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Mountain Guns63.5 to 150 mm

ContentsArticles

Mountain gun 1

63.5 mm 3

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun 3

65 mm 6

Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 6Cannone da 65/17 modello 13 8

70 mm 10

7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 99 10Cannone da 70/15 12BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun 13BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun 17

75 mm 20

Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun 2075 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 21QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun 22Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 277.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911 29Skoda 75 mm Model 15 30Skoda 75 mm Model 1928 32Skoda 75 mm Model 1936 33Skoda 75 mm Model 1939 34Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider 35Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928 37M.27 (mountain gun) 38M116 howitzer 39Obice da 75/18 modello 34 47Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 49Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun 51Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun 547.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 587.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 60

76 mm 63

76 mm mountain gun M1909 63

76.2 mm 65

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun 6576 mm mountain gun M1938 69

80 mm 71

De Bange 80 mm cannon 71

94 mm 73

QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer 73

100 mm 77

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99 7710 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8 78Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 79Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19 81

105 mm 83

10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 83Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider 86Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider 87Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 89OTO Melara Mod 56 90

150 mm 93

Skoda 150 mm Model 1918 93

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 95Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 97

Article LicensesLicense 101

Mountain gun 1

Mountain gun

P. Lykoudis's original 1891 dismantleable breechloading gun with recoil control

Mountain guns are artillery pieces designedfor use in mountain warfare and areas whereusual wheeled transport is not possible.They are similar to infantry support guns,and are generally capable of being brokendown into smaller loads (for transport byhorse, human, mule, tractor, and/or truck).

Due to their ability to be broken down intosmaller "packages", they are sometimescalled pack guns or pack howitzers.During the U.S. Civil War these smallportable guns were widely used and werecalled "mountain howitzers."

The first designs of modern breechloadingmountain guns with recoil control and ableto be easily broken down and reassembled into highly efficient units were made by two Greek army engineers, P.Lykoudis and Panagiotis Danglis (after whom the Schneider-Danglis gun was named) in the 1890s.

Mountain guns are largely outdated, their role being filled by mortars, multiple rocket launchers, recoilless rifles andwire-guided missiles. Most modern artillery is manufactured from light-weight materials and can be transported fullyassembled by helicopters.

Images

80 mm French mountaingun with a 130 pound airmine attached circa 1915

Norwegian 6-poundermuzzle-loading mountain

cannon of 1848

British Indian Army crewassemble a RML 2.5 inch

Mountain Gun2.5 inchmuzzle-loading "screw

gun" circa 1895

Mule transport of barrel of USArmy QF 2.95 inch Mountain

Gun75 mm pack howitzer circa.1916

German crew using aSkoda 75 mm Model 15 as

an improvised anti-tankgun, 1918

Germany army packtransport of gun wheels,

1942

British 3.7 inchMountain Howitzer

crew in action inBurma, 1944

Spanish Marines manning anOTO Melara Mod 56Oto Melara105 mm pack howitzer in 1981

Mountain gun 2

External links• Popular Science, May 1941, "The Old Army Army Mule Takes Guns Where Wheels Won't Go" [1]

• Assembling the Howitzer [2] detail photos showing a 75mm howitzer's various sections being taken off mules andassembled

References[1] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hycDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA129& dq=popular+ science+ may+ 1941& hl=en&

ei=cfuOTPWlHYL9nge5t9C2DQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=popular%20science%20may%201941& f=true

[2] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nCcDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA115& dq=popular+ science+ September+ 1941& hl=en&ei=v5eRTIDkH42lnQfu4rSDBw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=popular%20science%20September%201941& f=true

3

63.5 mm

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun

Ordnance RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun

Sikh gunners assembling the gun, circa. 1895

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  United Kingdom

Service historyIn service 1879 - 1916

Used by  British Empire  India

Wars Second Boer WarWorld War I

Production historyDesigner Colonel le Mesurier, RA

Designed 1877

Manufacturer Royal Gun Factory

SpecificationsWeight 800 pounds (363 kg) total

Shell 7 pounds 6 ounces (3.35 kg)(Shrapnel)8 pounds 2 ounces (3.69 kg) (Ring)

Calibre 2.5 inches (63.5 mm)

Action RML

Muzzle velocity 1,436 feet per second (438 m/s)

Maximum range 3,300 yards (3,018 m)(shrapnel)4,000 yards (3,658 m)(ring)[]

The Ordnance RML 2.5 inch mountain gun was a British rifled muzzle-loading mountain gun of the late 19th century designed to be broken down into four loads for carrying by man or mule. It was primarily used by the Indian

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun 4

Army.

History

On display at Firepower - The Royal ArtilleryMuseumRoyal Artillery Museum London.

It was intended as a more powerful successor to the RML 7 pounderMountain Gun.[] Some writers incorrectly refer to the 2.5 inch gun as a"7 pounder" because it also fired a shell of approximately 7 pounds,but its official nomenclature was 2.5 inch RML.

In 1877 Colonel Frederick Le Mesurier of the Royal Artillery proposeda gun in 2 parts which would be screwed together. The ElswickOrdnance Company made 12 Mk I guns based on his design and theywere trialled in Afghanistan in 1879. Trials were successful and Mk IIwith some internal differences made by the Royal Gun Factory enteredservice.[1]

The gun was a rifled muzzle-loader. Gun and carriage were designed tobe broken down into their basic parts so they could be transported by pack animals (4 mules) or men. The barrel andbreech were carried separately, and screwed together for action, hence the name "screw gun".

Second Boer War

Siege of Kimberley, 1899-1900

Sikh gunners with a "screw gun"

The gun was used in the Second Boer War (1899–1902) on its standardmountain gun carriage, and also with the Natal Field Battery atElandslaagte and Diamond Fields Artillery at Kimberley on fieldcarriages which had larger wheels and gave greater mobility.

A major defect in the war was that the gun's cartridges still usedgunpowder as a propellant, despite the fact that smokeless cordite hadbeen introduced in 1892. The gunpowder generated a white cloud onfiring, and as the gun could only be aimed using direct line of sight,this made the gunners easy targets for Boer marksmen as the gunlacked a shield.

It proved to be ineffectual and outclassed by Boer ordnance and wasreplaced by the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun from 1901.

World War I

Either 4 or 6 guns (sources appear imprecise) were returned to servicefrom Southern African garrisons in 1916 and were employed by theNyasaland-Rhodesian Field Force in the campaign in German EastAfrica.[2] Writers who refer to "7 pounders" in WWI are in factreferring to this 2.5-inch (64 mm) gun.

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun 5

Surviving examples

At Pretoria Forts#Fort KlapperkopFortKlapperkop, Pretoria

• Restored gun is displayed at Firepower, the Royal ArtilleryMuseum. Woolwich London [3]

• Two 2.5-inch (64 mm) RMLs on Field carriages and one on aMountain carriage, at Fort Klapperkop Military Museum, Pretoria,South Africa.

In literature

• It was romanticised in Rudyard Kipling's poem "Screw-Guns".

Notes[1][1] Ruffell[2][2] Farndale 1988, page 331-332[3] http:/ / www. firepower. org. uk

References

• General Sir Martin Farndale, "History of the Royal Regiment ofArtillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base, 1914-18". London : The Royal Artillery Institution, 1988(http:/ / www. amazon. co. uk/ History-Royal-Regiment-Artillery-M-Farndale/ dp/ 1870114051) ISBN1-870114-05-1

• Major Darrell D Hall, "Guns in South Africa 1899-1902" in The South African Military History Society MilitaryHistory Journal - Vol 2 No 1, June 1971 (http:/ / samilitaryhistory. org/ vol021dh. html)

• W. L. Ruffell, The Screw Gun (http:/ / riv. co. nz/ rnza/ hist/ gun/ rifled10. htm)

External links• War Monthly, March 1976, SCREW GUNS (http:/ / www. militaryphotos. net/ forums/ showthread.

php?128724-Field-Gun-Run!& p=3501599& viewfull=19#post3501599)

6

65 mm

Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906

65 mm mle 1906 in Yad Mordechai, Israel.

Type Mountain artillery

Place of origin France

Service historyUsed by  Albania

 France  Greece  Israel  Nazi Germany  Poland

Wars World War I, World War II, Polish–Soviet War, Greco-Turkish War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War

Production historyDesigner Colonel Ducrest

Manufacturer Schneider

SpecificationsWeight 400 kg (882 lbs)

Barrel length 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in)

Shell fixed 65x175R mm

Caliber 65 mm (2.5 in)

Recoil hydro spring

Carriage box trail

Elevation −9° to +35°

Rate of fire 18 rpm

Muzzle velocity 330 m/s (1,082 ft/s)

Effective range 6.5 km (4 mi)

The Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 or (65 mm mle. 1906) was a French mountain gun which entered service with the regiments d'artillerie de montagne in 1906 and was one of the first soft-recoil guns in service. The

Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 7

carriage of the mle 1906 was hinged and could be broken down into four mule loads for transport. By 1939, theweapon was generally used as an infantry support gun. After 1940, the Germans would use these as 6.5 cm GebK221(f). The gun was also used by Albania, Greece, Israel (1948 Arab-Israeli War, as Napoleonchik) and Poland.

Combat history

FranceDuring World War I the French Armée d’Orient used the mle 1906 against the forces of the Central Powers in themountains of Macedonia. There were 72 mle 1906's in service on the Balkan Front during the allied breakout fromthe Salonica bridgehead on September 15–29, 1918. The initial success of this allied offensive led Bulgaria tocapitulate on October 9, 1918, later in October 1918 Serbia was liberated and lastly Austria-Hungary capitulated inNovember 1918 when faced with invasion from allied forces from the south.

IsraelThe Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 was used by the Israel Defense Forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War,and was nicknamed Napoleonchik by the Israelis due to its old look.The first use of two of these cannons, lacking sights, was made in the Battle of Degania in northern Israel, which wasalso the first time the Israeli side employed field artillery. Subsequent uses were made in numerous major operationsin the war, including Operation Bin Nun and Operation Pleshet.

External links• Canon de montagne de 65 mm Mle 1906 [1]

• France guns [2]

References[1] http:/ / www. artillerie. info/ FAQ/ canon_de_montagne_de_65. html[2] http:/ / www. bulgarianartillery. it/ Bulgarian%20Artillery%201/ Testi/ T_French%20guns. htm

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13 8

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13

65 mm mountain gun

Type Mountain artillery

Place of origin  Italy

Service historyIn service 1913-1940s

Used by Italy, Kingdom of Albania

Wars World War I, Spanish Civil War, World War II

SpecificationsWeight 560 kg (1,225 lb) (combat ready)

Barrel length 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) L/17

Shell 4.3 kilograms (9.5 lb)

Caliber 65 mm (2.55 in)

Carriage Drawn single trail

Elevation -10° to +20°

Traverse 8°

Muzzle velocity 345 m/s (1,130 ft/s)

Effective range 6.8 km (4.2 mi)

The cannone da 65/17 modello 13 was an artillery piece developed by Italy for use with its mountain and infantryunits. The designation means 65 mm calibre gun, barrel length 17 calibres, which entered service in 1913. Thedesignation is often shortened to cannone da 65/17.

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13 9

DescriptionA lightweight design, the 65 mm gun was designed for use in difficult terrain and extreme weather conditions. Thebarrel had a 17 calibre length, and was designed for firing low-trajectory shots. The carriage was likewise simple innature, consisting of a single trailing arm and solid-rim spoked wheels for horse draft. The weapon could bebroken-down into five loads for transport. A simple folding gun shield was also provided in 1935.

HistoryThe 65 mm gun was first accepted into service with Italian mountain troops in 1913, and it served with themthroughout World War I. Replacements arrived in the 1920s and the gun was transferred to the regular infantry. Itwas well liked by the infantry due to its minimal weight and high reliability in adverse conditions. Despite its lightcalibre, it served through World War II with Italian forces as a close support weapon. It was effective also mountedon truck, in North Africa, as anti-tank artillery.

References• Hogg, Ian; 2000; Twentieth Century Artillery; Amber Books, Ltd.; ISBN 1-58663-299-X

External links• (1915) Servizio del Cannone da 65 Mont. (1915 dated manual which discusses the operation, deployment, and

crew drill for the Italian Cannone da 65/17 Modello 13, a 65mm mountain gun) [1]

Notes[1] http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 46654127

10

70 mm

7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 99

7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 99

A Gebirgsgeschütz M 99 in action

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Austria-Hungary

Service historyIn service 1902?-1918

Used by Austria-Hungary

Wars World War I

Production historyDesigned 1899-1902

Number built 300

SpecificationsWeight 315 kilograms (690 lb)

Shell 4.68 kg (10.3 lb)

Caliber 70 millimetres (2.8 in)

Breech eccentric interrupted screw

Recoil none

Carriage box trail

Elevation -10° to +26°

Muzzle velocity 310 m/s (1,000 ft/s)

Maximum range 4,800 m (5,200 yd)

The 7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 99 was a mountain gun used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was obsoleteupon introduction as it had a bronze barrel and only a spring-loaded spade to absorb the recoil forces and it had to berelaid after every shot. Although to be fair to the Austro-Hungarians, the high elevations required of mountain gunsgreatly complicated the provision of barrel recoil systems as the breech could recoil right into the ground, and itwould be some years before satisfactory systems were worked out. These would result in the 7 cm GebirgsgeschützM 8 and M 9 that used the same barrel and ammunition as the M 99, but had gun shields and proper recoil systems.These guns weighed 402 kilograms (890 lb) and 456 kilograms (1,010 lb) respectively, although the exactdifferences between them are unclear other than they broke down into four and five loads for transport respectively.

7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 99 11

The Gebirgsgeschütz M 99 broke down into three loads for transport.

References• Ortner, M. Christian. Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics.

Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7

External links• Gebirgsgeschütz M 99 on Landships [1]

References[1] http:/ / www. landships. freeservers. com/ new_pages/ 7cm_gebirgskanone_m99. htm

Cannone da 70/15 12

Cannone da 70/15

Cannone da 70/15Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  Kingdom of Italy

Service historyIn service 1903-1945

Used by  Italy

Wars World War I, World War II

Production historyDesigned 1902-1904

SpecificationsWeight 387 kg (850 lb)

Barrel length 1.15 m (3 ft 9 in) L/16.4

Shell 4.84 kg (10 lb 11 oz)

Caliber 70 millimetres (2.8 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -12° to 21°

Traverse 0°

Muzzle velocity 353 m/s (1,158 ft/s)

Maximum range 6,630 m (7,250 yd)

The Cannone da 70/15 was a mountain gun was used by Italy during World War I. By World War II it had beenrelegated to the infantry gun role in units assigned to Italian East Africa.It lacked a modern recoil system and was virtually obsolescent upon its introduction in 1904. But it took the Italiansalmost a decade to field the Cannone da 65/17 modello 13 as its replacement. It was gradually phased out of themountain role and transferred to the infantry as an infantry gun.It was broken-down into four loads for transport.

References• Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns.

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun 13

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun

Ordnance BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun

Indian Army 10 pounder mountain gun and crew, East Africa, World War I

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  United Kingdom

Service historyIn service 1901–1918

Used by  United Kingdom  India

Wars World War I

Production historyManufacturer Woolwich Arsenal, Elswick Ordnance Company (UK)

Variants MK I

SpecificationsWeight Breech: 207 lb (93.9 kg)

Barrel: 197 lb (89.36 kg)Total: 874 lb (396.4 kg)

Barrel length Bore: 72.4 in (1.8 m)Total: 76.4 in (1.9 m)

Shell Shrapnel, Common shell[1] 10 pounds (4.54 kg)

Calibre 2.75 inches (69.8 mm)

Action Breech Loading with separate shell and charge

Recoil None

Carriage Wheeled, box trail

Elevation -15° - 25°

Traverse 0°

Muzzle velocity 1,289 ft/s (393 m/s)

Effective range 3,700 yards (3,383 m) (Time Fuze)6,000 yards (5,486 m) (Percussion fuze)[]

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun 14

The Ordnance BL 10 pounder mountain gun was developed as a BL successor to the RML 2.5 inch screw gunwhich was outclassed in the Second Boer War.

HistoryThis breech-loading gun was an improvement on the 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) muzzle-loading screw gun but still lackedany recoil absorber or recuperator mechanism. It could be dismantled into 4 loads of approximately 200 pounds(90.7 kg) for transport, typically by mule.It was originally manufactured without a gun shield, but these were made and fitted locally during World War I e.g.at Nairobi in 1914 for the East Africa campaign, also at Suez in 1915 for the Gallipoli campaign.It was eventually replaced by the BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun from 1914 onwards but was still the main mountaingun in service when World War I began.

Combat serviceBritish mountain guns were operated by men of the Royal Garrison Artillery.

World War IGuns of the 26th Mountain Battery of the Indian Army were the first British Empire artillery to open fire in theMiddle East in World War I, on 26 January 1915, Qantara (Kantara), against the Turkish advance towards the SuezCanal.[]

The gun was used notably in the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 by Indian Armies 21st (Kohat) Mountain Battery(Frontier Force) and 26th (Jacobs) Mountain Battery of the 7th Indian Mountain Brigade with 6 guns each at Anzac,and by Scottish Territorial Force (1/4th Highland Mountain Brigade) Argyllshire and Ross & Cromarty Batterieswith 4 guns each at Helles and then Suvla. The 21st Battery was granted the title "Royal" in 1922 for its actionsincluding Gallipoli, unique for an artillery battery.

Sgt Paterson, 4th (Highland) Mountain Brigade,circa. 1915.

There is some evidence that the Turkish defenders on Gallipoli werealso using the 10 pounder, bought prewar from New Zealand, as theANZACs discovered 10 pounder shell bodies fired at them made inIndia which were not from their own guns.[2][3]

In the East Africa campaign, the following Indian batteries used the 10pounder with distinction in constant action :-

• 27th Mountain Battery (6 guns), part of the Indian ExpeditionaryForce C, from 27 August 1914 to 2 January 1918.

• 28th Mountain Battery with 6 guns arrived with Indian Expeditionary Force B from 30 October 1914, returned toIndia December 1916. 28th Battery's first engagement occurred with the guns tied to the deck of HM Transportship Bharata, firing in support of the unsuccessful British attempt to capture Tanga on 3 & 4 November 1914.[4]

Gunner Mehr Khan was awarded the Indian Distinguished Service Medal and Subadar-Major Nur Allam wasawarded the Order of British India for their actions in 28th Battery defending Jasin on 18 January 1915.[5]

• 1st Kashmir (4 guns) arrived 5 December 1916, returned to India 2 February 1918. Between them the 1st and 27thwere awarded 2 Order Of British India, 1 Indian Distinguished Service Medal, 7 Meritorious Service Medals, 12Mentioned in Despatches.[6]

• 24th Hazara Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) served in East Africa from 26 April 1917, taking up the 6 guns left by 28th Battery.[7] A typical extract from their War Diary reads : "Ndundwala 2nd July 1917... one section came into action and fired 87 rounds shrapnel at enemy holding river crossing place at range 750 yards. Forward

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun 15

observer reported three direct hits on his breastworks. Sniping continued" 19 August 1917 : "constructed anemplacement within 150 yards of enemy... tubes which were dated 1901 are very bad and several misfiresoccurred... during last 15 days fired 548 shrapnel, 35 common and 4 star shells at average range of 1,000yards".[8] They returned to India in November 1918.

• 22nd (Derajat) Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) arrived in the East Africa campaign on 18 December 1916,when they relieved the 28th Battery which returned to India.[9] They appear to have initially used 10 pounders andre-equipped with 3.7 inches (94.0 mm) howitzers some time later, as Farndale reports they first used their 3.7inches (94.0 mm) howitzers in action in the attack on German positions at Medo, 11 April 1918.[10] They returnedto India in November 1918.

The gun was also used in the Palestine campaign.

Surviving examples

10 Pounder Mountain Gun on display at theRoyal Artillery Museum

• A restored gun is on display at the Royal Artillery Museum,Woolwich, London [3]

Notes and references[1] Common shell were "Special for India" (Treatise on Ammunition 1915, page 159).

References will be found to Indian mountain batteries using common shell in WorldWar I.

[2][2] Major A. C. Fergusson 21 (Kohat) Mountain Battery, writing in 1916. Reprinted in"The Gallipolian" No.85 - Winter 1997

[3] CEW Bean, "THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA IN THE WAR OF1914-1918 Volume II" (http:/ / www. awm. gov. au/ histories/ chapter.asp?volume=3) page 65. 11th Edition, published by Angus & Robertson, Sydney,1941

[4][4] Farndale 1988, page 307-309[5][5] Farndale 1988, page 313-314[6][6] Farndale, page 351[7][7] Farndale 1988, page 344[8][8] Farndale 1988, page 345, 346[9][9] Farndale 1988, page 338[10][10] Farndale 1988, page 351

Bibliography• Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004 (http:/ /

www. ospreypublishing. com/ title_detail. php/ title=S6887) ISBN 1-84176-688-7• General Sir Martin Farndale, "History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the Home

Base, 1914-18". London : The Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 1-870114-05-1• I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London:Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN

978-0-7110-0381-1• 1970s Command Magazine SCREW GUN article with rare photos and art work (http:/ / s16. photobucket. com/

albums/ b24/ hybenamon/ public albums/ LAND/ SCREW GUNS/ )

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun 16

External links• Diagram of gun and carriage and photograph of gun at Firepower (http:/ / www. victorianforts. co. uk/ art/

10prBLmountain. htm) from Victorian Forts and Artillery website• 10 pounder Mountain Gun at Landships (http:/ / www. landships. info/ landships/ artillery_articles. html?load=/

landships/ artillery_articles/ 10_Pdr_Mountain_Gun. html)

BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun 17

BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun

Ordnance BL 2.75 inch mountain gun

Men of the 4th (Highland) Mountain Brigade with 2.75-inch (70 mm) mountain gun, Kamberli, Salonika front, June 1918.

Type Mountain artillery

Place of origin United Kingdom India

Service historyIn service 1914 - 1919

Used by United Kingdom  India India

Wars World War I

Production historyNumber built 183

SpecificationsWeight 586 kg (1,292 lb)

Barrel length 72.5 inch (1.84 m)

Shell Separate loading Breech Loading 5.67 kg (12.5 lb)

Caliber 2.75-inch (70 mm)

Recoil Hydro-spring, constant, 38 inches (970 mm)

Carriage Wheeled,single pole trail

Elevation -15° - 22°

Traverse 4° L & R

Muzzle velocity 1,290 ft/s (393 m/s)[]

Maximum range (shrapnel) 5,600 yds(5,120 m)(HE) 5,800 yds (5,303 m)

The Ordnance BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun was a screw gun designed for and used by the Indian MountainArtillery into World War I.

BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun 18

DescriptionThe gun was an improved version of the 1901 BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun.The new 1911 version improved on the 1901 gun with a new pole trail, recoil buffer, recuperator and gunshield, andincreased shell weight from 10 to 12.5 lb (5.7 kg). It was a screw gun design, where the barrel could be separatedinto two parts via a screw joint. This allowed for the gun to have a heavier barrel, but still be broken into smallerportions for transport by mule teams. This was important for a weapon designed to be used in mountainous andrough terrain, or where adequate vehicle and horse transport was not readily available. The weapon could be carriedby 6 mules or towed.

Service history

Firing on the Doiran front, Macedonian front(World War I)Salonika 1917

The gun was adopted in 1911 and began entering service in 1914.The weapon served primarily with the Indian Mountain Artillery in thenorthwest portion of British Indian territory (on what is now the borderbetween Pakistan and Afghanistan) and participated in British-ledmilitary action in that theatre.

It also served in Mesopotamia and the Salonika front during WorldWar I.

It was superseded at the end of World War I by the QF 3.7-inchmountain howitzer.

Ammunition

Cordite cartridge Mk I Shrapnel shell No. 80 fuze T friction tube

BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun 19

Surviving Examples

2.75 inch Mountain Gun on display at the HeughBattery

Front view

A 2.75 inch Mountain Gun is on display at the Heugh BatteryMuseum, Hartlepool

Notes and references

Bibliography

• Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery.Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004 (http:/ / www.ospreypublishing. com/ title_detail. php/ title=S6887) ISBN1-84176-688-7

• Hogg, Ian; 2000; Twentieth Century Artillery; Amber Books, Ltd.,ISBN 1-58663-299-X

• I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons &Ammunition. London: Ian Allan, 1972 (http:/ / www. amazon. co.uk/ British-Artillery-Weapons-Ammunition-1914-18/ dp/0711003815)

External links

• 2.75 inch Mountain Gun at Landships (http:/ / www. landships.info/ landships/ artillery_articles. html?load=/ landships/artillery_articles/ 2_75_Mountain_Gun. html)

20

75 mm

Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun

Type 31 75mm Mountain Gun

Type 31 75 mm mountain gun at the Hämeenlinna military museum.

Type mountain gun

Place of origin Japan

Service historyUsed by  Empire of Japan

Wars Russo Japanese War

Production historyDesigner Arisaka Nariakira

Produced 1898

Number built Approximately 620

SpecificationsWeight .330 tonnes (730 lb)

Barrel length 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in) L/13.3

Shell 6 kilograms (13 lb)

Caliber 75 millimetres (3.0 in)

Recoil no recoil mechanism

Carriage pole trail

Elevation -10° to +30°

Muzzle velocity 261 m/s (860 ft/s)

Maximum range 4,600 m (5,000 yd)

The Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun was introduced in 1898. The Type 31 number was designated for the year thegun was accepted,the 31st year of Emperor Meiji's reign, 1898 in the Gregorian calendar.[1] As the barrel was madeof steel, it improved the range and accuracy of the gun when compared to the 7 cm Mountain Gun, which was madeof bronze. It was used during the Russo-Japanese War. Approximately 620 were produced.

Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun 21

References

Notes[1] War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400

Bibliography• War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944• http:/ / www3. plala. or. jp/ takihome/ Type31. htm

75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09

76-mm variant used by the Imperial Russian ArmyRussian army.

The 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09(Greek: πυροβόλο Σνάιντερ-Δαγκλή) wasa Greek-designed and French-manufactured(all manufacture, including test construction,was made by the French Schneidercompany) mountain gun.

The invention of a mountain gun that couldeasily be broken down to pieces fortransport, and reassembled into a highlyefficient weapon is claimed by two Greekarmy engineers, (then) Engineering CorpsMajor P. Lykoudis, who made such a designin 1891, and then Artillery Major PanagiotisDanglis (Παναγιώτης Δαγκλής), who madehis own design in 1893. Danglis' proposal to the Greek Army Ministry caused an immediate reaction by Lykoudis,who claimed that his designs had been copied. Surprisingly, at the time no particular interest was shown, neither bythe Greek military, nor by foreign weapon manufacturers; the rivalry between the two men would continue, though,for several years.

Danglis devoted personal effort into developing his design, and eventually convinced French Schneider armamentscompany to construct and test his design. Prototype development, construction and testing were completed betweenNovember 1905 and June 1906. Meanwhile, Lykoudis had arranged with the German manufacturer Krupp todevelop his design. The final "victory" for Danglis came in 1907. In that year, after testing, the Greek Armydetermined that the Schneider-Danglis weapon was superior to the Krupp-Lykoudis and placed an order for the gunwith the French manufacturer. Other nations followed with orders, and this mountain gun proved its merits in action(it was used by Greece in the Balkan Wars, World War I and World War II), while Schneider developed thetechnology further in later models. Danglis' efforts came to a successful conclusion altogether, when a fair financialsettlement was made with the French manufacturer concerning the rights to use his design.

75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 22

References•• Gen. P. Danglis, Memoirs-Archive, Vayionakis ed., Athens (1965)

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun

QF 2.95 inch Mountain Gun

British QF 2.95 inch mountain gun, Cameroons and Togoland campaign, WWI

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin United Kingdom

Service historyIn service 1897 - World War II

Used by British Empire  United States  Philippines

Wars World War I, World War II

Production historyManufacturer Vickers

SpecificationsWeight 236 lb (107 kg) gun

830 lb (380 kg) total

Barrel length 31.6 in (0.80 m) bore;35.85 in (0.911 m) total

Width 32 in (0.81 m)

Height 26 inches (barrel axis)36 inches (wheel)

Shell QF fixed round.12.5 lb Common shell;18 lb Double common shell;12.5 lb Shrapnel

Calibre 75-millimetre (2.953 in)

Recoil 14 in (360 mm); short recoil hydro-spring

Carriage Wheeled, box trail, assembly

Elevation -10° - 27°[]

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun 23

Traverse 0°

Rate of fire 14 rounds per minute[1]

Muzzle velocity 920 ft/s (280 m/s)

Maximum range 4,825 yd (4,412 m)[2]

The QF 2.95 inch mountain gun was the designation given by the British to a Vickers 75mm calibre gun. It wasoriginally produced for the Egyptian Army. It was taken into British service in the late 19th Century to provide the'movable armament' at some coaling stations. Also known as 'The Millimetre Gun',[3] it was used by the WestAfrican Frontier Force in several theatres in Africa during World War I. It was also used by USA and Philippines.

Service historyThe weapon could be broken down and carried by 4 horses or mules, or in British use in Africa by men.

British serviceThe weapon was not adopted by the British Army or the Indian Army, which used the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gunand later the BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun, but it was used from 1901 by the defence forces of some British Africancolonies as part of the Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF). The officers and most NCOs were British, andthe gunners, gun carriers and some NCOs were African. As part of the British Empire these units became part of theBritish war effort in World War I.Thirty guns were originally supplied to West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria).[4] Guns involved in theWest Africa campaign were Sierra Leone Company RGA (6 guns), Gold Coast Battery WAFF (6 guns), 1st and 2ndNigerian Battery WAFF (6 guns each).[5]

Guns of the Gold Coast Battery fired the first British Empire artillery rounds of World War I, in the attack on Khrain Togoland on 22 August 1914.[6]

The gun was also used in the East Africa campaign, originally a section of the Gold Coast Battery, and fromDecember 1916 the 1st Nigerian Battery.[7]

In one action, Corporal Awudo Kano and five Nigerian gunners stayed by their gun during the British attack nearMelong in Kamerun, 4 March 1915. Their officer was wounded and the infantry forced to retire, but though isolatedthey refused to abandon the officer or their guns, and continued firing until relieved.[8]

US serviceThe US purchased 12 guns in 1899 and used them in the Philippine-American War (otherwise known as thePhilippine Insurrection). By June 30, 1904 another 120 guns were purchased. Carriages and pack saddles weremanufactured at Watertown and Rock Island.It was also used in World War II by US and Philippine forces defending against the Japanese invasion.Approximately 50 were issued out to the Filipino Army artillery regiments. The US Army Philippine Division hadone battalion of the 23rd Artillery equipped with the 2.95 in mountain gun.[9]

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun 24

Ammunition

British ammunitionThe British "Treatise on Ammunition" of 1915 stated that available rounds were Shrapnel (203 bullets), Case shot(330 bullets), Star shell and the Double common shell of 18 lb (exploding charge of 14 oz "P" mixture -gunpowder).[10]

British Double Common round British Shrapnel round No. 65A Fuze

US ammunitionAccording to the US manual of 1916 the 18 lb (8.2 kg) "Double explosive" shell was no longer in US use.

US Cartridge case US HE shells US Shrapnel shell

Gallery

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun 25

Front view of Britishexample on display at USArmy Ordnance Museum

Side view of Britishexample on display at USArmy Ordnance Museum

gun & carriage diagram transportation of gun barrel bymule in US use

Surviving examples

At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia

• A British example is on display at US Army Ordnance Museum,Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA[11]

• HM Royal Armouries Fort Nelson, Fareham, Hampshire, UK[12]

•• At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia•• U.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, USA

Notes and references[1] 14 rounds per minute is the figure given by Vickers. Quoted in Brassey's Naval

Annual 1901 (http:/ / www. gwpda. org/ naval/ brassey/ b1901o08. htm)[2][2] Clarke 2004[3][3] Headlam 1934, page 104[4][4] Farndale 1988, page 293[5][5] Farndale 1988, page 291[6][6] Farndale 1988, page 290[7][7] Farndale 1988, page 338-339[8][8] Farndale 1988, page 299[9] The Fall of the Philippines – U. S. Army in World War II (http:/ / www. history.

army. mil/ books/ wwii/ 5-2/ 5-2_2. htm#p21), p. 21.

[10][10] Treatise on Ammunition. 10th Edition, 1915. War Office, UK. Page 415-419[11] Army Ordnance Museum (http:/ / www. ordmusfound. org)[12] http:/ / www. palmerstonforts. org. uk/ pav1/ mountaingun. htm

Bibliography• Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004] ISBN

978-1-84176-688-1• Major-General Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery : From the Indian Mutiny to the Great War,

Volume II (1899–1914). Woolwich [England] : Royal Artillery Institution, 1937. Facsimile reprint by Naval andMilitary Press 2004. ISBN 978-1-84574-043-6

• General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base1914-18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 978-1-870114-05-9

• I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN978-0-7110-0381-1

• US Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated1916 (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ handbookof295inc00unitrich)

•• Louis Morton, "The Fall of the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History, 1953. ISBN978-1-410216960

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun 26

Further reading• Morton, Louis. "Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands" (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ books/ wwii/ 5-2/

5-2_28. htm). The Fall of the Philippines. The US Army in World War II. United States Army Center of MilitaryHistory. CMH Pub 5-2.

• Anderson, Charles R. Philippine Islands (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ brochures/ pi/ pi. htm). The US ArmyCampaigns World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-3.

External links• 1908 (provisional) Drill Regulations for mountain Artillery (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/

mountainartillery00unitrich) US Army Manual provided online by University of California and www.archive.org• 2.95-Inch Vickers-Maxim Mountain Gun Matériel. in http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/

handbookofartill00unitrich" Handbook of Artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matériel (1920)"]United States. Army. Ordnance Dept May 1920. provided online by University of California andwww.archive.org

• Diagram, photographs, video & data (http:/ / www. victorianforts. co. uk/ arming/ mountaingun. htm) at VictorianForts and Artillery website

• photo of a 2.95 inch shell casing at big-ordnance.com (http:/ / www. big-ordnance. com/ EarlyUSCasings/295MH1. jpg)

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 27

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904

Nr 1

Type mountain gun

Place of origin Germany

Service historyIn service 1904–1917

Used by  German Empire  South Africa  Portugal

Wars World War I

Production historyDesigner Rheinmetall

Manufacturer Rheinmetall

Number built 12

Variants Horse-drawn

SpecificationsWeight 529 kg (1,170 lb)

Barrel length 1.27 m (4 ft 2 in)

Shell 5.3 kilograms (12 lb)

Caliber 75 millimetres (3.0 in)

Carriage pole trail

Elevation -7° to +38.5°

Traverse 2.5°

Muzzle velocity 300 m/s (980 ft/s)

Maximum range 5,750 m (6,290 yd)

The Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 mountain guns were originally issued to the Schutztruppe in German South WestAfrica. The gun was also issued to the Portuguese colonial forces in Angola.

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 28

Survivors12 guns are known to have been produced and all 12 still survive in various museums and open air displays aroundthe world.• Nr.1 At the South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg• Nr.2 Outside the Bloemfontein Law Courts• Nr.3 At the Koblenz Museum of Military Technology, Germany• Nr.4 Outside the Union Buildings, Pretoria• Nr.5 At the Transvaal Scottish Regiment, Johannesburg• Nr.6 Outside the Union Buildings, Pretoria• Nr.7 At the Imperial War Museum, London• Nr.8 Bethal Museum• Nr.9 Outside the Bloemfontein Law Courts• Nr.10 Outside the Union Buildings, Pretoria• Nr.11 At Warrior's Gate MOTH Shellhole, Durban• Nr.12 In the Ermelo War Memorial

References

External links• The 7.5cm Schutztruppe Mountain Gun (http:/ / www. sacktrick. com/ igu/ germancolonialuniforms/ militaria/

mountaingun. htm)

7.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911 29

7.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1911Type mountain gun

Place of origin Germany

Service historyUsed by  Norway

 Nazi Germany

Production historyDesigner Rheinmetall

Manufacturer Rheinmetall

Produced 1911

SpecificationsWeight 509 kg (1,122 lbs)

Shell 6.5 kg (14 lb 5 oz)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Elevation -5° to 36°

Traverse 6°

Muzzle velocity 315 m/s (1,033 ft/s)

Maximum range 6,900 m (7,546 yds)

The 7.5cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911 was a mountain gun manufactured for export in 1911 by the German firmErhardt. Nine batteries were sold to Norway. During the 1940 Norwegian campaign, a number of these werecaptured by the Germans, who designated them 7.5cm GebK 247(n). The crew was protected by an armouredshield.

Skoda 75 mm Model 15 30

Skoda 75 mm Model 15

7.5 cm Gebirgskanone M. 15

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Austria-Hungary

Service historyIn service 1915-1945

Used by  Austria-Hungary  Austria  Bulgaria  Czechoslovakia  German Empire  Nazi Germany

 Hungary  Italy  Romania  Turkey

Wars World War IWorld War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Designed 1911-1914

Manufacturer Skoda

SpecificationsWeight 613 kg (1,350 lb)

Barrel length 1.15 m (3 ft 9 in) L/15.4

Crew 6

Shell 6.35 kg (14.0 lb)

Caliber 75 millimetres (3.0 in)

Breech horizontal semi-automatic sliding wedge

Recoil hydro-pneumatic

Carriage box trail

Elevation -10° to +50°

Traverse 7°

Rate of fire 6-8 rpm

Muzzle velocity 349 m/s (1,150 ft/s)

Skoda 75 mm Model 15 31

Maximum range 8,250 m (9,020 yd)

The Skoda 7.5 cm Gebirgskanone M. 15 was a mountain gun used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. In Germanservice it was known as the 7.5 cm GebK 15. The Italians designated them as the Obice da 75/13 and theWehrmacht would designate captured guns as 7.5 cm GebK 259(i) after the surrender of Italy in 1943.

HistoryIts development was quite prolonged as the Austrians couldn't decide on the specifications that they wanted. Initiallythey wanted a gun that could be broken-down into no more than 5 pack-animal loads to replace the various 7 cmmountain guns in service, but prolonged trials proved that the 7.5 cm M. 12 prototype to be the best gun. Howeverthe commander-in-chief of Bosnia-Hercegovina believe it to be too heavy and demanded a reversion back to the old7 cm caliber to save weight. Skoda dutifully built enough guns for a test battery in the smaller caliber and testedthem during the spring of 1914 where they were judged inferior to the 7.5 cm guns. This cost the Austrians heavilyas the 7.5 cm guns were delivered beginning in April 1915 instead of the planned date of April 1914.[1]

For transport, the gun could be dismantled into 6 parts, generally carried in 4 loads. In addition, there was a gunshield fitted on some (perhaps many) such guns. A revised version of this gun was released as the Skoda 75 mmModel 1928.

German anti-tank gunners and supportinginfantry, October 1918

The Germans bought some guns during World War I, but used them asinfantry guns in direct support of the infantry where their light weightwould allow them to move with the infantry. They complained that theguns were too fragile and didn't have a high enough muzzle velocity toact as an anti-tank gun. Considering that the guns were designed to bedisassembled it's not too surprising that they couldn't stand the abusemoving through the shell-pocketed front lines on the Western Front.

Notes[1][1] Ortner, pp. 332-335

References• Englemann, Joachim and Scheibert, Horst. Deutsche Artillerie 1934-1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen

und Bildern: Ausrüstung, Gliderung, Ausbildung, Führung, Einsatz. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke, 1974• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,

Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

• Hogg, Ian. Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000 ISBN 0-7607-1994-2• Jäger, Herbert. German Artillery of World War One. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2001

ISBN 1-86126-403-8• Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and

Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7

Skoda 75 mm Model 15 32

External links• GebK M. 15 on Landships (http:/ / www. landships. freeservers. com/ 7. 5cm_gebirgskanone_m15. htm)

Skoda 75 mm Model 1928

Skoda 75 mm Model 1928Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Czechoslovakia

Service historyUsed by  Albania

 Yugoslavia  Croatia  Nazi Germany

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Manufacturer Skoda

SpecificationsWeight 700 kg (1,500 lb)

Barrel length 1.34 m (4 ft 5 in) L/18

Shell 6.3 kilograms (14 lb)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -8° to +50°

Traverse 7°

Rate of fire 4 rpm

Muzzle velocity 425 m/s (1,394 ft/s)

Maximum range 8,700 m (9,500 yd)

The Skoda 75 mm Model 1928 (75 mm M.28) was a mountain gun manufactured by Skoda Works and exported toYugoslavia. It was a modernized version of the Skoda 75 mm Model 15. The gun typically had a 75 mm barrel;however, it could be fitted with a 90 mm barrel. The Wehrmacht redesignated these guns as 7.5 cm GebK 28 (inEinheitslafette mit 9 cm GebH) or 7.5 cm GebK 285(j). The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.

Skoda 75 mm Model 1928 33

References

• Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain andAirborne Guns

• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich:An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and SpecialWeapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York:Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3

Skoda 75 mm Model 1936The Skoda 75 mm Model 1936 (75 mm M.36) was a mountain gun manufactured by Skoda Works, inCzechoslovakia, and a variant was produced in Russia (as the 76 mm mountain gun M1938). Skoda also produced ahandful of the 76.2 mm variant. For transport, the gun could be broken down into 3 sections, and further brokendown into ten loads. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.

Skoda 75 mm Model 1939 34

Skoda 75 mm Model 1939

Skoda 75 mm Model 1939 (C6)Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Czechoslovakia

Service historyIn service 1939-1945?

Used by RomaniaIran

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Manufacturer Skoda

SpecificationsWeight 820 kg (1,800 lb)

Barrel length 1.57 m (5 ft 2 in) L/21

Shell 6.3 kilograms (14 lb)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -7° 30' to +70°

Traverse 7°

Muzzle velocity 480 m/s (1,575 ft/s)

Maximum range 10,200 m (11,200 yd)

The Skoda 75 mm Model 1939 (75 mm M.39) was a mountain gun manufactured in by Skoda Works and exportedin small numbers to Romania and Iran. The design was related to the Bofors L/22 sold to Switzerland. For transport,the gun could be broken into eight sections and carried by mule. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.Romanian guns equipped two mountain artillery battalions.[1]

Notes[1][1] Chamberlain and Gander, p. 11

References• Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider 35

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919Schneider

Cannon de 75M(montagne)modele 1919 Schneider

A Brazilian Model 1919 gun on display at the Fort Copacabana Museum.

Type mountain gun

Place of origin France

Service historyUsed by  Brazil

 Greece  Nazi Germany  Paraguay  Poland  Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Wars Chaco War, World War II

Production historyDesigner Schneider

Manufacturer Schneider et Cie

Produced 1919

SpecificationsWeight Combat: 660 kg (1,455 lbs)

Travel:721 kg(1,589 lbs)

Shell 6.33 kg (14 lbs)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -10° to +40°

Muzzle velocity 400 m/s (1,312 ft/s)

Maximum range 9,025 m (9,869 yds)

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider 36

The Canon de 75 M(montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider (75 mm mle.1919) was a French mountain gun designedas a replacement of the 65 mm mle 1906. The mle 1919 was manufactured by Schneider et Cie and used duringWorld War II. For transport, the gun could be broken down into seven sections. This weapon was used by Brazil,Greece, Paraguay, Poland, and Yugoslavia. When captured by the Germans, the French guns were designated 7.5 cmGebK 237(f); the Yugoslav guns were designated 7.5 cm GebK 283(j); and Polish guns were possibly designated as7.5 cm GebK M.19(p). (1 - p.16) The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.

Greek serviceThis gun was used by the Hellenic (Greek) Army in the Greek-Italian war from October 1940 - Spring 1941. It wasused in divisional service in conjunction with the Schneider 105 mountain gun of 10,5 cm caliber as they called it.Each Greek division had an artillery regiment with 16 mountain 75mm and 8 mountain 105mm guns. A total of 192Mle 1919 75mm were procured by Greece, that equipped 12 (of 15) divisional artillery regiments.

Survivors

In Hellenic (Greek) War Museum, Athens,Greece

Template,In Hellenic (Greek) War Museum,Athens,Greece

• In 1923 the Brazilian Army ordered several Schneider Model 191975mm Mountain guns. At least 3 of them are now on display at theFort Copacabana Museum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

•• Several of the original 24 purchased are still used as gate guardiansor expossed at Paraguayan museums, as they served during ChacoWar.

•• At least one example is exhibited in Hellenic War Museum inAthens, Greece.

• A gun from Nexter collection in St. Chamond is now exhibited inthe Musée des Blindés in Saumur.

•• A WWI monument near Coligny Caserne in Orléans features thisartillery piece.

• Mle 1919/28 is exhibited in the Amis du Musée de l'Artillerie inDraguignan.

References

• Infantry, Mountain, and Airborne Guns by Peter Chamberlain andTerry Gander, Arco, New York, (1975).

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928 37

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928

Cannon de75M(montagne)modele 1928

Type mountain gun

Place of origin France

Service historyUsed by France

Nazi GermanyPoland

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Schneider

Manufacturer Schneider et Cie

Produced 1928

SpecificationsWeight 660 kg (1,455 lbs)

Shell 7.25 kg (16 lbs)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -10° to +40°

Traverse 10°

Muzzle velocity 375 m/s (1,230 ft/s)

Effective range 9 km (5.5 mi)

The Canon de 75 M(montagne) modèle 1928 (75 mm mle.28) was a French mountain gun. The guns were alsosold to Poland. After 1940, these weapons were used by the Germans as 7.5 cm GebK 283(f). The French used thisweapon to equip the artillery batteries of the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division during 1944 and 1945.

M.27 (mountain gun) 38

M.27 (mountain gun)

75 mm M.27

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Norway

Service historyIn service 1927-1940

Used by  Norway

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Kongsberg

Manufacturer Kongsberg

Number built 24

SpecificationsWeight 600 kg (1,300 lb)

Barrel length 1.53 m (5 ft) L/20.5

Shell 6.5 kilograms (14 lb)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Carriage split trail

Elevation -5° to +47°

Traverse 5°

Muzzle velocity 395 m/s (1,296 ft/s)

Maximum range 8,800 m (9,600 yd)

The 75 mm M.27 was a Norwegian mountain gun used in World War II. Twenty-four of these guns were designedand built by Kongsberg Kanonfabrik to supplement the old 75mm Ehrhardt M.11 guns. There is no record of any useby Nazi Germany after the Norwegian Campaign

M.27 (mountain gun) 39

References• Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns.

M116 howitzer

75mm Pack Howitzer M1A1 on Carriage (airborne) M8

Type Pack howitzer

Place of origin  United States

Service historyIn service 1927–present

Used by United States, United Kingdom, France, Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946), Republic of thePhilippines (1946-1990s) Republic of China, Turkey, People's Republic of China, Vietminh, Pakistan

Wars World War II,Second Sino-Japanese War,Korean War,Chinese Civil War,First Indochina War,Vietnam War,Kurdish–Turkish conflict

Production historyProduced 1927–1944

SpecificationsWeight 653 kg (1,439 lbs)

Length 3.68 m (12 ft 1 in)

Barrel length Bore: 1.19 m (3 ft 11 in) L/15.9Overall 1.38 m (4 ft 6 in) L/18.4

Width 1.22 m (4 ft)

Height 94 cm (3 ft 1 in)

Crew 6 or more

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Breech Horizontal block

M116 howitzer 40

Recoil Hydropneumatic, constant

Carriage Box trail, dismantling

Elevation +5° to +45°

Traverse 6°

Rate of fire 3–6 rounds per minute

Muzzle velocity 381 m/s (1,250 ft/s)

Effective range 9,600 yards

The 75mm Pack Howitzer M1 (also known by its post-war designation M116) was designed in the United States in1920s to meet a need for an artillery piece that could be moved across difficult terrain. The gun and carriage wasdesigned so that it could be broken down into several pieces to be carried by pack animals. The gun saw combat inSecond World War with the US Army (primarily used by airborne units), with US Marine Corps, and was alsosupplied to foreign forces.In addition to the pack / air portable configuration, the gun was mounted on a conventional carriage to serve as afield artillery piece. Derived vehicle mounted howitzers M2 and M3 were used in the 75mm HMC M8 and someLVT models. In addition, the M1 in its original version was mated to a number of other self-propelled carriages,though only one of those – 75mm HMC T30 – reached mass production.

Development and productionThe 75 mm pack howitzer was designed in the United States in 1920s to meet a need for an artillery piece that couldbe moved across difficult terrain. In August 1927, the weapon was standardized as Howitzer, Pack, 75mm M1 onCarriage M1. Due to meager funding, production rates were low; by 1940, only 91 pieces were manufactured. Onlyin September 1940, a year into World War II, was the howitzer put into mass production. By then, M1 wassucceeded by the slightly modified M1A1. The production continued until December 1944.[1][2]

The only significant changes during the mass production period were carriage improvements. The original carriageM1 was of box trail type, with wooden wheels. Requirement for a lightweight howitzer for airborne troops led tointroduction of the M8 carriage, similar except new wheels with pneumatic tires. Another requirement, from thecavalry branch of the US Army, resulted in a completely different family of "field howitzer" split trail carriagesM3A1 / M3A2 / M3A3. However, only limited number of the M1 in field howitzer variant were built, due tocavalry's switch to self-propelled guns.

Wartime production of М1, pcs.[3]

Year 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Total

Pack howitzers, pcs. 36 188 1,280 2,592 915 4,939

Field howitzers, pcs. – 234 64 51 – 349

M116 howitzer 41

DescriptionThe howitzer M1 or M1A1 consisted of tube and breech, which were joined together by interrupted threads, allowingfor quick assembly and disassembly. One eighth of a turn was required to connect or disconnect tube and breech.The tube had uniform, right hand rifling with one turn in 20 calibers. The breech was of horizontal sliding blocktype, with continuous-pull firing mechanism.[4]

The recoil system was hydropneumatic. Both recoil buffer and recuperator were located under the barrel.The pack howitzer carriage M1 had dismantling construction. The carriage was of box trail type, with steel-rimmedwooden wheels.[5] For transportation, the howitzer M1 or M1A1 on carriage M1 could be broken down into six muleloads, with payload weight between 73 and 107 kg each:•• Tube•• Breech and wheels•• Top sleigh and cradle•• Bottom sleigh and recoil mechanism•• Front trail•• Rear trail and axle.The carriage M8 was identical, except for axle arms and wheels, which were metal with pneumatic tires. Thehowitzer on carriage M8 could be broken down into seven mule loads or into nine parachute loads (the latterarrangement included 18 rounds of ammunition). It could also be towed by vehicle such as 1/4 ton jeep, ortransported by plane or glider such as CG-4 Waco.[6]

The field howitzer carriages of the M3 family were non-dismantling, split trail. All these were fitted with metalwheels with pneumatic tires; all had an additional retractable support, referred to as a firing base. In firing position,the firing base could be lowered and wheels raised, leaving the weapon to rest on the firing base and trails.

75 mm howitzer on carriage M1. 75 mm howitzer on carriageM8.

75 mm howitzer on carriageM3A3.

75 mm howitzer on carriageM3A3.

Organization and service

US forces

75 mm pack howitzer on carriage M8 during theBattle of Tinian.

In the Second World War era US Army, 75 mm howitzers were issuedto airborne and mountain units.

M116 howitzer 42

Salute battery fires its guns during a ceremony atFort Jackson, in 2009.

An airborne division, according to the organization of February 1944,had three 75 mm howitzer battalions – two glider field artillerybattalions (two six-gun batteries each) and one parachute field artillerybattalion (three four-gun batteries), in total 36 pieces per division. InDecember 1944, new Tables of Organization and Equipment increasedthe divisional firepower to 60 75 mm howitzers (as an option, in gliderbattalions 75 mm pieces could be replaced with more powerful 105mmM3).[7]

The only mountain division formed, the 10th, had three 75 mmhowitzer battalions, 12 pieces each. The gun was also used by someseparate field artillery battalions.[8]

In the US Marine Corps, under the E-series Tables of Organization (TO) from 15 April 1943 divisional artilleryincluded three 75 mm howitzer battalions, 12 pieces each. The F-series TO from 5 May 1944 reduced the number of75 mm battalions to two, and the G-series TO removed them altogether, completing the shift to 105 mm and 155 mmhowitzers. Although the G-series TO was only adopted on 4 September 1945, in practice in some divisions thechange was introduced early in 1945.[9]

As of 2012, the M116 was still used by the US Army for ceremonial purposes.

Other operators

75 mm pack howitzer on carriage M1, supplied toChinese forces.

Two major lend lease recipients of the M1 were United Kingdom (826pack howitzers) and China (637 pack howitzers and 125 fieldhowitzers). 68 pieces were supplied to France, and 60 to variouscountries in Latin America.[10]

In the British service, the howitzer was issued to two mountain artilleryregiments, two airlanding light artillery regiments, raiding supportregiment and was temporary used by some other units. The gunremained in British service until late 1950s.[11]

The 75 mm howitzer was also used by Australian forces – twomountain batteries and some other units.

A single howitzer was airdropped in April 1945 to the 2nd (Italian) SAS Regiment, a special force composed bypartisans with mixed political allegiance, Russian ex-POWs, and Wehrmacht deserters, coordinated by Major RoyFarran. Baptized "Molto Stanco" ("Very tired" in Italian), the gun was used in the course of Operation Tombola toharass enemy convoys driving up and down along Route 12 between Modena and Florence. On 21 April 1945 thehowitzer was towed by means of a Willys Jeep to the outskirts of Reggio Emilia, from where the Italian gunnersinitiated a shelling of the city that wrought panic among Axis troops. Believing that the arrival of Allied forces wasimminent, the Germans and their fascist allies evacuated the city.The experience of the guns given to the army of the Republic of China was particularly notable. After the loss of themainland, the guns left behind were used both by the People's Liberation Army and exported to the Viet Minh. Thereis record of these guns being used at the Siege of Dien Bien Phu and, presumably, in later conflicts. The type byvirtue of its compactness also remained in use with the ROCA's outlying island garrisons as coastal artillery.153 M116s were supplied to Japan (Japan Ground Self-Defense Force) and they were used until 1980s.As of 2010, the M116 75 mm pack howitzer is still used by the Turkish Army in operations against Kurdishseparatists in southeastern Turkey.

M116 howitzer 43

The howitzers have been used for avalanche control at several western US ski areas.

Variants

75 mm Howitzer M1920.

75 mm howitzer on carriage M3A1, fitted with 37mm subcaliber gun for training.

•• Howitzer variants:• M1920, M1922A, M1922B, M1923B, M1923E1, M1923E2 –

prototypes.• M1 – the first standardized variant. Based on M1923E2 with

minor changes.• M1A1 – variant with modified breech block and breech ring.• M2 – vehicle mounted variant. Tube and breech from M1A1

were used. In order to provide a cylindrical recoil surface, thetube was fitted with an external sleeve. 197 built.[12]

• M3 – vehicle mounted variant; like M2 but with recoil surface asa part of the tube. The M2 and M3 barrels were interchangeable.

• M116 – post-war designation of the complete weapon.• M120 – post-war designation for saluting howitzers

•• Carriage variants:• M1 – dismantling box trail carriage with wooden wheels.• M2A1, T2, T2E1, T2E2, T2E3 – experimental carriages.• M3A1 – split-trail carriage with firing base and pneumatic tires.• M3A2 – M3A1 with shield added.• M3A3 – M3A2 with different wheels and combat tires.

• M8 – M1 with new wheels with pneumatic tires.

Selected variants

M1A1 on carriageM1

M1A1 on carriage M8 M1A1 on carriageM3A3

Carriage type box trail box trail split trail

Wheels wooden, with steelrims

steel, with pneumatic tires steel, with pneumatictires

Shield – – +

Length, m 3.68 3.94

Width, m 1.22 1.73

Height, m 0.94 1.18

Weight, combat,kg

576 653 1,009

Weight, travel, kg 667 653 1,043

Elevation +5° to +45° +5° to +45° +9° to +50°

Traverse 6° 6° 45°

Transportation 6 mule loads 1/4 ton 4x4 truck, 7 mule loads, 9 parachute loads, planeor glider

1/4 ton 4x4 truck

M116 howitzer 44

Self-propelled mounts

75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T30.

Two nearly identical vehicle mounted variants – M2 and M3 – weredeveloped based on tube and breech of the M1A1, for use in the 75mmHowitzer Motor Carriage T47 / M8. Both variants had a cylindlical"recoil surface" around the tube. In the M2, the surface was providedby use of a separately manufactured sleeve, while in the M3 it becamean integral part of the barrel. M2 and M3 were fullyinterchangeable.[13] These guns were mounted on the below armoredvehicles:

• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T47 / M8 – M2 / M3 in mount M7.• LVT(A)-4 – M3 in mount M7.[14]

• LVT(A)-5 – M3 in mount M12.[15]

In addition, M1 / M1A1 was mated to a number of other vehicles. Only the T30 reached mass production.• Medium Tank T5E2 – M1A1.[16]

• Experimental mount on Holt light tractor.[17]

•• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T1 (Tank development chassis T2).• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T3 (Combat Car M1 chassis).[18]

• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T17 (Combat Car M1E3 chassis).[19]

• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T18 (Light Tank M3 chassis) – M1A1.• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T30 – M1A1 in mount T10.[20]

• 75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T41 (Light Tank M5 chassis).[21]

AmmunitionThe gun fired fixed (HEAT M66) and semi-fixed ammunition, fitted with 75mm Cartridge Case M5A1 (type II) and(type I) accordingly. The propellant charge of semi-fixed ammunition consisted of base charge and three increments,forming four different charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 4 (the largest).[22]

HEAT M66 Shell penetrated about 91 mm of homogeneous armor at 0 degrees at any range.[23]

Available ammunition.

Type Model Weight, kg(round/projectile)

Filler Muzzlevelocity, m/s

Range,m

HE HE M48 Shell 8.27 / 6.62 TNT, 676 g 381 8,790

HE HE M41A1Shell

7.89 / 6.24 TNT, 503 g 381 8,820

HEAT-T HEAT M66Shell

7.39 / 5.94 305 6,400

Smoke WP M64 Shell 8.56 / 6.91 White phosphorus 381 8,790

Smoke FS M64 Shell 8.64 / 6.99 Sulfur trioxide inChlorosulfonic acid

381 8,790

Chemical H M64 Shell 8.43 / 6.78 Mustard gas 381 8,790

Drill Drill CartridgeM2A2

– –

Drill (simulates HEM48)

Drill CartridgeM19

– –

Blank – –

M116 howitzer 45

Notes[1] Zaloga – US Field Artillery of World War II, p 6-8.[2] Hogg – Allied Artillery of World War Two, p 42.[3] Zaloga – US Field Artillery of World War II, p 9.[4] Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons, p 49-55.[5] Technical Manual TM 9-1320, 75mm Howitzers and Carriages, p 1-16.[6] Technical Manual TM 9-319, 75mm Howitzer M1A1 and Carriage M8.[7] Zaloga – US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944–45, p 16-25, 37–39.[8] Anderson – US Army in World War II.[9][9] History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Vol II: Table of Organization E-100, p 571, 572; Vol III: Table of Organization

F-100, p 618, 619; ww2gyrene: The Marine Division.[10] Zaloga – US Field Artillery of World War II, p 37.[11][11] US Guns in UK Service.[12] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 324.[13] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 323-325.[14] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 280, 499.[15] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 287, 499.[16] Hunnicutt – Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 35.[17] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 318.[18] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 319.[19] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 320.[20] Hunnicutt – Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles, p 118, 233.[21] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 322.[22] Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 116-123.[23] Hunnicutt – Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 499.

References• Hogg, Ian V. (1998). Allied Artillery of World War Two. Crowood Press, Ramsbury. ISBN 1-86126-165-9.• Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992). Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-462-2.• Hunnicutt, R. P. (1994). Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-080-5.• Hunnicutt, R. P. (2001). Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles. Presidio Press.

ISBN 0-89141-742-7.• Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). US Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard 131. illustrated by Brian Delf.

Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-061-1.• Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944–45. Battle Orders 25. Osprey Publishing.

ISBN 1-84603-118-4.• Technical Manual TM 9-319, 75mm Howitzer M1A1 and Carriage M8. War Department, 1948.• Technical Manual TM 9-1320, 75mm Howitzers and Carriages. War Department, 1944.• Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition. War Department, 1944.• Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons. War Department, 1942.• "History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II at HyperWar website" (http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/

hyperwar/ USMC/ ). Retrieved 16 September 2007.• "The Marine Division at WW2Gyrene website" (http:/ / www. ww2gyrene. org/ Division_structure. htm).

Retrieved 16 September 2007.• "Anderson, Rich – US Army in World War II at MilitaryHistoryOnline website" (http:/ / www.

militaryhistoryonline. com/ wwii/ usarmy/ default. aspx). Retrieved 16 September 2007.• "US Guns in UK Service at British Artillery in World War II website" (http:/ / members. tripod. com/ ~nigelef/

gunsintro. htm). Retrieved 16 September 2007.

M116 howitzer 46

External links• The Old Army Mules Takes Guns Where Wheels Don't Go (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=hycDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA129& dq=popular+ science+ May+ 1941+ mules& hl=en&ei=I07OTPGRJo2YnAfA2dzEDw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=true) May 1941 Popular Science

• "Airplane Moves Artillery 120 Miles In An Hour", June 1931, Popular Science (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=9CcDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA54& dq=Popular+ Science+ 1931+ plane& hl=en&ei=us8FTe-8L4HAnAf-46nlDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=Popular Science 1931 plane& f=true) air transport of early version ofM116 Howitzer

Obice da 75/18 modello 34 47

Obice da 75/18 modello 34

Obice da 75/14 modello 34Type Howitzer

Place of origin Italy

Service historyIn service 1935?-1945?

Used by  Italy  Portugal

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Sergio Belese

Manufacturer Ansaldo

SpecificationsWeight 1,832 kilograms (4,040 lb)

(travelling)1,050 kilograms (2,300 lb) (action)

Length 1.557 metres (61.3 in)

Shell 6.4 kilograms (14 lb)

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Carriage box trail (modello 34)split trail (modello 35)

Elevation -10° to +45°

Traverse 50°

Muzzle velocity 425 m/s (1,395 ft/s)

Maximum range 9,564 metres (10,459 yd)

Obice de 75/18 modello 34 next to the Battle ofCrete Monument in Heraklion (Crete)

The Obice da 75/18 modello 34 was an Italian artillery piece usedduring World War II.

History

Much of Italy is mountainous, so the Italian army has always had aninterest in mountain artillery. In the 1930s much of Italy's mountainartillery was obsolescent and overdue for replacement.In 1934, the Italian firm of Ansaldo produced a new mountain howitzerdesign, the Obice da 75/18 modello 34, designed by an Italian artilleryLt. Colonel named Sergio Berlese. The modello 34 could be broken down into eight loads for transport. In theinterest of standardization and logistics a version of the 75/18, the modello, 35 was also used as the light howitzercomponent of normal field batteries. The modello 35 did not break down into smaller loads and had a split, ratherthan box, trail.[1] The Obice da 75/18 modello 34 was

Obice da 75/18 modello 34 48

Obice de 75/18 modello 35 on display at theMusée des Blindés in Saumur

The Italians sold the modello 35 abroad in order to obtain foreigncurrency. In 1940 a sizeable batch was sold to Portugal, and more wentto South American countries in exchange for raw materials. The gunwas also used as the main armament of the Semovente 75/18self-propelled gun where, due to its "Effetto Pronto" (HEAT)ammunition, it also had a good anti-tank capability.

In 1941 some captured pieces were used against the Germans by theforces of the Commonwealth during the Battle of Crete and wereprobably present in the defence of Maleme airfield. Two of them arenowadays displayed next to the Battle of Crete monument inHeraklion.

References[1] Google Books: The Encyclopedia of Weapons (http:/ / books. google. co. nz/ books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC& pg=PA140& lpg=PA140&

dq=obice+ da+ 75/ 18+ trail& source=bl& ots=K5_zCkNI6K& sig=0PLrhqMweBlV1eAqoHbYs91nb-c& hl=en& sa=X&ei=X4N8UrW1F-iyiQfOuYHYCA& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=obice da 75/ 18 trail& f=false)

• Modello 34 on Builders Paradise (http:/ / panzergeneral. strategyplanet. gamespy. com/ ww2/ Weapons/towed_artillery/ italy/ gundata/ 75_18_M_1934. html)

• Modello 35 on "Comando Supremo" website (http:/ / www. comandosupremo. com/ Cannone7518. html)

Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 49

Bofors 75 mm Model 1934

Bofors 75mm Model 1934

Swiss 7.5 cm L\24 mountain gun M1933/48

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  Sweden

Service historyUsed by   Switzerland

 Sweden  Nazi Germany  Belgium  Republic of China  Argentina  The Netherlands

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Bofors

Manufacturer Bofors

SpecificationsWeight 928 kg (2,050 lb)

Barrel length 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) L/24

Shell 6.59 kg (14.5 lb)

Caliber 75 millimetres (3.0 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -4° to +56° (long carriage)-10° to +50° (short carriage)

Traverse 7° 54'

Muzzle velocity 455 m/s (1,490 ft/s)

Effective range 9,300 m (10,200 yd)

The Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 was a mountain gun produced in Sweden by Bofors and sold abroad widely. TheModel 1934 was used by Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and China in World War II. Germany bought a smallnumber of guns (12)[citation needed] for evaluation and training before the war and designated them as the 7.5 cmGebirgshaubitze 34. Belgian guns, known by them as the Canon de 75 mle 1934, captured by Germany weredesignated as 7.5 cm Gebirgskanone 228(b). The later model 1936 was purchased by Bulgaria.

Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 50

DesignThe Netherlands purchased a pack loadable version for their colonial-army in the Dutch East Indies, a region coveredby thick forests and mountains. The pack loadable version could be broken down into eight mule loads or towed by afour horse team, with a further six mules to carry ammunition and other supplies. The Dutch guns were used brieflyduring the Dutch East Indies campaign in 1941-42.The model purchase by Belgium was not a pack gun and was equipped for towing by motor transport. The Belgianmodel had a one-piece box-trail that was hinged to fold upwards to reduce towing length and was equipped withsteel disc wheels with rubber tires.[1]

Sources differ on specifications, but data from Gander & Chamberlain is presumed to be more accurate and ispresented above.

References• Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York, Arco• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,

Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

• Bishop, Chris, ed. Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York, Barnes and Noble, 1998 ISBN0-7607-1022-8

Notes[1][1] Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun 51

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun

A Type 41 at the Yasukuni Shrine

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Germany

Service historyIn service 1908-1945

Used by  Empire of Japan

Wars World War I, Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II

Production historyDesigner Krupp

Manufacturer Osaka Arsenal

SpecificationsWeight 544 kg (1,200 lb)

Length 4.31 m (14 ft 2 in)

Barrel length 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) L/19.2

Width 1.219 m (4 ft)

Crew 13

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Breech interrupted screw

Recoil hydro-spring

Carriage box trail

Elevation -18° to +40°

Traverse 6°

Muzzle velocity 435 m/s (1,427 ft/s)

Maximum range 7,022 m (7,679 yd)

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun 52

The Type 41 75 mm mountain gun is a Japanese license-built copy of the Krupp M.08 mountain gun. The Type 41number was designated for the year the gun was accepted,the 41st year of Emperor Meiji's reign, 1898 in theGregorian calendar.[1] Originally it was the standard pack artillery weapon. After it was superseded by the Type 9475 mm mountain gun, it was then used as an infantry "regimental" gun, deployed 4 to each infantry regiment, andreferred to as "Rentai Ho" (regimental artillery). Two gun shields were produced for the weapon, an early type,which folded into thirds, and a late type, which folded in half.

ServiceIn Japanese service the gun was crewed by thirteen men, twelve gunners and a squad leader. When the weapon wasbeing fired there would be one aimer, one loader, one firer, one person to swing the guns aim left or right, a maninserting the fuzes into rounds and handing them to the loader, two gunners lying in reserve to the left and right ofthe gun position, and the squad leader sitting a little distance to the rear of the weapon. The remaining five menwould ferry ammunition in relays from the ammunition squad, which would typically be in cover a few hundredmeters behind the gun's position.The weapon could be transported complete by its thirteen man squad, or broken down into parts and carried on sixpack horses using special harnesses, a seventh horse was used to carry ammunition.Two types of impact fuze were available for the Type 97 75 mm High Explosive round, one with a delay of 0.05seconds, the second with a delay of 1 second. U.S. Army testing of the weapon at a range of 3,200 yards resulted in75 percent of the rounds falling in a rectangle 20 by 30 yards. At maximum range (7,800 yards) 75 percent of therounds fell within a rectangle 10 yards wide and 200 yards long.

Ammunition•• Type 98 High-explosive - 9.9 lb•• Type 97 High-explosive - 12.1 lb•• Type 94 High-explosive - 13.24 lb•• Type 90 High-explosive - 12.50 lb•• Type 95 Armor piercing high-explosive - can penetrate 20 mm of steel plate at 3,000 m - 13.66 lb•• Type 1 Armor-piercing - 14.4 lb•• Type 38 Shrapnel - 15.0 lb• Type 90 Shrapnel - 282 10.5 gram lead balls and 0.1 kg black powder bursting charge - 15.4 lb•• Type 2 Hollow charge - 7.81 lb (3 inches of RHA)•• Incendiary• Type 90 Smoke (white phosphorus) - 12.60 lb•• Type 90 Incendiary - 15.3 lb•• Liquid incendiary projectile - 11.75 lb•• Type 90 Illuminating - 12.44 lb•• Vomit gas projectile - 13.25 lb

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun 53

References

Notes[1] War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400

Bibliography• http:/ / www3. plala. or. jp/ takihome/ 41-75. htm• US Technical Manual E 30-480 (http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ hyperwar/ Japan/ IJA/ HB/ HB-9-2. html)• Japanese Infantry Arms In World War II, Ritta Nakanishi, ISBN 4-499-22690-2

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun 54

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun

Japanese Type 94 75mm Mountain Gun

Rear view of the Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun

Type Light, highly mobile pack artillery weapon suitable for horse or motor vehicle.

Place of origin  Empire of Japan

Service historyIn service 1935–1945

Used by Imperial Japanese Army

Wars Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II

SpecificationsWeight 544 kg (1,200 lb) Firing

495 kg (1,091 lb) Traveling

Length 3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) Firing (trails open)3.89 m (12 ft 9 in) (trails closed)3.96 m (13 ft 0 in) Traveling

Barrel length 1.56 m (5 ft 1 in) L20.8

Width 1.023 m (3 ft 4 in) Track 1.354 m (4 ft 5 in) Maximum

Height 2 ft 11 in (0.89 m)

Crew 18 to 41

Shell HE, APHE, shrapnel, incendiary, illuminating, and pointed

Caliber 75 mm (2.95 in)

Barrels single

Breech horizontal sliding.

Recoil Hydro-pneumatic

Carriage Split trail with demountable spade plates, and fixed trail blocks, 2 steel band tires on spoked wheels

Elevation −10° to +45°

Traverse 40°

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun 55

Rate of fire 15 rpm for 2 minutes4 rpm for 15 minutes2 rpm continuous

Muzzle velocity (HE) 355 m/s (1,165 ft/s)

Effective range (HE) 8 km (5.0 mi)

Sights Panoramic

The Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun (九 四 式 山 砲 Kyūyon-shiki nanagō-miri Sanpō) was a mountain gunused as a general purpose infantry support gun by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese Warand World War II. It superseded the Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun to become the standard pack artillery piece ofJapanese infantry divisions. It was superior to Type 41 in range and in weight.[1] The Type 94 number wasdesignated for the year the gun was accepted, 2594 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1934 in the Gregoriancalendar.[2]

History and developmentCombat experience with the Type 41 Mountain Gun during the invasion of Manchuria indicated to the ImperialJapanese Army General Staff that the existing primary mountain gun lacked not only in firepower and accuracy, butalso was not as easily transportable under difficult terrain as had been hoped. The Army Technical Bureau wasassigned a project to develop a replacement in 1931. The first prototype was tested in 1932, and the design releasedfor production by September 1934 as the "Type 94". However, plans to re-equip all artillery regiments with the newweapon were continually postponed due to budgetary priorities.

DesignThe Type 94 75 mm mountain gun had a single piece gun barrel with sliding breechblock based on German Kruppdesigns and a long split-trail carriage with a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism based on French Schneiderdesigns.[3] The crew was partially protected by a gun shield made of 1/8-inch (3 mm) thick armor plate.For so light a weapon, it embodies a remarkable number of modern construction features. It has a Schneider type,hydropneumatic independent recoil system, a Krupp type horizontal sliding-wedge breechblock, split trails withspade plates for stabilizers, pintle traverse, and an equalizing arrangement which gives it three-point suspension.Since it is trunnioned at the center of balance, it does not require equilibrators. It can be fired with trails closed oropen.[2]

The design was modular in construction, and the gun could be broken down into eleven modules within three to fiveminutes for transport by animals or men.[4] The heaviest module weighed 210 pounds (95 kg), and the weapon wasintended to be transported by six pack horses, or 18 men (although during the Bougainville campaign because of thetough terrain it was carried by 41 men doubtless because of the extremely difficult terrain). The gun could bereassembled within ten minutes and disassembled in from 3 to 5 minutes. At night, after the parts are rubbed withluminous bark, the same operations can be performed, although 5 to 10 minutes longer are required.It fires the same projectiles as other 75-mm pieces and has a cartridge case identical in length with that used in theModel 38. This case is longer than that used in the Model 41 mountain gun. This is necessary because the propellingcharge used in Model 94 ammunition is less than that used in the ammunition for Model 38, and firing the latterammunition from Model 94 would damage the gun. Lack of a howitzer trajectory and of varying charges increasesthe dead space for the Model 94 when it fires in mountainous terrain, and the counterrecoil is said to be so slowwhen the piece is fired at elevations above 30° that, rather than fire above that elevation, the battery displacesforward.

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun 56

Ammunition•• High-explosive

• M94 6 kg with 0.8 kg of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse.• "A" 6.46 kg with Picric acid and dinitro and M3 combination fuse.•• "B" 6.6 kg with 0.66 kg of Picric acid and dinitro and M88 impact or delay fuse.•• M90/97 6.18 kg with 0.42 kg of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse.• M90 Pointed HE 6.35 kg with TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse.

•• Armor piercing

•• M95 APHE 6.2 kg with 0.45 kg of picric acid and dinitro M95 small AP base fuse.•• Shrapnel

• M90 Shrapnel 7 kg with 0.1 kg of black powder with M5 combination fuse.•• M38 Shrapnel 6.83 kg with 0.1 kg of black powder with M3 combination fuse.

•• Chemical•• Star

•• M90 Illumination 5.65 kg with M5 combination fuse.•• Incendiary

•• M90 Incendiary 6.93 kg with black powder and M5 combination fuse.•• Smoke

•• M90 Smoke 5.73 kg with 0.1 kg of picric acid and dinitro with M88 impact fuse.

Combat recordType 94 75 mm Mountain Gun was used extensively in Manchukuo during the Pacification of Manchukuo, andduring the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was also assigned to units in the Southern Expeditionary Army and wassited in defensive positions on islands throughout the Netherlands East Indies and the South Pacific Mandate. It wasone of the most common weapons encountered by Allied forces towards the closing stages of the war.[5]

Chinese copies of the Type 94 were used by the North Koreans during the Korean War.

References• Bishop, Chris (eds) The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8• Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2• McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics. Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical

Publications 1973. ISBN 0-87947-157-3.• Mayer, S.L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. The Military Press (1884) ISBN 0-517-42313-8• War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944• US Department of War, TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, Louisiana State University Press,

1994. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun 57

External links• Taki's Imperial Japanese Army [6]

• US Technical Manual E 30-480 [7]

• 75mm Type 94 Mountain Gun Walk Around with extensive photos [8]

• 75mm Type 94 Mountain Gun preserved in Vladivostok Walkaround [9]

Notes[1][1] Mayer, the Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. pp. 56[2] War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944[3][3] Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Pp.150[4] US Army Technical Manual (http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ hyperwar/ Japan/ IJA/ HB/ HB-9. html#III)[5] US Department of War. TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces[6] http:/ / www3. plala. or. jp/ takihome/ 94-75. htm[7] http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ hyperwar/ Japan/ IJA/ HB/ HB-9. html#III[8] http:/ / www. primeportal. net/ artillery/ yuri_pasholok/ 75mm_type_94_mountain_gun/[9] http:/ / dishmodels. ru/ wshow. htm?p=1647& lng=E

7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 58

7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18

7,5-cm-leichtes Infanteriegeschütz18

Type Infantry gun

Place of origin Nazi Germany

Service historyIn service 1932–45

Used by Nazi Germany

Wars Second World War

Production historyDesigner Rheinmetall

Designed 1927

Manufacturer Rheinmetall

Produced 1932–45

Number built ~ 12.000

SpecificationsWeight 400 kilograms (880 lb)

Barrel length 88 cm (3 ft) L/11.2

Crew 5

Shell cased cartridge

Shell weight 6 kilograms (13 lb)

Caliber 75 millimetres (3.0 in)

Breech Shotgun-type block

Carriage split trail

Elevation -10° to 73°

Traverse 12°

Rate of fire 8-12 rpm

Muzzle velocity 210 m/s (690 ft/s)

Maximum range 3,550 m (3,880 yd)

The 7,5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 (7,5 cm le.IG 18) was an infantry support gun of the GermanWehrmacht used during World War II.

7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 59

HistoryDevelopment of the gun began in 1927, by Rheinmetall. The crew was protected by an armoured shield. There was amountain gun variant, the 7.5 cm le.GebIG 18. For transport, The mountain variant could be broken down into six toten packs, the heaviest weighing 74.9 kg. The Germans would typically assign two of these to each mountainbattalion. Six 7.5 cm le.IG 18F were manufactured in 1939. These were airborne guns, capable of being brokendown into 4x140 kg loads. The airborne variant had smaller wheels and no shield. There was also an infantry supportgun, known as the 7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz L/13 which was designed as a replacement for the le.IG 18, this guncould be broken into four to six loads. However though prototypes were tested the German army felt that it did notimprove on the existing design sufficiently to merit introduction and the army stayed with the earlier gun.

Statistics of the 7.5 cm le.IG 18 and 7.5 cm le.GebIG 18•• Calibre: 75 mm (2.95 in)•• Elevation: -10° to 73°•• Muzzle Velocity (w/HE shell): 210 m/s (689 ft/s)•• Range: 3,550 m (3,882 yds)•• Traverse: 12°•• Weight: 400 kg (882 lbs)•• Weight of the 7.5 cm le.GebIG 18: 440 kg (970 lbs)•• Weight of HE Shell: 6 kg (13.22 lbs)•• Weight of HC Shell: 3 kg (6.6 lbs)

Statistics of the 7.5 cm IG L/13•• Calibre: 75 mm (2.95 in)•• Elevation: -5° to 43°•• Muzzle Velocity: 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s)•• Range: 5,100 m (5,577 yds)•• Traverse: 50°•• Weight: 375 kg (827 lbs)•• Weight of Shell: 6.35 kg (14 lbs)

References• Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books,

1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X

7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 60

7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36

7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36

A Gebirgskanone in use in the Causacus, January 1943

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Nazi Germany

Service historyIn service 1938-45

Used by Nazi Germany

Wars Second World War

Production historyDesigner Rheinmetall

Designed 1935–38

Manufacturer Rheinmetall

Produced 1938–45

Number built 1,193+

SpecificationsWeight 750 kg (1,700 lb)

Length 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) (overall length)

Crew Five

Shell 75×130 mm. R (separate-loading, cased charge)

Shell weight 5.75 kg (12.7 lb)

Caliber 75 millimetres (3.0 in)

Breech horizontal sliding block

Carriage split trail

Elevation -2° to +70°

Traverse 40°

Rate of fire 6-8 rpm

Muzzle velocity 475 m/s (1,560 ft/s)

Maximum range 9,250 m (10,120 yd)

7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 61

The 7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 (7.5 cm GebG 36) was a 7.5 cm (3.0 in) German mountain gun used during WorldWar II. At least 1,193 were built between 1938 and 1945. It was the standard light gun of the German mountaindivisions, both Army and Waffen-SS, during World War II.

Development and descriptionThe 7.5 cm GebG 36 was designed by Rheinmetall to meet an Army requirement for a 7.5 cm howitzer to serve inthe mountain divisions (Gebirgs Divisionen) and replace the World War I-era mountain guns still in service like theAustro-Hungarian 7.5 cm Gebirgskanone 15. Production began in 1938 although exactly how many were producedthat year is unknown.[1] Some 1,193 were built between 1939–45.The design of the 7.5 cm GebG 36 was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself, with its standard Germanhorizontal sliding breech block and muzzle brake. To maximize its ability to fire at high-angles, it was given reartrunnions to lengthen the distance between the breech and the ground although springs became necessary to balancethe muzzle preponderance. Furthermore, it used the a variable recoil system that shortened the recoil as the elevationincreased. The breech was uncommonly massive as it incorporated a transport joint to allow it to be separated fromthe barrel.[2]

The spades at the end of the split trail legs were removable. Generally it used light-alloy disc wheels with rubberrims, but early guns had wooden-spoked wheels. No shield was fitted to save weight. It could be towed in one loador broken down into eight pack-loads to be carried by mule or horse. It weighed 750 kg (1,700 lb).[2]

Because of its lightness the 7.5 cm GebG 36 would jump when fired at low angles as the recoil forces would forcethe gun's trail spades to act as a fulcrum and lever the wheels upwards. In fact Charge 5, the largest propellantincrement, was forbidden to be fired at angles under 15° because the gun would jump excessively. Firing at higherangles was perfectly safe as the ground absorbed any residual recoil forces not absorbed by the recoil system.[2]

AmmunitionThe 7.5 cm GebG 36 fired a wide variety of ammunition, with the notable exception of a conventionalarmor-piercing shell. It used instead a unique hollow-charge armor-piercing shell that weighed 5.83 kilograms(12.9 lb) with a maximum range of 9,250 metres (10,120 yd).[3] It had its own 5.83 kilograms (12.9 lb)high-explosive shell, but could also fire that used by the 7.5 cm FK 18 as well. When the situation demanded, itcould fire a colored smoke shell. It used four increments of propellant which were added together to reach thedesired range. A fifth charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of the gun'srange.[4] While this range was respectable for a light gun, the 7.5 cm calibre soon proved too small for the demandsof World War II.

OrganizationThe guns were organized into batteries of four guns each with two or three batteries per battalion. A mountainartillery regiment (Gebirgs-Artillerie Regiment) would have anywhere from one to three battalions equipped with the7.5 cm GebG 36.

Notes[1][1] Gander and Chamberlain, p. 289[2][2] Hogg, p. 32[3][3] Zentner, C. Soldaten im Einsatz. Jahr Verlag Hamburg (1977). p. 115[4][4] Hogg, pp. 32-3

7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 62

References• Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2• Engelmann, Joachim and Scheibert, Horst. Deutsche Artillerie 1934-1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen

und Bildern: Ausrüstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Führung, Einsatz. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke,1974

• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

• Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books,1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X

External links• the 7.5 cm GebG 36 at Lexikon der Wehrmacht (http:/ / www. lexikon-der-wehrmacht. de/ Waffen/

gebirgsgeschutze. htm)

63

76 mm

76 mm mountain gun M1909

Canon de76M(montagne) modele 1909Schneider

Russian Model 1909 Mountain Gun

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin France

Service historyUsed by France

FinlandGreeceRussian EmpireNazi Germany

Wars World War I, World War II

Production historyDesigner Panagiotis Danglis

Manufacturer Schneider et Cie

Produced 1909

SpecificationsWeight transport: 1,225 kg (2,701

lbs)combat: 627 kg (1,382 lbs)

Shell 76.2 × 191 mm. R

Caliber 76.2 mm (3 in)

Elevation -6° to +28°

Traverse 50°

Muzzle velocity 387 m/s (1,270 ft/s)

Maximum range 8,550 m (9,350 yds)

The Canon de 76 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider (76 mm mle.09) was a mountain gun manufactured by a French company, Schneider. An earlier version, the 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 had been designed, in 1906, by a Greek officer (Colonel Danglis), who designed it as a 75 mm gun. This gun was used by Greece who, by 1939,

76 mm mountain gun M1909 64

had sold many of these guns to Finland, where it was known as the 75 LK 13. In 1909, the revised 76.2 mm gun wasproduced for Russia, which wanted to replace low-powered 3-inch mountain gun M1904 designed by Obukhovplant. The Russians would designated this as the 76 mm mountain gun M1909 (76-09) and developed severalmodifications (fortress 3-inch counter-assualt gun M1910 and "short" gun M1913, 76 LK 10 and 76 LK 13 inFinnish service). In 1941, the Germans captured a number of 76-09s, which they referred to as 7.62 cm GebK293(r). The guns were sometimes equipped with an armoured shield.

Museum examples• Polish Army Museum in Warsaw[1]

• The Artillery Museum of Finland in Hämeenlinna

References[1] Armata górska wz. 1909 kal. 76,2 mm (pl) (http:/ / www. muzeumwp. pl/ emwpaedia/ armata-gorska-wz-1909-kal-76-2-mm. php)

65

76.2 mm

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun

Ordnance RML 7 pounder Mk IV Mountain Gun

No. 4 (Hazara) Mountain Battery with RML 7 pounder circa. 1895

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  United Kingdom

Service historyIn service 1873 - 19?

Used by  British Empire  India

Wars Anglo-Zulu WarFirst Boer WarSecond Boer WarAnglo-Aro War

SpecificationsWeight 200 pounds (90.72 kg) barrel

Barrel length 3 feet (914 mm)

Shell 7lb 11 oz (Shrapnel)7lb 4oz (Common)12lb 4oz (Double)[1]

Calibre 3 inches (76.2 mm)

Traverse nil

Muzzle velocity 968 ft/s (295 m/s)

Maximum range 3,000 yd (2,700 m)

The Ordnance RML 7 pounder Mk IV "Steel Gun" was a rifled muzzle-loading mountain gun primarily used bythe Indian Army. 7 pounder referred to the approximate weight of the shell it fired.

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun 66

HistoryDevelopment began in 1864 to replace the RBL 6 pounder 2.5-inch (64 mm) gun of 3cwt, which had proved tooheavy for a mountain gun. Several Mks of 7 pounder RML of 2 cwt were tried in 1865 by boring out and rifling oldSBML bronze guns, but were still too heavy.[2]

Several Mks of new steel barrels (the first British all-steel gun, hence the name "Steel Gun") were then produced of190 lb (86 kg) and 150 lb (68 kg) but were not considered powerful enough.Mk IV of 200 lb (91 kg) with a longer bore was settled on for production in 1873.It was superseded by the RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun from 1879.

Combat UseIt could be assembled and a round loaded in 20 seconds. Its Common shell was considered ineffective. To give it ahigh angle capability, a Double shell was produced of increased length and containing a larger bursting charge. Thiswas fired with a reduced charge, but the low muzzle velocity did not always arm the fuze, or prevent the over-longprojectile from somersaulting. Shell rotation was effected by studs on the body of the shell. Elevation was by quoinor wedge and by screw.

Anglo-Zulu War 1879Britain deployed several guns mounted on Colonial (or "Kaffraria") carriages : light field gun type carriages withlarger wider-spaced wheels suited for being horse-drawn across long grass.

First Boer War 1880-1881Britain deployed 4 guns mounted on standard small mountain carriages during the war.

Second Boer War 1899-1902

Boers with guns on mountain carriages capturedat Battle of KraaipanKraaipan at the beginning of

the war

The gun was employed mounted on armoured trains and used by localmilitia forces early in the war.It was also employed mounted on normal field carriages with largerwheels which increased mobility in the long grass and allowed it to betowed by horses.[]

Anglo-Aro War

Column No. 4 of The British assembled Aro Field Force deployed one7 pounder gun during the battles in and around Arochukwu.

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun 67

Gun on field carriage at Mafeking

Surviving examples

An example from 1885, at Royal Armoury, FortNelson, UK

Today, several examples of the guns still exist around the world :• at the Regional Military Training Center in Darulaman Garrison,

Kabul. The garrison is near the palaces, and south of the Bala Hissarwhere the British had their headquarters during the Anglo-Afghanwars.

• A gun at Royal Armouries, Fort Nelson, Hampshire, UK [3]

• Royal Artillery Museum, London [3]

• South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg,South Africa

Notes and references[1][1] Hall, December 1972[2][2] Ruffell[3] http:/ / www. royalarmouries. org/ visit-us/ fort-nelson

Bibliography• Major Darrell D Hall, "Guns in South Africa 1899-1902" in The South African Military History Society Military

History Journal - Vol 2 No 1, June 1971 (http:/ / www. samilitaryhistory. org/ vol021dh. html)• Major Darrell D. Hall, "Field Artillery of the British Army 1860-1960. Part I, 1860 - 1900" in The South African

Military History Society. Military History Journal - Vol 2 No 4, December 1972 (http:/ / www. samilitaryhistory.org/ vol024dh. html) (web page is incorrectly titled 1900-1914)

• W. L. Ruffell, The Gun - Rifled Ordnance: Mountain Artillery. RML 7 pounder (http:/ / riv. co. nz/ rnza/ hist/gun/ rifled9. htm)

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun 68

Further reading• Major D.D. Hall, The South African Military History Society Military History Journal Vol 4 No 4, December

1978. "ARTILLERY IN THE ZULU WAR - 1879" (http:/ / www. samilitaryhistory. org/ vol044dh. html)• Major D.D. Hall, The South African Military History Society Military History Journal - Vol 5 No 2, December

1980. "The Artillery of the First Anglo-Boer War 1880 - 1881" (http:/ / www. samilitaryhistory. org/ vol052dh.html)

• MAJOR G. TYLDEN, ED, The South African Military History Society Military History Journal - Vol 1 No 2,June 1968. Further Notes on Early Rhodesian Military Units and Early Rhodesia's Weapons (http:/ / www.samilitaryhistory. org/ vol012gt. html)

External links• Diagram of carriage, 7-pounder gun of 200 Lbs Mk I and Text (http:/ / www. victorianforts. co. uk/ art/

7prRMLMountain. htm) at Victorian Forts and Artillery website.

76 mm mountain gun M1938 69

76 mm mountain gun M1938

76 mm mountain gun M1938

M1938 in the Artillery Museum of Finland.

Type mountain gun

Place of origin Czechoslovakia

Production historyDesigner Plant no 7

Designed 1937-1938

SpecificationsWeight 785 kg (1,731 lbs)

Barrel length 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) L/21.4

Shell 6.23 kg (13.7 lbs)

Caliber 76.2 mm (3 in)

Breech vertical block

Carriage box trail

Elevation -8° to +65°

Traverse 10°

Muzzle velocity 495 m/s (1,624 ft/s)

Maximum range 10,100 m (11,045 yds)

The 76 mm mountain gun M1938 (Russian: 76-мм горная пушка обр. 1938 г.) was a Soviet gun used in WorldWar II.In 1937, USSR got a license for Skoda 75 mm M1936 mountain gun in exchange for license production of TupolevSB in Czechoslovakia; subsequently, in 1937-1938 a team led by L. I. Gorlitskiy at Plant no 7 developed amodification eventually adopted as 76 mm mountain gun M1938.The gun had high elevation angle and could be quickly dismantled for transporting by pack horses. Sprung wheelsallowed high towing speed. The gun was light enough to be moved in combat by its crew.By 1 June 1941, the Red Army possessed about 800 pieces. In addition to mountain units, the weapon was issued tosome airborne units.In Wehrmacht service the gun was designated as 7.62 cm GebK 307(r).The Finnish army operated five captured pieces, known as 76 VK 38.

76 mm mountain gun M1938 70

M1938, rear view.

References• Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,

Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

• Ivanov A. - Artillery of the USSR in Second World War - SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. Артиллерия СССР воВторой Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., ISBN 5-7654-2731-6)

• Shunkov V. N. - The Weapons of the Red Army - Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. - Оружие Красной Армии.— Мн.: Харвест, 1999., ISBN 985-433-469-4)

• Soviet Mountain Artillery at mega.km.ru [1]

References[1] http:/ / mega. km. ru/ Weaponry/ encyclop. asp?TopicNumber=1603

71

80 mm

De Bange 80 mm cannon

De Bange 80mm Mle 1877"Canon de campagne de 80 modèle 1877"

De Bange 80mm Mle 1877, at the Musée de l'Armée, Paris.

Type Breechloading cannon

Place of origin  France

Service historyIn service 1877-

Production historyDesigner Charles Ragon de Bange

Designed 1877

Manufacturer Puteaux

Produced 1879

SpecificationsWeight 423 kg

Length 2.28 m

Shell 4.9 kg explosive shell

Caliber 80 mm

Barrels 1, steel

Rate of fire N/A

Sights unknown

The De Bange 80mm cannon (Mle 1877) was a type of field artillery piece.

De Bange 80 mm cannon 72

HistoryIt developed in France by Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange in 1877,[1] and adopted by the French Army that sameyear. It superseded the earlier Reffye cannon (1870) and the Lahitolle 95mm cannon (1875). De Bange alsomanufactured another cannon of a rather similar size: the De Bange 90mm cannon.

De Bange 80mm Mle 1877 breech portion.

The cannon was breech loading and used the originalmushroom-shaped obturator system developed by de Bange, allowingto properly seal the breech during each firing.[2] The cannon still hadan important recoil, meaning that it moved backward at each firing,necessitating re-aiming every time, which considerably slowed the rateof firing. This would remain a problem with all artillery pieces until thedevelopment of the recoilless Canon de 75 in 1897.

Notes[1] The Americana by Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines (http:/ / books.

google. com/ books?id=AtFPAAAAMAAJ& q="De+ Bange"+ 80& dq="De+Bange"+ 80& lr=& pgis=1)

[2] Field Artillery and Firepower by Jonathan B. A. Bailey, p.208 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ct=result& id=4M_Q6vWMshgC&dq="de+ Bange"+ 90& ots=5gwHZv2Csz& pg=RA1-PA245& lpg=RA1-PA245& sig=ACfU3U1llT8uCoJ0dD3tO_9TnQPqqsXtmg& q=De+Bange#PRA1-PA208,M1)

73

94 mm

QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer

Ordnance QF 3.7 inch mountain howitzer

A 3.7-inch QF mountain gun. Dated from 1939

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin United Kingdom

Service historyIn service 1917–1960

Wars World War I, World War II

Production historyProduced 1915–?

SpecificationsWeight 1,610 lb (730 kg)

Barrel length 3 ft 7.5 in (1.10 m)

Shell 20 lb HE, Shrapnel, Smoke, Starshell, HEAT

Calibre 3.7 inches (94 mm)

Recoil Hydro-pneumatic, variable, 17.5–35 inch

Carriage Wheeled, split trail

Elevation −5° to +40°[]

Traverse 20° L & R

Muzzle velocity 973 ft/s (297 m/s)

Maximum range 5,899 yd (5,394 m)

Ordnance, QF 3.7-inch Howitzer was a mountain gun, used by British and Commonwealth armies in World War Iand World War II, and between the wars.

QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer 74

HistoryThe British Indian Army first requested a modern mountain gun in 1906 to replace the BL 10 pounder MountainGun, which had been hastily developed after Second Boer War, but itself had several shortcomings. In particular, theshell weight was seen as too light and the gun lacked any recoil absorber or recuperator, meaning the gun had to berelaid after every shell was fired. However, financial constraints delayed production of the 3.7-inch weapon until1915. (As a stop-gap, the barrel of the 10 pounder gun was mounted on an updated carriage to produce the 2.75 inchMountain Gun.

World War I

Indian Army battery, probably 39th, at Jerusalem,December 1917

The 3.7-inch howitzer was first introduced in 1917, and was used inaction in that year in Mesopotamia.

The 22nd (Derajat) Indian Frontier Force mountain battery arrived inthe East Africa campaign on 18 December 1916, when they relievedthe 28th Battery which returned to India.[1] They appear to havere-equipped from the 10 pounder mountain gun to the 3.7-inchhowitzer while in East Africa, and first used the new weapon in actionin an attack on German positions at Medo, 11 April 1918.[2]

Interwar years

Indian gun crew firing, India, circa. 1930

The 3.7-inch howitzer superseded the 2.75-inch mountain gunfollowing World War I. It was used by mountain artillery regiments ofthe Royal Artillery and the Indian Artillery, and saw much service onthe North West Frontier of India between the wars.

World War II

In action in Burma, 3 November 1944

During World War II, the weapon equipped artillery units engaged inthe North African Campaign (Tunisia), the Italian Campaign andBurma Campaign, and it was also used in the Netherlands and Ruhrfighting in 1944-45 by units originally destined for mountain warfarein Greece. In the latter theatre, on occasion the gun was dismantled andman-hauled up to the upper floors of buildings to provide close supportin urban fighting. A lightened version was used briefly by Airborneformations. At least one example was supplied to the French Armyafter 1945; it was captured by the Viet Minh and is on display at theVietnam Army Museum in Hanoi.

During the war the gun, and its ammunition, were also manufactured inother Commonwealth Countries, including South Africa, by the ISCOR (The Iron and Steel Corporation of SouthAfrica), and India. South Africa also produced modified versions of the gun.[3]

QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer 75

The gun was finally declared obsolete by the British Army in 1960, although it had not seen service since 1945.

DetailsThe weapon was designed to be broken into eight mule loads, for transport over difficult terrain. The heaviest singlesection was the interrupted screw breech, which weighed 247 pounds (112 kg). Given an open gun position, apracticed crew could have the guns unloaded from the mules, reassembled and deployed ready for action in barelytwo minutes. However, the 3.7-inch howitzer's adjustable suspension system allowed it to be deployed on almost anyposition, even those too uneven or with too steep a gradient to allow field artillery to be sited. The process ofremoving the howitzer from a position and reloading it onto the gun mules involved much more lifting and securingloads than deploying it, but could be accomplished in three minutes in favourable conditions.The howitzer had a split trail, the first British weapon to do so, which allowed firing at very high angles (a usefulfeature in mountainous terrain). It also had a large rectangular shield to protect the crew from small-arms fire, butthis was often omitted to save weight. When it was first introduced, the howitzer had two wooden wheels and waslight enough be towed by two horses. Later marks had pneumatic tyres and could be towed by any light vehicle, suchas the Bren Carrier or jeep.The propellant casing had five "charge zones", but HE was restricted to no more than Charge 4, to prevent prematuredetonation of the shell.

Surviving examples• Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, London [3]

• 1942 Mk I Barrel on Mk II Carriage, at Imperial War Museum Duxford, UK.•• Israel Defense Forces History Museum (Batey ha-Osef Museum), Tel Aviv• Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand [4]

•• Vietnam Army Museum, Hanoi• The War Museum of Athens•• Example at GEM Homes, Johannesburg South Africa, to be restored shortly (pictures to follow)•• Example at Lenz Military Base, Johannesburg, South Africa, to be restored soon. (pictures to follow)•• Outside the Military Police Brigade HQ at Camp Cropper Iraq. (as of Jun 2008)

Notes and references[1][1] Farndale 1988, p. 338[2][2] Farndale 1988, p. 351[3] British Artillery in World War II: The 3.7-inch howitzer (http:/ / nigelef. tripod. com/ 37inchowsheet. htm)[4] http:/ / www. armymuseum. co. nz/

Bibliography• Farndale, General Sir Martin (1988). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the

Home Base, 1914-18. London: The Royal Artillery Institution. ISBN 978-1-870114-05-9.• Hogg, Ian V.; Thurston, L.F. (1972). British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914 – 1918. London: Ian Allan.

ISBN 978-0-7110-0381-1.

QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer 76

External links• W L Ruffel, QF 3.7-in Howitzer (http:/ / riv. co. nz/ rnza/ hist/ local/ qf37in. htm)• British Artillery in World War 2, Data Sheet - Ordnance, Q.F. 3.7-inch Howitzer (http:/ / nigelef. tripod. com/

37inchowsheet. htm)• ra39-45.pwp (http:/ / www. ra39-45. pwp. blueyonder. co. uk/ guns)• 3.7 inch Mountain Howitzer at Landships (http:/ / www. landships. info/ landships/ artillery_articles. html?load=/

landships/ artillery_articles/ 3_75_Mountain_Gun. html)

77

100 mm

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99

A 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M99 at Technical Museum Vienna

Type Mountain howitzer

Place of origin Austria-Hungary

Service historyUsed by  Austria-Hungary

Wars World War I

SpecificationsWidth 90 centimetres (35 in)

Shell 14.3 kilograms (32 lb)

Caliber 104 millimetres (4.1 in)

Breech eccentric interrupted screw

Carriage box trail

Muzzle velocity 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s)

Maximum range 6,100 metres (6,700 yd)?

The 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99 was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Itconsisted of the bronze barrel of the 10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99 on a new, narrow-gauge carriage that could be brokendown for transport on animal carts. Like its brother, it lacked a modern recoil system, using only an ineffectivespring-mounted spade brake, and was virtually obsolescent upon its introduction. Relatively few were made as theversion of the standard 10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99 with a narrow, 1.3-metre (51 in) carriage was cheaper.

References• Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and

Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8 78

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8

M.8 or M.10 at an Italian military cemetery

Type Mountain howitzer

Place of origin  Austria-Hungary

Service historyUsed by  Austria-Hungary

Wars World War I

SpecificationsShell 14.3 kilograms (32 lb)

Caliber 104 millimeters (4.1 in)

Breech horizontal sliding wedge

Carriage box trail

The 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8 was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was thefirst Austrian howitzer to use a modern hydraulic variable-recoil system. It used the same ammunition as the earlier10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99, which was shown to be accurate, but lacked sufficient power to destroy bunkers,during World War I. It had a gun shield. It could be mounted on a special sled carriage designed to allow forhigh-angle fire between +43° and 70° elevation. This sled was transported on a special bedding cart with removablewheels. The wheels were removed when in position to fire.The 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 10 was virtually identical except that it had its traversing and elevating handwheelson different sides and it was not given a high-angle mount.

References• Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and

Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7

Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 79

Skoda 100 mm Model 1916

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M. 16

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Austria-Hungary

Service historyIn service 1916-1945

Used by  Austria-Hungary  Austria  Czechoslovakia  Nazi Germany

 Hungary  Italy  Poland  Romania

Wars World War I, World War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Manufacturer Skoda

Produced 1915—18

Variants 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze M. 16(T)

SpecificationsWeight 1,235 kg (2,720 lb)

Barrel length 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) L/19

Shell weight 16 kg (35 lb) (Czech)13.4 kg (30 lb) (Italian)

Caliber 100 millimetres (3.9 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -8° to +70°

Traverse 5.5°

Muzzle velocity 341 m/s (1,120 ft/s) (Czech)407 m/s (1,340 ft/s) (Italian)

Effective range 7,090 m (7,750 yd) (Czech)

Maximum range 8,490 m (9,280 yd) (Italian)

The Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 (100 mm M.16) was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. The Turks used a 105 mm variant, the M.16(T). The Wehrmacht redesignated this as the 10 cm GebH 16 or 16(ö). Guns acquired from Italy, after 1943, were known as 10 cm GebH 316(i); those acquired from

Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 80

Czechoslovakia were 10 cm GebH 16(t). The Italians referred to weapons gained either through capture orreparations as the Obice da 100/17 modello 16. The gun could be broken into three sections, intended for towing bytwo animal carts. The gun crew was protected by a gun shield. The Italians used lighter shells than the Czechs, whichaccounts for the greater range and muzzle velocity of their guns.

Notes

References• Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,

Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19 81

Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19

10 cm horska houfnice vz. 16/19

Type mountain howitzer

Place of origin Czechoslovakia

Service historyIn service 1919–1945

Used by  Czechoslovakia  Nazi Germany  Greece  Hungary  Italy  Poland  Yugoslavia

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Manufacturer Skoda

SpecificationsWeight 1,350 kg (3,000 lb)

Barrel length 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) L/24

Shell 16 kilograms (35 lb)

Caliber 100 millimetres (3.9 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -7° 30' to +70°

Traverse 5° 30'

Muzzle velocity 395 m/s (1,300 ft/s)

Maximum range 9,800 m (10,700 yd)

The Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19 (100 mm M.16/19) was a mountain howitzer modified by Skoda Works from thedesign of the M.16, and its most notable difference was the longer barrel. It is unclear if they were newly built, orrebuilt from older howitzers. The Czech Army used this gun in both its 100 mm and 105 mm variants. After 1938,the guns were used by the Wehrmacht as 10 cm GebH 16/19(t) and 10.5 cm GebH(t). In addition, some of theseguns were also used by Italy and Turkey, although this needs confirmation. The gun broke down into 3 loads fortransport. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.

Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19 82

References• Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,

Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

• Hogg, Ian Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Nobles, 2000 ISBN 0-7607-1994-2

83

105 mm

10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40

10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Nazi Germany

Service historyIn service 1942–65?

Used by  Nazi Germany

Wars Second World War

Production historyDesigner Böhler

Designed 1938–40

Manufacturer Böhler

Produced 1942–45

Number built 420

SpecificationsWeight 1,660 kg (3,700 lb)

Barrel length 2.87 metres (9 ft 5 in)

Shell separate-loading, cased charge

Shell weight 14.52 kg (32.0 lb)

Caliber 105 millimetres (4.1 in)

Breech horizontal sliding block

Carriage split trail

Elevation -4° 30' to +71°

Traverse 51°

Rate of fire 4–6 rpm

Muzzle velocity 565 m/s (1,850 ft/s)

Maximum range 12,625 m (13,807 yd)

10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 84

The 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 (10.5 cm GebH 40) was a 10.5 cm (4.1 in) German mountain howitzer usedduring World War II. A total of 420 were built during World War II. It saw action with German mountain divisionsin Finland, Italy, France, on the Eastern Front and in the Balkans from 1942. It has the distinction of being theheaviest mountain howitzer ever built. It served with a number of European countries into the 1960s.

Development and descriptionThe 10.5 cm GebH 40 was designed to meet an Army requirement for a 10.5 cm howitzer to serve in the mountaindivisions (Gebirgs Divisionen). Both Rheinmetall and Böhler submitted designs for troop trials in 1940 and Böhlerwas selected for production, although actual production did not begin until 1942.[1] Some 420 were built between1942–45.The design of the 10.5 cm GebH 40 was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself, with its standard Germanhorizontal sliding block breech, split trail carriage with removable spades, and muzzle brake, but its carriage wastruly innovative. First, the light-alloy wheels with solid rubber tires, and their spring suspension, were fixed to thelegs of the split-trail carriage and would "toe-in" when the legs were spread out in preparation for firing. Second, afiring pedestal was positioned underneath the front of the carriage so that the howitzer had three points of supportwhen firing and to minimize the time needed to find a firing position by reducing the amount of level space required(three level spots being easier to find than four). Third, it could be towed fully assembled, broken down into fourloads on single-axle trailers towed by Sd.Kfz. 2 "Kettenkrad" half-track motorcycles or broken down into fivepack-loads to be carried by mules. It remains the heaviest mountain howitzer ever made at 1,660 kg (3,700 lb), but ithas been assessed as one of the best mountain guns ever made and it remained in service until the 1960s with variousEuropean countries.[2]

Two different range figures have been quoted for the 10.5 cm GebH 40, 12,625 metres (13,807 yd) and 16,740metres (18,310 yd).[3] The former figure seems more plausible when compared to 10.5 cm howitzers with roughlysimilar barrel lengths and muzzle velocities like the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and the American M-2.

AmmunitionThe 10.5 cm GebH 40 fired a wide variety of ammunition, with the notable exception of a conventionalarmor-piercing shell. It used instead the standard three types of 10.5 cm hollow-charge armor-piercing shellsdeveloped over the course of the war and shared its illumination shell with the 10.5 cm leFH 18. However it usedunique high-explosive and smoke shells. It used six increments of propellant which were added together to reach thedesired range. A seventh charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of thehowitzer's range.[4]

Notes[1][1] Gander and Chamberlain, p. 289[2][2] Hogg, p. 34[3][3] Hogg, p. 35[4] Hogg, pp. 35–6

References• Engelmann, Joachim and Scheibert, Horst. Deutsche Artillerie 1934–1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen

und Bildern: Ausrüstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Führung, Einsatz. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke,1974

• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 85

• Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books,1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X

External links• Pictures of the gun (http:/ / www. thetankmaster. com/ english/ afv/ 105_gebh40. asp)• 10.5 cm GebH 40 in U.S. Ordnance Catalog (http:/ / www. lonesentry. com/ ordnance/

10-5-cm-geb-h-40-mountain-howitzer. html)

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider 86

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909Schneider

Canon Court de 105M(montagne) modèle 1909Schneider

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  France

Service historyIn service  France

 Nazi Germany

Production historyManufacturer Schneider et Cie

Produced 1909

SpecificationsWeight Combat: 730 kg (1,609 lbs)

Travel: 750 kg (1,653 lbs)

Shell weight 12 kg (26.4 lbs)

Caliber 105 millimetres (4.1 in)

Breech horizontal sliding block

Carriage split trail

Elevation 0° to 60°

Traverse 5°

Muzzle velocity 300 m/s (984 ft/s)

Effective range 6,000 m (6,561 yds)

The Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1909 Schneider (105 mm mle.1909) was a French mountain gun,manufactured by Schneider et Cie. According to Kennblatter fremden Gerätz, Germany used the former French gunas the 10.5 cm GebH 343(f). The gun could be towed by a horse or mule.According to Russian sourсes the 105 M Mle 1909 was evaluated and found suitable for Russian use, but needed tobe rebuilt to accept 107mm Russian ammunition and was never used by Russian army. (Encyclopedia of the SovietArtillery by Shirokorad A. B. and others).

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider 87

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1919Schneider

Schneider 105, 1919/24 mountain gun at Hellenic(Greek) War Museum, Athens, Greece

Canon Court de 105M(montagne) modele 1919Schneider

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin  France

Service historyUsed by  France

 Nazi GermanyKingdom of Italy

 Greece  Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Wars World War II

Production historyManufacturer Schneider et Cie

Produced 1919

SpecificationsWeight 750 kg (1,653 lbs)

Shell 12 kg (26.45 lbs)

Caliber 105 mm (4.1 in)

Breech horizontal sliding block

Carriage split trail

Elevation 0° to 40°

Traverse 9°

Muzzle velocity 350 m/s (1,184 ft/s)

Effective range 7,850 m (8,585 yds)

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider 88

Schneider 105, 1919/24 mountain gun template atHellenic (Greek) War Museum, Athens, Greece

The Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider(105 mm mle.19) was a French mountain gun intended to be used inconjunction with the 75 mm mle.19. The mle.19 was manufactured bySchneider. For transport, this gun could be broken down into 8sections; the barrel could be dismantled into 2 sections. These werealso used by Yugoslavia and Germany (the latter referring to them as10.5 cm le.GebH 322(f) and 10.5 cm le.GebH 329(j)). The crew wasprotected by an armoured shield. This gun was used also by theHellenic (Greek) Army in Ipirus (Pindos mountains) in theGreek-Italian war from October 1940 - Spring 1941 .It was used inconjunction with the 75 mm mle.19 of 7,5 cm caliber as they called it.A variant was later made, this being the Canon Court de 105M(montagne) modèle 1928 Schneider, which the Germans referred to as a 10.5 cm le.GebH 323(f).

SurvivorsAt least one example is exhibited in Hellenic War Museum in Athens, Greece

Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 89

Skoda 105 mm Model 1939

Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 (D9)

Gun in Finnish service

Type Mountain gun

Place of origin Czechoslovakia

Service historyIn service 1939-1945?

Used by  Romania  Afghanistan

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Manufacturer Skoda

SpecificationsWeight 1,400 kg (3,100 lb)

Barrel length 2.51 m (8 ft 3 in) L/23.9

Shell 15 kilograms (33 lb)

Caliber 105 mm (4.13 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -7° 30' to +70°

Traverse 6°

Muzzle velocity 450 m/s (1,476 ft)

Maximum range 11,000 m (12,000 yd)

The Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 (105 mm M.39) was a mountain gun, manufactured by Skoda Works as acompanion piece for the 75 mm M.39. This was a revised version of the 100 mm M.16 and 100 mm M.16/19. Likethem it was broken down into three loads, each towed by a pair of horses, for transport.

References• Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns

OTO Melara Mod 56 90

OTO Melara Mod 56

OTO Melara Model 56/14 PackHowitzer

Type Pack Howitzer

Place of origin  Italy

Service historyUsed by See Users

Production historyDesigner OTO-Melara

SpecificationsWeight 1,272 kg (2,800 lb)

Barrel length 1.47 m (4 ft 9.9 in)

Crew 4

Calibre 105 mm (4.13 in)

Breech vertical sliding block

Recoil hydro-pneumatic

Carriage split trail

Elevation -7° to +65°

Traverse 56°

Muzzle velocity 416.0 m/s (1,360 ft/s)

Maximum range 11,100 m (12,100 yd)

The OTO-Melara Mod 56 is an Italian-made 105 mm pack howitzer built and developed by OTO-Melara. It firesthe standard US type M1 ammunition.

HistoryThe OTO Melara 105 mm Mod 56 began life in the 1950s to meet the requirement for a modern light-weighthowitzer that could be used by the Italian Armys Alpini brigades mountain artillery regiments. The fact that itremained in service with those same units a full half century after the howitzer's introduction is testament to the gun'squality. The Mod 56 has a number of unique characteristics for a weapon of its caliber, including the ability for itscrew to manhandle the gun (due to its light weight), and the capability of being able to be used in the direct fire role.Being a pack howitzer, it is designed to be broken down into 12 parts, each of which can be easily transported.[1]

The capability of this weapon to be "knocked-down" allows the sections to be transported a number of ways although the original design was for mule-pack using special pack saddles. More usually it is towed by a light vehicle such as a jeep or Land Rover, and with the shield removed it can be carried inside a M113 APC. However, its particular attraction to Western Armies in the 1960s was that its light weight meant it could be lifted in one piece

OTO Melara Mod 56 91

by helicopter. This made the gun popular with light artillery units in many countries as well as the more specializedmountain and airborne troops. Over all, the Mod 56 has served in more than 30 countries worldwide, of which apartial listing of the major operators is listed below.As an added refinement to the gun's mass, the Mod 56 is built to be an artillery piece with a reputation of ease withwhich it can be assembled and then disassembled into twelve components within minutes. The gun's light weight didhave a drawback, however. It lacked robustness necessary for sustained operations, Australian and New ZealandGunners in Vietnam found the weapon unsuitable for continuous operations. The guns in Vietnam were replaced bythe sturdy US-made M101A1 after some 2 years. This lack of durability also led to their being carried on trucks forlonger distances outside the combat zone. What's more was that fact that the Mod 56 offered limited protection to itscrew.The Chinese manufacturer NORINCO offers a version of the Model 56 Pack Howitzer and its associatedammunition.[2]

In Commonwealth service, the gun was known simply as the L5 Pack Howitzer with L10 ordnance. However, itslack of range and the indifferent lethality of its ammunition led UK to start development of its replacement, the L118Light Gun, only two years after the Pack Howitzer entering service.The gun also became the standard equipment of the Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (AMF) artillery,equipping the batteries provided by Canada, Belgium, German, Italy and UK (until 1975).

Combat ServiceIdentified combat use includes:• Argentine Army 3rd and 4th Artillery Groups during the 1982 Falklands War.• British Army during the Aden Emergency in South Yemen (1 RHA and 19 Light Regiments) and Borneo (4, 6,

29 Cdo, 40, 45 and 95 Cdo Light Regiments).• Australian Army during the Malayan Emergency in Borneo and Malaya (102 Field Battery) and during the

Vietnam War from 1965–67 (and very limited use thereafter) by (101, 103, 105, 106 and 108 Field Batteries).• Malaysian Army in Borneo and Malaysian Peninsular during the Second Malayan Emergency (1968–1989).• New Zealand Army during the Vietnam War (161 Battery).

Users

Operators of the Mod 56 (current in blue – former in red)

Current Users

• Argentina• Bangladesh• Botswana• Brazil• Chile• Djibouti• Ecuador• El Salvador• Ghana

• Greece• Malaysia• Mexico• Nigeria

OTO Melara Mod 56 92

• Pakistan: 50 ordered from Italy in 1975 and delivered between 1975 and 1978. [3]

• Peru• Philippines• Saudi Arabia• Spain• Sudan• Thailand• Venezuela• Zambia• Zimbabwe

Former Users• Australia• Austria• Canada• France• Germany• India• Iraq[4]

• Italy• New Zealand• Portugal• United Kingdom

ReferencesNotes[1] Twentieth Century Artillery by Ian Hogg — ISBN 1-84013-315-5[2] China expands tube artillery capability by Christopher F. Foss in International Defence Review, Vol 42 May 2009[3] SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (http:/ / armstrade. sipri. org/ arms_trade/ trade_register. php)[4] http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ iraq/ ground-equipment. htm

External links• OTO Melara 105 mm Pack Howitzer on ProbertEncyclopaedia.com (http:/ / www. probertencyclopaedia. com/

cgi-bin/ res. pl?keyword=OTO+ Melara+ 105+ mm+ Pack+ Howitzer& offset=0)• German page on the OTO Melara 105 mm Pack Howitzer (http:/ / www. panzerbaer. de/ guns/ bw_fh_105mm_f.

htm)

93

150 mm

Skoda 150 mm Model 1918

Skoda 150 mm Model 1918Type mountain howitzer

Place of origin Czechoslovakia

Service historyIn service 1918-1945?

Used by  Czechoslovakia  Nazi Germany

Wars World War II

Production historyDesigner Skoda

Manufacturer Skoda

Produced 1918?

SpecificationsWeight 2,800 kg (6,200 lb)

Barrel length 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) L/13

Shell 42 kilograms (93 lb)

Caliber 149.1 mm (5.87 in)

Carriage box trail

Elevation -5° to +70°

Traverse 7°

Muzzle velocity 340 m/s (1,115 ft/s)

Maximum range 8,000 m (8,700 yd)

The Skoda 150 mm Model 1918 was a heavy mountain howitzer, manufactured by Skoda Works. The design wasbegun during World War I, but the first prototype was completed as the war ended. After 1938, the Wehrmachtdesignated the few built as 15 cm GebH 18(t), although it's uncertain if they were actually used. The gun could betransported on six carts; each cart pulled by at least two horses or mules. The barrel assembly required three towinganimals.

Skoda 150 mm Model 1918 94

References• Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,

Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN0-385-15090-3

Article Sources and Contributors 95

Article Sources and ContributorsMountain gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584724381  Contributors: Androcoles, Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, Brianhe, Bukvoed, Cla68, Cprompt, Dilcoe, Dori, Foofbun,Geni, GraemeLeggett, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idleguy, Idsnowdog, Jackehammond, JohnOwens, Joshbaumgartner, Kross, Manxruler, Maury Markowitz, Michael Hardy, Noclador, Paul1776, PeterChamberlain, Rcbutcher, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Skartsis, Terry Gander, Tom harrison, Wpollard, Zoicon5, 20 anonymous edits

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=548015693  Contributors: Andrwsc, Antique Military Rifles, Arx Fortis, CommonsDelinker, Dodo19, Hmains,Idsnowdog, Jac16888, Jackehammond, Jim7x57, Koalorka, Lightmouse, NJR ZA, Profitoftruth85, Rcbutcher, SchroCat, 1 anonymous edits

Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572690000  Contributors: AdmkplsTh, Aldis90, Artillerie, Balcer, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Dr.Sunglasses, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gene Nygaard, Hmains, Hongdx, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Lightmouse, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher,Rettetast, Riddley, WouterVH, Ynhockey, 3 anonymous edits

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=579294043  Contributors: Aldis90, Andrew Gray, Andrwsc, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Cabalamat, Fat yankey,Grafikm fr, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Koalorka, Lightmouse, MatthewVanitas, Megaidler, Oberiko, Pearle, Pelzig, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Stormbay, 11 anonymous edits

7 cm Gebirgsgeschütz M 99  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569496632  Contributors: Bukvoed, Delta 51, Idsnowdog, Klemen Kocjancic, Melaen, RASAM, Rettetast,Shashenka, Sturmvogel 66, 1 anonymous edits

Cannone da 70/15  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545378576  Contributors: Aieieprazu, Bukvoed, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Sturmvogel 66, 1 anonymous edits

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578686573  Contributors: Andrwsc, Antique Military Rifles, Bukvoed, CommonsDelinker,DerbyCountyinNZ, GraemeLeggett, Idsnowdog, Jenks24, Jim Sweeney, Killa jim, Koalorka, Lightmouse, MBisanz, MFIreland, MZMcBride, Ohconfucius, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough,Rjwilmsi, Rob.langham, Topbanana, 7 anonymous edits

BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578686923  Contributors: Antique Military Rifles, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, CommonsDelinker, Dangerous-Boy,DerbyCountyinNZ, Gene Nygaard, Grafikm fr, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Koalorka, Lightmouse, Luna Santin, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Pearle, Rcbutcher, Rob.langham, Wandalstouring, 5anonymous edits

Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=542517969  Contributors: A Train, Andres rojas22, Bobblewik, Brainy J, Brianhe, Buster40004, Dodo19,Hmains, Idsnowdog, Loveman, MKFI, Megapixie, Rcbutcher, SimonP, 曾 禰 越 後 守, 2 anonymous edits

75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=542473091  Contributors: Bobrayner, Bukvoed, Chasnor15, Cplakidas, Dmytro Kondratenko, DonaldDuck,Megaidler, OwenX, Rcbutcher, Skartsis, 1 anonymous edits

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562487061  Contributors: Ain92, Antique Military Rifles, Aymatth2, Dspradau, GraemeLeggett, Hmains,Idsnowdog, John of Reading, Koalorka, Lightmouse, Nfe, Ohconfucius, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Sadads, Sietse Snel, Theopolisme, WereSpielChequers, Zollerriia, 7 anonymousedits

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545417444  Contributors: Aldis90, Andrwsc, GreatWhiteNortherner, Idsnowdog, Max-78, NJR ZA,Rcbutcher, Truthanado, Wikix, 3 anonymous edits

7.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=565595086  Contributors: Bukvoed, Gene Nygaard, Idsnowdog, Jerzy, Joshbaumgartner, Manxruler,Mzajac, Oberiko, Pearle, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Rlandmann, ShelfSkewed, Zdziska, 2 anonymous edits

Skoda 75 mm Model 15  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558900152  Contributors: Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, EdH, Farkas János, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Jguk,Joshbaumgartner, Joy, Klaudio, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Lightmouse, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Qsf, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Riddley, Sardanaphalus, Stone, Stormbay,Sturmvogel 66, 6 anonymous edits

Skoda 75 mm Model 1928  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541138699  Contributors: Aldis90, Anetode, Bobblewik, Gene Nygaard, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, KlemenKocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Pudelek, Reallyfastcar, Riddley, Stone, Stormbay, Sturmvogel 66, Trockya, Vinie007, WouterVH, 2 anonymous edits

Skoda 75 mm Model 1936  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546471307  Contributors: Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Magnius,Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Riddley, Stormbay, Sturmvogel 66, Tmopkisn, Trockya, 2 anonymous edits

Skoda 75 mm Model 1939  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558904538  Contributors: Aldis90, Ashrf1979, Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner,Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Reallyfastcar, Rettetast, Riddley, Stone, Stormbay, Sturmvogel 66, The Bushranger

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585744584  Contributors: Acad Ronin, Ain92, Ben Ben, Billlion, Bobblewik,Bobrayner, Bukvoed, ChrisGualtieri, Dr. Sunglasses, Edurcastro28, Gene Nygaard, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Kierzek, Klemen Kocjancic, Manxruler, Max-78,Mzajac, Nickj, Oberiko, Panagogr, Peter Chamberlain, PpPachy, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, WouterVH, Xristar, Zarcadia, 2 anonymous edits

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558900470  Contributors: Aldis90, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Dr. Sunglasses, Gene Nygaard,GraemeLeggett, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Peter Chamberlain, PpPachy, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Riddley, WouterVH, 6 anonymous edits

M.27 (mountain gun)  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=484289890  Contributors: 777sms, Bukvoed, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Manxruler, Rcbutcher, Sturmvogel 66

M116 howitzer  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583864421  Contributors: Aldis90, Arch dude, Ary29, Brian in denver, Bukvoed, Cacetudo, CommonsDelinker, Diannaa,Edward, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Il vecchietto, Jackehammond, Jiujitsuguy, Jmcc150, Kalur, Maxx786, Mieciu K, Mortense, Ohconfucius, Pol098, Rcbutcher, Saə, Shem1805, Shrigley, TJRC, TheHollow Man2010, Upshotknothole, 26 anonymous edits

Obice da 75/18 modello 34  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=580717932  Contributors: Ain92, Aldis90, Bukvoed, CARAVAGGISTI, Cabalamat, Carlofg, DerbyCountyinNZ,Dodo19, FAM1885, Fat yankey, Gaius Cornelius, Ibericus Lusitanus, Rcbutcher, Sus scrofa, Zubisoft, 9 anonymous edits

Bofors 75 mm Model 1934  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545382604  Contributors: Ain92, Aldis90, Dodo19, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Maviozan, Rcbutcher,Sturmvogel 66, 5 anonymous edits

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545912137  Contributors: A Train, A1064, Andres rojas22, Balcer, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, BrokenSphere,Bukvoed, Buster40004, DH85868993, Dodo19, Download, Gaius Cornelius, Idsnowdog, Lightmouse, Loveman, Megapixie, Rcbutcher, Spellmaster, 曾 禰 越 後 守, 7 anonymous edits

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585608431  Contributors: Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Brianhe, Buster40004, Chris the speller, Cla68,Franzeska, Fuhghettaboutit, Idsnowdog, MChew, Megapixie, Rcbutcher, Rheo1905, Wikid77, Zippanova, 11 anonymous edits

7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584830385  Contributors: Aldis90, Babajobu, Bukvoed, Chuckstar, Crested Penguin, Curps,DarkScipio, Denniss, Dreamafter, Esagsoz, Gene Nygaard, HarDNox, Idsnowdog, Jesse V., Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Juan Hernandez, King nothing, Klemen Kocjancic, Kubanczyk, Kyng,MarcusBritish, Max-78, Mzajac, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Rbaal, Rcbutcher, Reallyfastcar, Rettetast, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, Rlandmann, Roo72, Sturmvogel 66, SwordSmurf, Terry Gander,11 anonymous edits

7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=563438840  Contributors: Bukvoed, ChrisGualtieri, D6, Delta 51, Glst2, Idsnowdog, Koalorka, Kyng,MarcusBritish, Max-78, Ohconfucius, RASAM, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Roo72, Sturmvogel 66, 2 anonymous edits

76 mm mountain gun M1909  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559308581  Contributors: Ain92, Aranel, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bukvoed, Cplakidas, Gene Nygaard,Hmains, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, MoRsE, Mzajac, Peter Chamberlain, Rettetast, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Skartsis, Ulric1313, 3 anonymous edits

Article Sources and Contributors 96

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578364014  Contributors: Ako, Andrwsc, BD2412, Brad101AWB, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry,Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Dodo19, Geni, Idsnowdog, Lightmouse, NJR ZA, Petruspulcher, Rcbutcher, Socrates2008, 2 anonymous edits

76 mm mountain gun M1938  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=539060640  Contributors: Bukvoed, Fryed-peach, Idsnowdog, LostArtilleryman, MoRsE, Nemo5576,Rcbutcher, Sturmvogel 66, TykkimiesPSPR, 2 anonymous edits

De Bange 80 mm cannon  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584724731  Contributors: Aldis90, Chris the speller, Depictionimage, Dodo19, Hugo999, Per Honor et Gloria,Rcbutcher, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Someone not using his real name, Woohookitty

QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578689096  Contributors: Aldis90, Antique Military Rifles, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, CanisRufus, Chris thespeller, DerbyCountyinNZ, Dodo19, Epipelagic, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, HLGallon, Hoverfish, Hu, Idsnowdog, IxK85, Klemen Kocjancic, Lightmouse, Megapixie, Mzajac, Nfe, Ovsek,Puddhe, Rcbutcher, Redvers, Roo72, Ryan.opel, SteinbDJ, Sus scrofa, Wknight94, 24 anonymous edits

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559107755  Contributors: Adamdaley, Dodo19, Idsnowdog, Klemen Kocjancic, Rcbutcher, Rettetast,Sturmvogel 66, Sushi-n-Sashimi, 1 anonymous edits

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559107736  Contributors: Adamdaley, Ain92, Dodo19, Klemen Kocjancic, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Sturmvogel 66,1 anonymous edits

Skoda 100 mm Model 1916  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558900253  Contributors: Aieieprazu, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Farkas János, GraemeLeggett, Ibericus Lusitanus,Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Lightmouse, Lothar von Richthofen, Manxruler, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Riddley,Sardanaphalus, Stone, Sturmvogel 66, The Epopt, 1 anonymous edits

Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=574273657  Contributors: Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Chris the speller, Denisarona, Edurcastro28, Enochlau,Hmains, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Klaudio, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Stone, Sturmvogel 66, Ulric1313, 1anonymous edits

10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=563438951  Contributors: Brad101AWB, Bukvoed, D6, DerBorg, EyeSerene, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Koalorka,Kwiki, Lastdingo, MarcusBritish, Max-78, Ohconfucius, Pol098, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Roo72, Sturmvogel 66, 6 anonymous edits

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561517161  Contributors: Ain92, Auntof6, BD2412, Bobblewik, Bobrayner,Bukvoed, Guy1890, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Les Meloures, MWAK, Max-78, Panagogr, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, 6anonymous edits

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modèle 1919 Schneider  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=547615118  Contributors: Aieieprazu, Aranel, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bukvoed,Gene Nygaard, Iamunknown, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Livajo, Max-78, Mzajac, Oberiko, Panagogr, Peter Chamberlain, PpPachy, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough,Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Sortior, TBadger, Xristar, 1 anonymous edits

Skoda 105 mm Model 1939  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546470530  Contributors: Ain92, Aldis90, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Eloquence, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner,Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Reallyfastcar, Riddley, Stone, Sturmvogel 66, 1 anonymous edits

OTO Melara Mod 56  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577980374  Contributors: Aldis90, Anotherclown, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, CALR, Canationalist, CarloMartinelli,Dave1185, Digre 90, EconomistBR, Firsfron, Good Skoda, Green Giant, Hibernian, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Jor70, Joshbaumgartner, Kernel Saunters, Lastdingo, MFIreland, MatthewVanitas,Maxx786, Mownberry, Nfe, Noclador, Paul1776, Puddhe, Sandstig, Son of Zealandia, Tempest II, Timberwolf Sniper, Tonster, 50 anonymous edits

Skoda 150 mm Model 1918  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546470980  Contributors: Aldis90, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Dodo19, Glorioussandwich, Hmains, Idsnowdog,Jguk, Jose Ramos, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Saimhe, Stone, Sturmvogel 66

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 97

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Worlds first mountain gun able to be broken down.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worlds_first_mountain_gun_able_to_be_broken_down.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: BadseedFile:80 mm French mountain gun with a 130 pound air mine attached.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:80_mm_French_mountain_gun_with_a_130_pound_air_mine_attached.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )File:Bergkanon M1848 side view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bergkanon_M1848_side_view.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: ManxrulerImage:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: RcbutcherFile:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rcbutcher 16:06, 9September 2007 (UTC)File:German anti-tank gun & crew October 1918 AWM H13453.jpeg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:German_anti-tank_gun_&_crew_October_1918_AWM_H13453.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: photographer not identified. GermanGovernment.Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1991-068-35, SS-Karstwehr-Bataillons, Artillerie-Ausbildung.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-068-35,_SS-Karstwehr-Bataillons,_Artillerie-Ausbildung.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: Ain92, Bukvoed, Lou.gruber, 1 anonymous editsFile:3.7inchHowitzerInActionMawlu3November1944.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:3.7inchHowitzerInActionMawlu3November1944.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Photographer: Lentz W (Sgt) No 9 Army Film & Photographic UnitFile:Spanish-marines-man-105mm-howitzer-19811001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spanish-marines-man-105mm-howitzer-19811001.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: SSGT JOSE LOPEZ JR.File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: RcbutcherFile:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, MifterFile:British Raj Red Ensign.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BarryobFile:RML2.5inchMountainGunFirepowerMuseum2006.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML2.5inchMountainGunFirepowerMuseum2006.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Mike Morrison<mikemor2@cox.net>File:RML2.5inchMountainGunDefenceOfKimberley.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML2.5inchMountainGunDefenceOfKimberley.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: British GovernmentFile:Sikh Gunners with an Ordinance rifled muzzel loading 2.5inch mountain gun, the 'Screw-gun'..jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sikh_Gunners_with_an_Ordinance_rifled_muzzel_loading_2.5inch_mountain_gun,_the_'Screw-gun'..jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:unknownFile:South Africa-Gauteng-Fort Klapperkop003.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:South_Africa-Gauteng-Fort_Klapperkop003.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: NJR ZAImage:Yad-Mordechai-museum-napoleonchik-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yad-Mordechai-museum-napoleonchik-1.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:BukvoedFile:Flag of Albania.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Albania.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Greece.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greece.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)File:Flag of Israel.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935–1945).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FornaxFile:Flag of Poland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterImage:Canone 65-17 modello 13.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canone_65-17_modello_13.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Fat yankeyFile:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.5  Contributors: F l a n k e rImage:GebGesch.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GebGesch.jpg  License: anonymous-EU  Contributors: anonymous photographer during World War IFile:Flag of Italy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:10pounderMountainGunEastAfricaWWI.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10pounderMountainGunEastAfricaWWI.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:British GovernmentFile:10pounderMountainGunPostcardSergtPaterson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10pounderMountainGunPostcardSergtPaterson.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Photographer unknownFile:10 Pounder Mountain Gun.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10_Pounder_Mountain_Gun.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Rob.langhamImage:2.75inchMountainGunKamberliSalonikaFrontJune1918.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.75inchMountainGunKamberliSalonikaFrontJune1918.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photographer unknownImage:2.75inchMountainGunDoiranFront1917.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.75inchMountainGunDoiranFront1917.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Photographer: Varges, AImage:BL2.75inchCartridgeDiagram.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BL2.75inchCartridgeDiagram.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: War Office, UKImage:BL2.75inchShrapnelMkIShellDiagram.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BL2.75inchShrapnelMkIShellDiagram.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:War Office, UKImage:No80FuzeMkVL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:No80FuzeMkVL.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: War Office, UKImage:TFrictionTubeMkIV.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TFrictionTubeMkIV.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: War Office, UK.File:2.75 inch Mountain Gun.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.75_inch_Mountain_Gun.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Rob.langhamFile:Front view of the 2.75 inch Mountain Gun.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Front_view_of_the_2.75_inch_Mountain_Gun.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Rob.langhamFile:75 mm Meiji 31 mountain gun Hämeenlinna 1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:75_mm_Meiji_31_mountain_gun_Hämeenlinna_1.JPG  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: MKFIFile:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: kahusi - (Talk)File:76-mm mountain cannon model 1909 Schneider system 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:76-mm_mountain_cannon_model_1909_Schneider_system_2.jpg License: unknown  Contributors: Vitaly V. Kuzmin

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 98

File:QF2.95inchMountainGun.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMountainGun.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: British GovernmentFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of the Philippines.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Achim1999File:QF2.95inchMkIVDoubleShell.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMkIVDoubleShell.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: War Office, UK.File:QF2.95inchMkIVShrapnelRound.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMkIVShrapnelRound.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: War Office,UK.File:No65AMkILFuze.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:No65AMkILFuze.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: War Office, UKFile:2.95inchMountainGunCartridgeCaseDiagram.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.95inchMountainGunCartridgeCaseDiagram.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: United States. Army. Ordnance DeptFile:2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbHEShell.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbHEShell.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnitedStates. Army. Ordnance DeptFile:2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbShrapnel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbShrapnel.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnitedStates. Army. Ordnance DeptImage:Pack_Howitzer2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pack_Howitzer2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Mark PellegriniImage:QF2.95inchMountainGun3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMountainGun3.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Roderick C ButcherImage:QF2.95inchMountainGunDiagram.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMountainGunDiagram.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnitedStates. Army. Ordnance DeptImage:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rcbutcher 16:06,9 September 2007 (UTC)File:1900 Vickers with recoil cylinders.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1900_Vickers_with_recoil_cylinders.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike3.0 Unported  Contributors: Acad RoninImage:75mm-Ehrhardt-1904-Nr1-001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:75mm-Ehrhardt-1904-Nr1-001.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: NJR ZAFile:Flag of the German Empire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:B1mbo andUser:MaddenFile:South Africa Flag 1912-1928.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:South_Africa_Flag_1912-1928.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: FornaxFile:Flag of Portugal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; genericdesign); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources)File:Flag of Norway.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DbenbennImage:Skoda Gebirgsgesch.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Skoda_Gebirgsgesch.JPG  License: anonymous-EU  Contributors: anonymous photographer duringWorld War IFile:Flag of Austria-Hungary 1869-1918.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_1869-1918.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:vectorized by Sgt_bilko, change name by User:Actarux for use in same templatesFile:Flag of Austria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Austria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:F l a n k e rFile:Flag of Romania.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Romania.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AdiJapanFile:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Benbennick (original author)File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Flag designed by ĐorđeAndrejević-KunSVG coding: Zscout370File:Flag of Croatia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83,Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament)File:Skoda 75 mm Model 1928 (AM Žižkov).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Skoda_75_mm_Model_1928_(AM_Žižkov).jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Pudelek (Marcin Szala)Image:Schneider1919.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schneider1919.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edurcastro28File:Flag of Brazil.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Paraguay.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Republica del ParaguayFile:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Cycn,Eleassar, Makaristos, Orzetto, Permjak, R-41, Rainman, Trần Nguyễn Minh Huy, 1 anonymous editsFile:SCHNEIDER75 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SCHNEIDER75_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:PanagogrFile:SCHNEIDER75 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SCHNEIDER75_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:PanagogrImage:7.5 cm M.27 mountain gun - side view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7.5_cm_M.27_mountain_gun_-_side_view.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ManxrulerImage:7.5 cm M.27 mountain gun - front view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7.5_cm_M.27_mountain_gun_-_front_view.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ManxrulerFile:Two M116 75mm Howitzers in Chengkungling 20111009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Two_M116_75mm_Howitzers_in_Chengkungling_20111009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:玄 史 生

File:US flag 48 stars.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_48_stars.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Abjiklam, AnonMoos, Clindberg, Cycn, DualFreq, Flargman4, Homo lupus, Jacobolus, MuXXo, Rocket000, Tkgd2007, Zscout370, 6 anonymous editsImage:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M1-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M1-2.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: US War Department.Image:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M8-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M8-2.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: US War Department.Image:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M3A3-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M3A3-1.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: US War Department.Image:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M3A3-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TM-9-1320-75mm-howitzer-M1A1-carriage-M3A3-2.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: US War Department.File:75mm-howitzer-tinian-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:75mm-howitzer-tinian-2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bukk, BukvoedFile:US Army 51100 Gerety takes over "Wildcat" lair during ceremony.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Army_51100_Gerety_takes_over_"Wildcat"_lair_during_ceremony.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ain92, Bukvoed, Duch.sebFile:M1A1-75-mm-howitzer-china-1942.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M1A1-75-mm-howitzer-china-1942.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Avron,Bukvoed, Olivier, 2 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 99

File:75mm-pack-howitzer-M1920-FAJ19210304-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:75mm-pack-howitzer-M1920-FAJ19210304-1.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: BukvoedFile:SC180293t.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SC180293t.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Signal Corps Photo: IBC 43 1037 (Sgt. Altman)File:TM-9-710-75mm-HMC-T30-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TM-9-710-75mm-HMC-T30-1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US War Department.Image:Obice da 75-18 modello 34 Herakleion.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Obice_da_75-18_modello_34_Herakleion.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:ZubisoftImage:Obice-de-75-18-M35-Saumur.0004x08e.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Obice-de-75-18-M35-Saumur.0004x08e.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:Fat yankeyFile:7.5 cm Mot Geb Kan 33-48, Morges.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:7.5_cm_Mot_Geb_Kan_33-48,_Morges.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: RamaFile:Flag of Sweden.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Switzerland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Marc Mongenet Credits: User:-xfi-User:Zscout370File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bean49, Cathy Richards, DavidDescamps, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Evanc0912, Fry1989, Gabriel trzy, Howcome, IvanOS, Mimich, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Oreo Priest, Pitke, Ricordisamoa, Rocket000, Rodejong, SiBr4, SirIain, ThomasPusch, Warddr, Zscout370, 7 anonymous editsFile:Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 555, Abner1069,Bestalex, Bigmorr, Bjankuloski06en, Denelson83, Ed veg, Gzdavidwong, Herbythyme, Isletakee, Kakoui, Kallerna, Kibinsky, MAXXX-309, Mattes, Mizunoryu, Neq00, Nickpo, Nightstallion,Odder, Pymouss, R.O.C, Reisio, Reuvenk, Rkt2312, Rocket000, Runningfridgesrule, Samwingkit, Sasha Krotov, Shizhao, SiBr4, Tabasco, Theo10011, Vzb83, Wrightbus, ZooFari, Zscout370,75 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Argentina.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Government of Argentina (Vector graphics byDbenbenn)File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370Image:Japanese Type 41 Mountain Gun.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japanese_Type_41_Mountain_Gun.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photo by:Max Smith (myself) en:User:MegapixieFile:Type 94 75mm Mountain Gun.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Type_94_75mm_Mountain_Gun.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bukvoed, Cla68,KTo288, Rcbutcher, 1 anonymous editsFile:War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: ThommyFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-219-0594-33, Russland-Mitte-Süd, Infanteriegeschütz.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0594-33,_Russland-Mitte-Süd,_Infanteriegeschütz.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: ABrocke, Bragidier, BukvoedImage:Gruppe geschuetz 01 (RaBoe).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gruppe_geschuetz_01_(RaBoe).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Der Grossvater von Ra BoeImage:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B22222, Russland, Kampf um Stalingrad, Infanterie.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B22222,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Infanterie.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: Felix Stember, Ras67Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-219-0594-34, Russland-Mitte-Süd, leichtes Infanteriegeschütz.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0594-34,_Russland-Mitte-Süd,_leichtes_Infanteriegeschütz.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0 Germany  Contributors: ABrocke, Bragidier, BukvoedImage:Drawing leig18.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Drawing_leig18.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Originaluploader was BVV at ru.wikipediaFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B23252, Kaukasus, Gebirgskanone im Schnee.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23252,_Kaukasus,_Gebirgskanone_im_Schnee.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: AnRo0002, Balcer, Bukvoed, Fastboy, Manxruler, Martin H., PrümImage:Model 1909 76mm Mountain Gun 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Model_1909_76mm_Mountain_Gun_1.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:BalcerFile:RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Fred BremnerFile:BoersWithCapturedBritishRML7pounderMountainGuns.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BoersWithCapturedBritishRML7pounderMountainGuns.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Transvaal Republic government. Predecessor state to Union of South Africa.File:RML7pdrMountainGunOnFieldCarriageBoerWar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML7pdrMountainGunOnFieldCarriageBoerWar.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: photographer not identifiedFile:RML 7 pounder steel fort nelson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML_7_pounder_steel_fort_nelson.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: me User:GeniImage:76mm mountain gun m1938 hameenlinna 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:76mm_mountain_gun_m1938_hameenlinna_1.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:BalcerImage:76mm mountain gun m1938 hameenlinna 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:76mm_mountain_gun_m1938_hameenlinna_2.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:BalcerImage:De Bange 80mm Mle 1877.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:De_Bange_80mm_Mle_1877.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: PHGCOM, photographed at Musee de l'Armee, ParisImage:De Bange 80mm Mle 1877 breech.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:De_Bange_80mm_Mle_1877_breech.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: PHGCOM, photographed at Musee de l'Armee, ParisFile:3-7 inch mountain gun.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:3-7_inch_mountain_gun.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Bukk, Bukvoed, Fred J, PMG,Rcbutcher, Roo72File:Indian Army QF 3.7 inch gun battery Jerusalem 1917.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Army_QF_3.7_inch_gun_battery_Jerusalem_1917.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: CREATOR: American Colony (Jerusalem). Photo Dept., photographer.File:3.7inchHowitzersFiringIndia1930.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:3.7inchHowitzersFiringIndia1930.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: not statedFile:TMW - Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TMW_-_Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Wolfgang SauberFile:Obice100-17mod14.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Obice100-17mod14.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SnowdogImage:10 cm Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:10_cm_Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ain92, Erwin Lindemann, L'empereur Charles, Powidl, Rcbutcher, Steinbeisser, Zhuyifei1999, 1 anonymous editsImage:100 mm Skoda Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:100_mm_Skoda_Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: powidlFile:Flag of Hungary.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1993-043-13, Dachsteingebirge, Gebirgsjäger mit Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1993-043-13,_Dachsteingebirge,_Gebirgsjäger_mit_Gebirgshaubitze.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: Bukvoed, Manxruler, Prüm

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 100

File:SCHNEIDER105 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SCHNEIDER105_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:PanagogrFile:SCHNEIDER105 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SCHNEIDER105_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:PanagogrFile:105 H 41 Hameenlinna 2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:105_H_41_Hameenlinna_2.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:BalcerFile:Flag of Afghanistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:OTO Melara Mod 56 Operators.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OTO_Melara_Mod_56_Operators.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NocladorFile:Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Botswana.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Botswana.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKopp, User:Gabbe, User:MaddenFile:Flag of Chile.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Chile.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, B1mbo, Cycn, David Newton, Dbenbenn,Denelson83, ElmA, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Fry1989, Fsopolonezcaro, Herbythyme, Huhsunqu, Kallerna, Kanonkas, Klemen Kocjancic, Kyro, MAXXX-309, Mattes, McZusatz, Mozzan,Nagy, Nightstallion, Piastu, Pixeltoo, Pumbaa80, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Srtxg, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Xarucoponce, Yakoo, Yonatanh, Zscout370, 50 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Djibouti.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ElmA, EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, George Animal,Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Martin H., Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Nishkid64, Pymouss, Ratatosk, Str4nd, TFCforever, ThomasPusch, Thyes, Tomasdd, Zscout370, Ö, Владимиртурчанинов, 8 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Ecuador.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370File:Flag of El Salvador.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: user:NightstallionFile:Flag of Ghana.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill, Cycn, Fry1989, Henswick, Homo lupus,Indolences, Jarekt, Klemen Kocjancic, Magasjukur2, Neq00, OAlexander, Roberto Fiadone, SKopp, ThomasPusch, Threecharlie, Torstein, Zscout370, 5 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Malaysia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: , andFile:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.File:Flag of Nigeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:JhsFile:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Peru.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Peru.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnknownFile:Flag of Spain.svg  Source: 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