Monitoring Ground Displacements at a National Highway Project: The case

of “Egnatia Odos” in Greece

Egnatia Odos S.A. & Laboratory of Geodesy, Egnatia Odos S.A. & Laboratory of Geodesy, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle

University of Thessaloniki, GREECEUniversity of Thessaloniki, GREECE

Dr. K. LakakisDr. K. Lakakis

Prof. P. Savvaidis - A. Zeimpekis Prof. P. Savvaidis - A. Zeimpekis

Egnatia Odos and its Deformation ProblemsEgnatia Odos and its Deformation Problems

A 700 Km Highway Project.A 700 Km Highway Project.

It is part of European Transport It is part of European Transport Networks.Networks.

Almost half of the highway Almost half of the highway kilometers pass from mountainskilometers pass from mountains

These mountains name is These mountains name is “Pindos” Sierra, which main “Pindos” Sierra, which main material is Flysch, a very special material is Flysch, a very special and instable rockmass.and instable rockmass.

So the problem is how to bed the So the problem is how to bed the necessary big embankments, necessary big embankments, bridges and valley bridges, bridges and valley bridges, tunnels, e.t.c.tunnels, e.t.c.

The first Field Applications of GPS The first Field Applications of GPS Landslide MonitoringLandslide Monitoring

Highway Section 2.3, Moutsara Landslide.Highway Section 2.3, Moutsara Landslide.

Highway Section 3.3, Metsovitikos Valley-Bridge Highway Section 3.3, Metsovitikos Valley-Bridge Foundation Landslide.Foundation Landslide.

Highway Section 1.1.3, G1 Valley-Bridge Highway Section 1.1.3, G1 Valley-Bridge Foundation Landslide.Foundation Landslide.

Highway Section 2.4, T9, T10 & T12 Bridges Highway Section 2.4, T9, T10 & T12 Bridges Foundation Landslide.Foundation Landslide.

Geological Identity of Geological Identity of “Moutsara” Landslide“Moutsara” Landslide

Stream depositions consisting of sandy gravel-sandy silty materials.Stream depositions consisting of sandy gravel-sandy silty materials.

Sandy silty-sandy clay materials characterize as lateral scree and Sandy silty-sandy clay materials characterize as lateral scree and weathering products, approximately 1-3 m. thick.weathering products, approximately 1-3 m. thick.

Materials of an old landslide, consisting of ground material on the Materials of an old landslide, consisting of ground material on the surface and, as depth progresses, of flysch rockmass with shearing zones.surface and, as depth progresses, of flysch rockmass with shearing zones.

Indigenous flysch rockmass consisting of alternation of siltstones and Indigenous flysch rockmass consisting of alternation of siltstones and sandstones.sandstones.

Geological Identity of “Metsovitikos” Geological Identity of “Metsovitikos” Valley-Bridge LandslideValley-Bridge Landslide

Thin bedded interchanges of Thin bedded interchanges of sandstone/siltstone above the thickly sandstone/siltstone above the thickly bedded sandstone.bedded sandstone.

Thickly bedded sandstone with Thickly bedded sandstone with siltstone laminations.siltstone laminations.

Interchanges of sandstone and Interchanges of sandstone and siltstone.siltstone.

Red shales (severely tectonised and Red shales (severely tectonised and often folded).often folded).

Limestone.Limestone.

The Measurement Procedure (1) FlowchartThe Measurement Procedure (1) Flowchart

Spatial Definition of the Spatial Definition of the

Landslide areaLandslide area

Definition of the Points Definition of the Points (stable) (stable)

of the Control Networkof the Control Network

Definition of the Monitoring Definition of the Monitoring Points NetworkPoints Network

Zero Period Zero Period MeasurementsMeasurements

Free Control Network Free Control Network AdjustmentAdjustment

Monitoring Network Monitoring Network AdjustmentAdjustment

Zero Period Zero Period ResultsResults

Second Period Second Period MeasurementsMeasurements

Free Control Network Free Control Network AdjustmentAdjustment

Comparison with Comparison with Zero Zero

Results Results

Monitoring Network Monitoring Network AdjustmentAdjustment

Second Second Period Period ResultsResults

Procedure (2)Procedure (2)

The Measurement Procedure (2) FlowchartThe Measurement Procedure (2) Flowchart

Zero Period Zero Period MeasurementsMeasurements

Free Control and Monitoring Free Control and Monitoring Network AdjustmentNetwork Adjustment

Zero Period Zero Period ResultsResults

Second Period Second Period MeasurementsMeasurements

Free Control and Monitoring Free Control and Monitoring Network AdjustmentNetwork Adjustment

Transformation to Zero Period Transformation to Zero Period Coordination SystemCoordination System

Second Period Second Period ResultsResults

 Control Point

Horizontal displacement / error ellipses

semi-axes (mm) [2-1]

Horizontal displacement / error ellipses semi-axes (mm) [3-2]

Horizontal displacement / error ellipses

semi-axes (mm) [4-3]

 Average horizontal

displacement (mm) [1 to 4]

 Total horizontal displacement

(mm) / direction

 Average vertical

displacement (mm) [4-

1]  [4-1]

Κ18 1 / (a=1.1, b=0.9)

4 / (a=0.9, b=0.6)

6 / (a=1.2, b=0.9)

4 4 / (SW) -32

Κ19 4 / (a=1.3, b=0.7)

3 / (a=1.1, b=0.9)

5 / (a=1.2, b=0.9)

4 8 / (SW) 1

ΚΜ1 16 / (a=2.1, b=1.4)

10 / (a=1.8, b=1.2)

5 / (a=1.6, b=1.2)

10 5 / (NW) 5

ΚΜ11 13 / (a=2.1, b=1.7)

19 / (a=1.7, b=1.2)

18 / (a=2.4, b=2.1)

17 17 / (NW) 9

ΚΜ2 3 / (a=0.9, b=0.8)

4 / (a=0.5, b=0.4)

5 / (a=1.1, b=0.9)

4 4 / (NW) 7

ΚΜ3 5 / (a=1, b=0.9)

2 / (a=2.1, b=1.4)

6 / (a=1.3, b=1)

4 13 / (SW) -6

ΚΜ4 6 / (a=2.1, b=1.4)

9 / (a=1.1, b=0.8)

9 / (a=1.2, b=0.9)

8 11 / (SW) 3

ΚΜ5 10 / (a=1.7, b=1.6)

10 / (a=0.7, b=0.6)

4 / (a=1.1, b=0.9)

8 3 / (W) 22

ΚΜ7 4 / (a=0.7, b=0.5)

3 / (a=1, b=0.8)

6 / (a=1.1, b=0.9)

4 7 / (SW) 2

ΚΜ9 3 / (a=0.8, b=0.7)

4 / (a=0.5, b=0.4)

6 / (a=1, b=0.9)

4 6 / (SW) -6

ΜΑ1 5 / (a=1.3, b=1.1)

5 / (a=1.2, b=0.7)

4 / (a=1.2, b=0.8)

5 5 / (SE) 3

ΜΑ2 5 / (a=0.8, b=0.6)

1 / (a=1.1, b=0.8)

9 / (a=1.1, b=0.9)

5 11 / (SW) -9

ΜΑ3 19 / (a=1.6, b=1)

2 / (a=1.5, b=1)

11 / (a=1.5, b=0.9)

11 13 / (SW) 23

ΜΑ4 1 / (a=1.2, b=0.9)

2 / (a=0.8, b=0.7)

4 / (a=1.6, b=1)

2 2 / (Stable) 5

ΜΑ5 5 / (a=1.9, b=1.5)

7 / (a=1.4, b=1.2)

7 / (a=1.3, b=1.1)

6 10 / (SW) 0

S1005

9 / (a=1.1, b=1)

3 / (a=1.4, b=0.7)

2 / (a=1.4, b=0.8)

5 8 / (NE) 1

S1009

6 / (a=0.8, b=0.6)

1 / (a=1.2, b=1)

9 / (a=1.3, b=1.1)

5 10 / (SW) 4

T22 2 / (a=1.5, b=1.3)

17 / (a=1.8, b=1.6)

10 / (a=1.2, b=0.8)

10 13 / (SE) 2

The first results of Moutsara landslide measurementsThe first results of Moutsara landslide measurements

The Deformation History Point CardThe Deformation History Point Card

• A very useful tool for the monitoring A very useful tool for the monitoring of the displacements.of the displacements.

• It includes three main parts, the It includes three main parts, the Horizontal, the Vertical and the Table Horizontal, the Vertical and the Table part.part.

• It includes two time options It includes two time options displacements, the period by period displacements, the period by period displacement and also the zero period displacement and also the zero period – k period displacement.– k period displacement.

The Deformation History Point Card The Deformation History Point Card Basic ElementsBasic Elements

Deformation Vectors of Monitoring PointsDeformation Vectors of Monitoring Points

Another useful tool for the Another useful tool for the monitoring of the displacements.monitoring of the displacements.

It gives to us a visual option of It gives to us a visual option of the displacement as regards the the displacement as regards the TM of the area and also all the TM of the area and also all the surveying information.surveying information.

Comments & Conclusions Comments & Conclusions

We have to monitor not only to find if there are important displacements, We have to monitor not only to find if there are important displacements, but also the size of them.but also the size of them.

We have to establish quick and reliable Procedures for a previous Scientific We have to establish quick and reliable Procedures for a previous Scientific matter, which become a Practical need.matter, which become a Practical need.

The use of Procedure No1 is necessary because of the Contractors limits.The use of Procedure No1 is necessary because of the Contractors limits.

The results of at this time applications give very useful and logical The results of at this time applications give very useful and logical conclusions under geological point of view.conclusions under geological point of view.

For example, at “Metsovikos” landslide from first five measurement For example, at “Metsovikos” landslide from first five measurement periods we find differences between three monitoring points and all the others periods we find differences between three monitoring points and all the others (which are about 17). This was something that and geologists expected in view (which are about 17). This was something that and geologists expected in view of their studies.of their studies.

Also at “Moutsara” landslide we observed irregularly and random Also at “Moutsara” landslide we observed irregularly and random displacements, without any tend but maybe (we don’t know until now) displacements, without any tend but maybe (we don’t know until now) periodical movement.periodical movement.

Future WorkFuture Work

Teaching to as more as possible Contractors the Procedures and Methods.Teaching to as more as possible Contractors the Procedures and Methods.

Use only the Procedure No 2.Use only the Procedure No 2.

Establish Permanent Local Continuous GPS Reference Stations to every Establish Permanent Local Continuous GPS Reference Stations to every Command Station of the Highway.Command Station of the Highway.

Automatization of the Procedure by using Telematics aspects.Automatization of the Procedure by using Telematics aspects.

Establish GPS Calibration Procedures and Laboratories to every Command Establish GPS Calibration Procedures and Laboratories to every Command Station of the Highway.Station of the Highway.

Expanding the same Procedures as part of Bridges and big Embankments Expanding the same Procedures as part of Bridges and big Embankments Maintenance System.Maintenance System.

Expanding the Geodetic Monitoring to Tunnels with Total Station as base Expanding the Geodetic Monitoring to Tunnels with Total Station as base inside the Tunnel Technology which will controlled from a GPS outstanding inside the Tunnel Technology which will controlled from a GPS outstanding Network.Network.