Moshi Municipal Profile

8/12/2019 Moshi Municipal Profile

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MANAGING THE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOSHI

The town of Mt. Kili!n"!#o

ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OFMOSHI MUNI$IPALIT%


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF MOSHI

MUNI$IPALIT%

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

Tanzania has an area of approximately 945,087 square kilometers. It has apopulation of about 4,5!9,"" people #"00" population an$ housin%&ensus' out of (hi&h ".)* li+e in urban areas. The urban population %ro(thrate is t(i&e the ational %ro(th rate of ".9* per year. It is &omprise$ of") politi&al an$ a$ministrati+e re%ions. .

-ith an area of ),")0 km", iliman/aro e%ion is lo&ate$ to the orth 1ast of

the &ountry, it is bor$ere$ by enya to the orth an$ 1ast, 2rusha re%ion tothe -est, Tan%a e%ion to the 1ast an$ 3anyara e%ion to the outh. There%ion lies on the southern foothills of 3t. iliman/aro.

iliman/aro e%ion is $i+i$e$ into six a$ministrati+e $istri&ts 3oshi, ai, iha,ombo, 3(an%a an$ ame.

3oshi 3uni&ipal is lo&ate$ on the fertile southern slopes of 3t. iliman/aro at

an altitu$e of 950 meters abo+e sea le+el in the orth to 700 meters abo+esea le+el in the outh. The area of 3oshi 3uni&ipality is 58sq.km The to(n is+irtually $i+i$e$ into three unequal parts by t(o permanent ri+ers6 au tothe 1ast an$ aran%a to the -est (hile ila$e$a forms the (esternboun$ary.

The mean annual temperature is "50, the &ol$est month bein% uly (ith ana+era%e of )70 an$ the (armest month is e&ember (ith an a+era%e of40. The to(n re&ei+es short rains from :&tober to e&ember an$ lon%rains from 3ar&h to 3ay.

3 hi i i ll t bli h $ ilit t lil i t $


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2&&or$in% to the "00" &ensus, the muni&ipal population (as )4, 799 (hi&his )0.4* of the re%ional population #),7!,70"'. The %ro(th rate is ".8* perannum. The female population (as 7,)") #50.8*'. The a%e $istribution for3oshi 3uni&ipality sho(s that the youn% population un$er )5 years (as 4

per&ent. Aor the a%e bet(een )5 to !4 years the proportion is !4*.

The population %ro(th in 3oshi 3uni&ipal &an be attribute$ to a %reaterextent by the un&he&ke$ hi%h rate of ruralBurban mi%ration. Cnlike the otherto(ns in the &ountry, &urrent realisti& estimates of the urban populationshoul$ in&lu$e an a$$itional 70,000 $ay resi$ents (ho (ork in to(n butspen$ ni%hts in the surroun$in% ri&h an$ $e+elope$ hinterlan$.

urati+e an$ pre+enti+e health ser+i&es are a+ailable in the 3uni&ipality. Theexistin% health ser+i&es in the muni&ipality that are either pri+ately or%o+ernment &ontrolle$ in&lu$e se+en hospitals, six health &enters, 47$ispensaries. 3oshi 3uni&ipal litera&y rate has been 9"* for 5 years. Theattainment at primary s&hool sho(s that there are more %irls than boys. Thein&rease of primary an$ se&on$ary s&hools is a result of the =1= poli&y.There is a shorta%e of form ?+e an$ six se&on$ary s&hools that has resulte$

in many stu$ents failin% to pursue a$+an&e$ se&on$ary e$u&ation o(e+er,there is a si%ni?&ant $e&line at the se&on$ary s&hool le+el an$ Cni+ersity an$other &olle%es. 3oshi, iliman/aro has the hi%hest number of se&on$arys&hools in the &ountry an$ a bi% number of trainin% Institutions.

2&&or$in% to "00" population an$ housin% &ensus 47.4* (ere employe$ an$5".!* (ere unemploye$. The stu$ent population is )5,"") if it is re$u&e$from the total labour for&e the (orkin% population is 5*. -hile 4)." per&ent

(ere en%a%e$ in a%ri&ulture, 9.8 per&ent as employees )!.7 per&ent in nona%ri&ulture ). per&ent as &ontributin% family (orkers an$ 0.5 per&ent in theothers.


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$epen$s on in&ome %eneration a&ti+ities in the informal, mi&ro an$ smalls&ale enterprises #I31'.

The ma/or sour&es of in&ome of the people of the 3uni&ipality are from

pri+ate employment, publi& employment an$ selfBemployment. esi$ents has?le$ to initiate o(n businesses $ue to ina$equate &apital an$entrepreneurship skills.

There is lo( in+estment in in$ustries that has &ontribute$ to po+erty in the3uni&ipality.Salient Environmental Isses:onsi$erin% the existin% $e+elopmentEen+ironment intera&tions, thefollo(in% are likely to be amon% the salient en+ironmental issues thatemer%e in 3oshi 3uni&ipality6 Cn%ui$e$ urban %ro(th resultin% into the expansion of unplanne$

settlements, ina$equately ser+i&e$ ne( areas an$ un&oor$inate$ ser+i&e$eli+ery e@orts by in$i+i$ual $e+elopers

1&onomi& $e&line an$ risin% urban po+erty in the form of in&reasin%,

unemployment, expansion of informal se&tor, in&rease in &rime an$urban +iolen&e.

e&ayin% entral ;usiness istri&t an$ the resultant un&oor$inate$pie&emeal re$e+elopment strate%ies

=ubli& health an$ en+ironmental mana%ement (hi&h $oes not meet$eman$s of urban $e+elopment

eforestation of the slopes of 3t. iliman/aro lea$in% to $e&reasin%

rainfall an$ forest pro$u&ts. Cn$erutilize$ tourism potential at the $etriment of the muni&ipal,

re%ional an$ national e&onomy $espite the %lobal fame of 3t. iliman/aro Institutional $e?&ien&ies in urban mana%ement that th(art e@e&ti+e


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unplanne$. The entral 2rea e$e+elopment plan is en&oura%in%&onstru&tion of Gats that are t(o to ei%ht storeys.

2&&or$in% to "00" =opulation an$ housin% &ensus, almost 78* of houses ha$

the main houses &onstru&te$ of &ement blo&ks, follo(e$ by sun $rie$ bri&ks)*, an$ polls an$ mu$ 5*.There are six &emeteries (hi&h are &urrentlyuse$.

The in&reasin% %ro(th of population an$ the slo( pa&e of sur+eyin% plots hasresulte$ in&rease$ pressure in unplanne$ settlements (hi&h la&k a$equateinfrastru&ture an$ basi& ser+i&es.

The expansion of &onstru&tion has le$ to an in&rease in $eman$ an$ use of(ater, lan$, forests, san$ an$ %ra+el. ouses are sub/e&te$ to Goo$s an$ ?re.learin% of ne( sites &ause erosion an$ loss of +e%etation. Cnplanne$$e+elopment obstru&ts natural $raina%e &anals. -hile quarryin% of stones$estroy ri+er banks an$ sour&es of (ater. To a %reat extent houses area@e&te$ by Goo$s an$ ?re.

)& *ater s$$l%=ro+ision of &lean an$ safe (ater is &ru&ial for urban $e+elopment. Thesour&es of (ater are natural sprin%s, ri+ers, boreholes an$ rain(aterhar+estin% at a small s&ale. The $aily (ater pro$u&tion is "4,500 &ubi&meters. It is estimate$ that 98* of the area is &o+ere$ (ith )8,000 &lientDs&onne&tions an$ 98* of the population ha+e a&&ess to the (ater mana%e$by 3C-2. 3C-2 has intro$u&e$ publi& (ater in /oro an$ aloleni (ar$s.1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by the se&tor in&lu$e 3t. iliman/aro, %roun$

(ater aquifers, ri+ers an$ forest resour&es lan$.

o(e+er there is %ro(in% risk of pollutin% %roun$(ater an$ other sour&es of(ater by &esspits pit latrines an$ Goo$s an$ extensi+e use of fertilizers


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(aste is burnt, burie$, use$ as &ompost an$ animal fee$. The &oun&il hasallo&ate$ 4 skip bu&kets in areas (ith hi%h %eneration of (aste. ome ofthe 3uni&ipal resi$ents $o not $ispose (aste in skip bu&kets properly. 3ost ofthe resi$ents are relu&tant to pay for soli$ (aste &olle&tion. This has a@e&te$

the &apa&ity of &ommunity base$ initiati+es an$ &ontra&tors.

oli$ (aste is $ispose$ of at aloleni lan$?lls (hi&h o&&upy 4.475 he&tares.o(e+er irre%ular &olle&tion of (aste in househol$s lea$s to heaps of soli$(aste left behin$. The lan$?ll site is in+a$e$ by li+esto&k an$ farmin%a&ti+ities.

e& -ii+ ,aste mana(ement


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sur+ey &on$u&te$ in "00! sho(e$ that !.7* of tarma& roa$ are %oo$,""."* are in %oo$ &on$ition an$ 4).)* are in poor &on$ition. 1arth an$%ra+el roa$s are lo&ate$ in the peri urban of (hi&h )".4* are in %oo$&on$ition, !."* are in fair &on$ition an$ 5).4* are in poor &on$ition. There

is rain (ater $rains net(ork &o+erin% "7 ms of )5* is in ba$ &on$ition.

3ore than "00 +ehi&les ply the national hi%h(ay $aily to other parts (ithinthe &ountry an$ outsi$e the &ountry. There has been an in&rease in +ehi&lesthat are use$ as publi& transport popularly kno(n as Haice. The iliman/aroInternational airport is lo&ate$ 5km from 3oshi..

Aloo$s $estroy the roa$ net(ork an$ man ma$e storm (ater $rains. The poorquality roa$s ha+e $ust that pollutes the air. oa$s (ith potholes $ama%e+ehi&les. ome roa$s may be prone to a&&i$ents if spee$ &ontrol bumps (illnot be &onstru&te$. The existin% roa$s $o not &ater for non motorize$ traH&an$ the physi&ally &hallen%e$ people.

"& Commni#ationommuni&ation ser+i&es that are a+ailable in&lu$e postal ser+i&es,

telephones, pri+ate &ouriers an$ internet. =ostal ser+i&es that in&lu$ehan$lin% of &ar%o an$ mail, money transfers, sale of stamps an$ expe$ite$mail ser+i&es #13' are han$le$ by the Tanzania =ostal orporation.

Internet &afes an$ ser+i&esEinternet &onne&tions ha+e in&rease$ (herebypeople use emails an$ other relate$ ser+i&es that. There are three lo&al ra$iostationsF iliA3, iboA3, an$ auti ya In/ili. TT< ha+e been installe$ in mostof the areas. :ther &ompanies pro+i$e mobile phone ser+i&es (hi&h in&lu$e,

TI>:, eltel, Jo$a&om an$ Kantel.

2ir spa&e is use$ by &ommuni&ation lines, poles an$ mobile phone to(ers.The e@e&t of the mobile phone to(ers has not been $etermine$ 1xtreme


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;ank an$ iliman/aro ooperati+e ;ank. There are 4! 2: (ith )"0))members, (hi&h is about !* of the population. The number of ?nan&ialinstitutions is asso&iate$ (ith e&onomi& a&ti+ities. This has resulte$ in&on%estion of people in the &entral business $istri&t.

o(e+er Goo$s are a treat to some of the &ommer&ial sites like openmarkets. Thou%h the informal se&tor is %ro(in%, it lea$s to o+er&ro($in% inthe to(n &entre an$ market areas. The se&tor is in+a$in% open spa&es inresi$ential pla&es an$ roa$s an$ &auses haphazar$ $isposal of soli$ an$liqui$ (aste.

2& Ener(% S$$l%

1ner%y is use$ for $omesti&, &ommer&ial, institutional an$ in$ustrialpurposes. The types of ener%y &ommonly use$ are &har&oal, ?re(oo$,ele&tri&ity an$ fossil fuels. Ae( use %as, bio%as an$ solar. 3any househol$s#5"*' use ele&tri&ity for li%htin%. 3ore than 70* of the househol$s usehar&oal an$ ?re(oo$ for &ookin%. The to(n re&ei+es 70* of its $aily$eman$ of )0 3- supplie$ by J an$ )) J main se&on$ary fee$ers.

Aorests are sour&e of ?re(oo$ an$ &har&oal that are use$ for $omesti&,in$ustries an$ small s&ale enterprises a&ti+ities. o(e+er $eforestationre$u&es &har&oal an$ ?re(oo$ (hile $rou%ht re$u&es ele&tri&ity supply an$results in po(er rationin%.

3& Ur)an A(ri#ltre2%ri&ulture is pra&ti&e$ mostly by resi$ents in sparsely $ominate$ areas asan alternati+e sour&e of in&ome. The resi$ents are en%a%e$ in horti&ulture

an$ zero %razin% of &attle, %oats, pi%s an$ poultry.

The size of lan$ use$ for urban a%ri&ulture is )"0 he&tares. 3C-2 is tryin%to $is&oura%e hi%h &onsumption of (ater for a%ri&ulture by imposin% hi%h


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the hospitals are pri+ately o(ne$ (hereas %o+ernment hospitals are fe( an$&on%este$.

m& E+#ation

The 3oshi muni&ipality is Ganke$ (ith many e$u&ation institutions &ompare$to other to(ns that &ater for 3oshi resi$ents, resi$ents from other areas an$forei%ners. There are 47 primary s&hools, "7 se&on$ary s&hools an$ ?+etrainin% units for spe&ial nee$s su&h as the $isable$. There are t(ouni+ersity &olle%es, three +o&ational trainin% &olle%es, ten &olle%es of allie$health s&ien&es at 3 an$ the =oli&e olle%e.

The &onstru&tion of e$u&ation fa&ilities requires massi+e use of lan$, san$,%ra+el an$ forestry resour&es. In&rease$ &onstru&tion of s&hools has le$ to&on%estion of stu$ents an$ buil$in%s in a small area. on%estion of buil$in%srestri&ts the Go( of air.

=oor sanitation is &ommon in most of the institutions posin% a health hazar$to tea&hers, stu$ents an$ supportin% sta@.

4. 0 T"e Environmental Settin(

a& Environmental Resor#esi. Mt. 5iliman2aro: 3t. iliman/aro &ommonly referre$ to as the roof top

of 2fri&a is lo&ate$ only 0s of the equator an$ $eri+es its name from alo&al phrase Lilema yaroM means Lthat (hi&h &an not be &onquere$Mit has t(o $istri&t peaksF ibo rea&hin% a hei%ht of 5,895 metres#)9,40 ft' an$ 3a(enzi rea&hin% a hei%ht of 5,)5) metres #)!899 ?t'.

The ibo peak is sno( &appe$ throu%hout the year $espite the fa&tthat it is lo&ate$ +ery &lose to the 1quator. no( &o+er is $e&linin%$ue to &limate &han%e.


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The tra$itionally allo&ate$ lan$ #lan$ tenure system #Kihamba' hasren$ere$ it $iH&ult for &ustomary lan$ o(ners to release their lan$s forurban $e+elopment as e+i$en&e$ by the numerous &ourt &ases a%ainstthe &oun&il follo(in% the )979 boun$ary extension. o(e+er, the

&ustomary lan$ o(ners are sellin% lan$ to $e+elopers.

iii& 6ron+ ,ater: 3oshi re&ei+es its (ater from the sprin%s of 3ountiliman/aro. urrently %roun$ (ater is masse$ from the sere sprin%sin sere, hiri, /oro ya hobi, (a >oa an$ (a/uma. soo (atersprin%s in iboshoF 3oshi ural has been earmarke$ for a$$itionalsupply.

iv& orest an+ O$en S$a#es: au forest reser+e lyin% to the outheastern part of the 3uni&ipality is a prote&te$ forest area an$ has anarea of 4)0 he&tares. The Churu =ark is part of the 3uni&ipal all plotan$ (ith an area of 5."! he&tares. It is the most expansi+e publi& openspa&e (ithin the to(n. The %olf &ourse, Uwanja wa Mashujaa an$amhuri sta$ium are also use$ for se+eral a&ti+ities. There are alsose+eral or%anize$ publi& re&reation %roun$s. In some instan&es

unplanne$ settlements has en&roa&he$ upon open spa&es an$hazar$ous lan$s, espe&ially those abuttin% the ma/or i+ers an$streams. =art of amhuri sta$ium has been relo&ate$ to small s&aletra$ers instea$ of re&reation.

v& Air S"e+sThe to(n en/oys (in$s blo(in% from the outheast to orth(estespe&ially $urin% the months of :&tober an$ 3ar&h. The slopin%

topo%raphy allo(s for the free Go(s of air that the further intensi?e$by the pre+alent ho( use buil$in%s. The presen&e of the au Aoresteser+es an$ other publi& open spa&e au%ments the le+el of air quality(ithin the to(n


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i+er =an%ani throu%h yumba ya 3un%u am before Go(in% into theIn$ian :&ean. esi$ents use ri+er (ater espe&ially from i+er au an$/oro sprin%s for $omesti& purposes, &ar (ashin% &ontaminates the(ater lea$in% to possible sprea$ of &ar&ino%eni& infe&tions.

)& Environmental 'a7ar+si& De/orestation: eforestation of mountain slopes an$ areas

annual (ater sour&es re$u&es the amount of (ater reser+es an$re$u&es forest resour&es for in$ustries an$ house &ontra&tion.2lso $isturbs ri&hes of animals, bir$s an$ trees thus a@e&tin% the&ountryDs tourist potential, un&ontrolle$ tree fellin% re$u&es$rasti&ally sour&es ener%y.

ii& Over8o, o/ Rain ,ater: :+erGo( of rain(ater is a result of thesloppy terrain. urin% the rainy season all (ater lea$ $o(n(ar$san$ (ash a(ay fertile soil into ri+ers an$ lo(er %roun$s. malls&ale Goo$s $estroy rain (ater $rains an$ property. ue to poorsurfa&e (ater mana%ement the rain (ater o+erGo(s an$$estru&t $raina%es.

iii& *ater 9olltion: urin% the rainy seasonDs (ater o+erGo(salon% the sloppy terrain (ashin% a(ay soil, &hemi&als, pesti&i$esan$ fertilizer remnants that lea$ to (ater pollution.

iv& Air 9olltion: Transportation, lar%e an$ small s&ale in$ustrialan$ &ommer&ial a&ti+ities pollute the air. =ollute$ air &auseairborne $iseases.

v& Eart"a3es: ue to the +ol&ani& nature of 3t. iliman/aro3oshi is sus&eptible to earth tremors. 1arth tremors &ause

$estru&tion of property an$ infrastru&ture.vi& ire:


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en+ironmental resour&es means that there are +arious &ompetin% interestsfor these resour&es. Aurthermore, urbanBen+ironment mana%ement at the3uni&ipal oun&il le+el $epen$s on a +ariety of fa&tors an$ a&tors. The+arious stakehol$ers (ho play a role in urbanBen+ironmental $e+elopment

brin% into the mana%ement pro&ess $i+erse information, te&hni&al skills an$support, &oor$ination abilities an$ implementation e@e&ti+eness.

The +arious stakehol$ers ha+e information, expertise, poli&y formulation,&oor$ination an$ implementation man$ates o+er en+ironmental &on&erns.

Stren(t"enin( Ur)an an+ Environmental Mana(ementThe en+ironmental &on&erns, (hi&h ha+e been outline$ abo+e, ne&essarilyrequire &oor$inate$ an$ parti&ipatory e@orts from +arious a&tors, in&lu$in%>o+ernment ministries an$ $epartments, parastatal or%anizations, lo&alauthorities, >:s, ;:s an$ other operators in the publi&, pri+ate an$popular se&tors. 2ll these a&tors require parti&ipatory plannin% pro&ess insol+in% the en+ironmental &on&erns.

>enerally, those responsible (ith en+ironmental mana%ement are&ate%orize$ into6B

) Those (ho e@e&t or are a@e&te$ by the $i@erent en+ironmentalissues,

) Those (ho ha+e &apital, information an$ expertise require$ to

mana%e the issues) Those (ho ha+e the requisite implementation instruments (hi&h

&an be use$ to exert positi+e impa&t n the issues.


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MU'TASARI *A 'A-I YA MA;IN6IRA YA MANIS9AA YAMOS'I

1.0 UTAN6U-I;I:

Tanzania ina eneo linalokaribia kilometa za mraba 945,057. Tanzania ina/umla ya (atu 4,5!9,"" kati ya hao asilimia ".) (anaishi mi/ini.:n%ezeko la (atu m/ini ni mara mbili ya on%ezeko la (atu kitaifa ambaloni on%ezeko la asilimia ".9 k(a m(aka. Tanzania ina mikoa ishirini namo/a. 3koa (a iliman/aro una eneo la kilometa za mraba ),")0, uko

kaskazini mashariki m(a Tanzania. Cnapakana na &hi ya enya k(aupan$e (a askazini na 3ashariki. (a upan$e (a 3a%haribiumepakana na 2rusha, mashariki umepakana na Tan%a na upan$e (ausini umepakana na 3koa (a 3anyara.

3koa (a iliman/aro una -ilaya sita za Cta(ala nazo ni 3oshi, ai,iha, ombo, 3(an%a na ame.

3anispaa ya 3oshi iko upan$e (a kusini m(a miteremko ya 3limailiman/aro. Iko katika m(inuko (a meta 950 usa(a (a bahari k(aupan$e (a kaskazini na mita 700 k(a upan$e (a kusini. Ina ukub(a (akilometa za mraba 58. 3/i huu ulianzish(a na -akoloni (a i/erumanikama ambi ya ki/eshi huko olila, katika Tarafa ya :l$ 3oshi,almashauri ya 3oshi m(aka )88". 3namo m(aka )9)) ulihamishi(asehemu uliko sasa na kupata ha$hi ya almashauri ya 3anispaa m(aka)988. una mpan%o (a ku(a i/i i?kapo m(aka "0)".

3/i huu uko karibu na Ik(eta, una hali nzuri ya he(a k(a mu$a (ote (am(aka. i(an%o &ha /oto ni (astani (a "50. ipin$i &ha bari$i, m(ezi i l i t i / t )70 3 i b b i i


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(anaume ni 70,!78 #49.4*' on%ezeko la (atu ni asilimia ".8 k(am(aka. 3oshi imekua kutoka m/i m$o%o (enye (atu 8,048 m(aka)948 na ku?kia (akazi )4,799 m(aka "00".

una zai$i ya (atu 70,000 kila siku (anaoku/a m/ini na kufanya shu%huliza kiu&humi na hu$uma /amii k(a kutumia raslimali na miun$ombinu zam/ini na (akati (a /ioni kuru$i kulala maeneo ya +i/i/ini.

u$uma za afya zilizopo ni ospitali saba, +ituo +ya afya sita na zahanati47 hali hii imeon%eza u(ezo (a kuhu$umia (a%on/(a.

i(an%o &ha elimu kiko /uu na hii ina/ionesha k(a ki(an%o &ha u$ahili

ku?kia asilimia 9". hule za msin%i na sekon$ari za ata zimeon%ezekakutokana na sera ya =1=. ata hi+yo kumeku(epo na upun%ufu (asekon$ari za ki$ato &ha 5 na ! na hi+yo kufanya (anafunzi (en%i(anaofaulu ki$ato &ha 4 kushin$(a kuen$elea na masomo.ufuatana na sensa ya (atu na makazi ya m(aka "00" inaonyesha

k(amba i$a$i ya (atu (anao(eza kufanya kazi ni 9),8!8 ambayo ni

asilimia !4. ati ya hao asilimia 47.4 (amea/iri(a na asilimia 5".!ha(ana a/ira. Ckion$oa i$a$i ya (anafunzi kama )5,""), (enye kufanyakazi ni asilimia 5 ya i$a$i ya (atu. ata hi+yo asilimia 4)." ya n%u+ukazi ina/ihusisha na kilimo, asilimia 9.8 ni (aa/iri(a katika sekta rasmi,(aliobaki (ame/ia/iri k(enye sekta isiyo rasmi. ;aa$hi (amea/iri(ak(enye ma$uka ya re/are/a na hu$uma mbali mbali. umeku(epo naupen$eleo maalum k(a (ana(ake ili ku(eza kupata mikopo kutokataasisi mbali mbali za fe$ha. unahita/ika elimu ya u/asiriamali ili

kupun%uza biashara za kutembeza bi$haa na kufanya biasharakan$okan$o ya barabara.

hu%huli za u&humi katika 3anispaa ya 3oshi zimetun%amanish(a na


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". ushuka k(a hali ya u&humi na upun%ufu (a a/ira kume&han%iakuon%ezeka k(a umaskini, kukua k(a sekta isiyo rasmi na piakuon%ezeka k(a uhalifu m/ini.

. C&haka+u (a maeneo ya kati ya m/i na uen$eleza/i (a ma/en%o bilakufuata na mpan%o (a uen$eleza/i upya (a eneo la kati ya m/i.

4. 2fya ya /amii na usimamizi (a mazin%ira usioki$hi mahita/i ya ukua/i(a m/i.

5. Ckata/i (a miti katika 3lima iliman/aro kunasababisha kupun%uak(a m+ua, &hem&hem na mazao ya misitu.

!. ushin$(a kutumia fursa ya +i+utio +ya 3lima iliman/arokuon%eza utalii na kipato &ha 3anispaa na 3koa mzima.

7. Ckosefu (a u(azi na ushirikiano (a baa$hi ya (a$au katikamatumizi ya raslimali za kuen$eleza m/i.

8. ukosa +i+utio +ya u(ekaza/i, kushuka k(a shu%huli za kiu&humi,kushuka k(a hu$uma katika sekta rasmi na kukua k(a sekta isiyorasmi na mahita/i yake.

9. ;arabara na mifere/i ya ma/i ya m+ua isiyoki$hi mahita/i ya ukua/i(a m/i na hi+yo kusababisha uharibifu (a barabara na mali.

!.0 S'U6'U-I ;A 5IUC'UMI:

-akazi na (a%eni (a 3anispaa (anahusika na shu%huli mbalimbaliambazo zinaleta athari k(a mazin%ira hu%huli kuu za kiu&humi na


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Con%ezeka/i (a (atu na kasi n$o%o ya upima/i (a maeneo,umesababisha mson%amano (a (atu katika maeneo yasiyopim(aambayo hayana miun$ombinu na hu$uma muhimu.

Con%ezeka/i (a shu%huli za u/enzi umeon%eza mahita/i na matumizi yama/i, ar$hi, misitu, m&han%a na kokoto. Ctayarisha/i (a maeneo mapyaunasababisha upun%ufu (a uoto na mimea ambapo huon%ezammomonyoko (a ar$hi. Jile +ile uen$eleza/i (a makazi usio na mpan%oumesababisha kuziba k(a mifere/i ya /a$i. =ia u&himba/i (a kokotounaharibu kin%o za mito. (a kiasi kikub(a nyumba zinaathirika namafuriko na moto katika 3anispaa ya 3oshi.


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Taka n%umu zinazozalish(a k(a siku ni (astani (a tani "00. Takazinazotoka katika maeneo ya ma/umbani na biashara tani )45, taasisimbalimbali tani 8, hospitali tani " na +i(an$ani tani 45.

ati ya hizo zinazokusany(a ni tani )00, kiasi kili&hobaki hu&hom(a,kufuki(a, na nyin%ine hutumika kama mali%ha? mbo/i na &hakula &hamifu%o. 3anispaa ina ma%huba ya kukusanyia taka n%umu 4 katikamaeneo yanayozalisha taka n%umu (in%i. ;aa$hi ya (akazi ha(atumiima%huba ina+yostahili. -anan&hi (en%i pia bao$ (anku(a (a%umukulipia %harama za usa? (a mazin%ira. ali hii inasababisha (akan$arasi(a usa? na +ikun$i +ya ki/amii kutoa hu$uma k(a shi$a.


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Kai$i ya ma%ari "00 hutumia barabara ya Taifa kila siku kuelekeasehemu mbali mbali. una usa?ri (a m/ini 3oshi (a kutumia L2IIM.i(an/a &ha $e%e &ha imataifa #I2' kiko kilomita 5 kutoka 3oshi.

-akati (a masika barabara na miun$ombinu huathirika na mafuriko.;arabara zenye mashimo husababisha a/ali na uharibifu (a ma%ari.2i$ha barabara zilizopo haziki$hi mahita/i ya (alema+u, (aen$a k(ami%uu, baskeli na mikokoteni.


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4.0 'A-I YA MA;IN6IRAa& Raslimali 7a Ma7in(ira:

i. Mlima 5iliman2aro: 3lima iliman/aro, ni maarufu kama kilele&ha ;ara la 2frika. ina lake lina maana ya Lkisi&ho(eza

kut(ali(aM. 3lima huu una +ilele +i(iliF ibo &henye urefu (amita 5,895 na 3a(enzi urefu (a mita 5,)5). ilele &ha ibo kinathelu/i m(aka mzima /apo ku(a kiko nyuzi tatu kutoka Ik(eta.Thelu/i hii imeonekana kupun%ua m(aka ha$i m(aka k(a sababuya maba$iliko ya hali/oto $uniani.

i &hanzo kikuu &ha mito na &hem&hem zote zinazotumika kama+yanzo +ya ma/i. 2i$ha hifa$hi ya msitu inayozun%uka 3lima

iliman/aro n$io &hanzo &ha mali%ha? inayotumika katika+i(an$a na u/enzi.

ii. Ar+"i: 3anispaa ya 3oshi ni kati ya almashauri n$o%o n&hiniTanzania. Ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 58.Cpanuzi (a m/iumeku(a m%umu k(a sababu ya umilika/i (a ar$hi (a ki/a$i (amfumo (a LkihambaM. Tatizo hili lina$hihirish(a na kesi za ar$hi$hi$i ya 3anispaa zinazotokana na mapen$ekezo ya upanuzi (a)979. ata hi+yo kuna maba$iliko ya m(elekeo (a (amiliki (aar$hi ambao (ameanza kuuza maeneo yao.

3atumizi ya ar$hi ni kama ifuata+yo, asilimia 5".! makazi,asilimia ".9 biashara na fe$ha, asilimia 9.7 +i(an$a, asilimia ".)kilimo m/ini, asilimia 4.4 usa?risha/i, ar$hi uoe+u 7.0, asilima 0."makaburi, asilimia )4.4 taasisi za umma na serikaliF asilimia!.7 maeneo ya (azi, misitu na buru$ani. 1neo la buru$ani na

misitu limepun%ua toka asilimia "0.! m(aka )998 ku?kiaasilimia !.7 m(aka "008.

iii Ma2i %a ar+"ini: 3a/i yanatokana na &hem&hem zinazotoka


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m(anana unao+uma kutoka kusini 3ashariki k(en$a askazini3a%haribi (akati (a miezi ya :ktoba na 3ei.

vi. Ar+"i %a 5ilimo: ilimo &ha m/ini kinfanyika katika eneo la hekta

)"0 zilizota(anyika katika sehemu za pembezoni m(a m/i.:n%ezeko la (atu lime&han%ia kupun%uza eneo la kilimo, namaeneo makub(a yalioyobaki ni >ereza la aran%a na 3ospitali. C$on%o (a ar$hi ya +olkano ni mzuri k(a matumizi yakilimo.

-atu (anafu%a k(a ki(an%o ki$o%o katika maeneo ambayohaya/aen$elez(a, maeneo ya (azi na kata za pembezoni.

vii. Mito. 3/i una mito na +i/ito +ina+yoanzia 3lima iliman/aro. 3itomikuu inayopita ni au, aran%a, ila$e$a na /oro ya -akazihutumia ma/i ya mito na &hem&hem k(a matumizi ya nyumbanina kuosha 3a%ari. 3atumizi haya ya mito husababisha u&hafuzi(a ma/i

)& At"ari 7a ma7in(ira:i. U$n(/ ,a misit: Ckata/i (a miti k(enye mteremko (a

mlima na k(enye +yanzo +ya ma/i umesababisha upun%ufu (ama/i. 2i$ha umepun%uza rasilimali zinazotumika k(enye+i(an$a, u/enzi na nishati. Ckata/i (a mitipia unaleta usumbufuk(a +iumbe hai kama n$e%e amba+yo ni +i+utio k(a (atalii.

ii. U#"a/7i ,a ma2i: -akati (a +ipin$i +ya m+ua ma/i hupitia

k(enye mteremko na kusomba u$on%o na kemikali kama mbolea.Csomba/i (a u$on%o na kemikali mbali mbali pamo/a utupa/i takao+yo husababisha u&hafuzi (a ma/i. 3afuriko ya ma/i ya m+uahusababisha uharibifu (a mifere/i ya m+ua


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ni kutambua kila m$au ana nafasi %ani ya kutunza na kusimamiamasuala ya kimazin%ira katika m/i. -a$au (akuu ni6 sekta ya umma,serikali za mitaa, mashirika ya umma, sekta binafsi, taasisi za sekta ya/amii.

Uon(o7i na Usimami7i Manis$aa:ekta zilizopo zina/ihusisha na shu%huli mbalimbali ambazo zinatumiaraslimali za kimazin%ira na kusababisha m%on%ano katika utumia/i (araslimali hizo. Con%ozi na usimamizi (a mazin%ira katika 3anispaaunate%emea (a$au (anaosababisha na (anaoathirika na (enye u/uzi(a kupun%uza athari hizo. -a$au (ana(eza kubuni mfumo shirikishi (ama(asiliano ya kusai$ia utaalamu (a kiufun$i, kuun%anisha u(ezo na

kusimamia utekeleza/i.

-a$au mbalimbali (ana taarifa, u(ezo (a kutayarisha sera, kusimamiana kuzitekeleza ili kuon$oa matatizo ya kimazin%ira ambayo yana(a%usa/amii.

Uimaris"a2i ,a on(o7i na simami7i ,a ma7in(ira Manis$aa %aMos"i:3atatizo ya kimazin%ira yali+yotambuli(a yanataka n%u+u ya pamo/akutoka k(a (a$au (ote na mbinu shirikishi ili ku(eza kuyatatua .

(a u/umla (anaohusika na mazin%ira katika m/i (ame%a(anyikakatika makun$i matatu mapana kama6) -ale ambao (anasababisha au (anaoathirika na mas(ala

mbalimbali ya mazin%ira.

) -ale ambao (ana mita/i, taarifa na u/uzi (a kutatua matatizo hayo.) -ale ambao (ana zana za kutekeleza ambazo zina(eza kutumi(a

kuon%eza uzito /uu ya matokeo bora yanayosababish(a na mambohayo


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TA=-E O CONTENTS=a%e

1xe&uti+e ummary B 1n%lish i1xe&uti+e ummary Q is(ahili x


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!.! *ATER SU99-Y".".) hara&teristi&s of (ater supply """."." -ater our&es """.". 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by the se&tor

"4".".4 Impa&t of en+ironmental hazar$s on (ater"4".".5 ontribution of (ater supply on the urban en+ironment"4

!.4 INDUSTRY"..) hara&teristi&s of in$ustry "5".." 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by in$ustry"5".. Impa&t of en+ironmental hazar$ on In$ustry"!"..4 ontribution of In$ustry on urban en+ironment "!

!. SO-ID *ASTE MANA6EMENT".4.) hara&teristi&s of soli$ (aste mana%ement"!".4." 1n+ironmental resour&e use$ by the se&tor"7".4. Impa&t of en+ironmental hazar$ on soli$ (aste "7

".4.4 ontribution of soli$ (aste on en+ironmental resour&e"7

! @ -IUID *ASTE MANA6EMENT


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!.B TRANS9ORT".7.) hara&teristi&s of transport "".7." 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by transport

4".7. Impa&t of en+ironmental hazar$s on transport 4

. ".7.4 ontribution of transport on$ urban en+ironment4

!. COMMUNICATION".8.) hara&teristi&s of ommuni&ation 4".8." 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by &ommuni&ation

5".8. Impa&t of en+ironmental hazar$s on &ommuni&ation5".8.4 ontribution of &ommuni&ation on$ urban en+ironment5

!. COMMERCE AND INANCE".9.) hara&teristi&s of &ommer&e an$ ?nan&e !".9.".1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by Informal an$ formal e&tor7".9. Impa&t of en+ironmental hazar$s on ommer&e an$ Ainan&e

7".9.4 ontribution of ommer&e an$ ?nan&e on the urban en+ironment9

!.10 ENER6Y SU99-Y".)0.) hara&teristi&s of ener%y supply9" )0 " 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ for the ener%y supply


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!.1! 'EA-T' SERVICES".)".) hara&teristi&s of health ser+i&es4)".)"." 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by the se&tor

4".)". Impa&ts of 1n+ironmental hazar$s on health ser+i&es4

".)".4 ontribution of health ser+i&es on the urban en+ironment4

!.14.EDUCATION".).) hara&teristi&s of e$u&ation

4".)." 1n+ironmental resour&es use$ by the se&tor

44".). Impa&ts of en+ironmental hazar$s on e$u&ation45".).4 ontribution of e$u&ation on the urban en+ironment

45

4.0 T'E ENVIRONMENTA- SETTIN6A. ENVIRONMENTA- RESOURCES4.1. MT. 5I-IMAN?ARO

.).).The oof Top of 2fri&a 4!.)." Ina$equately =romote$ Tourist 2ttra&tion 4!.). Impa&ts of a&ti+ity se&tors on 3t. iliman/aro47

.).4 ompetin% interests bet(een a&ti+ity se&tors inusin% 3t. iliman/aro 47.).5.3ana%ement arran%ements to $eal (ith &onGi&ts o+er

3t iliman/aro 49


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%roun$ (ater 57

4.. RESOURCES ROM T'E OREST AND O9EN S9ACES.4.) Importan&e an$ &hara&teristi&s of forest resour&es an$

open spa&es 58.4." Cse of forest reser+es an$ open spa&es by a&ti+ity se&tors58.4. Impa&ts of a&ti+ity se&tors on forest resour&es an$ open spa&es58.4.4 ompetin% interests in usin% forest resour&es an$ open spa&es59.4.5 3ana%ement arran%ements to $eal (ith &onGi&ts o+er forest

resour&es an$ open spa&es 594.@. AIR S'EDS

.5.) Importan&e an$ &hara&teristi&s of air she$s59.5.".Cse of air she$s by a&ti+ity se&tors !0.5. Impa&ts of a&ti+ity se&tors on air she$s !0.5.4 ompetin% interests bet(een a&ti+ity se&tors in usin% air she$s!0.5.5 3ana%ement arran%ements to $eal (ith &onGi&ts o+er air she$s!)

4.. A6RICU-TURA- -AND RESOURCES.!.) Importan&e an$ &hara&teristi&s of a%ri&ultural lan$ resour&es

!).!." Cse of a%ri&ultural lan$ resour&es by +arious a&ti+ity se&tors

!).!. Impa&ts of a&ti+ity se&tors on a%ri&ultural lan$ resour&es!) ! 4 ompetin% interest bet(een a&ti+ity se&tors in usin% a%ri&ultural


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.8. InGuen&e of a&ti+ity se&tors on $eforestation!4.8.4 onGi&ts bet(een a&ti+ity se&tors o+er hazar$s !5.8.5 1xistin% mana%ement arran%ements to $eal (ith &onGi&ts

o+er $eforestation !5

4. OVER-O* O RAIN *ATER.9.) Importan&e an$ &hara&teristi&s of o+erGo( of rain

(ater o+erGo( !5.9." Impa&t of rain (ater o+erGo( on a&ti+ity se&tor !!.9. InGuen&e of a&ti+ity se&tors on ain (ater o+erGo(

!!

.9.4 onGi&ts bet(een a&ti+ity o+er hazar$ !!.9.5 1xistin% 3ana%ement arran%ements!!

.0 MANA6EMENT SETTIN6.1 5EY STA5E'O-DERS B4.).) The =ubli& e&tor !74.)." The =ri+ate e&tor 74.). The =opular e&tor 74

.! MUNICI9A- MANA6EMENT 0.4 STREN6T'ENIN6 UR=AN AND ENVIRONMENTA- MANA6EMENT

4..) 2t Te&hni&al


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Table". !6 3orbi$ity statisti&s main := ia%noses6Table ".76 =harma&ies by (ar$s in 3oshi 3uni&ipalityTable ".86 umber of >o+ernment an$ =ri+ate &hoolsTable ".96 isable$ Cnits an$ umber of tu$ents

Table .)6 ro(thAi% 86 1xistin% roups In+ol+e$


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-IST O A=REVIATIONS

;C32:6 ;usiness an$ 3ana%ement ompany

36 hama &ha 3apin$uzi

=6 huo &ha =olisi

21326 hama &ha emokrasia na 3aen$eleoI=6 entre for Informal e&tor =romotion,

2I26 anish International e+elopment 2%en&y

132:6 1n+ironmental 3ana%ement onsultants

136 1xpe$ite$ 3ail er+i&es1-C2F 1ner%y, -ater Ctility e%ulatory 2uthority.

A1T6 Aormation =our lDepanouissement et lerenou+eau $e la terre

>=6 >ross $omesti& =ro$u&t

I316 Informal, 3i&ro an$ small s&ale enterprises.

;6 iliman/aro oBoperati+e ;ank


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I:6 mall &ale In$ustrial e+elopment :r%anization

CJI6 hu/aa (a upambana na Cmaskini k(a Ji/ana

C32T26 urfa&e an$ 3arine Transport e%ulatory 2uthority

T22=26 Tanzania ational =arks 2uthority

T21:6 Tanzania 1le&tri&al upply ompany

T22A6 Tanzania 2&tion o&ial Aun$T;


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Review of the Moshi Municipal Environmental Profile (EP) was a result of Policy of theMinistry of Local Government and Regional Administration to put on board rban

!evelopment initiative through "ustainable #ities $ramewor%&

rban !evelopment and Environment Management (!EM) re'uires application ofEnvironment Planning and Management approach to involve sta%eholders in rban!evelopment and Environmental Management Process he Ministry selected theenchor institutions who are supposed to guide cities Municipals and Local Governmentto adhere to rban !evelopment and Environmental !evelopment&

he Moshi niversity #ollege of #ooperative and *usiness "tudies was selected asone of the four selected facilitating institutions& he #ollege assigned Prof& L& !ongeMr& E& +imambo Ms& Ester owo and Mr& R& iruhungwa to carry the EP review&

he team wishes to than% Mr& Pote%a the "MP #oordinator and Mrs& ,& +ombeAssistant "MP #oordinator for their relentless support in ma%ing the review a success&

!ue to the broad based participatory nature of EPM approach and the re'uirements of

!EM approach the team was re'uired to ma%e use of employees of MM# "taff tobuild pool of e-perts for future EP preparation&

.e are indebted to the Municipal !irector Mrs& *ernadette +inabo and /is LordshipMayor +aaya for their inputs which were very valuable&

.e are also grateful to .ard E-ecutive 0fficers who helped us to mobili1e $ocus groupdiscussions and venue arrangements& .e are also than%ful to the #ouncilors whodespite tight schedule attended discussions for improving the information gathered&

.e are also grateful to various sta%eholders inclusive of those who attended the


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C'A9TER ONE

CITY INTRODUCTION4.. INTRODUCTION

4.10.-o#ation an+ Si7e

1.1.1National ConteFt

Tanzania is a lar%e &ountry &o+erin% an area of approximately 945,087square kilometers. It has a population size of about 4,5!9,"" people

#"00" population an$ housin% &ensus'. It is &omprise$ of "! politi&al

an$ a$ministrati+e re%ions. The a+era%e annual population %ro(th

rate is ".9* an$ the a+era%e population $ensity is approximately "

per square kilometer. :f the total national population, about ".)* li+ein urban areas. Crban population is %ro(in% rapi$ly at a rate of 5.4*

per annum. This is almost t(i&e the ational rate of population

%ro(th.

-ith an area of ),")0 km

"

, iliman/aro e%ion is %eo%raphi&ally these&on$ smallest re%ion amon% Tanzania 3ainlan$Ds ") re%ionsF only

next to arBesBalaam ity.


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istri&t oun&il. 3oshi is an attra&ti+e an$ exhilaratin% to(n an$ is the

tourist, a$ministrati+e an$ &ommer&ial &entre of iliman/aro e%ion

an$, to a %reat extent, the entire ortheast Tanzania. 2&&or$in% to the

)974 Q 94 3aster =lan, an$ the subsequent )994 Q "0)4 3aster =lan

e+ie(, the 3oshi 3uni&ipality plannin% area (as approximate$ to

&o+er an area of 87km"exten$in% into the nei%hbourin% 3oshi an$ ai

istri&t oun&ils. 2&&or$in% to the >o+ernment oti&e o. ))7 of 9

o+ember )979 the area un$er the /uris$i&tion of the 3oshi 3uni&ipal

oun&il is approximately 58km"makin% it the smallest Crban 2uthority

in the

Ai%ure one


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Tanzania. The area of the 3uni&ipality is smaller than that of ar es

alaam ity oun&il #)9km"

'. Ai%ure " sho(s the e%ional ettin%.

4.11.6eo(ra$"i#al Settin(

1.!.1-o#ation

3oshi 3uni&ipality is lo&ate$ on the fertile southern slopes of 3t.

iliman/aro. It lies approximately 0

)8D outh of 1quator an$ "70

"0D1ast of the >reen(i&h. It %enerally slopes pro%ressi+ely from an

altitu$e of 950 metres abo+e sea le+el in the orth to 700 metres


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The mean annual temperature is "50, the &ol$est month bein% uly

(ith an a+era%e of )70 an$ the (armest month is e&ember (ith an

a+era%e of 40. It re&ei+es t(o rainy seasons. ;e&ause of its

relati+ely hi%her altitu$e, 3oshi 3uni&ipality has a some(hat mo$erate

&limate $espite bein% only 0)8Douth of 1quator an$ 70"0D 1ast of

the >reen(i&h. The 3uni&ipality re&ei+es short rains from :&tober to

e&ember an$ lon% rains from 3ar&h to 3ay (ith an annual total

rainfall of a+era%e 550mm. e+ere $rou%hts an$ serious storm (ater

Goo$s ha+e been re&or$e$ in re&ent years. e&or$s of humi$ity an$

(in$s are rea$ily a+ailable.

1.4 'istori#al Develo$ment

1.4.1Esta)lis"ment

3oshi (as ori%inally establishe$ as a military &amp at olila in presentB$ay :l$ 3oshi i+ision of 3oshi istri&t oun&il in )89". It (as mo+e$

to the present lo&ation in )9)) follo(in% extension of the rail(ay line

from Tan%a. The to(n %re( $urin% ;ritish rule an$ (as $esi%nate$ the

a$ministrati+e hea$quarters of 3oshi istri&t of the orthern =ro+in&e

an$ a To(nship 2uthority in )9"!.


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In )95!, it attaine$ the status of a To(n oun&il (ith an area of

approximately " km". This status remaine$ in for&e until )97" (hen

the lo&al %o+ernment system (as abolishe$ to foster rural

$e+elopment an$ mo+e $e&isionBmakin% po(ers from the ational

apital, arB1sBalaam to re%ions an$ $istri&ts. The $rasti& &han%e le$

to the ena&tment of LThe e&entralization of >o+ernment

2$ministration #Interim =ro+isions' 2&t, )97". The


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e+en nominate$ female oun&illors from the t(o politi&al

parties that (on seats in the "005 %eneral ele&tions.

The t(o politi&al parties (hi&h &onteste$ the "005 o+ernment 1le&tions (ere hama &ha emokrasia na 3aen$eleo

#2132' (hi&h (on ?+e seats an$ the rulin% hama &ha

3apin$uzi #3' (hi&h (on )7 seats. The nominate$ &oun&illors

spe&i?&ally represent the female population in a $eliberate bi$ to

impro+e %en$er balan&e in the poli&yBmakin% bo$y. 2&&or$in% to

the existin% le%islation, they represent "5* of the seats (on by the

respe&ti+e party.


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AI>C1 T11


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1le&tions are hel$ after e+ery ?+e years base$ on uni+ersal

su@ra%e. urin% the ?rst Aull oun&il meetin% soon after the

ele&tions, &oun&ilors ele&t amon%st themsel+es the 3ayor, eputy

3ayor, ommittee hairpersons an$ ommittee 3embers.

-hereas the 3ayor hol$s oH&e for ?+e years, the other oH&e

bearers are ele&te$ annually thou%h eli%ible for reele&tion.

2t the (ar$ le+el, $aily a$ministration is un$er the -ar$ 1xe&uti+e

:H&er (ho reports to the -ar$ e+elopment ommittee un$er the

&hairmanship of the ele&te$ -ar$ oun&ilor. L3itaaM &hairpersons

are members of the -ar$ e+elopment ommittees an$ are

expe&te$ to assist the -ar$ 1xe&uti+e :H&ers in $aily

a$ministration sin&e they are &losest to the muni&ipal resi$ents.

1. 9o$lation C"ara#teristi#s

1..19o$lation Distri)tion

3oshi 3uni&ipality has %ro(n from a small urban area of 8048

resi$ents in )948 to 9!,88 people in )988 an$ )4,799 in "00"

&ensus as in$i&ate$ in Table ).)

Table ) ) =opulation >ro(th #)948 Q "007'


44/157

population in the e%ion as &ompare$ to the female population of

7,)") #50.8*' (hi&h (as )0.* of the total female in the e%ion #for

$etails, see Table )."'.


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Table )."6 =opulation of 3oshi 3uni&ipality by -ar$, ex, umber of ousehol$s an$

a+era%e househol$ size.

Co+

e

*ar+ 9o$lation 'ose"ol+ Nm)er

Total emale Male Nm)er Avera(esi7e)" iliman/ar

o5,"74 ",!)0 ",!!4 948 5.!

"" /oro )0,47 5,)"5 5,)" ",90) .!" 3/i 3pya )),7)7 !,0!" 5,!55 ,0)5 .94" 3a/en%o )9,48! )0,)70 9,)! 5,)" .75" 3a(enzi ",)58 ),)54 ),004 5 !."

!" au )),494 5,994 5,500 ",4!! 4.77" oron%oni )!,4)! 8,!7! 7,740 4,"87 .88" iusa 5,70 ",!95 ",!75 ),477 .!9" ;on$eni 4,!5 ",5" ","8 ),"0) .9)0" =asua )9,7!! )0,)"5 9,!4) 5,"57 .8))" aloleni 5.59 ",7)0 ",8"9 ),485 .7)"" iborloni 7,00 ,!99 ,04 ),798 .9

)" 3saran%a 9,04) 4,79 4,0" ",))4 4.)4" aran%a 9,507 ,88 5,!!9 ),!8" 5.7)5"


46/157

A(e


47/157

urati+e an$ pre+enti+e health ser+i&es are a+ailable in the

3uni&ipality. The existin% health ser+i&es in the muni&ipality that are

either pri+ately or %o+ernment &ontrolle$ in&lu$e se+en hospitals, six

health &entres, an$ 47 $ispensaries. =arasiti& air an$ (ater borne

$isease su&h as malariaF Cpper espiratory Tra&t #CT' Infe&tions an$

iarrhoea are the most &ommon.. Table ).4 sho(s the a+ailability of

health Aa&ilities.

Table ).46 ealth Aa&ilities =opulationatio6

ispensary )65"8

ealth entre )6 "7,!7ospital )6 ",!89o&tors =opulation atio )6)",500

our&e6 3oshi 3uni&ipal oun&il, "008

espite a %oo$ ealth Aa&ility population ratio the &on&entration of

health fa&ilities is in the &entral business $istri&t lea+in% the periBurban

un$erser+e$. This is one of the reasons (hy people Go&k to the

entral ;usiness istri&t $urin% the $ay &ausin% &on%estion.


48/157

Trainin% after e&on$arys&hool

99

Cni+ersity an$ others ),05!Total: 4!

our&e6 "00" population an$ housin% &ensus Jolume IJ.

The attainment at primary s&hool sho(s that there are more %irls than

boys. o(e+er, there is a si%ni?&ant $e&line at the se&on$ary s&hool

le+el an$ Cni+ersity an$ other &olle%es. There (ere +ery fe( preB

primary s&hools by )999.

The %o+ernment primary s&hools are more than pri+ate primary

s&hools. ominan&e of %o+ernment primary s&hools an$ lo&al

%o+ernment se&on$ary s&hools is $ue to the =1= poli&y as sho(n in

Table ).! to ).8.

Table ).!6 =reB=rimary &hools6O,ner No. No. o/ 9$ils

emale Male Total>o+ernment " !! !"9 ),"9"=ri+ate )) 4" 408 840Total 4 10@ 104B !14!our&e6 1$u&ation epartment6 3oshi 3uni&ipal oun&il "008

Table).76 =rimary &hools an$ enrolment6O,ner No. No. o/ 9$ils


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=ri+ate ) ",40) ,8"! !,""7Total !B !B 4 1@!!1our&e6 1$u&ation epartment6 3oshi 3uni&ipal oun&il "008

There are t(o Cni+ersity &olle%es that enroll both Tanzanian resi$ents

an$ non esi$ents. 3oreo+er, there are other trainin% Institutions

spe&ializin% in +arious professions.

1$u&ation se&tor imparts to urban resi$ents the ne&essary tra$e an$skills for the mana%ement of other a&ti+ities. -ith the hi%hest number

of se&on$ary s&hools in the &ountry an$ a bi% number of trainin%

Institutions in iliman/aro e%ion, 3oshi 3uni&ipality is expe&te$ to

ha+e a relati+ely hi%her le+el of %eneral e$u&ation.

1..9lannin( S#"emes

urrent $ire&tion of to(n %ro(th an$ $e+elopment arti&ulates on the

ori%inal %ri$ Iron &on&ept for 2fri&an an$ 2sian ommunities an$ a

spa&ious lo( $ensity resi$ential area for the e&onomi&ally (ell o@

;ritish population prepare$ in the )90s. The 3inistry of o+ernment an$ 2$ministration in )9!" prepare$ the ?rst $etaile$

To(n =lannin% &heme in s&ale )65000. The Interim >eneral


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lot to be $esire$. Typi&al of most master plans, it (as &omprehensi+e

in nature, (ith ri%i$ stan$ar$s an$ la&kin% publi& parti&ipation $urin%

plan preparation an$ implementation. 1@e&ti+e mana%ement of the

&oun&il (as also hampere$ by the abolition of the lo&al %o+ernment

system #)97" Q )978', failure to re+ie( the master plan after e+ery ?+e

years, inability to prepare a ne( one in time an$ mea%er oun&il

re+enue as (ell as $(in$lin% sub+entions from the entral

>o+ernment. 2s a result, the oun&il has been &ompelle$ to mana%e a

muni&ipality that is be&omin% in&reasin%ly un%o+ernable an$ its$e+elopment en+ironmentally unsustainable.

The 3oshi 3aster =lan e+ie( #)994B"0)4' (as prepare$ by the

epartment of Crban e+elopment of the 3inistry of


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Table ).96 1mployees in main In$ustry 3oshi 3uni&ipal oun&il by a%e6

A(e A(ri#ltre

orestr%

inis"in( an+ot"ers

Minin(H

arr%in(

Man/a#trin(

Ele#tri#it% 6as

an+*ater

Constr#tion

Ro,/oo+

sales


52/157

[email protected] O##$ation

There has been a rise in number informal businesses an$ in self

employment se&tor. There are +ery fe( formally employe$

people $ue to the &losure of %o+ernment mana%e$ in$ustries.

The rate of urban mi%ration has surpasse$ the %ro(th of formal

employment opportunities. 2s a result there is a risin% le+el of

unemployment alon%si$e the mushroomin% informal se&tor. The

labour for&e has been &ate%orize$ into farmers, shopkeepers,li+esto&k keepers an$ a$ministrators. 2&&or$in% to "00"

population an$ housin% &ensus in$i&ate$ that ser+i&e an$ shop

sales (orkers &onstitute$ )8*, street +en$ers )!.8*, farmers

)!.*, raftsmen )".!*, te&hni&ians an$ asso&iate$

professionals )"."*.

1.@.!*omen $arti#i$ation

3a/ority of (omen are self employe$ as street +en$ors, foo$

+en$ors, $e&orators an$ relate$ (orks, also ma/ority are

employe$ in the ser+i&e se&tor an$ as retail shops sales (orkers.There are opportunities establishe$ for (omen to %et &re$it

fa&ilities that enable them to be entrepreneurs These in&lu$e


53/157

1rosion of &ultures an$ +alues has shaken the institution of

marria%e, reli%ion an$ the househol$s lea$in% to an es&alatin%

number of street &hil$ren. It is estimate$ that there more than

"00 street &hil$ren as a result of $i+or&e, separation an$ un(e$

mothers. The street &hil$ren are usually sexually abuse$, la&k

basi& nee$s an$ are sub/e&te$ to &hil$ labour. Cpen$o -elfare

entre, =o+erty 2fri&a an$ Ckombozi entre for treet hil$ren

are amon% the >:s that ha+e been establishe$ to take &are ofstreet &hil$ren.

1. E#onomi# Str#tre an+ A#tivities

The 1&onomi& tru&ture of 3oshi 3uni&ipality has tra$itionallybeen &losely relate$ to that of iliman/aro re%ion as a (hole, an$

many of the to(nDs e&onomi& a&ti+ities ha+e been base$ on

ser+i&in%. 2lon% the slopes of the mountain are &o@ee

plantations as (ell as $airy an$ Gori&ulture farms. The $e&line of

&o@ee pro$u&tion has for&e$ many people from the rural areas tomo+e to to(n to look of employment. This has resulte$ into hi%h

rate of unemployment an$ in&rease$ po+erty :+er 90* of the


54/157

national per &apital in&ome (hi&h is !0,89" as sho(n in table

).)0 an$ ).)).


55/157


56/157

Table ).))6 e%ional istribution for e%istere$ =ro/e&ts from )990 to e&ember "0056

SJNO

SECTOR

DKSA-AAM

M*AN;A

MORO6ORO

ARUS'A

5KN?ARO

TAN6A

M=EYA

IRIN6A

DODOMA

SKNYAN6A

TA=ORA

5I6OMA

5A6ERA

RU5*A

MT*ARA

-INDI

RUVUMA

COAST

MARA

SIN6IDA

MANYARA

TOTA-

) 2%r. S


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Total !0 !0

1 ! 1!

14

@1 1 !

1 1@ !1 ! !B 11 B B 1 4@

!

Sor#e:Tanzania in+estment &entre6 iliman/aro e%ion.

:ut of )"8 2ppro+e$ pro/e&t in iliman/aro "* are manufa&turin% relate$ pro/e&ts an$ )4* are 2%ri&ulture S


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1.B SA-IENT ENVIRONMENTA- ISSUES

onsi$erin% the existin% $e+elopmentEen+ironment intera&tions,

the follo(in% are likely to be amon% the salient en+ironmental

issues that emer%e in 3oshi 3uni&ipality6

Cn%ui$e$ urban %ro(th resultin% into the expansion of

unplanne$ settlements, ina$equately ser+i&e$ ne( areas an$

un&oor$inate$ ser+i&e $eli+ery e@orts by in$i+i$ual $e+elopers

1&onomi& $e&line an$ risin% urban po+erty in the form of

in&reasin%, unemployment, expansion of informal se&tor,

in&rease in &rime an$ urban +iolen&e.

e&ayin% entral ;usiness istri&t an$ the resultant

un&oor$inate$ pie&emeal re$e+elopment strate%ies

eforestation of the slopes of 3t. iliman/aro lea$in% to

$e&reasin% rainfall an$ forest pro$u&ts.

Cn$erutilize$ tourism potential at the $etriment of the

muni&ipal, re%ional an$ national e&onomy $espite the %lobal

fame of 3t. iliman/aro

Institutional $e?&ien&ies in urban mana%ement that th(art

e@e&ti+e partnerships amon% key stakehol$ers from the publi&,

popular an$ pri+ate se&tors in the form of &ooperation an$


59/157

sustainable basis by se&urin% a &re$it from the International

e+elopment 2sso&iation. It therefore initiate$ the Crban e&tor

ehabilitation =ro/e&t #C=' &o+erin% arB1sBalaam ity an$ ei%ht

3uni&ipalities namely 2rusha, Irin%a, 3beya, 3oro%oro, 3oshi,

3(anza, Tabora an$ Tan%a. The pro/e&t in&lu$es &onstru&tion of

sele&te$ (orks in relation to roa$s, storm (ater $raina%e, (ater

supply, se(era%e an$ sanitation as (ell as soli$ (aste

mana%ement. It also (as inten$e$ for trainin% an$ other a&ti+ities

aime$ at impro+in% the mana%ement &apa&ity, ?nan&ial status an$ser+i&e $eli+ery &apa&ities of the &oun&ils. The pro/e&t (as

&omplete$ in 3ay "005.

In 3oshi, some of the pro/e&ts in&lu$eF

ehabilitation an$ impro+ement of portions of Alori$a,iliman/aro, 3afuta, >halla, ibo,


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C'A9TER T*O

T'E MUNICI9A- ACTIVITY SECTOR

!.! 'osin(

!.1.1C"ara#teristi#s o/ "osin(

3oshi muni&ipality &onsists of both planne$ an$ unplanne$

settlements. The )995 3oshi 3uni&ipality 3aster =lan re+ie( team

in$i&ate$ that 0* of the total area $e+ote$ to housin%#8.74km

"

outof "9.)"km"' (as in planne$ areas, (hile 70*#"0.8km"' (as in

unplanne$ areas. There are )8,"00 houses out of (hi&h 9,00 ha+e

been &onstru&te$ in planne$ areas an$ 8,900 ha+e been

&onstru&te$ in unplanne$ areas. 3ost of the houses are tenant

o&&upie$. The ational housin% &orporation has )"0 houses for

rentin%. The pre$ominant housin% type is the pri+ately $e+elope$

(ith $eta&he$ &orri$or type (ith 4B! habitable rooms. The most

&ommonly use$ toilet fa&ility is the tra$itional pit latrine !4* an$

Gash toilet "5*. :nly )* use unkno(n toilet systems.

The entral 2rea e$e+elopment =lan is en&oura%in% &onstru&tion

of Gats that are t(o to ei%ht storeys in the entral ;usiness istri&t


61/157

as Gour materials. Iron sheets (ere the most popular roo?n%

materials a&&ountin% from mu$ or timber.

emeteries may also be &onsi$ere$ as our permanent homes. The

six &emeteries that are &urrently use$ areF aran%a, /oro 3ixe$,

o(eto , /oro B 3ohame$an, aloleni an$ =asua. These

%ra+eyar$s are not a$equate to meet the $eman$s of the in&reasin%

population.

!.1.!6ro,in( n$lanne+ "osin( +evelo$ment

The in&reasin% %ro(th of population an$ the slo( pa&e of sur+eyin%

plots has resulte$ in&rease$ pressure in unplanne$ settlements.

Cnplanne$ settlements in 3oshi muni&ipality are $i+i$e$ into t(oF

the sparsely populate$ unplanne$ settlements in iborloni,

3saran%a, aran%a an$ au (ar$s an$ the $ensely populate$

settlements in /oro, 3/i 3pya an$ parts of


62/157

ouses in lo( lyin% areas are sub/e&te$ to Goo$s. ouses are

sub/e&te$ to ?re thou%h the 3uni&ipality ?re unit has limite$

equipments, as a result $epen$en&y is on the I2 an$ T= fa&ilitiesthat are too far.

!.1.@Contri)tion o/ "osin( on t"e r)an environment

learin% of ne( sites &ause erosion an$ loss of +e%etation.

Cnplanne$ $e+elopment obstru&ts natural $raina%e &anals. -hilequarryin% of stones an$ san$ alon% the banks of ri+er au, ri+er

aran%a ha+e ha$ an impa&t on the ri+er banks. =o&kets of air are

pollute$ by burnin% of bri&ks, (hile the use of san$Emu$ has impa&t

on lan$ an$ may result into erosion or &reation of pon$s that are

bree$in% pla&es for +ermins that &ause infe&tious $iseases.

ro($in% in unplanne$ settlements an$ la&k of basi& ser+i&es lea$s

to easy sprea$in% of infe&tious $iseases.

!.!. *ater s$$l%


63/157

of the area is &o+ere$ (ith &onne&tions an$ 98* of the population

ha+e a&&ess to the (ater mana%e$ by 3C-2, (hile they are only

)8,000 &lients.

3C-2 ensures that &lients pay on monthly basis the amount of

(ater &onsume$, lients (ho are not able to pay on time are usually

$is&onne&te$ from use. 3C-2 has establishe$ kiosks in fe( areas

(here people &an a&&ess (ater.

!.!.! *ater Sor#es

>eo%raphi&ally 3oshi 3uni&ipality boasts of ha+in% natural sprin%s

an$ ri+ers that are a ma/or supply of safe an$ &lean (ater. The ri+ers

that are sometimes use$ as a sour&e of (ater are i+er aran%a,

i+er au an$ i+er ila$e$a. The natural sprin%s are sere an$ hiri

sprin%s, /oro ya hobi that is o&&asionally use$ by /oro resi$ents,

(a/uma sprin%s use$ by resi$ents of 3saran%a an$ (a >oa sprin%s

use$ by resi$ents of aloleni. The number of temporary natural

sprin%s in&reases $urin% perio$s of hea+y rainfall.

The 3a(enzi borehole #%roun$ (ater aquifer' is another sour&e of


64/157

I6URE


65/157

Table ".)6 5ater coverage in Moshi Municipality

*ar+ G Covera(e). 3a(enzi )00

". ;on$eni )00. aloleni 954. =asua 955. /oro )00!. aran%a 907. oron%oni )008. iliman/aro )00

9. au )00)0.


66/157

-ater from leakin% pipes ero$es lan$. -hereas &ontaminate$ (ater

&ause (ater borne $iseases su&h as $iarrhoea.

!.4. In+str%

!.4.1. C"ara#teristi#s o/ In+str%

3ost of the lar%e an$ smallBs&ale in$ustries are lo&ate$ in /oro,

;on$eni, aran%a, au, =asua an$ aloleni (ar$s.. The &losure of%o+ernment &ontrolle$ in$ustries has ha$ a$+erse e@e&t on the

3uni&ipality in terms of $e&linin% employment an$ >ross omesti&

=ro$u&t. Tanzania In+estment entre an$ TI2 are &reatin% a

&on$u&i+e en+ironment for expan$in% in$ustrial $e+elopment. The

lar%e s&ale in$ustries mainly pro$u&e pro$u&ts that are &onsume$

(ithin the &ountry there are a fe( in$ustries that $o export business.

ome of the lar%e s&ale in$ustries are sho(n in Table "."

Table "."6


67/157

(hi&h in&lu$e millin% ma&hines, oil &rashin% espe&ially sunGo(er,

%ara%es, (el$in%, &arpentry, quarryin% of stones an$ %ra+el, bri&k

makin% an$ other buil$in% materials, briquettes, &onstru&tion ofener%y sa+in% sto+es, et&. The muni&ipality has taken aHrmati+e

a&tions in lo&atin% these a&ti+ities to formal areas. =resently an area

for %ara%es has alrea$y been earmarke$ at the former ail(ay i$in%

in =asua (ar$ an$ outh of the 3uni&ipal abbatoir at ;on$eni (ar$.

!.4.!Environmental resor#es se+ )% in+str%

The resour&es use$ by in$ustry in&lu$e lan$ (hi&h is 5!0." he&tares.

-ater is mainly use$ in boilers (hile forest resour&es are use$ as a

sour&e of fuel. o(e+er forests are a ra( material for the pulp,

mat&hes an$ paper in$ustries. There are a fe( in$ustries that are

usin% &har&oal an$ ?re(oo$. 2ll in$ustries use ele&tri&ity, (hi&h is

ina$equate an$ sub/e&te$ to frequent po(er &uts. 2s a result most of

the in$ustries use %enerators that use $iesel or petrol as fuel.

!.4.4Im$a#t o/ environmental "a7ar+ on In+str%

eforestation that results from forest har+estin% lea$s to re$u&tion of

forest resour&es for in$ustrial use an$ hen&e re$u&e$ pro$u&tion. Aor


68/157

on ri+ers has impa&t on the ri+er &ourse. is&har%e of (aste in the

ri+ers &ontaminates the (ater that is use$ for +arious $omesti&

purposes, (hi&h &an &ause $iseases. ;a$ smell, from 3oshi


69/157

infrastru&ture. Aloo$s a%%ra+ate see pa%e at $isposal sites into

nearby ri+ers.

!..Contri)tion o/ soli+ ,aste on t"e r)an environment

Irre%ular &olle&tion of (aste in househol$s lea$s to heaps of soli$

(aste left behin$. aphazar$ $isposal of soli$ (aste in ri+ers su&h as

ri+er au &ontaminates the (ater (hi&h is use$ for se+eral purposes.

-aste su&h as plasti& ba%s, (aste from resi$ential areas an$ small

s&ale in$ustriesEenterprises is $ispose$ in$is&riminately. ome of the

resi$ents are not usin% skip bu&kets properly. 3ost of the resi$ents

are relu&tant to pay for (aste &olle&tion ser+i&es an$ therefore

&ontra&tors an$ &ommunity base$ or%anizations are not able to

&olle&t soli$ (aste eH&iently. :l$ soli$ (aste tru&ks are not able to

ren$er ser+i&es as require$. -aste $ispose$ haphazar$ly is an

eyesore. Cn&ontrolle$ (aste may lea$ to short term an$ lon% term

health problems.

The aloleni


70/157

The system is more than 50 years ol$ an$ o+erloa$e$. Therefore the

se(era%e system is ina$equate to meet existin% in&reasin% $eman$.

The $istribution of the &entral se(era%e system is sho(n in Table "..Table ".6 istribution of Central se1erage system by 1ard

*ar+ 5mJCovera(e) 3a(enzi 9." oron%oni ).8 iusa !."4 au 4.5

5 3a/en%o 8."! ;on$eni 4.57 iliman/aro ".)8


71/157

&heaper. =ubli& pla&es toilets su&h as the &entral bus stan$, markets

ha+e been pri+atize$ an$ people ha+e to pay for usin%.

Jery fe( in$ustries are &onne&te$ to the &entral se(era%e system,

(hi&h in&lu$e the o@ee urin% In$ustry. In$ustries are require$ to

treat an$ re&y&le their o(n liqui$ (aste. In$ustries su&h as ;onite

;ottlers, 3oshi leather, ibo =ulp an$ =aper 3ills treat liqui$ (aste that

is ho(e+er $ispose$ into aran%a i+er. 3ost of the in$ustries in 3oshi

are not usin% proper leaner =ro$u&tion te&hniques.

!.@.!Environmental resor#e se+ )% t"e se#tor


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latrines that are &heap to &onstru&t are bree$in% pla&es for +ermins

an$ pollute %roun$(ater $urin% the rainy season. The ba$ smell from

o+erGo(s of liqui$ (aste an$ pit latrines is also not &on$u&i+e forhuman bein%s.

The aUuent from in$ustries that is not (ell treate$, pollutes (ater in

the ri+ers (hi&h is a threat to human health. o(e+er poor surfa&e

(ater mana%ement lea$s to soil erosion in the uplan$s an$ Goo$in% in

the lo( lan$s. Ina$equate, poorly maintaine$ an$ ero$e$ storm (ater

$rains ha+e le$ to erosion of roa$s, $ama%in% of buil$in%s an$

$an%erous to people (ho use the roa$s. In$is&riminate $isposal of

liqui$ (aste on streets from &ro($e$ unplanne$ areas an$ a fe(

planne$ areas su&h as iusa an$ 3a(enzi &ause ba$ smell an$

infe&tious $iseases su&h as malaria an$ $ysentry

!. Torism Re#reation an+ /orestr%

!..1C"ara#teristi#s o/ Torism Re#reation an+ /orestr%

3oshi is in the &entre of the northern tourist &ir&uit. The to(n is

en$o(e$ (ith tourist attra&tions su&h as 3t. iliman/aro, the hi%hest

mountain in 2fri&a (hi&h harbours part of the iliman/aro ational =ark


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iliman/aro. o far they are only 57 &ompanies &ompare$ to "0 in

2rusha.

3ost of the resi$ents are parti&ipatin% in the %reenin% &ampai%n by

%ro(in% trees an$ Go(ers. ommunity ;ase$ or%anisations an$ >:s

ha+e been in+ol+e$. 2 fe( in$i+i$uals are in+ol+e$ in sellin% a +ariety

of see$lin%s of trees an$ Go(ers. It is a %oo$ business espe&ially

$urin% the rainy season.

There are four lar%e play%roun$s that in&lu$e the 3Co;

play%roun$, = play%roun$s, amhuri ta$ium an$ 3oshi lub %olf

&ourse. :thers are :l$ 3oshi an$ 3oshi Te&hini&al e&on$ary &hool

play%roun$s, in$u 3an$al sport area, 3 play%roun$s an$

International &hool play%roun$s The amhuri ta$ium at aran%a has

not been $e+elope$ an$ part of it is temporarily a se&on$ han$ &loth

market. e+ertheless there are international %ames hel$ at 3oshi,

(hi&h in&lu$e, the iliman/aro 3arathon.

au Aorest eser+e lies to the southern part of the 3uni&ipality. The

forest has natural bio$i+ersity that is i$eal for ex&ursions an$ pi&ni&s.

2part from forest there has been an in&rease in i%ht lubs (hi&h


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:ther resour&es use$ in (ater, forests as a sour&e of fuel, ele&tri&ity

%as an$ biofuels are also use$ as a sour&e of ener%y.

!..4Im$a#t o/ environmental "a7ar+s on torism re#reation an+

/orestr%.

eforestation an$ frequent ?res $isturbs the e&osystem. Arequent ?res

on 3t. iliman/aro result into air pollution. Aire is a threat to tourist

hotels an$ ni%ht&lubs. Aloo$s $ama%e open spa&es an$ play%roun$s.

!..Contri)tion o/ torism re#reation an+ /orestr% on r)an

environment6

Tourism lea$s to hea+y traH& of people an$ +ehi&les that $ama%e the

existin% Gora an$ fauna an$ pollutes the air respe&ti+ely. In&rease$

tourism has ne%ati+e e@e&ts on our o(n %oo$ tra$itional an$ &ultural

+alues.

Aorests are %oo$ but some of the trees are ol$ an$ are a threat to

property an$ passersBby. Inspite of the in&rease$ e@orts in plantin%

tress most of the people $o not kno( (hi&h type of trees to be %ro(n


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types of roa$s that in&lu$e the national i%h(ay, arterial roa$s,

&olle&tor roa$s an$ lo&al a&&ess roa$s. :ut of these roa$s 70 m are

pa+e$ an$ ")8kms are unpa+e$ an$ &o+ere$ (ith %ra+el. 3ost of theroa$s that ha+e bitumen are been maintaine$ un$er the C= (ith an

ex&eption of a fe( km that are on the outskirts that are not

maintaine$. The unmaintaine$ roa$s ha+e potholes (hile the unpa+e$

roa$s la&k perio$i& maintenan&e. 2 sur+ey $one "00! sho(e$ that

!.7* of tarma& roa$ are %oo$, ""."* are in %oo$ &on$ition an$

4).)* are in poor &on$ition. 1arth an$ %ra+el roa$s are lo&ate$ in the

peri urban of (hi&h )".4* are in %oo$ &on$ition, !."* are in fair

&on$ition an$ 5).4* are in poor &on$ition. The 3uni&ipal oun&il

usin% oa$ Aun$s has been able to &onstru&t only )0kms of tarma&

roa$ sin&e )998. T22A has &ontribute$ in the &onstru&tion of earth

an$ %ra+el roa$s bet(een "00 an$ "007. There are also "7kms of

rain (ater $rains of (hi&h 85* are in %oo$ &on$ition an$ )5* are poor.

These (ere &onstru&te$ by the ?nan&ial assistan&e from 2I2.

These are lo&ate$ in


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The iliman/aro International airport is lo&ate$ 5km from 3oshi, (hi&h

is a 0 minutes $ri+e. The 3oshi 2ero$rome is (ithin the muni&ipal

boun$aries an$ has t(o tarma& run(ays to ser+e li%ht air&raft. Theto(n is ser+e$ (ith a rail(ay line from arB 2rusha an$ Tan%a B 3oshi

that is not repaire$Emaintaine$Eser+i&e$. urrently the rail(ay bet(een

2rusha B 3oshi B Tan%a B arBesBsalaam is $ormant.

I6URE @


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!.B.!Environmental resor#es se+ )% trans$ort

The ma/or resour&e use$ is lan$ (hi&h is use$ for roa$s, rail(ays an$

aero$romes (hile air is use$ by aeroplanes. It is estimate$ that )0"

he&tares are use$ for this a&ti+ity. >ra+el, san$, bitumen are use$ for

roa$ &onstru&tion. The means of transport that in&lu$e motorise$ an$

non motorise$ all use lan$. 1ner%y use$ by motorise$ transport is

fossil fuels su&h as petrol an$ $iesel.

!.B.4Im$a#t o/ environmental "a7ar+s on trans$ort

Aloo$s $estroy the roa$ net(ork an$ man ma$e storm (ater $rains.

!.B.Contri)tion o/ trans$ort on r)an environment


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si%ns, publi& transport not usin% the $esi%nate$ bus stan$ &ause

&on%estion of traH&.

The ina$equate storm (ater $raina%e system, &ontributes to Goo$in%,

$estru&tion of property an$ pa+ements, &ul+erts an$ bri$%es.

!. Commni#ation

!..1C"ara#teristi#s o/ Commni#ation

ommuni&ation ser+i&es that are a+ailable in&lu$e postal ser+i&es,

telephones, pri+ate &ouriers an$ internet. =ostal ser+i&es that in&lu$e

han$lin% of &ar%o an$ mail, money transfers, sale of stamps an$

expe$ite$ mail ser+i&es #13' are han$le$ by the Tanzania =ostal

orporation. The Tanzania =ostal orporation has 5,400 rental boxes.

The < pro+i$es express &ar%o an$ mail ser+i&es (ithin an$ outsi$e

the &ountry. =ri+ate &ouriers that operate are mainly buses that ply

bet(een 3oshi an$ other to(ns (ithin the &ountry an$ a fe( to(ns in

enya, C%an$a, Kambia an$ 3ala(i.

Internet &afes an$ ser+i&esEinternet &onne&tions ha+e in&rease$

(hereby people use emails an$ other relate$ ser+i&es that &onne&t

them (ith the rest of the (orl$ in a se&on$. There are three lo&al ra$io


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installe$ in most of the areas. :ther &ompanies pro+i$e mobile phone

ser+i&es (hi&h in&lu$e, TI>:, eltel, Jo$a&om an$ Kantel. The

pro+i$ers of mobile phones ha+e &onstru&te$ to(ers in resi$entialareas respe&ti+ely.

!..!Environmental resor#es se+ )% #ommni#ation

ra+el an$ san$ are use$ for &onstru&tion of &ommuni&ation buil$in%s

an$ to(ers.

!..4Im$a#t o/ environmental "a7ar+s on #ommni#ation

1xtreme (eather &on$itions like hea+y rains an$ (in$s $ama%e an$

obstru&t &ommuni&ation linesEroutes.

!..Contri)tion o/ #ommni#ation on r)an environment

1xtensi+e use of mobile phones is sai$ to ha+e a lon% term impa&t on

human health. -hile ra$iation from the mobile phone to(ers that are

&onstru&te$ near resi$ential pla&es too, ha+e a lon% term impa&t on


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storey buil$in%s that are an eyesore to the muni&ipality. TI2 3oshi

;ran&h &oor$inates business a&ti+ities in the 3uni&ipality.

There are ei%ht retail markets an$ open markets. The retail markets

are namely, oko kuu, iusa, iborloni, 3a/en%o, =asua, ;omambuzi,

o(eto an$ /oro. There is a temporary open se&on$ han$ &loth

market at oron%oni #Memorial Market' that utilizes part of amhuri

ta$ium hel$ on -e$nes$ay an$ atur$ay. 3arkets &onstitute a %reat

portion of the oun&il re+enue

There is a +ariation of &ommer&ial a&ti+ities that in&lu$e, restaurants,

hotels, supermarkets, %ara%es, telephone ser+i&e pro+i$ers, mobile

phone a%ents, bars, %ro&eries, ?llin% stations, saloons, stationeries,

but&hers, timber sellers, tra$itional bre( sellers #vilabu', musi& shops,

text book sellers, retail shops, %uest houses six small s&ale in$ustries

&ooperati+e so&ieties an$ four &onsumer &ooperati+e so&ieties. >uest

houses ha+e in&rease at aran%a an$ 3saran%a (ar$s, (hile a fe(

%uest houses in 3a/en%o (ar$ ha+e been turne$ into stu$ent hostels.

esi$ential houses that are lo&ate$ at au an$


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4! 2: (ith )"0)) members, (hi&h is about !* of the population.

Informal ?nan&e is also pra&ti&e$ amon%st the resi$ents of 3oshi.

Ae( people ha+e been in+ol+e$ in buyin% shares from institutions su&h

as T;


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I6URE


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!..Contri)tion o/ Commer#e an+ >nan#e on t"e r)anenvironment.

The expan$in% informal se&tor (hi&h is re%ar$e$ as ille%al $oes not

ha+e byla(s that ha+e been set. Thou%h the se&tor is %ro(in%, it lea$s

to o+er&ro($in% in the to(n &entre an$ market areas. The se&tor is

in+a$in% open spa&es in resi$ential pla&es an$ roa$s. o(e+er the

oun&il has $emar&ate$ some areas in ;omambuzi, %an%amfumuni

ar 1s alaam treet an$ o(eto for small tra$ers. aphazar$ $isposal

of soli$ an$ liqui$ (aste is &ommon in formal an$ informal &ommer&ial

a&ti+ities. =eople in+ol+e$ in this se&tor if they $o not realize the

in&ome expe&te$ are in+ol+e$ in ille%al $ru%s, theft an$ prostitution.

en&eforth are prone to IJE2I an$ &riminal a&ti+ities.

The pro+i$ers of small s&ale &re$it that is the ?nan&ial institutions $o

not pro+i$e e$u&ation on ho( to $e+elop en+ironmental frien$ly

sustainable business. The s&rap metal business has le$ to remo+al of

metal &o+ers in the &entral se(era%e system an$ septi& tanks.

emo+al of these metal &o+ers is unsafe for non motorise$ transport.


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?re(oo$ an$ &har&oal for &ookin%. There has been a sli%ht in&rease

in the $eman$ for %as for &ookin% purposes. Ae( institutions use

solar for li%htin%. The muni&ipality is supplie$ (ith hy$roBele&tri&ityfrom the national >ri$ of )"J from ale an$ yumba ya 3un%u

ams. The hy$roBele&tri&ity po(er is mana%e$ by T21: that has

bran&hes all o+er the &ountry.

Aillin% stations $istribute petrol, kerosene an$ $iesel (hile there are

a fe( pro+i$ers of %as an$ solar ener%y. 1ner%y sa+in% sto+es are

use$ in primary an$ se&on$ary s&hools, &olle%es an$ a fe(

resi$ential houses. 3ost of the resi$ents &annot a@or$ the

installation &osts of ener%y sa+in% sto+es. 2 fe( resi$ents use

briquettes that are pro$u&e$ lo&ally. ibo =ulp uses remains of

mat&hes for boilin% (ater.

!.10.! Environmental resor#es se+ /or t"e ener(% s$$l%

The to(n re&ei+es 70* of its $aily $eman$ of )0 3- supplie$ by

J an$ )) J main se&on$ary fee$ers. 2t $omesti& le+el ele&tri&ity

is mainly use$ for li%htin% (hile at in$ustrial le+el it is use$ for both

li%htin% an$ pro&essin%. urrently, in$ustrialists an$ &ommer&ial


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eforestation re$u&es &har&oal an$ ?re(oo$ (hile $rou%ht re$u&es

ele&tri&ity supply an$ results in po(er rationin%. ea+y rains

$ama%e un$er%roun$ an$ o+erhea$ installations.

!.10. Contri)tion o/ ener(% s$$l% on t"e r)an

environment.

=oorly &onne&te$ ele&tri&ity in buil$in%s lea$s to ?re (hile tree

&uttin% $estru&ts the en+ironment an$ re$u&es (ater sour&es. 3ost

of the primary s&hools are usin% ener%y sa+in% sto+es. =oorly

$ispose$ re?ne$ petroleum pro$u&ts &ontaminate %roun$ (ater.

!.11 Ur)an a(ri#ltre

!.11.1 C"ara#teristi#s o/ r)an a(ri#ltre

2%ri&ulture is pra&ti&e$ mostly by resi$ents in sparsely $ominate$

areas as an alternati+e sour&e of in&ome. The resi$ents are en%a%e$

in horti&ulture an$ zero %razin% of &attle, %oats, pi%s an$ poultry.

=eople %ro( maize, beans, an$ pa$$y in areas that are open or not

utilize$. o(e+er, the To(n an$ ountry =lannin% #urban farmin%'

e%ulation, )99" stipulates that any farmin% a&ti+ity is likely to

&ause nuisan&e or pose a physi&al $ama%e to the safety of the


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!.11. Contri)tion o/ r)an a(ri#ltre on t"e r)an

environment:

Cn&ontrolle$ farmin% pra&ti&es an$ %razin% of li+esto&k remo+es

+e%etation an$ &an &ause soil erosion. Aertilizers an$ &hemi&als

pollute %roun$(ater an$ ha+e short an$ lon% term health e@e&ts on

farmers.

!.1! 'ealt" Servi#es

!.1!.1 C"ara#teristi#s o/ "ealt" servi#es

The muni&ipality pro+i$es both &urati+e an$ pre+enti+e health

ser+i&es. These ser+i&es are pro+i$e$ by >:s, reli%ious

or%anisations, the pri+ate se&tor an$ 3uni&ipality.

The iliman/aro hristian 3e$i&al entre #3' ospital is a

referral hospital that &aters for the (hole &ountry an$ nei%hbourin%

&ountries. It has a &apa&ity of 500 be$s. 3a(enzi is the re%ional

hospital (ith a &apa&ity of 00 be$s (hile t. oseph a hospital

&ontrolle$ by a reli%ious institution has a &apa&ity of 50 be$s. The

status of hospitals, health &entres an$ $ispensaries is as sho(n


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There ha+e been impro+e$ maternal ser+i&es for mother an$ &hil$

an$ pro+ision of ser+i&es to people infe&te$ (ith IJE2I. >:s

su&h as I-2CI an$ hospitals like 3 an$ 3a(enzi ha+e

establishe$ &entres (ithin the (ar$s that pro+i$e ser+i&es to IJ

patients. Cpen$o entre, 3kombozi entre an$ 2mani entre ha+e

been in+ol+e$ in pro+i$in% ser+i&es to orphans an$ street &hil$ren.

3il$(ay pro+i$es ser+i&es to the $isable$.

ommon $iseases in the 3uni&ipality are malaria, IJE2I relate$

infe&tions an$ pneumonia as sho(n in the table o ".!

Table ". !6 3orbi$ity statisti&s main := ia%noses6Dia(nosis L@ %ears @ %ears

3alaria ),0)7 57,)")2I ),9)8 "7,))"=neumonia )0,)9" 7,989IT (orms 8,0"8 4,!9!iarrhoea 4,!0 5,589CTI 4,)" 4,"0kin Infe&tions ",87! 5,!071ar Infe&tions ",7"5 7,5)"

kin Infe&tions ","80 5,507Total 79,84! ))9,444


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Table ".7 =harma&ies by (ar$s in 3oshi 3uni&ipality

*ar+ 9art T,oNon9oisonosMe+i#alStores

9art One9"arma#eti#al Dr(s

3a/en%o 8 0iborloni ! 0oron%oni ) 0

;on$eni 5 "3/i 3pya " 0/oro 0au ! 0iusa 7 )


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!.14 E+#ation

!.14.1 C"ara#teristi#s o/ e+#ation

The 3oshi muni&ipality is Ganke$ (ith many e$u&ation institutions

&ompare$ to other to(ns that &ater for 3oshi resi$ents, resi$ents

from other areas an$ forei%ners. There are publi& an$ pri+ate

primary s&hools, kin$er%artens, se&on$ary s&hools, &olle%es an$

Cni+ersities. The number of primary an$ se&on$ary s&hools is as

sho(n in table ". 8

Table ".86 umber of >o+ernment an$ =ri+ate &hools

=re primary =rimary e&on$ary>o+ernm

ent

") 5 )!

=ri+ate )) )" )4Total 4! B 40

our&e6 3oshi 3uni&ipality, "008

The oun&il has units &aterin% for the $isable$ as sho(n in table ".9

Table. ".96 isable$ Cnits an$ umber of tu$ents


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Cni+ersity olle%e at 3asoka an$ olle%e of 2fri&an -il$life

3ana%ement at 3(eka are lo&ate$ outsi$e the boun$aries of 3oshi

3uni&ipality but the stu$ents an$ employees en/oy the ser+i&es of

3oshi 3uni&ipality. :ne of the stu$ent hostels of 3(en%e Cni+ersity

is lo&ate$ at 3saran%a (ar$.

!.14.! Environmental resor#es se+ )% t"e se#tor

The onstru&tion of e$u&ation fa&ilities requires massi+e use of

lan$, san$, %ra+el an$ forestry resour&es. 2&&or$in% to the

stan$ar$s o@ere$ by the 3inistry of


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$isposal of soli$ (aste litters the en+ironment. Cnatten$e$ %ar$ens

an$ fen&es are a &ommon feature in e$u&ation institutions.


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T'E ENVIRONMENTA- SETTIN6

A. ENVIRONMENTA- RESOURCES:

4.1!.MT. 5I-IMAN?ARO:

4.1!.@. T"e Roo/ To$ o/ A/ri#a

The mountain is lo&ate$ only 0 of the 1quator an$ $eri+es its name

from a lo&al phrase Lilema yaroM (hi&h literally means Lthat (hi&h&annot be &onquere$M. It has t(o $istin&t peaksF ibo rea&hin% a

hei%ht of 5,895 metres #)9,40 ft' an$ 3a(enzi rea&hin% a hei%ht of

5,)5) metres #)!,899 ft'. The ibo peak is sno( &appe$ throu%hout

the year $espite the fa&t that it is lo&ate$ +ery &lose to the 1quator.

o(e+er the sno( is $e&reasin% $ue to %lobal (armin%.

iliman/aro 3ountain tra+erses four $istri&ts of ombo, 3oshi, ai an$

iha out of six $istri&ts in the re%ion. It is lo&ate$ north of 3oshi

3uni&ipality. 3t. iliman/aro is in iliman/aro ational =ark (hi&h hosts

a +ariety of famous exoti& an$ impressi+e spe&ies of animals, bir$s,an$ plants in the e&osystem.


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promote Tanzania as a $estination of 3t. iliman/aro. The fertile

+ol&ani& soils on the 3ountain slopes an$ pre&ipitation ori%inatin% from

the mountain are i$eal for &ulti+ation of foo$ an$ &ash &rops as (ell as

$airy farmin%.

4.1!.B. Im$a#ts o/ a#tivit% se#tors on Mt. 5iliman2aro:ue to population pressure on the slopes of the mountain, lar%e tra&ts

of lan$ are &leare$ annually to %i+e room for a%ri&ultural an$

resi$ential $e+elopment. api$ population %ro(th has prompte$

in&rease$ $eman$ for lan$, (oo$ an$ timber supplies from the

mountain. 2s a result (ithin the muni&ipality alone, there is a&ontinuous $eman$ for ne( houses to a&&ommo$ate extra population

as a result of natural %ro(th an$ mi%ration. 2 number of trees are

felle$ e+ery year for the &onstru&tion of an a+era%e of )0 housin%

units in planne$ areas an$ unplanne$ areas. The un&ontrolle$ supply

of &har&oal an$ fuel (oo$ to meet ener%y $eman$ of the bur%eonin%population $epletes the amount an$ type of trees on the mountain.


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There are &onGi&tin% interest amon% $i@erent a&ti+ity se&tors an$

stakehol$ers $ue to the use of the 3ountain by one %roup of a&ti+ity at

the $etriment of the other %roup. Aor example, housin%, in$ustry,

(ater an$ ener%y supply $eplete an$ $e%ra$e the resour&e (hereas

forestry, tourism an$ re&reation as (ell as (ater supply &all for

&onser+ation of the mountain.

A(ri#ltre: =opulation pressure on the slopes of the mountain &allfor in&rease$ lan$ &learan&e for the pro$u&tion of both foo$ an$ &ash

&rops. 2%ri&ulture $estroys the natural e&olo%y by repla&in% $i+ersity

of in$i%enous spe&ies (ith mono&ultures by usin% pesti&i$es an$

herbi&i$es.

2%ri&ulture also $epletes reser+es of %roun$ (ater (here

&ontamination is reGe&te$ in urban $rinkin% (ater supply. e$u&tion of

forests &ontributes to $e&rease$ pre&ipitation (hi&h a@e&ts tourism,

(ater supply an$ re&reation. 2%ri&ultural a&ti+ities aroun$ (ater

sour&es re$u&e %roun$ (ater reser+es.

' i $ f h i h $ f h ll $

Documents

Moshi Municipal Profile