Mpob Perception 1

8/3/2019 Mpob Perception 1

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By Anchal Tyagi

Perception


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Perception: is a processby which individuals organize

and interpret their sensoryimpressions in order to givemeaning to their environment.


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What is Perception?

A process by which individuals organize andinterpret their sensory impressions in order to givemeaning to their environment.

Peoples behavior is based on their perception of

what reality is, not on reality itself.

Why is it Important?

Because peoples behavior is based on theirperception of what reality is, not on reality itself.


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Factors influencing PerceptionFactors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives/Needs Interests Experience

ExpectationsValuesPersonality

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion

Sounds Size Background Proximity SimilarityNature

Appearancelocation

Factors in the situation Time

Organizational Setting Social SettingPhysical setting


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Stimuli

(External & Internalstimuli) Organizing

Organismreceivesstimuli through

five sensoryorgans, viz.,tasting,smelling,seeing,hearing, andtouching

Selective Attention

External factors : Nature,

Location, Size, contrast,

Movement, repetition,

similarity, colourInternal factors :Learning,

needs, age, Interest,perception

Ambiguousfigures

Figureground

GroupingConstanc

Interpreting

AttributionStereotyping,

Halo Effect,Projection,

Defence

ResponseCovert(Attitude,

motivation,Feeling)

Overt( Behavior)

PerceptualProcess


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Organizational Behavior6

The Vertical lines are both the same length.

The center circles are both the same size.

ExampleforContrast


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7

Word Color Test

In this test DO NOT READ the words,

say aloud the COLOR of each word.

YELLOWBLUE ORANGE

BLACK RED GREEN

PURPLE YELLOWRED

ORANGE GREEN BLACKBLUERED PURPLE

GREEN BLUE ORANGE


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Perceptual organization

It is the process by which we group outside stimuli intorecognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.

Certain factors are considered to be important contributors onassembling, organizing and categorizing information in thehuman brain. These are

- Figure ground

- Perceptual grouping


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Figure-Ground Illustration

Field-ground differentiation The tendency to distinguish

and focus on a stimulus thatis classified as figure as

opposed to background.


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PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into ameaningful and recognizable pattern.

It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.

Some factors underlying grouping are

-continuity

-closure

-proximity

-similarity


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PRINCIPLES OF Grouping( Gestalt)

Principle of Similarity

Principle of Proximity

Principle of continuity

Principle of Closure

It states that similarobjects group togetherIt states the tendency

to perceive stimuli

which are close toeach otherIt states that a person

has a tendency toperceive a whole when

none exists

It is the tendency toperceive objects ascontinuing patters


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Similarity

Proximity

Continuity

Closure


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What is attribution theory?

Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation byfocusing on how people attempt to:

Understand the causes of a certain event.

Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.


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Attribution Theory: Judging Others Our perception and judgment of others is

significantly influenced by our assumptions of theother persons internal state.When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determinewhether it is internally or externally caused.

Internal causes are under that persons control

External causes are not person forced to act in that way

Causation judged through: Distinctiveness -Shows different behaviors in different

situations. Consensus - Response is the same as others to same

situation.

Consistency - Responds in the same way over time.


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Elements of Attribution Theory


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DistictivenessDoes this person

behave in

this mannerin other situation

YesHighConsistency

NoLow

Consistency

No

LowConsensus

YesHigh

Consensus

YESLowDistinctiveness

NOHigh

Distinctiveness

ConsensusDo other personBehave in the

Same manner?

ConsistencyDoes this person

behavein this same

manner at othertimes ?

InternalAttribution

External

Attribution


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Errors and Biases in Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the influence of

external factors and overestimate the influence ofinternal factors when making judgments about the

behavior of others We blame people first, not the situation

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency for individuals to attribute their ownsuccesses to internal factors while putting theblame for failures on external factors

It is our success but their failure


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Shortcuts in Judging Others

Individuals use short cuts to judge others.

Understanding these short cuts help torecognize when they can cause significantmisrepresentation.

Selective perception

Any characteristic that makes a person, objector event separate from others has a betterchance of being perceived.

An individual cannot take in everything that isseen.

Selectivity is judging others quickly but there isa risk of misjudgment.


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Halo Effect

Halo effect (Murphy & Anhalt, 1992) is judging a personon the basis of single characteristic.

For example, a student may judge a lecturer on the basisof only one characteristic i.e. his enthusiasm and notconsidering any other factor. This is known as Haloeffect.

Contrast Effects

Individuals do not evaluate a person in separation. Theirreactions to one person are affected by other personsthey have recently met. This is known as contrast effect.

For example, in an interview a candidates evaluationmay depend on his or her place in the interviewschedule.


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Projection

It is the tendency of individuals to attribute ones own

characteristics to other people.

It misrepresents their perceptions about others.

Stereotyping

It is the tendency to judge somebody on the basis ofthe group to which he or she belongs.

This type of judgment is sometimes inaccurate.

In organizations stereotypes are based on gender,

age, race, ethnicity, etc.


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Specific Applications inOrganizations

1) Employment Interview

Evidences show that interviewers makeperceptual judgments while interviewing

candidates. These judgments are inaccurate. Different interviewers see different things in the

same candidate.

Interviewers get an impression about the

candidate in the first four or five minutes andrarely change their view after that.


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2) Performance Expectations

Individuals try to support their perceptions of reality,even when they are not appropriate. A good example

of this is self-fulfilling prophecy.

It is the tendency for someones expectations about

another to cause that person to behave in a mannerconsistent with those expectations (Wilkins, 1973).

Self fulfilling prophecy is of two types Pygmalion Effect: It is positive example of self-fulfilling prophecy.

In this people who have high expectations from others improve

their performance.

Golem Effect: It is negative example of self-fulfilling prophecy. Inthis people who have low expectations from others lower theirperformance.


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Performance Evaluation

An employees performance appraisal depends onthe perceptual process.

Appraisals can be both - objective and subjective.

The perception of an evaluator about the

characteristics or behavior of the employees, affectthe result of the appraisal

Employee Effort

An individuals future in the organization does not

only depend on his performance.

The evaluation of an individuals effort is a subjectivejudgment which can be biased.

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Mpob Perception 1