MODERN WORLD HISTORY

Unit 7

Unit 7 Agenda

Day 1 – Cold WarDay 2 – Conflicts After 1945: Korea; Vietnam

& Israel/PalestineDay 3 - End of the Cold War & China After

Mao

The World after 1945

Cold War United Nations vs. League

of Nations NATO & Warsaw Pact Building of the Berlin Wall Hungarian dissidents

defeated Reaction to the Czech

uprising of 1968 Containment Brinkmanship Détente Cold War Conflicts – Korea

and Vietnam

Israeli & Palestinian Conflict Lord Balfour’s

Declaration Collapse of the Soviet

Union – Gorbachev’s Reforms Glasnost Perestroika Foreign policy democratization

Post Mao China – Deng’s 4 Modernizations Tiananmen Square

Differing ideologies of the USSR & USA

CommunismBasic Principles -

Marxist-Leninist ideas, dictatorship of the proletariat

Political - Internationalistic, one party rule, supreme leader

Social - Supported by workers and peasants

Cultural - Censorship, indoctrination, secret police

Economic - Collective ownership, centralized state planning

Capitalism/DemocracyBasic Principles –

Democratic, individual rights

Political – National elections of leaders, multi party rule

Social – Supported by citizens

Cultural – individualistic, freedom of expression and from tyranny

Economic – Individual wealth, capitalistic economy with some restrictions, opportunity to become wealthy

The Cold War

The state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II.

Differing Goals of USSR and USA:

USSRUSSR USAUSAEncourage communism

Rebuild war ravaged economy using satellite nations

 Control eastern Europe

to balance US influence Keep GR divided to

prevent war

Encourage democracy

Gain access to raw materials for industry

Rebuild Europe to create new markets

Reunite GR to stabilize it and increase security

The Yalta Conference (Feb. ’45)

Dropping the bomb (Aug. ’45)

The Start of the Cold War

Who are “The Big Three”

Yalta Conf. : leaders of GB, US & USSR

Germany and BerlinDivided into two

parts, East and WestEast Germany, East

Berlin – Soviet control

(communist)West Germany, West

Berlin – Allied control

1961 construction of the Berlin Wall –becomes a symbol of the Cold War

What were the satellite nations?

Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia

A wall of nations that was to shield the USSR from invasion.

Satellite Nations:

Replaces the FAILED League of Nations

World peace-keeping body

“to save succeeding nations from the scourge of war”

Security Council : US, USSR, GB, China & France

June 1945 Creation of the United Nations

Potsdam Conference July 1945Truman – “I went to

Pottsdam with the kindliest feeling toward Russia – in a year and a half they cured me of it”.

Stalin – “Communism and capitalism cannot exist in the same world. War between the two is inevitable.”

Stalin doesn’t keep his promises from Yalta -refuses free elections in satellite nations

“The IRON CURTAIN”

“…an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe… All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

Winston Churchill, March, ‘46

Satellite Nations:

NATO – 1949 & Warsaw Pact - 1955

Cold War Rivals:1949 – North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO) – alliance of 10 Western European nations, US & Canada Promised to meet an attack

on any NATO member with armed force.

Warsaw Pact – alliance of Soviet satellite countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and East Germany) to protect against Capitalist attack

Dividing the Globe

First World – nations aligned with the US

Second World – nations aligned with the USSR

Third World – non aligned nations

Cold War – USSR

In the post war years, the Soviets kept a firm grip on satellite nations – Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and East Germany

After the Death of Stalin, March of 1953, more moderate leaders come to power

During the 50’s and 60’s, Eastern European nations try to gain more autonomy and independence

Soviets Dominate Eastern Europe: Nikita Khrushchev

Denounces Stalin Enacts de-Stalinization (purging the

country of Stalin’s memory) programNevertheless resentment in the satellite

countries still builds… Soviet policies greatly hampered Eastern Europe’s

economic recovery

Soviet Union puts down reform protests

Cold War Dissidents (those who protest Soviet policies) - not tolerated by USSR leadership:

1956 in Hungary Imre Nagy forms a new government

Response of Soviet Union – Soviet forces overpowered the Hungary’s freedom fighters

USSR leader, Nikita Khrushchev replaced Nagy’s gov’t and had him executed

Nikita Khrushchev

More Protests for Reform in the Soviet Union

Cold War Dissidents (those who protest Soviet policies) - not tolerated by USSR leadership:

1964 Alexander Dubcek’s Czechoslovakia invaded by member countries of the Warsaw Pact –

USSR leader - Brezhnev – claimed Soviet right to prevent its satellites from rejecting communism

Leonid Brezhnev

Containment & Brinkmanship

Containment Policy (Pres. Truman): 1949 US Proposal for dealing with the Soviet Union

“The communist government will break down if we contain it”. (examples: Greece, Turkey, Korea)

Brinkmanship Policy (Pres. Eisenhower): 1953o Eisenhower becomes US president -1953 US secretary of state John Foster Dulles – begins

policy of “brinkmanship”.If the USSR or its supporters attack US

interests, the US would be willing to go to the edge or “brink” of war with the USSR.

Examples: Cuban Missile Crisis & War in Vietnam

From Brinkmanship to Detente

In the 1970’s both the US and USSR backed away from aggressive policies of “Brinkmanship”

Moved toward a period of lowered tensions

US embraces DÉTENTE – President Nixon adopted this policy of reducing COLD WAR tensions

COLD WAR CONFLICTS: KOREA & VIETNAM

1950

Korean war beginsSoviets in charge in North, US in South

North invaded the south

1950Causes Truman to agree about a conspiracy that the Soviets are trying to take over and spread communism

Idea that can’t just contain them any more but must roll them back

1950

UN ordered troops to help South Korea

Any part of the world is a potential battlefield

Korean War

Neither side gained an advantage in the 3 year war

July 1953 – UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement.

Both North Korea and South Korea remain divided today North Korea – remains communist South Korea – 1987 adopted a democratic constitution

and held free elections

Korean War 1950-1953

1956-1973

US perspective: “A defeat for freedom anywhere is a defeat for freedom everywhere”

Vietnam

Vietnam = French colony never under one solidified gov’t before

1945 Japanese withdraw from Vietnam – French want their colony back…

1954 groups of Vietnamese succeeded in overthrowing the French

Vietnam

US supports France through funds because Vietnam’s revolutionary leader of the Nationalist group, the Vietminh

Ho Chi Minh claims to be a communist

Communist & Nationalist Revolutionary

Vietnam War

Domino Theory- explains US involvement in Vietnam

“You have a row of dominoes set up, and you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly”

Pres. Eisenhower explaining why the US needed to stop the Communists in Vietnam

A Divided Vietnam…

France is defeated & the Geneva Conference divides Vietnam in two with US supporting the South and the USSR supporting the North

Vietnam is divided at the 17th parallel

Vietnam War

US pours a lot of money into effort and sends advisors to help police and military in S. Vietnam become more effective

By 1963 US loses confidence in leader of S. Viet (Ngo Dinh Diem) and so, the US supports a military coup

South Vietnam gets US support…

US Escalates Involvement in War

By 1965 – 15,000 US advisors are involved

Can’t withdraw now and have to increase effort to win

Gulf of Tonkin Resolutionbegin with bombing, therefore needed air force, bases, Marines, military to fight the VIETCONG (communist guerillas)

Vietnam War

Reasons for Vietnam

1965 – internal documents listed the following10% - freedom/independence for Vietnam

20% - to avoid Vietnam going to the communists

70% - to avoid a humiliating US defeat

The End of the Vietnam War

U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 as a result of the Case–Church Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress.

The capture of Saigon by the Vietnam People's Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year.

The Fall of Saigon

Vietnam is still governed by Communists today. However the country now welcomes foreign investment - much of these investments come from the US.

As of December 2007, Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries (including the United States, which normalized relations in 1995).

Post War Vietnam

Palestine/Israel: Post World War II Conflicts

People who favor a Jewish homeland in Palestine

They had settled in this region in the 1800’s and 1900’s

Ottoman empire owned this area until WWIAfter WWI, Great Britain was asked by the

League of Nations to oversee Palestine until it was ready for independence

Zionists, Ottoman Empire, WWI

Made in 1917 by Britain’s foreign secretary Balfour - Britain’s “promise” to support the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and to be respectful to existing population.

Two sides could not work together – Jews and Palestinians

Britain called for a partition of the country and then left the matter to the United Nations

The UN, in 1947, called for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish state

Balfour Declaration

Sets off bitter disputes in the Middle EastThe division was ordered to accommodate the

creation of Israel

Division of Palestine after WWII

1947 partition

The State of Israel is Formed

The United Nations, established after WWII, called for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state and a Jewish state.

Islamic countries voted against partition and Palestinians rejected it outright.

May 14, 1948, The formation of IsraelThe day after, 6 Arab states invaded Israel

Palestinians feared that an increasing number of Jewish immigrants would result in hardships for them

Jews wanted a Jewish nation carved out of Palestine

Promises to Jews and Palestinians?

Israel and Palestine differ

Israel wants a nation in Palestine because: It had been their historical and religious homeland

Palestinians lay claim to this territory as their historical and religious homeland too!

Balfour Declaration –Great Britain officially recognized Jewish interest in Palestine.

Palestinians want an independent nation-the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) has been set-up to meet that goal.Palestine (Gaza strip/West Bank) is not yet an independent country. The two parts of "Palestine" are entities that, in the eyes of the international community, have yet to develop or have international recognition to be considered a full independent country.

The End of the Cold War & Collapse of the USSR

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in 1982He will fundamentally change the USSR with

his policies of Perestroika and Glasnost Perestroika: economic restructuring Glasnost: openness, allowed for the FREE flow of

ideas and information

Reforms in Poland, 1989

Gorbachev’s policies cue the satellite nations that change can come

Poland – Union of workers called Solidarity call for reforms in Communist State

Enough pressure was put on government for change

1989 – first free elections democratically elects Lech Walesa as president

Communism is out

Hungary, 1989

Inspired by Poland, reforms are encouragedPrivate enterprise, stock market, new

constitutionCommunist party dissolves itself under

pressure and national elections brings in a democratic govt

Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989

East Germany tried to resist change going on in Poland and Hungary

Hungary allowed East Germans to cross border into Austria and into West Germany

East Germany closes border completelyProtests eruptPressure allows Berlin Wall to fallCommunist party dissolves

Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989

Collapse of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev was in charge as Eastern European nations break away

Now those within the Soviet Union, like Lithuania, try to break away from Soviet Union

Horrifies many of the hardliner or hard core communists

Try to overthrow Gorbachev – August Coup

Boris Yeltsin

First elected president of RussiaAfter the failure of the August Coup, Yeltsin

dissolves the Communist partyGorbachev resignsUSSR become Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (1991)

Video

End of the Cold War with USSR Collapse of the Soviet Union Youtube video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-2kx549Mf0&list=PLF2DAEC4AD8F0BB62&index=70&feature=plpp_video

Post Mao China

China After Mao Video – Discovery Education

Deng’s Crackdown on Human Rights: Tiananmen Square

A huge public space in Beijing, China in 1989, the site of a student protest or uprising in support of democratic reforms.

“Down with corruption” “Down with dictatorship” and “Long live democracy!”

Deng Xiaoping ordered more than 250,000 troops to surround Beijing.

Tanks smashed through June 4, 1989.Soldiers sprayed gunfire. Killed 100s

wounded 1,000s. Arrested over 10,000 people