MODERN ERA INTERACTIONS: IMPERIALISM 1750 - 1914 Slide 2
IMPERIALISM Motives of imperialism Modern imperialism Refers to
domination of industrialized countries over subject lands
Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activities Two
types of modern colonialism Colonies ruled and populated by
migrants Colonies controlled without significant settlement
Economic motives of imperialism European merchants made personal
fortunes Expansion to obtain raw materials Colonies were potential
markets for products Political motives Strategic purpose: harbors,
supply stations Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions
Cultural justifications of imperialism Christian missionaries
sought converts in Africa and Asia "Civilizing mission/"white man's
burden justified expansion Slide 3 IMPERIALISM Tools of empire
Transportation technologies supported imperialism Steam-powered
gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia Railroads
organized local economies to serve imperial power Western military
technologies increasingly powerful Firearms: from muskets to rifles
to machines guns In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed
eleven thousand Sudanese in five hours Communication technologies
linked imperial lands with colonies Oceangoing steamships cut
travel time from Britain to India to weeks Telegraph invented in
1830s, global reach by 1900 Difference between colonialism and
imperialism Slide 4 OPIUM WARS 1795 Maccauley Mission and After
British send diplomatic, trade delegation to China Chinese tell
British they are not interested in trade China made mistake of
underestimating Europeans Forced British, Europeans to trade
through Canton Chinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for silver
Chinese refused to trade for manufactures Opium trade A serious
threat to Qing dynasty by 19 th century Cohong system restricted
foreign merchants to Canton China had much to offer, but little
demand for European products East India Company cultivated opium to
trade for Chinese goods British found that Chinese would trade for
opium 1810: 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly By 1839, 40,000
chests traded yearly Opium draining revenue, destroying economy,
society By 1838, 1% of 400 million Chinese were addicted The Opium
War (1839-1842) Commissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop trade
British merchants refused Lin confiscated, destroyed 20,000 chests
of opium British reaction British retaliated, easily crushed
Chinese forces, destroyed Grand Canal British navy destroyed
Chinese navy with steam gunboats British army invades and emperor
sues for peace 2 nd Opium war erupts in 1850s which the British won
British begin using Hong Kong and five other ports 2 nd Opium War
in 1860s: France, UK crush China Slide 5 CHINA: UNEQUAL TREATIES
Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from Qing dynasty Treaty
of Nanjing, 1842 Britain gained right to opium trade Obtained
most-favored-nation status Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain Called
unequal treaties Made with western countries and Japan
Extraterritoriality Foreigners not subject to Chinese laws Criminal
acts tried in Western courts Chinese crimes against westerners
tried in western courts By 1900, China lost control of economy to
foreigners Foreigners invest in China, control industry Ninety
ports open to foreign powers Foreigners issued own stamps, had own
post Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power Foreign powers
seized Chinese tribute states Vietnam (France) Burma (United
Kingdom) Korea, Taiwan (Japan) Effective partition of China by 1898
China carved into spheres of economic influence France: Southern
China UK: Canton area, Shantung area, Yangzte River, Tibet Russia:
Manchuria, Sinkjiang Japan: Amoy area across from Taiwan, Southern
Manchuria Chinese government ineffective Foreign merchants,
missionaries free to run about country Foreign legations
(embassies) control many cities Western, Japanese ships sail up,
down rivers without interruption Slide 6 CHINA & CONCESSIONS
Slide 7 EMPIRE IN ASIA The British empire in India Company rule
under the English East India Company EIC took advantage of Mughal
(Persian) decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s Built
trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay Ruled with
small British force, Indian troops called sepoys Sepoy Rebellion,
1857: attacks on British led to reprisals British imperial rule
replaced the EIC, 1858 British viceroy and high-level British civil
service ruled India British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic,
foreign policy Indians held low-level bureaucratic positions
Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Introduction of
commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium Built railroads, telegraph
lines, canals, harbors, irrigation Did not interfere with Indian
culture, religion Established English-style schools for Indian
elites Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (sati) Slide 8
EMPIRE IN ASIA Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia
"Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in
central Asia By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers
of British India Russian and British explorers mapped, scouted, but
never colonized Afghanistan Russian dominance of central Asia
lasted until 1991 Dutch East India Company held tight control of
Indonesia (Dutch East India) British colonies in southeast Asia
Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880s Port of Singapore
founded 1824; was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s French
Indochina created, 1859-1893 Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty French encouraged
conversion to Christianity, established western-style schools
Thailand left in place as buffer between Burma and Indochina Slide
9 IMPERIALISM IN ASIA Slide 10 SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1875 and 1900
European powers seized almost the entire continent Early explorers
charted the waters, gathered information on resources Missionaries
like David Livingstone set up mission posts Henry Stanley sent by
Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s To protect
their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882
South Africa Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in
seventeenth century By 1800 was a European settler colony with
enslaved black African population British seized Cape Colony in
early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833 British-Dutch
tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands
Mid-19 TH century, they established Orange Free State in 1854,
Transvaal in 1860 Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner
lands; influx of British settlers Boer War, 1899-1902: British
defeated Afrikaners, Union of South Africa Slide 11 SCRAMBLE FOR
AFRICA The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 European powers set rules
for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited Occupation,
supported by European armies, established colonial rule in Africa
By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled
by European powers Colonial rule challenging and expensive
"Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to
private companies empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads
made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo
unprofitable, often replaced by more direct rule Direct rule:
replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model justified by
"civilizing mission" hard to find enough European personnel
Indirect rule: control over subjects through local
institutions--British model worked best in African societies that
were highly organized assumed firm tribal boundaries where often
none existed Slide 12 AFRICA 1880 & 1914 Slide 13 EMPIRES IN
THE PACIFIC Australia and New Zealand Both became settler colonies
in the Pacific 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it
suitable for settlement 1788, one thousand settlers established
colony of New South Wales Became a penal colony after loss of
Georgia in American Revolution 1851, gold discovered; surge of
European migration to Australia Fertile soil and timber of New
Zealand attracted European settlers Europeans diseases dramatically
reduced aboriginal populations European flora and fauna replaced
most native species Large settler societies forced indigenous
peoples onto marginal lands Slide 14 EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC Pacific
Islands Spain and the Pacific Pacific had been a Spanish possession
until 19 th century (Philippines, Micronesia) Spanish yearly
shipments of silver from Mexico to China ended in 1812 Colonization
of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century Early
American visitors to the Pacific American Whalers throughout region
after American revolution American merchants on way to China began
in 19 th century California Gold Rush open Pacific coast to
immigrants from Europe, China US challenged rule in 1854 when
Commodore Perry forced Japan to open ports Some missionaries active
especially in Hawaii and on way to China Late nineteenth century,
European states sought coaling stations and naval ports 1867: USA
acquires Alaska, Wake Island 1898: USA acquires Hawaii,
Philippines, Guam 1899: German buys remaining Spanish islands By
1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United
States. Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano Slide
15 EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC Slide 16 U.S. IMPERIALISM Westward
Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism Americans
push west after American revolution Drove Indians from land US
purchases Louisiana from France Opened up West to settlement
Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent The Monroe
Doctrine and Latin America 1823: proclamation by U.S. president
James Monroe Opposed European imperialism in the Americas Justified
American interventions in late 19 th, 20 th century Used doctrine
to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867 United States
purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 Hawaii became a protectorate
in 1875, formally annexed in 1898 Tended to leave area open only
for American investments, loans The Mexican American War 1846 1848
US annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico US defeats
Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory Settlement of Far West,
Pacific Coast, Great Basin follows 1867 1898 Acquires small Pacific
Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867 Economic interests in Hawaii
lead to revolution, annexation in 1898 The Spanish-American War
(1898-99) US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam,
and Philippines US and Philippines Backed Filipino revolt against
Spain, purchased and took over the colony 1902-1904, bitter civil
war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory
The Panama Canal, 1903-1914 Colombian government refused U.S.
request to build canal at Panama isthmus US helped rebels establish
the state of Panama for the right to build a canal Completed in
1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific Slide 17
Major Imperialistic Powers!!! Slide 18 Four stories of imperialism
Belgium France Great Britain Japan Slide 19 Belgium The Belgium
Revolution occurred in 1830 Leopold I became King in 1831 His son
Leopold II took power in 1865 Under their rules Belgium became the
second most important industrial power! After becoming one of the
industrialized powers in Europe, Belgium wanted to secure its
economic independence by beginning to explore the idea of
colonization. Slide 20 Belgiums move into Africa Leopold II backed
an expedition into the Congo Basin (see map on next slide!). During
the expedition, contact was made with chiefs in the Congo Basin and
a confederation of states was formed. Soon after this, the
Conference of Berlin was held. Whats that, hmmmm???? Slide 21 Slide
22 Conference of Berlin After the interior of Africa had been
discovered by Belgium, many European nations immediately started
scrambling into Africa. (Only those who were industrialized) The
Conference of Berlin was called because many nations were trying to
stake claim in the Congo. Slide 23 The outcome of the Conference of
Berlin the Scramble for Africa. Scramble for Africa- the growth of
conflicting European claims to African territory during the New
Imperialism period, between the 1880s and World War I in 1914.
Slide 24 The General Act of Berlin States: The territory of today's
Democratic Republic of the Congo, some two million square
kilometers, was made essentially the property of Lopold II Free
trade open to all! The Niger and Congo Rivers were made free for
ship traffic. An international prohibition of the slave trade was
signed. Any fresh act of taking possession of any portion of the
African coast would have to be notified by the power taking
possession, or assuming a protectorate, to the other signatory
powers. In the end, Africa was divided between the main powers of
Europe Slide 25 Back to Belgium After the Conference of Berlin,
Belgium was able to keep full ownership of Congo. Belgium proceeded
to take resources out of the Congo such as Ivory and Rubber. Slide
26 France Frances first colonial empire was in the Americas and
parts of India (light blue) Slide 27 Frances second colonial empire
France took control of areas of SE Asia (Which became French
Indonesia) France invaded Algeria in 1830 and continued to take on
African territory. Under the Conference of Berlin, France was
granted an east-west axis of the continent (aka Control of
east-west Africa) Slide 28 Great Britain The First British colonial
empire was in North America...the 13 colonies? Remember what
happened? Slide 29 Second British colonial empire After the British
lost its colonies in the Americas (American Revolution) they turned
their attention elsewhere. Who caught their eye? Australia (became
the British island for criminals) India, Egypt, parts of SE Asia,
and parts of Africa. Slide 30 Slide 31 The sun never sets on the
British Empire! Under the Conference of Berlin, Great Britain was
awarded a north-south axis of the African continent (aka control of
north-south Africa) I see you! I still see you! Here I am again!
Slide 32 Japan- with its own sphere of influence Japan was also
known as an imperialistic power at this time. Japans sphere of
influence remained mostly in and around Asia. After victories in
the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War European nations
and the United States recognized Japan as a world power. Slide 33
Territories held by the Japanese Empire until 1945 (End of WWII)
Slide 34 A little later We will see the effects that imperialism
had on the world (both short and long term!).
