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Mosquito Control
Claudia Riegel, Ph.D. City of New Orleans Mosquito & Termite Control Board
General Biology of Mosquitoes
• Insects that belong to Order DIPTERAwhich includes all the flies.
• Have four life stages:
Egg laid on surface or edge of water/soil– Egg ‐‐ laid on surface or edge of water/soil.
– Larvae ‐‐ live only in water.
– Pupae ‐‐ live only in water.
– Adults
Eggs
• Singly on surface or edge of water.
• Some species lay eggs in rafts on surface of water.
• Some sp. hatch 24‐36 hrs.
• Some hatch after one, two or three years.
• Overwintering stage for some species
Larvae
• Four stages: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th instars.
• Called “wigglers”, very active, most come to surface for air.
• Total time‐ 6‐12 daysSome species even weeks.
Larvae
• Basic biology important for management
– Type of larvicide
d fl i– Emergent and floating vegetation management
– Larval habitat for species of medical importance
Pupae• Stage that changes from larva to adult.
C ll d• Called “tumblers” very active, come to surface for air.
• Stage lasts from 3‐6 days.
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Adult (Male)
• Emerges first
• Feeds on nectar sources for energy.
• Mates within 2 to 7 d d didays and dies
Adult (Females)
• Emerges and feeds on nectar.
• Mates, usually only once.
• Searches for blood meal.
• Needs blood meal to develop eggs.
• 1‐5 blood meals over life of 7 to 28 days.
Classification Based onLarval Habitat
• Floodwater mosquitoes
P i• Permanent water mosquitoes
• Container mosquitoes
Classification Based onLarval Habitat
• Floodwater mosquitoes
• Permanent water mosquitoes
• Container mosquitoes• Container mosquitoes
Need to have an overall understanding of the types of mosquitoes
in order to properly address the homeowner’s pest concerns.
•address the conducive conditions first.
Flood Water Mosquitoes
• Includes mosquitoes in genera Aedes and Psorophora
• Some species from these genera are the most important pest species.
• Bite humans, livestock, pets
• Can have very large populations in spring and early summer.
Floodwater Mosquitoes (cont.)• Eggs are laid on the soil surface at the edge of standing pools of water that are left from heavy rains or floods.– often woodland pools, roadside ditches, low areas along creeks rivers that collect flood water, marsh, wetlands.
• Eggs hatch when flooded by runoff from heavy rains, flood water, high tides.
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Floodwater Mosquitoes (cont.)
• Eggs are over wintering stage. In most cases must spend winter in egg case, called diapause stage.
• Can survive in egg stage for several years• Can survive in egg stage for several years until flooded.
• However, can have different hatches within several days if increased water levels hatch new eggs.
Floodwater Mosquitoes (cont.)
• Adult populations peak in late April, May, and June, species hatch with late summer fall rains.
• Adults die quickly during hot weather.
• Any flooded pools usually dry up too fast to support• Any flooded pools usually dry up too fast to supportin hot weather.
• Females most active around sunset or in shady areadisturbed, some are active the day*. *biology will vawith species
Inland Floodwater MosquitoAedes vexans
Inland Floodwater MosquitoAedes vexans
Greenspace (park, soccer fields etc.) close to a subdivision.
Multnomah County – 2012 Aedes vexans
Tan Floodwater Mosquito Aedes sollicitans
sInland Floodwater MosquitoAedes sollicitans
• 40 – 50 mile flight range• Aggressive• Daytime, dawn, dusk
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Permanent Water MosquitoesPermanent Water Mosquitoes
• Genera Anopheles, Coquillettida, Mansonia some Culex spp.
• Found in quiet bodies of freshwater with sunlight, much f i d li l isurface vegetation and very little wave action.
• Shallow edges of ponds, some lakes backwaters of rivers even slow moving streams.
• Never in main lake or pond areas with much wave action.
Permanent Water MosquitoesPermanent Water Mosquitoes
• Genera Anopheles, Coquillettida, Mansonia some Culex spp.
• Found in quiet bodies of freshwater with sunlight, much f i d li l isurface vegetation and very little wave action.
• Shallow edges of ponds, some lakes backwaters of rivers even slow moving streams.
• Never in main lake or pond areas with much wave action.
People often have mismanaged ponds on their property or in the subdivision
•Excessive vegetation around perimeter•Stagnant water•Lack of predators•Aquatic weeds
Permanent Water Group (cont.)
• Anopheles sp. lay eggs singly on surface of water, each egg with a float.
E h t h i 24 36 h M ti• Eggs hatch in 24‐36 hrs. Many generations a year tend to peak mid late summer
• Adults overwinter; triggered by photoperiod.
• Deep south perhaps cycle can go all year, slower in winter.
Permanent Water Group (cont.)
AnophelesPalpi as long as proboscis
pupae
Larvae, parallel to the surface of the water
45 º angle
*vector- malariaA. punctipennis
CDC
CDC
Mosquito Species of Greatest Concern
• Belong to Genus Culex• C. tarsalis• C. pipiens• C. restuans, C. salinarius, • C. quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito)
C. tarsalis
q q f ( q )
• Note: all are permanent water mosquitoes, populations peak in summer through fall at same time virus activity peaks
• Feed on birds and mammals.• Vector WNV, SLE, EEE
Culex quinquefasciatus Laying Eggs
Culex tarsalisCulex pipiens
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Permanent Water Group (cont.)• Populations of these mosquitoes low in spring.
• Populations build through the summer.
• Peak abundance July‐October (varies slightly depending on location)slightly depending on location).
• Many species prefer birds as hosts, feed on mammals.
• Are often best vectors of viruses.
• Bite more readily at night.Catch basins in some cities are a problem.Example: Houston
Roadside ditches Wastewater treatment
Culex spp. prefer nasty, smelly water
Container Mosquitoes• 99% = Culex or Aedes
• In nature larvae live in tree holes, rock pools even leaf axils.
• Many species now associated with man made containers or materials that hold water.– Tires, cans, buckets, birdbaths, gutters, pet water dishes, plant container bottoms that catch water, even cans, paper cups etc.
Container Mosquitoes• 99% = Culex or Aedes
• In nature larvae live in tree holes, rock pools even leaf axils.
• Many species now associated with man made containers or materials that holdmade containers or materials that hold water.– Tires, cans, buckets, birdbaths, gutters, pet water dishes, plant container bottoms that catch water, even cans, paper cups etc.
These are the mosquitoes mostencountered by PMPs.
Typical Container Mosquito Habitat
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Asian Tiger Mosquito
• Aedes albopictus
• Larvae in containers fof any size
• Adults active during the day
*possible vector dengue*
Aedes albopictus Eggs in Container
• Efficient container breeder utilizing available sources.
• Eggs laid on surface f t id fof water, on sides of
container, and on stick.
• Immediate egg hatch of some eggs, delayed hatch for others.
Yellow Fever MosquitoAedes aegypti
•Container breeder•Prefer more sunlight•dengue
Integrated Pest Management • Surveillance
• Source Reduction
• Larvicides
• Biological Control AgentsBiological Control Agents
• Adulticides – “when not to spray”
• Public Education
–Reduce conducive conditions
– Eliminate containers holding water
–Repellents
Sampling Equipment
• Dipper
• Pipette
• Aspirator
Surveillance
• Flashlight Aspirator
• Larval Container
• Bag for extra vials, pens, labeling tape, etc.
Landing Rates•Landing rates are used to measure adult mosquito activity in a specific area.
•This is achieved by counting the number of mosquitoes that land
Surveillance
cheap and fast!
number of mosquitoes that land on a person in a given amount of time, usually one minute.
•The counts are generally performed by the same inspector at each location for consistency.
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Traps for Adult MosquitoesSurveillance
•Your local mosquito control district can provide assistance on how to use the traps
•Identify the mosquitoes
•Readily available
•Price will vary
Resources Available• Local Mosquito Abatement Districts
– Surveillance data
– Identification
– Coordination of management areas (what’s surrounding the property?)
• Local universities
• USDA‐ARS
20113 Mosquito Pools
0 human2 veterinary
http://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/del_la_human.html
2011Mosquito Pools
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201110 Human cases
CDC Miniature Light Trap• Developed by CDC for portable collection of mosquitoes and
Surveillance
qsand flies.
• Standard survey tool for mosquito collections.
• Operates on 6 volts.
Attractants• CO2 is the standard attractant for mosquitoes (dry ice).
• Increases trap collections.
Surveillance
• 200ml/min is average release rate.
• CO2 plus Octenolincreases trap catch for some species.
CDC Gravid Trap• Designed to catch gravid Culex females.
• Females are attracted to the hay/fish oil
Surveillance
to the hay/fish oil infusion as an oviposition site.
• May be used for virus detection.
• Operates on 6 volts.
Mosquito Magnet
Surveillance or control ?
SurveillanceHow do you Survey for Larval
Mosquito Habitats?
Floodwater Mosquitoes
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Common Mosquito HabitatSurveillance
South Memphis, 2/2012
Container Breeding Mosquitoes• Aedes albopictus and some Culex spp.
• Old tires or tire dumps, containers of any type in dumps, industrial y yp pareas, backyards.
• Birdbaths, flower pot containers, abandoned swimming pools or kiddy pools, pet water dishes, tarps, rain gutters, water gardens without good water flow.
Aedes albopictus Eggs
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•Hurricane Katrina•Foreclosed houses.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Surveillance
• Source Reduction Eliminate mosquito breeding sitesEliminate mosquito breeding sites
Source Reduction
French drain
•Eliminate pooling water near the structure•Must ensure proper slope!
backhoe junk
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Chemical Control
• Stop them at their source ‐ larvacide
• Kill the population that remains ‐adulticideadulticide
• Erect barriers against the ones you miss
• Advocate personal protection as the final layer of protection ‐ repellents
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Surveillance
• Source Reduction
• LarvicidesLarvicides
mosquitobarrier.com
•Oils•Suffocation – mechanical barrier at surface•Suffocation – oil entering the siphon blocking the passage of air
Types of Larvacides
•Poisoning due to toxic properties of the volatiles
•Bacterial (Bti, B. sphaericus)•Chemicals (organophosphate-temephos, Abate®) •IGR (growth hormones - methoprene) •Fish, copepods, turtles
•Oils•Suffocation – mechanical barrier at surface•Suffocation – oil entering the siphon blocking the passage of air•Poisoning due to toxic properties of the volatiles
•Bacterial (Bti B sphaericus)
Types of Larvacides
Bacterial (Bti, B. sphaericus)•Chemicals (organophosphate-temephos, Abate®) •IGR (growth hormones - methoprene) •Fish, copepods, turtles
Target the larvae!
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Surveillance
• Source Reduction
• Larvicides
• Adulticides
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plane
ULV hand fogger and portable mist blowers•Organophoshates•Pyrethroids/pyrethrum
•ULV•Droplet size 10-46 microns
•Portable mist blowers•Large droplet size
Barrier treatments
•Equipment•B&G •Backpack Mister•Misting systems
•Where to spray
•Residual period
bugfreebackyard
Barrier treatmentsMisting systems•Pyrethrum/Pyrethroids
•Restrictions around water•Fish kill
•Often on a timer –•indiscriminate use of a pesticide
•Spray on demand bugfreebackyardp y•Homeowners not typically educated on beneficial vs. pest arthropods•Does not follow an IPM plan•Tolerance/resistance
bugfreebackyard
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Barrier treatments•Equipment
•B&G •Backpack Mister•Misting systems
•Where & how to spray•Porches•Porches•Areas that are protected by rain•Underside of leaves•Spray to runoff
•Residual period•Depends on rain/weather but can get several months with an application
Last Resort or First Line of Defense
• Personal– Topical repellents (cdc.gov)
– Clothing• Textile
• Chemical treatment
• Household– Area repellent systems
• Passive chemical dispersion
• Active chemical dispersion
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Surveillance
• Source Reduction
• Larvicides
• Adulticides
• Biological Control Agents
Katrina Foreclosures
30-50 Gambusia affinis/poolLive bearers– 75 young/female
New brood/6-8 weeks
omnivorous
Copepods Turtles
www.tams.act.gov
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Surveillance
• Source Reduction
• Larvicides
• Public Education
• Household
– Structure of walls, roof
– Screens
– Doors, interior and exterior
Integrated Pest Management • Surveillance
• Source Reduction
• Larvicides
• Biological Control AgentsBiological Control Agents
• Adulticides – “when not to spray”
• Public Education
–Reduce conducive conditions
– Eliminate containers holding water
–Repellents
In the Wake of Calamity: Recovery from Disaster
•Staff •Communication•Insurance•Data and Records
Are you prepared?
•Equipment•Temp housing•City, state, and federal disaster plans
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Sept 7, 2005
Slow cleanup:No water or low water pressure
Military
Media
Canal Street
•Vehicles and property secures•Working with the CDC and LADHH•Rodent treatments began in FQ in critical use buildings (hospitals, etc)
M di
Military
Media
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Provide treatmentin populated areas.
Have contracts established prior to the
disaster
Treatment along the Mississippi River
Treatment at the Convention Center(National Guard)
Infrastructure Damaged:
Trash piles begin growing.
First type of trash includes:Appliances, foodwet/damaged items
-The trash/debris accumulates becausethere is no pick up. -drywall, carpet, etc.
Eventually, trash/debris services begin
•Each house has plenty of food
•Garbage pickup is 1 time/week (if you are lucky) for household solid waste
•Other debris: whenever it gets picked up
The major problem are the containers! Clean-up is extremely slow.
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Gutted housesAb d d hAbandoned houses
•Mosquitoes •Flies•Rodents•Wildlife (raccoons,
Pests of Immediate Concern
Wildlife (raccoons, snakes, etc.)•Stray animals
•Mosquitoes
Pests of Immediate Concern
•Hurricane: mosquitoes typically not be a problem for the first couple of weeks. Mosquitoes are killed, blown out of the area, washed out to sea with a hurricane.
•Massive flooding (damn break, extended periods of rain), mosquitoes will reproduce in 7 to 10 days if the conditions (temperature) are conducive.
•Power outages for extended periods of time: mosquitoes will reproduce in fountains, pools, ponds, etc., expect mosquitoes in 7 to 10 days.
Survey
•Lost most traps•CDC•Landing rates
virtually no mosquitoes inSeptember
•Find our trucks with ULV units
C130 Hercules US Air force Reserve 910th Airlift Wing at Youngstown Air Reserve Station, Ohio
September 13-23, 2005•Capacity 60,000 acres/day
•Dibrome (naled) ½ and ¾ ounce/acre
Staff Sgt. Jacob N. Bailey
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Filth Flies:Green bottle fly
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
9/30
/2005
10/4/
2005
10/6/
2005
10/11
/200
5
10/13
/200
5
10/18
/200
5
10/21
/200
5
10/25
/200
5
10/27
/200
5
11/1/
2005
11/3/
2005
11/8/
2005
11/10
/200
5
11/15
/200
5
11/17
/200
5
11/29
/200
5
12/13
/200
5
12/20
/200
5
12/31
/200
5
1/4/
2006
1/11
/2006
1/19
/2006
1/24
/2006
Ae. Females
Cx. Females
Algiers (Westbank –not flooded)
Local MAD provide mosquito control – contractors – some cities do not offer service
October 16, 2005
•Low numbers of mosquitoesin flooded areas in September
•Ground treatments began in October
•Unattended swimming pools (Nov.)
Tan Salt Marsh MosquitoAedes sollicitans
February, October & November, 2006High populations of this mosquito
Tan Salt Marsh Mosquito (Aedes sollicitans)
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Fish
Backyard pools, ponds, and fountains could become major breeding sites
Inspect and treat
*Vectolex WDG (donated) *Use of mosquitofish
Bug BustersNon-profit organization
Operation Blessing35 volunteersPurchased fish for NOMTCBPurchased larvacidesBegan 4/17/2006Approximately 200 pool/day
Long term problem!!years
The major problem are the containers! This problem will likely exist for years.Clean-up is extremely slow. The potentialfor very high numbers of mosquitoes exist.
.
Educating FEMA and the State about mosquito concerns.
