MOREEFFICIENTMECHANISMSOFBIOLOGICALPHOSPHORUSREMOVALJAMESBARNARD,MARKSTEICHEN&PATRICKDUNLAP

NEWEA – ANNUALCONFERENCE&EXHIBITION

January22-25∣ BostonMA

• HistoryofEBPR• Proposedmechanisms• Alternativeflowsheets• Possiblelimitationsofexistingpractices• Problemswithmodelingalternativeflowsheets• Proposedremedies

AGENDA

• Hi-ratenonitrification• 30to40hinStripper• SupernatanthighinPtreatedwithlime

• Allprimaryeffluenttoaerationbasin

• RASthrudeepanaerobicconditions

SOMEEARLYOBSERVATIONS

2

3

Aerated Settling

Effluent

Stripper

Wasted Biomass

Return Biomass

Influent Wastewater

Lime

P-enriched Lime Sludge

Phostrip ProcessLevinetal(1975)

MIXEDLIQUORFERMENTER(MLF)• Fermenterresultedfrombasinconfigurationandnotdeemedimportant

• Excellentphosphorusremovalresulted

• Noteorthophosphatesprofilethroughplant

• Performancecouldnotbereplicatedinlaboratory

• Barnardsuggestedorganisms(PAO)shouldpassthroughanaerobicphasewithlowORPwhichtriggeredEBPR

• SuggestedPhoredoxprocessbyaddinganaerobiczoneupfront

Barnard100m3/dpilot1972

PHOREDOX(AKAAO)CONCEPTOFPASSINGALLPRIMARYEFFLUENTTHROUGHANAEROBICZONE

AsadaptedbyComeau&Wentzel

• StudiedthePho-stripprocess

• SuggestedPAOtakeupPwhenaerobic,usethatenergytotakeupVFAinanaerobiczone

• IdentifiedPAOasAcinetobacter

• MechanismsfurtherdevelopedbyComeau&Wentzel

FUHS &CHEN(1975)2

6Problem– notalwayssufficientVFAinprimaryeffluent

VFAFROMFERMENTERS

VIEWOFKELOWNAB.C.

Fermenter

PST

AnaerobicZones

*IWA– BiologicalWastewaterTreatment-Principles,,ModelingandDesignHenze etal

• “…itwasincorrectlyconsideredthatPAOswereofthegenusAcinetobacter….orTetrasphaera ”byFuhs &Chenandothers*

• “Morerecently,culture-independentmethodshaveshownAccummulibacter phosphatis …isaPAOwhichcanbegrowninenrichedcultures…”*

• “ForthepurposeofdesignitwillbeconsideredthatanoxicPuptakeisnotsignificant”*

FURTHERSTUDIESIDENTIFIEDCANDIDATUSACCUMULIBACTERASTHEDOMINANTPAO

9

2

WESTBANKWITHFERMENTER

TN <6mg/ℓBOD <5mg/ℓTSS <2mg/ℓTP <0.15mg/ℓ

Westside Kelowna BC (Westbank)

X

WESTBANKWWTP

Primary Anaerob Anoxic1 Anoxic2 Anoxic3 Aerobic1 Aerobic2 Aerobic35.36 20.56 2.20 1.84 1.60 0.50 0.20 0.03BioreactorProfile

PhosphorusbyZone

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00Prim

ary

Anaerob

Anoxic1

Anoxic2

Anoxic3

Aerobic1

Aerobic2

Aerobic3

Phosph

orus

mg/L

NotePuptakeinAnoxicZone

Tetrasphaeracandenitrify

MIXOFORGANISMSINWESTSIDEPLANT

FISHImagefromWRWWTPSludgewithEUBmix(allbacteria)ShowninGreen,Tet2-174(Tetrasphaeraclade2B)inOrange,andTet3-654(Tetrasphaeraclade3)inRed.

Dunlapetal2015

PHOSPHORUSREMOVALWITHSIDE-STREAMFERMENTATION

IowaHillCOplant– FromChrisMaher

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Efflu

entO

rtho

Pm

g/L

9/8/2011 9/9/2011 9/10/2011

EXPERIMENTATDENVERMETRO

Cavanaugh,L.,Carson,K.,Lynch,C.,Phillips,H.,Barnard,J.andMcQuarrie,J.(2012)ASmallFootprintApproachforEnhancedBiologicalPhosphorusRemoval:Resultsfroma106mgdFull-ScaleDemonstration.Proceedingsofthe85thAnnualWaterEnvironmentFederationTechnicalExhibitionandConference,NewOrleans,LA,October2012.

RAS

PHOSPHORUSREMOVALBYRASFERMENTATION– DENVERMETRO

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.010

/4/201

1

10/6/201

1

10/8/201

1

10/10/20

11

10/12/20

11

10/14/20

11

10/16/20

11

10/18/20

11

10/20/20

11

10/22/20

11

10/24/20

11

10/26/20

11

10/28/20

11

10/30/20

11

11/1/201

1

11/3/201

1

11/5/201

1

11/7/201

1

11/9/201

1

11/11/20

11

11/13/20

11

11/15/20

11

11/17/20

11

11/19/20

11

11/21/20

11

11/23/20

11

11/25/20

11

11/27/20

11

11/29/20

11

12/1/201

1

12/3/201

1

12/5/201

1

mg-TSS/L

mg-P/L

NSECEffluentTP

NSECEffluentPO4-P

NSECEffluentTSS

Cavanaugh,L.,Carson,K.,Lynch,C.,Phillips,H.,Barnard,J.andMcQuarrie,J.(2012)ASmallFootprintApproachforEnhancedBiologicalPhosphorusRemoval:Resultsfroma106mgdFull-ScaleDemonstration.Proceedingsofthe85th AnnualWaterEnvironmentFederationTechnicalExhibitionandConference,NewOrleans,LA,October2012.

CAROUSEL PLANTHENDERSONNV60ML/D– UPGRADEDTOBNR

Ortho-P for May 2010

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

5/1/20

10

5/2/20

10

5/3/20

10

5/4/20

10

5/5/20

10

5/6/20

10

5/7/20

10

5/8/20

10

5/9/20

10

5/10/2

010

5/11/2

010

5/12/2

010

5/13/2

010

5/14/2

010

5/15/2

010

5/16/2

010

5/17/2

010

5/18/2

010

5/19/2

010

5/20/2

010

5/21/2

010

5/22/2

010

5/23/2

010

5/24/2

010

5/25/2

010

5/26/2

010

5/27/2

010

5/28/2

010

5/29/2

010

5/30/2

010

Phos

phor

us (m

g/L)

ANA Eft SPS SCC Final Eft

SwitchingoffamixerintheanaerobiczoneresultedinIn-plantFermentation

POSSIBLELIMITATIONSOFEXISTINGCONFIGURATION

• WereweperhapsselectingmostlyforspeciesofAccumulibacter thatneededasupplyofacetic&propionicacid

• TheycouldhaveprevailedinstandardanaerobiczonessinceconditionswerenotidealforfermentingspecieslikeTetrasphaera

• Tetrasphaera canfermentglucoseandaminoacidsandotherhighercarbonformsandstorephosphorus– Nguyenetal

• TheyactuallyproduceVFAthatallowapopulationofAccumulibacter togrowalongsidethem

• Theycandenitrifyunderanoxicconditions

• Whydidwenotgrowthem– notdeepenoughanaerobicconditions

2

17

WHYDIDWEMISSIT?

• ItappearsthatweneedanORPof<-300mV– mostanaerobiczonesstruggletoget-150mV

• ImpossibletoachievewithnitratesorDOanywhere

• Mostplantswereover-mixedwithturbulentsurfacesthatentrainedairwhichpreventeddeeperanaerobicconditions

• Standardmixingenergy0.6hp/kcf– need0.08hp/kcf(hugesavinginenergy)

• Toomuchairentrainedinprimaryeffluent

• ToomuchprimaryeffluentpersewhichmaycontainverylittleVFAthusdilutingthecontentoftheanaerobiczoneandreducingtheanaerobicSRT

18

ORPINANAEROBICZONES

19

0

-100

-200

-300

OR

P (m

V)

Accummulibacter Accummulibacter

Tetrasphaera

VFA

VFA

Anaerobic Zone

Conventional Anaerobic Zone Side-stream Fermenter

Glucose

MODIFIEDWESTBANKPROCESS

2

20Aimfor1to2daySRTinanaerobiczone(12-18hwithfermentate

AndhereIwouldliketothankKevinClarkfromPineryWaterforshowingustheway

WHENNOPRIMARIESUSEMIXEDLIQUORFERMENTER– OLATHEKS,SACRAMENTOCA

21

MLFmixedonlyonceperdayorlessoftenGuidelineSRTofMLFapproximately2days

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Ortho-P

hospha

te,m

g-P/L

Time12/2/13 1/1/14 1/31/14 3/2/14 4/1/14 5/1/14 5/31/14 6/30/14 7/30/14

FlowSplit

Ferm

entat

ion

Powe

rOuta

ge

COD:TKN7.2Nitrates7.5Average

SVI~90ml/gHardlyany

Acetateaddition

PresentLimit2.3mg/l

Endo

fMLF

TheOccurrenceofEnhancedBiologicalPhosphorusRemovalina200,000m3/dayPartialNitrationandAnammoxActivatedSludgeProcessattheChangiWaterReclamationPlant,Singapore– Caoetal,2016

• Step-feednitrification/denitrification• AchieveEBPR– DenitePAO• PresenceofAccumulibacter&Tetrasphaera

LAY-OUTOFCHANGI PLANT- SINGAPORE

Black&Veatch

22

AX

AX

AX

AXAe

robic

AX

AX

AX

AX

Aerobic

AX

AX

AX

AX

Aerobic

AX

AX

AX

AX

Aerobic

AX

AX

AX

AX

Aerobic

RAS

Feed

23

2

TETRASPHAERA IMPACTSMODELBEHAVIOR

Anaerobic Process Aerobic Processes

Ferm

enta

tion

With

OH

Os O

nly

Sb

Acetate

Ordinary Heterotroph

COD

PO4Poly-P

Typical PAO

Growth

O2

Sb

Ordinary Heterotroph

Typical PAO

Growth

PO4Growth

COD

Poly-P

Ferm

enta

tion

With

Tetrasphaera

Anaerobic Process Aerobic Processes

Ferm

enta

tion

With

OH

Os O

nly

Ferm

enta

tion

With

Tetrasphaera

Sb

Acetate

PO4Poly-P

COD

Tetrasphaera

COD

PO4Poly-P

Typical PAO

O2

PO4Poly-P

COD

Tetrasphaera

Typical PAO

Growth

PO4Growth

COD

Poly-P

DRAWBACKSOFPARAMETERADJUSTMENT§ Coarseparameteradjustmentcanofferinsightintocurrent

modelshortcomingsbut;theadjustmentofmanyvariableslikelyresultsinoveradjustment&compensation,calibrationisonlypossibleifallrelevantmechanismsareincorporated,anditwillprovidelittlepredictivepowerwhenextrapolatingbeyondspecificscenario.

§ WeareworkingwithNortheasternUniversitytowardsrecommendationsforbettermodelingsidestreamEBPRaspartWERFstudy

§ RefertoWWTmod 2016paperformoreinformation;RethinkingEBPR:Whatdoyoudowhenthemodelwillnotfitreal-worldevidence?

• ShortcomingsofdesignresultedinselectionforlimitedvarietyofPAO,mainlythosethatneedasupplyofSCVFA

• DeeperanaerobicconditionsareneededtocultivatefermentingPAOsuchasTetrasphaera

• Theseorganismscanalsotakeupphosphorusunderanoxicconditions

• LimitHRTinanaerobiczonebyreducedprimaryeffluentdischargeand/orreducedRASflow

• Wastewatercharacteristicsirrelevant• ModelingforalternativespeciesoffermentingPAOs

CONCLUSIONS

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