MODERN INDIA & INDIAN CULTURE...Q3. The ancient civilization in Indian sub continent differed from those of Egypt , Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been

5 Years’ GS Mains Papers : Analysis & Insights

MODERN INDIA &

INDIAN CULTURE

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert

Indian CultureUPSC Mains Syllabus - Indian Heritage & Culture

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times

Subject, Topic & ExpertCopyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]

Number of Questions

Topic of Syllabus No. of Questions

Marks

Indian Culture 3 32.5

Art Forms 4 37.5

Literature 2 22.5

Architecture 3 27.5

TOTAL 12 120


3- Questions from Indian Culture

Q1. Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the

world with which were associated a number of renowned

learned personalities of different disciplines. Its strategic

location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not

considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss (10

marks) - 2014


Motivation to ask this Question



In Sept 2014 it was opened – Amartya Sen , Chairman of the University’s Governing Council

Approach –

• In the introduction one can briefly give references of scholars / renowned personalities associated with Taxila University and highlight how its strategic location made it more popular.

• In the body part – despite the above citing reasons why Taxila unlike Nalanda cannot be considered as a University in modern sense.

• Conclusion – citing the relevance of both and linking the current affairs dimension


Answer Hints –• Introduction – Taxila University had been associated with renowned scholars

belonging to different disciplines like Chanakya ( wrote – Arthashastra in Taxilaitself) , Panini (language & grammar), Jivak ( medicine & Surgery), Charvaka(Ayurveda) etc. Also its strategic location at the crossroads of major trade routes i.e, Uttarapath ( GT road – connected Gandhara in the west to Magadha in the East); The Sindh route from Kashmir to Central Asia caused its fame to flourish.

• However, despite of the above Nalanda University is regarded as a university in the modern sense due to following reasons –

1. Subjects /Curriculum – Taxila primarily an imp centre of Hindu and Buddhist learning with focusing on teaching of Vedic literature and art skills like archery and hunting only. Whereas Nalanda University taught more secular subjects like Economics, Politics Astronomy, Mathematics, Science, etc.

2. Students – Nalanda University‟s strong Buddhist curriculum attracted large no. of students from outside India like Korea, Turkey, Mongolia, Tibet, Japan ,etc enabling cross-cultural intellectual discourse . Whereas, Taxila University had mostly students from Indian Janpadas and adjoining areas.


3. Infrastructure – Nalanda- multiple classrooms, extensive library , accomodation for students and teachers, etc Whereas, Taxila – didn‟t have lecture halls nor it provided residential quarters for both students and teachers as most of the learning was given by teachers at their houses privately.

4. System of Education - Nalanda – formal and centralised system of education . Taxila – no formal education , flexible and modified acc to student‟s capabilities. Teachers at Taxila taught according to their perspective because of the absence of centralised learning and in the process forming their own schools of learning. Also unlike in Nalanda, there was no formal degrees at the end of the course in Taxila.

Conclusion – Both Taxila and Nalanda were great centres of learning of their times which had a profound impact on Indian culture and knowledge.

Also, recently Nalanda University has opened up after 800 years is testimony to the fact that its importance in education and culture is immense.


Q2. Sufis and medieval saints failed to

modify either religious ideas and

practices or the outward structure of

Hindu/Muslim societies to any

appreciable extent. Comment. (10

marks) – 2014


Approach –

• Introduction –Rise of Bhakti & Sufi Movt. & their basic

objective or philosophy

• Taking a view either in support of the statement given that

they failed to modify the Hindu/Muslim societies or taking

the support of the view that they helped in modifying society.

• Based on the view taken concluding the answer by briefly

highlighting the weakness or strength of Bhakti/Sufi Movt.


Answer Hints –

• Sufi and medieval mystic saints evolved as a reaction to orthodox, ceremonial, superstitious, and tyrannical practices prevalent in the society. They gained popularity due to the messages of divine peace, harmony, love, humanity and attainability of God.

• It attracted the common men, as their main aim was to spend pious life recite name of Gods and get rid of evil practices. The impact of Sufism on Indian society and culture is undeniable in many ways –

1. Bhakti/Sufis & State – association with rulers – Akbar , etc

2. Bhakti/Sufis & Society – propagation of progressive ideas like equality, brotherhood, service to mankind – social harmony

3. Bhakti/Sufis & Religion – conversion of low caste hindus into their fold as they were driven by ideas of equality; harmony btw orthodoxy and liberal ideas.

4. Bhakti/Sufis & Economy – through Urs & Ziyarat – eg Ajmer imp. Pilgrimage; planted gardens & cultivated lands; Sufis lived austere life

5. Bhakti/Sufis & Literature – spreading of their ideas in regional, Persian & Urdu

6. Bhakti/Sufis & Composite culture – harmony, art & architecure


View 2 : How Sufi movt was not able to modify societies –

1. Promotion of orthodox ideas like by Naqshbandi silsilah, refuted progressive and syncretic ideas like Tauhid-i-ilahi

2. Ideological differences among them – Beshara, Ba-shara, etcabsence of unity of ideology - factionalism

3. Status of women deteriorated , no special efforts to modify status of women – purdah system, polygamy, etc

4. Most of the followers of the sufi and bhakti movement came from the lower strata of the society. It was much difficult for such sections to break the shackles of the religious and social customs and form a new cult of their own.

5. Absence of institutional structure – spread of their message limited; personality cult.


Q3. The ancient civilization in Indian sub

continent differed from those of Egypt ,

Mesopotamia and Greece in that its

culture and traditions have been preserved

without breakdown to the present day.

Comment. ( 12.5 marks ) 2015


Approach –

• Introduce the answer by giving examples how the ancient

past of Egypt, Mesopotamia( modern Iraq) andGreece (

Europe) had a complete break with the past, as evident with

the changes seen in terms of religion, culture, values, etc

• Then, give examples how ancient Indian Civilization (

Harappan and Vedic) – has continuity with modern times.

• Finally conclude.


Answer Hints –

The ancient past of Egypt, Mesopotamia( modern Iraq) and Greece ( Europe) had a complete break with the past, as evident with the changes seen in terms of religion, culture, values, etc

In Egypt, construction of large structures called „pyramids‟ have now almost disappeared. It has now got Islamized while in the past it was dominated by varying polytheistic beliefs and Christianity.

Mesopotamia produced multiple empires and civilizations rather than any single civilization.

The ancient Greeks were a deeply religious people. They worshipped many gods in human form eg Zeus, Athena, but Religion in modern Greece is dominated by Greek Orthodox Church( role of Church)


Ancient Indian Civilization ( Harappan and Vedic) – continuity in modern times.

• Religion- mother goddess, fertility cult, proto-shiva, worship of trees(pipal) Fire

altars found at lothal and Kalibangan during Harappan Civilization and increasing

significance of „yajnas‟ or sacrifices from Vedic age till today.

• Cultural life and dressing styles- pottery , game of dice, chess, comb, beaded

necklaces, saree type clothing, bangles, etc.

• Agriculture- wheels, bullock cart, grains( barley, wheat, rice, etc)

• Urban towns- harappan times- citadel, granary, streets, weights and measures, etc.-

house plans, drainage system came to be followed in later times as well.

• Social inequality existed in towns – in Vedic pd- inequalities reinforced- Varna

system. Family system- patriarchal values,etc.

• knowledge of vedas , Upanishads, etc transmitted from generation to generation.

• Significance of „ritual bathing‟ and holy bath traced back to Harrapan times ( „Great

Bath- Mohenjodaro) is continued till today eg taking dip in Holy Ganges, Yamuna, etc is

still practiced by people.


Art Forms• 4 questions

• Marks – 37.5


Q1. Discuss the „Tandava‟ dance as

recorded in early Indian inscriptions.

(5 Marks ) – 2013


Approach – discuss through different sources of inscriptions/sources of history wherever Tandava dance was mentioned.

Answer Hints –

• Bharat Muni‟s Natyashastra – 2 aspects of classical dance forms –Tandava & Lasya

• Tandava is meant to give symbolic expression to religious idea of Shiva being the Destroyer among the trinity of Gods.

• When Sati jumped in sacrificial fire in Daksha‟s Yajna to give up her life, Shiva performed the Rudra Tandava to express his grief and anger.

• The Bhagavata Purana talks of Krishna dancing his Tandava on the head of the serpent Kaliya.

• According to Jain text: Indra performed Tandava in honour of Rishabha‟sbirth (Jain tirthankar).

• Chola art (bronze)– Natraj – Tandava dance - Shiva is associated with the end of the cosmic world with which this dancing position is associated.


Q2. Gandhara sculpture owed as

much to the Romans as to the

Greeks. Explain.(10 marks) 2014


Approach – Give examples how Gandhara sculpture is a mixed influence of Greek & Roman traditions.

Answer Hints -

• Gandhara school of art and sculpture developed during the Kushanas in the 1st & 2nd century AD prevalent mainly in the North West India. It is also known as Indo Greek or Indo Roman art because of its influences from Roman and Greek cultures.

• Examples of Greek traditions/influence –

1. .Buddha‟s wavy hair, draperies covering both the shoulders, footwear.

2.Buddha under the projection of Greek God Hercules & Buddha‟s mythological like statue of Vajrapani (protector and guide of Gautama Buddha and rose to symbolize the Buddha's power.)

3.Gandhara coins depict Greek script and divinity.

4. Stucco plaster, which was commonly observed in Greek art, was widely used in Gandharan artwork for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings.


• Examples of Roman traditions/influence

1. artistic interpretation; buddha of gandhara is sometimes

presented through roman art techniques using vine scroll;

cherub wearing Garland.

2. The tradition of representation of buddha in human form is

inspired from roman anthropomorphic tradition .

3. Dresses: The outer robe of buddha of gandhara like kaya;

antarvasa resembles to attire of roman gods.

Thus, Gandharan sculpture combines both Greek and Roman

artistic influences with Indian aesthetics.


Q3. Early Buddhist Stupa-art,

while depicting folk motifs and

narratives successfully expounds

Buddhist ideals. Elucidate.(12.5

marks) 2016


Approach –

• Introduce the answer by a brief description of Early

Buddhist Stupa art

• Then , how Folk motifs represents Buddhist ideals

• How Narratives/stories represent Buddhist ideals


• Early Buddhist art reflects all the important aspects of Buddhism. The early Buddhist art( 4th-3rd C B.C. esp during Mauryan period) of Bharhut, Sanchi, Bodh-Gaya and Amaravati and other places shows no anthropomorphic representation of the Master.

• His presence is indicated by means of relics being kept at „harmika‟ “SYMBOLS” an empty throne, or a Bodhi tree or a pair of foot-prints, or a dharma-chakra, symbolizing one or the other event of his life.

• FOLK MOTIFS in the form of symbols/art/sculptures like trees(Bodhi tree), animals, yaksha-yakshinis,

1. Wheel of law (dharmachakra), symbol of the Four Noble Truths expressed by the Buddha;

2. The Lions, symbol of his royalty. The Buddha was known as the “ShakyaLion” during Ashoka‟s time;

3. The Lotus, symbol of pure, unspoiled Buddha Nature


• Narratives

1. in the form of „Jataka (birth) stories‟ are found in Barhut, Sanchi, etc on the „torans‟(gateways These relating to the previous births of Buddha as a Bodhisattva (a Buddha potentia), and those of his last appearance as Gautama Shakyamuni when he attained Enlightenment of Buddhahood.

2. Narrative scenes like of Queen Mayadevi‟s dream; depiction of Rurujataka where Bodhisattava deer is rescuing a man on his back.

3. While construction of stupas continued during Guptas and post Guptas but Brahmanical temples dominated the architecture . This reflected in the form of Buddha also being worshipped in the human form ( Mahayana buddhism), like depiction of Avalokiteshwar, Vajrapani, Padmapani, Mara-Vijay, etc through paintings in Ajanta caves.


Q4. How do you justify the view that

the level of excellence of the Gupta

numismatic art is not at all noticeable

in later times? 10 marks (2017)


Approach –

• Introduce the answer by discussing the coinage introduced before Guptas i.e. Kushanas, shakas, etc.

• Discuss the features of Gupta coins i.e die-struck coins, depiction of kings etc. with examples of the coins such as dinaras.

• Discuss how quality of coins started to decline post Gupta Era due to various reasons such as decline in trade and urban centres, growth of feudalism etc.

• Also given certain features of post Gupta coins such as growth of copper coins etc.


• Answer Hints –

Features of Gupta coins –

1. Unlike the predecessors, the Guptas did not confine the images of emperors only in martial poses such as Archer, Lion-slayer or Horse-rider. They also depicted socio-political events such as marriage of the king and queen, king performing Ashvmedha yanga, king playing Veena and involved in other leisure activities.

2. the coins depicted variety of Gods and Goddesses including Durga, Lakshmi, Ganga, Garuda and Kartikeya.

3. Gupta coins were usually minted in gold and silver. This further enhanced the luster and premiumness of coins.


• Reasons why Gupta numismatics excellence declined?

1. Gradual Decline in Gupta economy –

- Loss of land in central India to Hunas and rise of feudatories impacted revenue.

- The grant of land for religious and other purposes increased.

- decrease in the patronage of numismatic artisans resulting in their migration to alternative vocations.

2. Medieval times –

- quality of coins decreased eg failed token currency experiment (brass and copper) of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

- Rajput coin designs were confined martial motifs of bull and horseman type.

- South Indian coin designs were confined to dynastic crests– boar (Chalukya), bull (Pallava), tiger (Chola), fish (Pandya), bow and arrow (Cheras) and lion (Hoysala). Usually, the other side of the coin had image of temple / Goddess or was simply left blank [e.g. Western Chaluykya.].

- Prohibition of idolatry in Islam severely limited the scope of inscribing motifs and images in the coins of Delhi sultanate and Mughal empire. Usually these coins bore only textual information such as name of the king and date of issue.


3. British-Indian coins were monotonous in design as they had textual information of coin denomination and year on obverse side and portrait of the king or queen on the reverse side.

4. After independence, the king‟s portrait was replaced by Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar and other indigenous motifs of sovereignty and freedom.

5. Now the metal used is Ferritic stainless steel and cupro-nickel


Literature• 2 questions

• Marks - 22.5


Q1. Though not very useful from the point of view of a

connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature

portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with

remarkable vividness. Comment.

(10 marks ) - 2013


Approach –

• Why Sangam literature doesnot provide connected political

history

• How it portrays the social and economic conditions of its

time


Answer hints-

Reasons why Sangam literature doesnot provide connected

political history?

- Three Sangams held btw 100-250 AD

Ist Sangam - attended by Gods and Sages. Work didn‟t survive.

2nd Sangam – Tolkapiyam – book of grammar

3rd Sangam – Ettugoai (8 anthalogies) – not all work survived –

poems mostly romantic and imaginary; No archeological

evidences to corroborate certain settlements mentioned in

Sangam Poems; poets were patronized by ruling elites-

exaggerations about the victories, territorial influence.


Social Conditions:

• Society cherished love(Akam poem), wars(puram poem) and heroes. Bards, priests and poets received

royal patronage.

• Poets mention varnas: Nobility, priests, traders and farmers.

• Society divided into clans (Kuti), however dining and social interactions permitted among them.

Unlike North India, the South Indian society did not have stringent 4-fold varna stratification and

Jati system.

• Women were allowed to choose partners, but life of widows was miserable.

Economy

• Five economic zones (tinai) viz. hills, drylands, jungle, plains and coast, each supporting a different

economic activity.

• Agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and pastoralism were primary occupations. Crafting,

weaving served as secondary source of income.

• Women formed a significant part of labour force, particularly in paddy cultivation, craft and

weaving.

• Kings received income from trade, tributes and plunder. Regular system of taxation was absent.

However, export of pepper, ivory, silk, cotton and booty from raids made the kings wealthy.


Q2. Krishnadeva Raya, the king of

Vijayanagar, was not only an

accomplished scholar himself but was

also a great patron of learning and

literature. Discuss.- 12.5 marks - 2016


Approach –

• Introduce Krishnadeva Raya and Vijayanagar Empire,

mentioning its time period, extent and its importance.

• Discuss the achievements of Krishnadevaraya in literature

mentioning some of his works in Telugu and Sanskrit like

Amukthamalyadha.

• Describe the patronage given by him to the scholars like

Allasani Peddanna.

• Mention the Ashtadiggajas at his courts and their works.


• Krishnadevaraya of the Tuluva dynasty of Vijayanager empire was the most popular and successful ruler. He ruled from 1509 to 1529. This was the golden period for the Vijayanagar Empire.

• Vijaynagar Empire was a great centre of learning and literature –

REASONS- Abundant wealth and prosperity( fertile Tungabhadra

doab, foreign trade), stable polity , rise of regional languages and Bhakti Movement, personal outlook of Krishnadevaraya.

• His WORKS - He was an accomplished Telugu scholar( his reign golden period of Telugu literature) and wrote the celebrated Amuktamalyada( separation of Andala with Lord Vishnu)Sanskrit works include MadalasaCharita, Satyavadu Parinaya, Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.

• PATRONISED - Kannada(Mallanarya, Chatu Vittalanatha, Timmanna Kaviand Vyasatirtha – poets), Sanskrit (Vyasatirtha )and Tamil literature (Haridasa )was also patronized by Krishnadevraya.


• Eight poets known as Astadiggajalu (eight elephants in the eight cardinal points) were part of his court.

1. Allasani Peddana (Father of Telugu poetry)- 'SwarochishaManucharita‘(episode from the Markandeya Purana)

2. Nandi Thimmana - 'Parijatapaharanamu‘(Krishna getting the divine parijata flower from Lord Indra's garden for his wife Satyabhama.)

3. Madayyagari Mallana – Rajasekhara Charitramu

4. Dhurjati - Kalabasti Mahatmyam' and the 'Kalahastislarara Shatakam' in praise of Lord Siva of Kalahasti

5. Ayyalaraju Rama-Bhadrudu –Ramaabhyudayamu


6. Pingali Surana – Raghavapandaveeyamu ( one of the five

mahakavyas of Telugu literature)

7. Ramarajabhushanudu – Vasucharitramu

8. Tenali Rama Krishna – Udbhata-radhya Charitran, 'Panduranga

Matatmyamu'


Architecture• 3 questions

• Marks - 27.5


Q1. Chola architecture represents a

high watermark in the evolution of

temple architecture. Discuss.

- 5 marks - 2013


• The Chola temples like Brihadeshwara temple and Gangaikondacholapuram temples took the Dravidian temple architecture to new heights. Largest and tallest of all Indian temples i.e. Siva Temple of Thanjore was built in Chola Period. Ganas, among the sculptures at the temple, are the most memorable figures made in Chola temples

• Special features of Chola architecture:-

1. The dvarapalas, or guardian figures, at the entrance to the mandapa, or hall which started from the Palava period became a unique feature of the Chola Temples.

2. These temples had huge pyramidical vimanas and massive gopurams.

3. These also had huge thousand pillars mandapas to house devotees.

4. They were linked to wars and battles and to the greatness and power of the king, with idols of the kings and queens in them.

5. The temples of the Imperial Cholas are covered with exquisite well composed sculptures and frescoes.

But the temple architecture continued to flourish even after Cholas. Many massive and beautiful temples were built during Vijaynagar times and their nayakas.


Q2. To what extent has the urban

planning and culture of the Indus

Valley Civilization provided inputs to

the present day urbanization? Discuss.

- 10 marks - 2014


• Approach – Influence of Indus Valley Civilization on urban planning & culture in today‟s time.

• Planned city

• Streets perpendicular

• Garbage , sewerage system

• Store houses , granaries, dockyards, ports

• Art & Culture of IVC like idol worship, pottery making, crafts, seals, religion, ornaments, amulets also has served as a source of inputs for present day culture as these have been transformed into temples, fashion designing, jewelry, currencies, ceramics etc. These have undoubtedly acted as inputs for modern day urbanization.


Q3. Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India

not only reflects the cultural life of the times

but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to

modern painting. Critically evaluate this

comment.

- 12.5 marks - 2015


Approach –

• In what ways rock cut architecture during Mesolithic

pd depicted cultural life

• Rock paintings in what ways comparable to modern paintings

in terms of fine aesthetic sense-

critical evaluation


Salient characteristics of the rock art of Mesolithic period :

• the cave paintings were at a large the depictions of hunting or rituals.

• In addition to animals there are human figures and hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows.

• The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.

• Use of natural colours- colours made by grinding various rocks and minerals, brushes were made of plant fibre.


Modern Indian Art :features

• Freedom and autonomy to the painter, acceptance to artistic expression

• Art on the whole acquired an autonomy of its own and the artist an individual status as never before.

• Interpretation now derived, variety complex technique and method have acquired a new significance, new aesthetique , particularly in regard to the use of colour, in the concept of design and structure, texture, and in the employment, of unconventional materials etc.

• Painting done on canvas, use of oil colours;water colour on paper.

• Modern forms- portraits, folk art, lifestyles, etc.


Modern HistoryUPSC Syllabus –• Modern Indian history from about the middle of the

eighteenth century until the present-1. significant events, 2. personalities, 3. issues

• The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.


Topic/Syllabus No. of Questions

Marks

Freedom Struggle – Stages, Contributors, Contributions from diff parts of the country

6 67.5

Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES

4 47.5

Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT ISSUES

5 62.5

Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

3 32.5

TOTAL 18 210


The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and

important contributors /contributions from different

parts of the country.

- Questions – 6

- Marks – 67.5


Q1. Defying the barriers of age, gender

and religion, the Indian women became the

torchbearer during the struggle for

freedom in India. Discuss.

- 10 marks - 2013


Approach –

• In the introduction , briefly discuss the role played by women

in indian freedom struggle.

• Give examples through religion, age and class position how

women played an imp role

or

Through different phases of freedom struggle discuss the role

played by women defying the barriers of age, religion , etc.


Few Names –

1. Age - Matangini Hajra (80 year old , didn‟t leave National

Flag), Suniti Chowdhry, Pritilata Waddedar, Indira Gandhi,

etc

• Religion – Hazrat Mahal, Rehana Tyabjee (Jailed for QIM,

First muslim lady to sing Vandemataram in Congress

session); Annie Besant, Rani Gadinliu, Bhikaji Cama


Q2. Discuss the role of women

in the freedom struggle

especially during the Gandhian

phase. – 12.5 marks - 2016


Approach –

Mention the role of women in diff Gandhian phase starting

from NCM, CDM to Quit India Movt.


Q3. Several foreigners made India their

homeland and participated in various

movements. Analyze their role in the

Indian struggle for freedom. 10 marks -

2013


1. Annie Besant - Irish woman, came to India as a part of Theosophical society; Central Hindu School @Benaras, later became Benaras Hindu university; SuratSplit Demanded self-rule for India, without waiting for the end of WW1; Setup a Home rule league in 1915; Spread her ideas through New India and Commonweal; Moved the congress resolution against Jaliawalla massacre; Also served as President of Congress session.

2. Charles Freer “Dinbandhu” Andrews - English missionary philanthropist; Extended his wholehearted support to the freedom struggle and criticized the British for their unjust and racial policies.; championed the rights of labourers, railway workers and cotton weavers; actively worked with BR Ambedkar for Harijan demands, campaigned against untouchability; Gandhi gave the title of “Dinbandhu” for his compassion for poor; Advocated the rights of Indian settler in South Africa, East Africa, West Indies, Fiji and the English colonies in other parts of the world.


3. Miraben (Madelein Slade) - From aristocratic English family.

• Influenced by Gandhian philosophy, joined Sabarmati Ashram, took part in Gandhi‟s socio-political campaigns; toured throughout India to promote Khadi and Satyagraha; Wrote many articles in Young India, Harijan, The Stateman, Times of India and Hindustan Times.

• Major role in setting up Seva gram near Wardha.

• Accompanied Gandhi to Round table conference in London.

• During WW2, asked Orissa people to oppose Japanese invasion non-violently.; Placed under detention during Quit India movement.

4. Samuel Evans Stokes Jr.(Satyanand Stokes) was scion of a Wealthy American family.; Only foreigner to sign Congress manifesto in 1921 that called upon Indians to give up government service and join the freedom movement.Arrested on charges of Sedition, jailed for six months.

5. Sarala Ben-Originally Katherine Mary Heilaman, disciple of Gandhi.; Social worker,

6. Nalini Sengupta - Born in Cambridge to Fredrick and Edith Grey. Came to India after marrying Jatindra Mohan Sengupta.; Actively participated in boycott and non-cooperation movements, arrested several times. President of Indian National Congress- notable achievement for a woman from Britain.

7. European Congress Sessions – Presidents – William Wedderburn, Henry Cotton, George Yule, etc


Q4. In what ways did the naval mutiny

prove to be the last nail in the coffin of

British colonial aspirations in India?

- 10 marks - 2014


Approach –

• Impact and consequence of Naval Mutiny

• i.e. how it led to ousting /realisation by the Britishers that the

time has arrived to leave India.


Q5. Why did the „Moderates‟ fail to carry

conviction with the nation about their

proclaimed ideology and political goals by

the end of the nineteenth century?

- 10 marks - 2017


Approach –

• Introduce the answer by discussing the ideology of

moderates (belief in benevolence of British rule, gradual

reforms, limited self government, 3Ps etc.)

• Discuss the reasons for failure of moderates such as ( lack of

belief in masses, limited nature of moderate politics, social

background of moderates which alienated them from masses,

etc.)

• Conclude the answer by pointing out their historical

significance despite their limited representation


Q6. Highlight the importance of the new

objectives that got added to the vision of Indian

independence since the twenties of the last

century.

- 15 marks - 2017


Keywords - Importance of NEW OBJECTIVES

- Vision of INDIAN INDEPENDENCE

Context - 1920s onwards

• Introduction – The vision before 1920s of Indian Independence

• Body - what led to the change – by highlighting the significant events like Arrival of Gandhi, Gandhian Methods, Russian revolution (1917) – led to Socialism and socialist ideas (left movt. ), etc

• NEW OBJECTIVES

• CONCLUSION – These new objectives got reflected in our Constitution and nation-building process.


Complete Independence

Parliamentary Democracy

Gandhian vision

Socialist Ideals


Gandhi - Constructive politics –harijan upliftment, growth of

indigenous industries, pro poor , Hindu-Muslim unity, Satyagraha &

Non-violent methods

Parliamentary Democracy –Council Entry, Swaraj Party,

Congress Ministries, participation in elections, 1931 Karachi Session- Fundamental

Rights, Civil liberties,

Conclude - These new objectives got reflected in our Constitution and nation-

building process.

Complete Independence-Poorna Swaraj

Socialist ideals- workers and labour reforms, kisansabhas – Faizpur Session

(1936) – Agrarian programme

Syllabus - Indian history from about the middle of the

eighteenth century until the present - SIGNIFICANT

PERSONALITIES

Questions – 4

Marks - 47.5


Q1. “In many ways, Lord Dalhousie was the

founder of modern India.” Elaborate

- 10 marks - 2013


Approach –

• Briefly introduce by Lord Dalhousie‟s tenure and

contributions

• Elaborate his role in different fields which brought modernity

and progress in India.


Answer Hints

• Lord Dalhousie was appointed Governor General of India in 1848. His years of rule is considered one of the greatest periods of British rule in India. During his rule that various reforms were brought to improve the conditions of India.

• He started moulding the medieval provinces into modern centralized states- with his “non-regulation system”. Punjab was divided into smaller district supervised by Deputy Commissioners, who were in turn supervised by a Chief Commissioner.

• Introduced railways in India.

• Introduced postal stamps, uniform charges and modern Postal System.

• Laid more than 4000 miles of telegraph line.

• Created separate Public Works department, allotted more funds for roads-canal construction.

• Implemented Woods Dispatch, assumed the responsibility of educating the masses, created hierarchy of educational institutes from primary schools at villages, high schools and collages at district level and universities in presidency towns.

• He also introduced modern commercial reforms by making ports free to commerce with all over the world. Harbours at Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi etc. were developed in large numbers.


Q2. How difficult would have been

the achievement of Indian

independence without Mahatma

Gandhi? Discuss.

- 12.5 - 2015


Approach –

• In this one has to write the contribution of Gandhiji‟s role

and ideas realising India its freedom by giving examples of

how the nature of Indian National movt otherwise would

have changed – Extremist, Leftist, Communal,

Revolutionaries , etc


Q3. Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having

divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of

amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate.

- 12.5 marks - 2015


Approach –

• In the first part bring out differences in their approach and

strategies – examples

• Second part – through examples highlight that both Gandhi

& Ambedkar had common goal – working for downtrodden


Answer Hints -

– Both Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were visionary leaders, who envisaged amelioration of downtrodden. Both wanted the Dalits to educate themselves, empower. Harijan and Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha. Gandhiji‟s means were guided by satya and ahimsa and using soul force whereas Ambedkar wanted to use legal force

- Divergent views-

1. Varna system: Dr. B.R.Ambedkar saw Varna system as discriminatory. He opposed it, as it was the root cause of emergence of caste system, according to him. However, Mahatma Gandhi supported Varna system, as he interpreted in terms of „Duty‟.

2. Caste system: Dr. B.R.Ambedkar wanted to remove caste discrimination by eliminating the caste system itself - Annihilation of Caste. For him, discrimination will persist till there is caste system. While Mahatma Gandhi wanted to eliminate caste discrimination, but retain caste system.

3. Strategies for eliminating caste discrimination- Dr. B.R.Ambedkar prescribed socio-political method for this. He suggested inter-caste marriage, inter-caste dining, education etc. He also favoured economic and political empowerment of downtrodden. However, Mahatma Gandhi prescribed moral - spiritual method for this. For him, everyone performs their duties. We must respect everyone as no duty is superior

4. While, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar adopted a revolutionary approach for annihilating caste system, Mahatma Gandhi adopted a reformative approach towards caste system.


Q4. Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash

Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom.

- 12.5 -2016


Answer Hints-

Differences in approach –

1. Idea of freedom itself – Bose – complete and instant freedom –Gandhi – freedom in phases

2. Method of freedom – revolution ; military campaign– Bose –non-violence , mass-based campaign– Gandhi

3. Ideological difference – Bose – leftist revolutionary- Gandhi –socialistic ideology

4. Outlook- Bose was more international in his outlook and approached Russia , Germany and japan while Gandhiji relied on indegineous forces like swadeshi and satyagraha.

Conclusion – Despite the differences in their approaches & outlook , both made a vital contribution in Indian Freedom struggle.


Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth

century until the present - SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Questions – 3

Marks – 32.5


Q1. The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were

so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat?

- 10 marks -2014


Reasons why many empire-shaking battles were fought at Panipat:

1. To capture India one has to capture Delhi which has been Indian capital since medieval

times and Panipat was located near Delhi, between two of most agriculturally

productive regions of the world – the plains of Indus and Ganges.

3. To attack India all the forces took the route of Kandhar. So many invaders attacked

India from North especially northwest and Panipat fell on the way serving as a perfect

battle ground.

4. Even the Indian rulers wanted to fight outside Delhi as it would disturb the normal

lifes of civilians.

5. Panipat was closer to Delhi in a way to support and provide supplies to armies.

6. Almost all of the fight which occurred here, has one party coming through Khyber pass

in the North-West. Panipat was a huge plain area immediately after crossing Punjab,

in the way towards Delhi.

7. Punjab was in a way a distant province of Delhi and it was desired by invaders

owing to its extremely fertile and enough supplies. Once Punjab was captured,

Panipat was the next frontier enroute Delhi.


Q2. What were the major political, economic and social

developments in the world which motivated the anti-colonial

struggle in India?

- 10 marks - 2014


Answer Hints –

Political Developments:

1. French Revolution

2. Russian & American Revolution

3. Unification of Germany & Italy

4. World Wars 1 & 2

Economic Devts.

1. Great Eco Depression

2. Rise of capitalist forces

3. Expenditure due to World Wars

4. Ruin of agricultural economy

Social Devt-

1. Rise of educated middle class

2. Ideas of enlightenment, liberty , equality and democracy

3. Feeling of nationalism

4. Rise of modern ideas, social reforms, etc


Q3. Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important

watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial

India.

- 12.5 marks - 2016


Approach –

One has to write that what changes in diff fields happened after

1857 revolt –

1. Political

2. Administrative

3. Economic

4. Military

5. Social, etc


Indian history from about the middle of the

eighteenth century until the present -

SIGNIFICANT ISSUES

Questions – 5

Marks – 62.5


Q1. Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of

the British in India from mid-eighteenth century till

independence.

- 10 marks - 2014


Answer Hints – The history of the exploitative role of British-India can be grouped into three

periods:

(i) Period of „merchant capital‟ dating from 1757 to 1813. This „mercantilist‟ phase was

marked by direct plunder and the EIC‟s monopoly trade functioning through the investment of

surplus revenues in the purchase of Indian finished goods for export to England and Europe.

(ii) Period of „industrial capital‟ dating from 1813 to 1858. This period saw the classic age of

free trader industrial capitalist exploitation. The entire pattern of trade underwent a dramatic

change under the mighty impact of England‟s industrial revolution.During this period, India was

converted rapidly into a market for British textiles and a great source for raw materials.

Traditional handicrafts were thrown out of gear.

(iii) Period of „finance capital‟ starting from the closing years of the 19th century and

continuing till independence. During this phase, finance-imperialism began to entrench itself

through the managing agency firms, Railways-Guarentee system; export-import firms,

exchange banks, and some export of capital.

Conclude - The basic colonial character of the British and its telling effect on the Indian economy

and the Indian masses led to the rise of the anti-imperialist movement known as the “National

Movement” in the country.


Q2. Examine how the decline of traditional artisanal industry in

colonial Indian crippled the rural economy. (250 words)

- 15 marks - 2017


Approach –

• Introduce your answer in two parts. In first part give brief account of status of traditional artisanal industries in pre british era, for ex- Well flourished, got royal patronage, free market access and equal treatment and supported and complimentary to agriculture.

• In second part explain how it declined during colonial period for e.g.- discouraged development of domestic industry as imperialism promoted foreign goods and domestic production (handicraft was ruined, forests were plundered) suffered, no free access to market, devoid of royal patronage, heavy taxation and scarcity of raw materials – because we came the exporters of raw materials & importers of finished goods.

• In body part describe how it crippled the rural economy for e.g.- (Zamindari, high revenue rates, rural economy in general was agrarian but decline of traditional artisanal industry increased burden on agriculture (Subsistence farming), unemployment and poverty led to exploitation by moneylenders, land alienation which crippled the rural economy.

• Conclude the answer with the problem leading to resentment and participation of artisanal class into freedom movement and also mention how it was exposed at the earliest by Dada Bhai Naroji and R C Dutt.


Q3. It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to

complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for

Independent India in just three years but for the experience

gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss.

- 12.5 marks - 2015


Approach –

• In this question primarily we have to write the provisions of

1935 Act which were incorporated by the Constituent

Assembly while drafting the Constitution


Q4. Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with

the spectre of a fragmented polity. (150 words)

- 10 marks - 2017


Approach -

Discuss the political scenario of mid- eighteenth centrury

describing:

1. Fall of Mughal empire esp after Aurangzeb

2. Rise of new regional powers (Maratha, Bengal, Awadh,

Rajputs, Hyderabad, Carnatic etc.)

3. Struggle btw European powers for hold over Indian states

for trade

4. Expansion of British Empire


Q5. The women's questions arose in modern India as a part of

the 19th century social reform movement. What were the major

issues and debates concerning women in that period?

- 15 marks - 2017


Approach –

• Introduce your answer by briefly mentioning the major issues

concerning women during the 19th century social reform

movement. for ex: Sati pratha, Women education, female

infancitide, Widow remarriage etc.

• In body part, explain the social reforms and debates related to this

issues for ex- Conservative orthodox societies, Patriarchal mindset

and participation of women is not significant in reform movement

most of the reform movement led by male social reformers.

• One can conclude the answer with positive contribution of such

social reform movements.


THANKS

All the Very Best!


Documents

MODERN INDIA & INDIAN CULTURE...Q3. The ancient civilization in Indian sub continent differed from those of Egypt , Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been