

vernacular folclic

verse fers, n.

very (adv) ful; geneahhe

very much ealfela

vice leahtor

viewing sceawung

30

vigorous c; hwætaf

vile fracod; ful

violence ecghete; mæenþise

violent hæste

virgin mægð

voice hleoðor; reord; gereord

vow (n) beot, n

vow (v) beotian; gehatan

W

wage (war) ahebban

wait anbidian

walk gan; gongan (7)

wander scriþan

war guð, f; orlege, m

ward off abaedan

warband duguð

warrior beadurinc, m.; beorn, m.; cempa; dreng, m.; dryhtguma; folcwiga; fyrdrinc; garbuend; guðrinc, m; hæle, m hæeþ, m hildemecg, m; hilderinc, m; hiredmann; hyse, m.; lindwigend magorinc; rinc; scealc, m; sceotan; secg

wasteland mor

water brim; lagustream; wæter

water, body of flod, m

wave (v) hwearfian

wave (n) saltyþ

way foldweg

way of life drohtoð

wealth blæd; ead, n.

weary meðe

weave bregdan

weave together gebregdan

weep greotan; reotan

weigh down hefigan

well fægere

well-known cuð

whale hwæl

whaling hwæhuntoþ

what hwa; hwelc

what kind of: hwelc

when mid þam þe mid þy þe

whence hwanon

where hwær; hwider

whet hwettan

whether æðwhich

hwelc

while hwil

whistle hwistlian

whistling hwistlung

whither hwider

white horse blanca

who hwa

whole ansund; gehal

wicked fracod

wickedly manlice

wickedness fyren

wide brad; geap

wield ge-reccan

willingly gelustfullice; lustfullice

wind around bewerian

window eagðyrl, n

wise frod; gleaw

with mid

with longing for æfter (+acc)

wither searian

within (adv) beinnan; binnan; inne

within (prep) innan (+dat)

without butan, buton; -leas

31

withstand forstandan; ongeanstandan

woman cwen, f; cwene, f; fæmne; ides; mægð

womb hrif, n

wood holt

word giedd

work gedeorf

worker ceorl

world middangeard

worry bisgu

worship bigong, m.

worthless idel

wound (vb) amyrran; forwundian; ge-ræcan

wound (n) benn, f.; dolg, n.; inwidhlemm; licsar; sar

wounded feohseoc, adj

wretched earm; earmcearig; earmsceapen; feasceafig; hean

wretchedlly earmlice

write awritan

Y

yard geard

year gear

year-by-year: gearmælum

yearning langung

yield abugan; bugan; gebugan

yes giese

yesterday giestrandæg; gystran

yet gen; giet; hwæðere

yew iw, m

yoke (v) geocian

you ge (np), eow (ap)

your eower

young geong

young people >dd> giogoð

youth (n) cniht; geoguð; hyse, m.; mago, m

Z

zeal ellenwodnis

zealously georne; geornlice

32