Mr. DiDomenico

The Cold War was a period of East-

West competition, tension, and

conflict short of full-scale war.

The Marshall Plan was created to supply unstable European countries with direct aid, loan guarantees, grants, and other needed items like medicine.

Germany received 1,390.6 million dollars, eleven percent of all aid given by the Marshall Plan in Europe.

East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania all refused to accept help from the Marshall Plan.

NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

NATO is an organization of fifteen countries that would not attack each other and defend the others if they were under attack.

The purpose of NATO was to provide collective security for its members. This means that if one was threatened, they all were threatened and enemies would be less likely to attack one of the NATO members.

By 1955, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway Portugal, the US, England, Greece Turkey, and Germany were members.

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

1. According to the quote, what lies behind the “iron curtain”?

2. Based on the map, list three countries (beside the USSR) that lie behind the “iron curtain”?

The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance led by the USSR and an enemy of NATO.

The Warsaw Pact consisted of the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary Poland, and Romania.

The Warsaw Pact ended in 1991 because of the Berlin Wall being taken down and Germany’s unification.

Stalin stopped the delivery of needed supplies to West Berlin blocking all road, river, and rail traffic.

The West airlifted supplies to West Berlin

In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

In the 1950’s the US developed the first hydrogen bomb, and the Soviets released the satellite Sputnik.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry S. Truman as president

Nikita Khrushchev succeeded Josef Stalin as Soviet Premier

In 1957, the launch of the satellite Sputnik into space drastically changes the arms race

In 1962, an American pilot, Gary Powers, was searching over Soviet territory in a U-2 plane, which was shot down by Soviets.

A communist supported government emerged in the North

Non-communists emerged in the South

The Soviet Union and China supported the North Korean government.

The United Nations and the United States supported the south and helped them against the North.

North Korea attacked South Korea.

North Korean forces rapidly advanced southward against the ill-equipped defenders, taking the Southern capital Seoul three days after the invasion began.

They cut off the North Korean army at the Port of Inchon. They also forced their way into the Pusan perimeter. Seoul, Korea’s capital, was taken by the U.N. forces on September 26th, 1950.

The Chinese sent troops to attack the UN forces and push them back in a southward disorderly retreat.

The War ended with an armistice signed in 1953. Maintaining the division of Korea along the 38th Parallel.

The DMZ, or demilitarized zone, was an area within 2 kilometers of the armistice line where no military could go.

U.N. casualties were estimated at more than 550,000 -- while North Korean and Chinese casualties were believed to be around 1.5 million.

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), also known as the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila Pact, was an international organization for defensive collaboration established on September 8, 1954.

Berlin was occupied by France, Britain, the U.S.S.R., and the U.S.

West Berlin gave East Germans a glimpse of Western society including democracy and capitalism

East Germany formally closed the border with West Berlin on the morning of August 13th, 1961.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szjFKADu69U

On June 26th, 1963 US President John F. Kennedy said “I am a citizen of Berlin.”

It was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the Berlin Wall.

An international peace conference in Geneva temporarily divided Vietnam into a communist-led North and non-communist South after French withdrawal.

A communist named Ho Chi Minh governed North Vietnam

In the South, the regime of President Ngo Dinh Diem, an autocratic anti-communist determined to resist the North.

He was murdered by his own soldiers on November 1st, 1963.

The U.S.S. Maddox exchanged fire with North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin.

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed Lyndon Baines Johnson to wage war in Vietnam without a Congressional declaration of war.

The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a primitive but highly effective supply line that linked North Vietnam with it’s fighters and supporters in the south.

The Tet Offensive consisted of North Vietnamese attacks that took place during the Tet holiday 1968.

The Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973 formally recognized the sovereignty of both sides. Under the terms of the accords all American combat troops were withdrawn by March 29, 1973. Limited fighting continued, but all major fighting ended until the North once again invaded in strength and overpowered the South on April 30, 1975.

Revolutionary forces led by Fidel Castro overthrew the Batista government.

The Bay of Pigs invasion was a plan to overthrow Castro that was presented to John F. Kennedy soon after his inauguration in 1961.

The US failed to provide air support to invaders.

Castro’s remaining air force quickly destroyed ships carrying vital ammunition supplies for the invaders.

Nikita Khrushchev offered to deploy Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Missiles were found 100 miles from the U.S.

The Soviet leader offered to withdraw his missiles from Cuba -- if the United States promised never to invade the island.