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MotherboardsMotherboardsBasic PC Maintenance, Upgrade and RepairBasic PC Maintenance, Upgrade and Repair
Mods 1 & 2Mods 1 & 2
Motherboard BasicsMotherboard Basics Considered to be the most important element of a Considered to be the most important element of a
computer’s designcomputer’s design All major components connect to and transmit data All major components connect to and transmit data
across the motherboardacross the motherboard It is the communication center for input and output It is the communication center for input and output
devices such as memory, CPU, keyboard, mouse, devices such as memory, CPU, keyboard, mouse, parallel port, serial port, monitor and network parallel port, serial port, monitor and network connectionconnection
Also provides the connection points required by the Also provides the connection points required by the fans, speakers, on/off switches, LED indicators and fans, speakers, on/off switches, LED indicators and CMOS batteryCMOS battery
Provides a means for expanding and customizing the Provides a means for expanding and customizing the system by inserting expansion boards into slots system by inserting expansion boards into slots provided as direct connections to the system bus provided as direct connections to the system bus architecturearchitecture
It is also referred to as the It is also referred to as the system board, main system board, main boardboard, and , and planar boardplanar board
Motherboard Motherboard ConstructionConstruction
It provides a physical surface on which to mount It provides a physical surface on which to mount electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, IC electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, IC chips, slots and socketschips, slots and sockets
It is a combination of insulating material and It is a combination of insulating material and electronic circuit paths constructed of small electronic circuit paths constructed of small conductors that run along the surface. These conductors that run along the surface. These conductive paths are known as conductive paths are known as tracestraces
Traces provide the electrical circuit paths between all Traces provide the electrical circuit paths between all the different components mounted on the motherboardthe different components mounted on the motherboard
The traces provide a means of sending and receiving The traces provide a means of sending and receiving data between components, as well as providing voltage data between components, as well as providing voltage and current to low power devicesand current to low power devices
Many of the thin conductors on the motherboard are Many of the thin conductors on the motherboard are grouped together to make up what is referred to as grouped together to make up what is referred to as busbus
A A busbus is a collection of conductors that work together is a collection of conductors that work together for a specific purposefor a specific purpose
Bus ClassificationsBus Classifications There are many types of bus classifications such as There are many types of bus classifications such as data data
busbus, , control buscontrol bus, , memory busmemory bus, , internal businternal bus, , I/O busI/O bus, , address busaddress bus, , local buslocal bus, and , and power buspower bus
Data BusData Bus – Used to move data between components in – Used to move data between components in groups of 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits. The amount of data that groups of 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits. The amount of data that can be moved at one time is referred to as the can be moved at one time is referred to as the bus widthbus width
Control BusControl Bus – a bus which delivers command signals – a bus which delivers command signals from the processor to other devices (i.e. hard disk, from the processor to other devices (i.e. hard disk, modem, etc.)modem, etc.)
Memory BusMemory Bus – a bus that connects directly between the – a bus that connects directly between the memory and the processormemory and the processor
I/O BusI/O Bus – a bus that connects the processor to the – a bus that connects the processor to the expansion slots (also referred to as expansion slots (also referred to as expansion busexpansion bus))
Internal BusInternal Bus – is actually part of the IC circuit inside the – is actually part of the IC circuit inside the CPUCPU
Address BusAddress Bus – A bus system that connects directly with – A bus system that connects directly with the main memory module. It identifies where data is to the main memory module. It identifies where data is to be stored and retrievedbe stored and retrieved
Bus ClassificationsBus Classifications Local BusLocal Bus – a bus system that connects directly to – a bus system that connects directly to
the CPU and provides communications to high-the CPU and provides communications to high-speed devices mounted closely to it (also called the speed devices mounted closely to it (also called the system bus)system bus)
Power BusPower Bus – a bus system that sends electrical – a bus system that sends electrical power for small consumption devices such as power for small consumption devices such as speakers, lights and switchesspeakers, lights and switches
A bus may also be a collection of bus types. For A bus may also be a collection of bus types. For example, the local bus consists of power, data, example, the local bus consists of power, data, control and memory bus lines.control and memory bus lines.
For this reason, the local bus has also been For this reason, the local bus has also been referred to as the system bus or memory bus. Intel referred to as the system bus or memory bus. Intel calls the local bus the calls the local bus the front side bus (FSB)front side bus (FSB)
Expansion Card SlotsExpansion Card Slots Expansion card slots provide a quick and easy method Expansion card slots provide a quick and easy method
of connecting devices directly to the motherboard bus of connecting devices directly to the motherboard bus system in order to modify or customize the computersystem in order to modify or customize the computer
Several types have evolved over the years . . . . Several types have evolved over the years . . . . ISA – Industry Standard ArchitectureISA – Industry Standard Architecture. The oldest bus . The oldest bus
system found on motherboards. 16 bit bus width.system found on motherboards. 16 bit bus width. MCA – Micro Channel ArchitectureMCA – Micro Channel Architecture. Made by IBM. 32 . Made by IBM. 32
bit bus width. Because IBM wanted royalties, MCA bit bus width. Because IBM wanted royalties, MCA became EISAbecame EISA
EISA – Extended Industry Standard ArchitectureEISA – Extended Industry Standard Architecture. . Developed by Compaq, AST Research, Epson, HP, Developed by Compaq, AST Research, Epson, HP, NEC, Olivetti, Tandy, Wyse, and Zenith Data Systems NEC, Olivetti, Tandy, Wyse, and Zenith Data Systems in response to IBM’s MCA. 32 bit bus widthin response to IBM’s MCA. 32 bit bus width
VESA – Video Electronics Standards AssociationVESA – Video Electronics Standards Association. . Higher data transfer rate than MCA or EISA. Became Higher data transfer rate than MCA or EISA. Became obsolete when CPU speeds increasedobsolete when CPU speeds increased
Expansion Card SlotsExpansion Card Slots PCI – Peripheral Component InterconnectPCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect. .
Provides a high speed bus structure needed for Provides a high speed bus structure needed for faster CPU’s. Original PCI bus speed was 33Mhz. faster CPU’s. Original PCI bus speed was 33Mhz. It has now evolved to bus speeds around 533Mhz.It has now evolved to bus speeds around 533Mhz.
AGP – Accelerated Graphics PortAGP – Accelerated Graphics Port. Designed . Designed exclusively for video cards, especially 3-D graphic exclusively for video cards, especially 3-D graphic support. Is as close as possible to the CPU and support. Is as close as possible to the CPU and RAM to allow higher data transfer rates. RAM to allow higher data transfer rates.
Data PortsData Ports Serial PortsSerial Ports – connects to devices that transfer data – connects to devices that transfer data
one bit at a time over one electrical conductor. one bit at a time over one electrical conductor. There is one conductor for transmit and one for There is one conductor for transmit and one for receivereceive
Parallel PortParallel Port – Introduced as a high speed data – Introduced as a high speed data transfer port. Has changed quite a bit since. transfer port. Has changed quite a bit since. Transmits 8 bits simultaneously over 8 electrical Transmits 8 bits simultaneously over 8 electrical conductors.conductors. Common parallel port devices are printers, scanners Common parallel port devices are printers, scanners
and faxesand faxes Used to be unidirectional only (data out only)Used to be unidirectional only (data out only) Extended Capabilities Port (ECP) allowed bidirectional Extended Capabilities Port (ECP) allowed bidirectional
parallel data transfer (data in and out)parallel data transfer (data in and out) USBUSB – Universal Serial Bus, was designed to replace – Universal Serial Bus, was designed to replace
the existing variety of ports and expansion slots. The the existing variety of ports and expansion slots. The USB 2.0 can achieve data rates as high as 480Mbps. USB 2.0 can achieve data rates as high as 480Mbps. Carries data and commands on two twisted data Carries data and commands on two twisted data lineslines
Data PortsData Ports
USB USB PortsPortsSerial Serial
PortPortVideo Video PortPort
Audio Audio PortsPorts
Parallel Parallel PortPort
LAN PortLAN PortMouse and Mouse and Keyboard Keyboard
PortsPorts
IEEE IEEE 1394 Port1394 Port
System ResourcesSystem Resources System resources are resources that must be System resources are resources that must be
assigned and made available for devices such as assigned and made available for devices such as printers, modems, disk drives, a mouse, sound printers, modems, disk drives, a mouse, sound card, etc.card, etc.
The major system resources to consider are . . . . The major system resources to consider are . . . . I.O port addressI.O port address Memory addressesMemory addresses IRQ’sIRQ’s DMA settingsDMA settings
Memory Address Range is an assigned section Memory Address Range is an assigned section of memory used as a temporary storage area of memory used as a temporary storage area for data before it is transferredfor data before it is transferred
I/O Port Address is assigned to a device for I/O Port Address is assigned to a device for identification, for communication purposesidentification, for communication purposes
Both are expressed as a range, and in Both are expressed as a range, and in hexadecimal notation (i.e. 02E8h – 02EFh)hexadecimal notation (i.e. 02E8h – 02EFh)
System ResourcesSystem Resources IRQ SettingsIRQ Settings
Devices connected to a computer motherboard need the Devices connected to a computer motherboard need the attention of the CPUattention of the CPU
The only way is through an orderly system of IRQ The only way is through an orderly system of IRQ settingssettings
IRQ stands for Interrupt RequestIRQ stands for Interrupt Request An IRQ literally interrupts the processes taking place in An IRQ literally interrupts the processes taking place in
the CPU and requests that the processor pay attention the CPU and requests that the processor pay attention to a specific deviceto a specific device
Types of interrupts . . . .Types of interrupts . . . . Hardware - Interrupts physically wired to the computer Hardware - Interrupts physically wired to the computer
busbus Software – Interrupts programmed into the software that Software – Interrupts programmed into the software that
call for the CPU’s attentioncall for the CPU’s attention IRQ’s are prioritized. The lower the number, the higher IRQ’s are prioritized. The lower the number, the higher
the prioritythe priority IRQ 0 is the system timer. It has the highest priority IRQ 0 is the system timer. It has the highest priority
because it is responsible for the timing of all devices, because it is responsible for the timing of all devices, including the CPUincluding the CPU
System ResourcesSystem Resources DMA ChannelsDMA Channels
In early computers, the CPU controlled all devices In early computers, the CPU controlled all devices and their functions. For example, when data is and their functions. For example, when data is moved from floppy drive to RAM, each data bit would moved from floppy drive to RAM, each data bit would have to be transferred to the CPU, then from the have to be transferred to the CPU, then from the CPU to the RAM.CPU to the RAM.
DMA allows the floppy disk to transfer all the data DMA allows the floppy disk to transfer all the data directly to the RAM without the involvement of the directly to the RAM without the involvement of the CPUCPU
DMA stands for Direct Memory AccessDMA stands for Direct Memory Access A combination of hardware and software that allows A combination of hardware and software that allows
certain system devices direct access to the memory. certain system devices direct access to the memory. This speeds up the process by not bothering the CPU This speeds up the process by not bothering the CPU (bottlenecking).(bottlenecking).
A DMA controller has 4 channels each, with two A DMA controller has 4 channels each, with two controllers per motherboard.controllers per motherboard.
Chip SetsChip Sets Earlier PC’s had may more individual components Earlier PC’s had may more individual components
mounted on the motherboardmounted on the motherboard They were eventually redesigned into units called They were eventually redesigned into units called
chipsetschipsets Chipset – a name for the collection of electronic Chipset – a name for the collection of electronic
circuitry required to carry out certain common circuitry required to carry out certain common motherboard functionsmotherboard functions Communication between PCI and ISA busCommunication between PCI and ISA bus Controlling DMAControlling DMA Directing IRQ’sDirecting IRQ’s Serve as temporary memoryServe as temporary memory
Commonly divided into two categories . . . .Commonly divided into two categories . . . . North Bridge – used to transfer and control higher North Bridge – used to transfer and control higher
data speed systems such as graphics and DVD data speed systems such as graphics and DVD hardwarehardware
South Bridge – used to control the slower devices South Bridge – used to control the slower devices associated with the PCI and ISA busesassociated with the PCI and ISA buses
Plug and PlayPlug and Play PnP is the automatic assignment of system PnP is the automatic assignment of system
resources such as DMA channels, interrupts, resources such as DMA channels, interrupts, memory and port assignmentsmemory and port assignments
Simply plug in a device and the system software Simply plug in a device and the system software automatically assigns the system resourcesautomatically assigns the system resources
To work properly, BIOS, hardware being installed, To work properly, BIOS, hardware being installed, and the operating system must all support PnP and the operating system must all support PnP technologytechnology
In the past, physical jumpers and/or DIP switches In the past, physical jumpers and/or DIP switches had to be set on the hardware to identify IRQ had to be set on the hardware to identify IRQ settings and port addressessettings and port addresses
Windows 95 and beyond support PnP to different Windows 95 and beyond support PnP to different degrees, depending on the version and device degrees, depending on the version and device drivers availabledrivers available
BIOS and CMOSBIOS and CMOS BIOS – a read only memory (ROM) chip that contains a BIOS – a read only memory (ROM) chip that contains a
group of software programs written in machine group of software programs written in machine languagelanguage
Machine languageMachine language is a language that uses hexadecimal is a language that uses hexadecimal codes to write a programcodes to write a program
BIOS is designed to initiate three different activities:BIOS is designed to initiate three different activities: POST – Power On Self TestPOST – Power On Self Test CMOS setup program (BIOS setup)CMOS setup program (BIOS setup) Communications between the system hardware and Communications between the system hardware and
operating systemoperating system BIOS controls the sequence of boot devicesBIOS controls the sequence of boot devices Upgrading BIOS – modern PC’s use Flash BIOS. It is Upgrading BIOS – modern PC’s use Flash BIOS. It is
an EEPROM which is electrically erased and then an EEPROM which is electrically erased and then reprogrammed using software available through the reprogrammed using software available through the motherboard manufacturer’s Web site and an updated motherboard manufacturer’s Web site and an updated BIOS program fileBIOS program file
CMOS – A battery backed RAM chip that stores the CMOS – A battery backed RAM chip that stores the BIOS setup informationBIOS setup information
POSTPOST Short for Power On Self TestShort for Power On Self Test A simple diagnostic program that is initiated at A simple diagnostic program that is initiated at
system power turn onsystem power turn on It verifies that the major computer components are It verifies that the major computer components are
installed and in working orderinstalled and in working order Typical devices checked are:Typical devices checked are:
CPU, ROM, RAM, keyboard, monitor, mouse, and CPU, ROM, RAM, keyboard, monitor, mouse, and hard drivehard drive
It is not as sophisticated as diagnostic software, but It is not as sophisticated as diagnostic software, but it will check for major problemsit will check for major problems
When finished, usually one “beep” is heard to let When finished, usually one “beep” is heard to let the user know everything is in working orderthe user know everything is in working order
If error is detected, an error code is displayed and If error is detected, an error code is displayed and a series of beeps are heard that match the codea series of beeps are heard that match the code
Error and beep codes can be obtained from the Error and beep codes can be obtained from the manufacturer’s Web sitemanufacturer’s Web site