Objectives Introduction Communication Devices Wireless System Evolution

1G - 5G Wireless Systems

Types of networks Wireless PAN Wireless LAN Wireless MAN Wireless WAN

Communication in India Conclusion

IntroductionTelecommunications

- is the key enabler of economic and social development of a nation

- increase the efficiency of commercial and administrative activities

- improve the effectiveness of social and emergency services

- distribute the social, cultural and economic benefits of the process of development more equitably throughout the country

- provides universal service for rural and remote communities

Commonly used Devices

Tablet PC

Watch mobile PhoneKindle- e book reader

Cell Phone

Handheld device

Communication Devices1)Fixed and Wired

(e.g.) desktop uses fixed networks

2)Mobile and Wired

(e.g.) Laptop connected using telephone and modem

3)Fixed and Wireless

(e.g.)a network in historical buildings

4)Mobile and Wireless

(e.g.) Cellular network

Wireless Characteristics

Communication without wires Wires are replaced by electromagnetic waves electromagnetic waves carry a signal through

atmospheric space use radio frequency RF waves, which ranges from

3 kHz to 300 GHz or infrared IR, which ranges from 3 THz to 430 THz

Electromagnetic SpectrumShowing Radio Frequency

What is mobility?Two types of mobility: i)Device portability

ii)User Mobility

no mobility high mobility

mobile wireless user, using same access point

mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections

mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network

Mobility Spectrum

Degrees of Mobility

Walking UsersLow speedSmall roaming areaUsually uses high-bandwidth

Vehicles High speedsLarge roaming areaUsually uses low-bandwidthUses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

Wireless Devices

Wireless Icon

Wireless Router

Semi Parabolic AntennaData card

Wireless Network Stakeholders

1.Regulatory Authorities

2.The operator or the Service Provider

3.The user or the subscriber

4.Equipment Vendors (network equipment and user device)

5.Research Organizations

1G Wireless Systems-Characteristics

Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in early 1980s All based on analog techniques All used FDMA Operates at 450-900 MHz frequency band System capacity is low Data rate is <10 kbps

1G Wireless Systems The geographical area divided into cells

Each with own antenna Each with own range of frequencies Served by base station - Transmitter, receiver, control

unit to carry out actual radio communications with the device

Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid crosstalk

Mobile Switching Center Controls all calls attached to this device, Maintains billing information &Switches calls

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

1G FDMA cellular system

1G infrastructure

Mobile Switching Centre

PSTN

Base station

1G Wireless Systems-Some Standards

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

- by AT&T Bell Labs in 1970s deployed in 1983

-the number of users that can be supported was limited.

-used all over the world & popular in South America, China and Australia.

ETACS: European Total Access Communication Systems. - channel bandwidth is scaled to 25 kHz instead of 30 kHz as in AMPS.

2G Wireless Systems - Characteristics

Deployed in mid 1990s Fully Digital network elements TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching Operates at 900-1800 MHz frequency band 3-times increase in overall system capacity. supported voice-centric services and limited data-service,

like short messages(SMS), FAX, etc. <9.6 kbps data rates

2G Wireless Systems- Some Standards GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)

- TDMA system, serves as the pan-European cellular service, provides a wide range of network service, including phone service, FAX, short message service. Support 24.7 kbps data rate.

USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular)

-a TDMA system, similar to AMPS, it supports more users (6 times) with improved performance. Provides access to VPN, supports short messages. Support 48.6 kbps data rate.

IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard )

-a CDMA standard also designed to be compatible with AMPS through using of CDMA/AMPS dual mode phones and base stations. Capacity is 8~10 times that of AMPS. Support 14.4 kbps data rate.

BSCBTS

Base transceiver station (BTS)

Base station controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Mobile subscribers

Base station system (BSS)

Legend

2G (voice) network architecture

MSC

Public telephonenetwork

GatewayMSC

G

2G Wireless Systems - Challenges

2G is developed for voice communications We can send data over 2G channels by using

modem Increased data rates are required for internet

application

2.5 G Wireless Systems

Compared to 2G systems 2.5G provide high speed data communications and continuous connection to internet

Fully Digital <115kbps data rates GSM to GPRS; Analog AMPS to CDPD Services:

1.WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) access

2.MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)

3.Internet communication service like web,email

2.5 G Wireless Systems-some standards CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), a data service for 1st and 2nd

generation US cellular systems without additional bandwidth requirement, packet channels are dynamically assigned to idle voice channels. Support 48.6kbps data rate as in IS-136.

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), based on GSM by allowing multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an individual user, promises data rate from 56 kbps to 114kbps---continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users, easy access to VPN (Virtual Private Network).

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), providing 384kbps rate by using improved modulation and relaxed error control. Also referred to as EGPRS.

CDMA one (IS-95B): Providing high speed data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels for specific users or specific purposes. Support 115.2kbps.

2.5G (voice+data) network architecture

BSC

MSC

SGSN

Public telephonenetwork

GatewayMSC

G

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Public Internet

GGSN

G

The new cellular data network voice network & data network operates in parallel

The new cellular data network voice network & data network operates in parallel

3G Wireless Systems -Aim

Simultanous voice and data transmission Faster Internet access -Interactive web sessions Video calling Multimedia Content - voice, data & video Universal global roaming 384kbps while moving 2Mbps when stationary 3G phones

Apple I phone 3G,LG KF 750, Nokia 5800 express music, Blackberry bold 9000

Evolution to 3G Technologies

IS-95BCDMA

2G 3G

cdma2000

GSMFDD

TDD

W-CDMA

GPRS

IS-136TDMA

UWC-136

EDGE & 136HS outdoor

136 HSindoor

2.5G

3G Wireless Systems Some Standards

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) - 3GPP

-A wideband CDMA (5MHz) standard based on the network fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, is designed to provide backward compatibility with GSM, IS-136, GPRS and EDGE. Can support 2Mbps data rate. New RF equipment needed.

CDMA 2000 - 3GPP2 Use same bandwidth as IS-95 or 3 adjacent 1.25MHz channels (3-times bandwidth as that of IS-95) to provide instantaneous packet data access at 144kbps or 2Mbps. No additional RF equipment needed, changes are all made in software or baseband hardware.

TD-SCDMA (Time-division Synchronous CDMA) A standard proposed by CATT (China Academy and Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens Corporation. Relies on the existing GSM infrastructure and allows 3G data access by adding high data rate equipment (smart antennas) at each GSM station. Support up to 384kbps of packet data

3G Providers in India

4G Wireless systemsNext G or Beyond 3G

Highly integrated High bandwidth / high-speed wireless Highly compatible with wired network infrastructures provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access   Integration of multi-networks using IP technology applications include mobile web access, IP telephony,

gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television.

4G Wireless systems-Some standards

commercially deployed:

i) the Mobile WiMAX standard  &

ii)Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G

network (LTE) in September 2011 claiming 2–40 Mbps speeds

In India, Bharti Airtel has launched India's first 4G service using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata on 10 April 2012.

4G Wireless Devices

4G Modem

4G smart phone

4G LTE Tablet

4G Wireless Service Providers

Types of Networks

Bluetooth-802.15Infrared, RFID

Low cost

Short distances

Cable Replacement,

Cordless telephony in

Emerging market

< 1 Mbps

PANPersonal

Area Network

GSM/(E)GPRSUMTS/3G

802.20

High cost

Long distances

10 to 384 Kbps+

Full mobility, ubiquitous cov., High security, Easy to use

WANWide

Area Network

Medium-High cost

Med-long

distances

Fixed, last-mile,

low mobility

22+ Mbps

802.11b/a802.16

LMDS/MMDS

MANMetropolitanArea Network

802.11b802.11a

LANLocal

Area Network

Medium cost

Medium distances

Computer-computer and to the

Internet, Low mobility, IT Intensive,

security issue, NRT services

2 to 54+ Mbps

Personal Area Network (PAN)Bluetooth

lower layers are standardized in 802.15 & network and application layers defined by Bluetooth SIG organization

Personal Area Networks(PAN)

RFID- Very short range (10 meters) sensor technology used

to supplement bar-code reader type applications Infrared

- Short range, usually line-of-sight, non-RF technology,- used mostly for wireless remote control, or wire

replacement applications Zig bee -Very low power (and low speed) short distance (10m)

transmission standard -Operates in 868-918 KHz, and 2.4GHz bands using

802.15.4 PAN standards

Wireless LAN Standards

Wireless LAN StandardizationWi Fi

IEEE 802.x Wireless LAN standards are known as WiFi Wireless Fidelity Short range wireless communications Highly utilized and very popular used in offices, airports, coffee shops, universities and

schools Two basic modes of operations:

i)Ad-hoc networking - computers send data to one another

ii)Access point - sending data to the base station

Wireless MAN Standardization

Wireless MAN is based on IEEE 802.16 standard. Wi MAX allows user to browse internet from

laptop computer without wall jack. Medium high cost Medium to long distance 22 Mbps LMDS -- Local Multipoint Distribution Service MMDS – Multichannel Multipoint Distribution

Service

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWIMAX

Indian Telephony

Indian Telephony

Telephone Subscribers (Total) (2012)

960.9 million (May 2012)

Fixed lines (May 2012) 31.53 million

Mobile phones (2012) 929.37 million

Monthly telephone additions (Net) (May 2012)

8.35 million

Teledensity (2012) 79.28 %

Rural Teledensity 33%

Projected teledensity by 2012 84 %

Courtesy: wikipedia.org

Internet Access in IndiaInternet access

Percent household access (total), 2012

10.2% of households (137 million))

Percent broadband household access 1.18% of households (14.31

million)

Broadband internet users 14.31 million (May 2012)

Internet Service Providers (2012)

155

country code top-level domain .in

Courtesy: wikipedia.org

Communication in India

Revenue

Revenue (Total) USD 33,350 million

Courtesy: wikipedia.org