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Overview Origins Features
(Participant) Observation Interviews Focus groups Multi-media methods
Key Issues Ethics Access Analysis
Example Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The
interconnections of disabled childhoods
Origins
Roots in sociology and anthropology
Used in social sciences and humanities
Used in applied areas eg: education & medicine
Key Texts Tedlock, B. (2000) Ethnography and
Ethnographic Representations in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research 2nd Edition, London: Sage pp. 455-486
Malinowski, B. (1922) Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea, London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.
‘To grasp the native’s point of view…’
(Malinowski, 1922: 25)
Thinking point
What criticism might be made of research that sets out to grasp the native’s point of view?
"There is nothing so strange in a strange land, as the stranger who comes to visit it."
Criticisms of Malinowski’s approach Researcher may take up complete
membership of the groups they are studying;
Going ‘native’ risks ‘moral degeneration’;
Reveals ethnography’s colonial past
Behar (2003: 3) has argued that ethnography has its origins in ‘flagrant colonial inequalities’
Ethnography and marginalised groups ethnography has focused on ‘extraordinary
individuals’ (Spradley, 1979), with the associated dangers that ‘minority’ and/or ‘marginalised’ groups have been both exoticsed and/or oppressed;
Potential for emancipatory research Eg: Vlachou, 1997; Goodley, 2000 ‘make the strange familiar’ yet ‘render the
familiar strange’ (Goodley, 2002: 4).
Key Features it explores the nature of social phenomenon through
first-hand observation in natural settings (Atkinson and Hammersley, 1994);
researchers respond to the field, rather than entering the field with pre-conceived hypotheses or analytic categories into which they code the data.
researchers seek to ‘relinquish’ their will and to find the ‘unexpected stories’ Behar (2003:16);
there is detailed exploration of a small number of cases, perhaps only one (Atkinson and Hammersley, 1994);
the analysis explores meaning making and produces ‘thick’ descriptions (Hammersley, 1990).
.
(Participant) Observation
(Participant) Observation
Interviews
Focus groups
Multi-media methods
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Netography
Thinking point
Can you think of the key ethical issues for ethnographers?
Issues
Consent, anonymity, confidentiality Access “insider/outsider” researcher What happens when you finish the project? ‘Validity’??
Analysis: Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967)
Questions and comments?
Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods
Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods
http://post-blair.posterous.com/
Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods The research team listened to disabled
children and young people, their parents/carers and professionals to discover what it means to be a disabled child in England in the 2000s. The project employed a variety of ethnographic approaches including: participant and non-participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and multi-media methods.
Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods
Children and disabled people have traditionally been constructed as ‘vulnerable’ and ‘passive’ in research;
Project offered chance to try to deconstruct ethnography;
De-colonizing methodologies; Research with not on; Emphasis on potential and aspirations.
September 2010University of Leeds29
September 2010University of Leeds30
Taken from Runswick-Cole, 2008
Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods
Parental/carer consent Child assent – on-going process (Cocks,
2006); Clear information;
Adoption Activity Days – what do you think?My name is Katherine, I work at
Manchester Metropolitan University and I would like to know what you what you
think about Activity Days
My name is Katherine, I work at Manchester Metropolitan University and I would like to know what you what you
think about Activity Days
Activity days are organised by the British Association of Adoption and Fostering and social workers for children looking for families.
At the activity day, you can:•Meet new people (including families thinking about adoption);•Make new friends;•Meet other children looking for a family•Learn more about what is being done to find you a family;•Have fun trying the activities including; baking, games, photography and art.
After the activity day, we would like the person who looks after you to ask you some questions about the activity days. We’d like to know if you enjoyed yourself and had a nice time. We’d like to know if you liked meeting other children and grown ups. We’d like to know whether you think activity days for children looking for families are a good idea. If you took any photos or made any art work, you might want to tell the person who looks after you about them.
Remember: you can choose whether or not to talk about the activity day or not. It is up to you to decide. If you don’t want to talk about the activity day, you can still go and have fun. Thank you for thinking about answering the question.
If you would like to ask me any questions you can ask your carer or you can send me an email: [email protected]
Activity Days …
Adoption Activity Days – what do you think?My name is Katherine, I work at
Manchester Metropolitan University and I would like to know what you what you
think about Activity Days
My name is Katherine, I work at Manchester Metropolitan University and I would like to know what you what you
think about Activity Days
Activity days are organised by the British Association of Adoption and Fostering and social workers for children looking for families.
At the activity day, you can:•meet new people;•meet other children who are waiting for adoption;•meet families who are thinking of adopting children•make new friends;•learn more about what is being done to find you a family;•have fun trying the activities including; craft activities, games, photography, climbing, abseiling, trying out the adventure playground, and pond dipping.
After the activity day, we would like the person who looks after you to ask you some questions about the activity days. We’d like to know if you enjoyed yourself and had a nice time. We’d like to know if you liked meeting other children and grown ups. We’d like to know whether you think activity days for children looking for families are a good idea. If you took any photos or made any art work, you might want to tell the person who looks after you about them.
Remember: you can choose whether or not to talk about the activity day or not. It is up to you to decide. If you don’t want to talk about the activity day, you can still go and have fun. Thank you for thinking about answering the question.
If you would like to ask me any questions you can ask your carer or you can send me an email: [email protected]
Adoption Activity Days …
Does Every Child Matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods
Confidentiality – unless risk of harm; Anonymity; Participatory ethnography; ‘photovoice’ (Booth and Booth, 2003)
Monkey and dad26th-28th May, 201137 NNDR, 2011
Rosie’s story
1st July, 2011RIHSC Conference, 201138
Analysis
fracturing the data (Charmaz, 2001) and reducing the potential impact of the powerful images the children have presented.
‘to watch our watching, to read our readings’ Titchkosky (2007)
simply revealing marginalised voices does not necessarily bring about change.
