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MUFON UFO JOURNAL NUMBER 197 SEPTEMBER 1984 Founded 1967 .OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF MUTUAL UFO NETWORK, INC.. $1.50 SIMULATED LANDING AIDS TRAINEES

MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

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Page 1: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

MUFON UFO JOURNALNUMBER 197 SEPTEMBER 1984

Founded 1967.OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF MUTUAL UFO NETWORK, INC..

$1.50

SIMULATED LANDING AIDS TRAINEES

Page 2: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

MUFON UFO JOURNAL(DSPS 002-970)

(ISSN 0270-6822)

103 Oldtowne Rd.Seguin, Texas 78155

BOB PRATTEditor

DENNIS W. STACYAssistant Editor

THOMAS P. DEULEYArt Director

MILDRED BIESELEContributing Editor

ANN DRUFFELContributing Editor

WALTER H. ANDRUS, JR.International Director

TED BLOECHERDAVE WEBBCo-Chairmen,

Humanoid Study Group

PAUL CERNYPromotion/Publicity

MARGE CHRISTENSENPublic Relations

REV. BARRY DOWNINGReligion and UFOs

LUCIUS PARISHBooks/Periodicals/History

ROSETTA HOLMESPromotion/Publicity

GREG LONGStaff Writer

SIMONE MENDEZStaff Artist

TED PHILLIPSLanding Trace Cases

JOHN F. SCHUESSLERMedical Cases

LEN STRINGFIELDUFO Crash/Retrieval

NORMA E. SHORTDWIGHT CONNELLY

DENNIS HAUCKRICHARD H. HALL

Editor/Publishers Emeritus

The MUFON UFO JOURNAL ispublished by the Mutual UFONetwork, Inc., Seguin, Texas.Membership/Subscription -rates:$15.00 per year in the U.S.A.;$16.00 foreign. Copyright 1984 bythe Mutual UFO Network. Secondclass postage paid at Seguin,Texas. POSTMASTER: Send form3579 to advise change of address toThe MUFON UFO JOURNAL,103 Oldtowne Rd., Seguin, Texas78155.

FROM THE EDITORWith this issue I relinquish the editorship of the MUFON UFO

Journal to devote more time to personal affairs. The new editor will

be Dennis W. Stacy, who will take over as of the October issue. I

wish to thank everyone who has helped me in the past year. If anyreader has been unhappy about some of the articles I published, Iapologize. I believe everyone has a right to be heard and if his or her

views are based on erroneous information or poor reasoning, otherreaders will show where and why they are wrong. To those who

submitted material that was not published, the principal reason hasbeen that there just isn't enough space to publish everything. All in

all, I have enjoyed this year. I wish Dennis well and ask readers to

continue their support for the Journal to keep it strong and vital.

Bob Pratt

In this issueSIMULATED CE2 GIVES TRAINEES EXPERIENCE 3

By Paul CernyRUPPELT RINGS: Effects of low frequency magnetic fields 5

By Joe Kirk ThomasCLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH POSSIBLE MISSING TIME 10

By Walt AndrusMERCURY—A POSSIBLE CLUE TO PROPULSION? PART II . 1 2

By Ann DruffelDAYLIGHT DISCS SEEN IN PHOENIX 14SIGHTING OFF COAST OF BRAZIL 15'MASS HYSTERIA* AND MULTIPLE-WITNESS SIGHTINGS, PART II 16

By Michael D. SwordsDIRECTOR'S MESSAGE 20

The Mutual UFO Network, Inc. is exempt from Federal Income Tax underSection 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. MUFON is a publiclysupported organization of the type described in Section 509(a)(2). Donorsmay deduct contributions from their Federal income tax. In addition,bequests, legacies, devises, transfers, or gifts are deductible for Federalestate and gift tax purposes if they meet the applicable provisions ofSections 2055, 2106, and 2522 of the code.

The contents of the MUFON UFO JOURNAL are determined by the editor, and donot necessarily represent the official position of MUFON. Opinions of contributorsare their own, and do not necessarily reflect those of the editor, the staff, or MUFON.Articles may be forwarded directly to MUFON. Responses to published articles maybe in a Letter to the Editor (up to about 400 words) or in a short article (up to about2,000 words). Thereafter, the "50% rule" is applied: the article author may reply butwill be allowed half the wordage used in the response; the responder may answer theauthor but will be allowed half the wordage used in the author's reply, etc. Allsubmissions are subject to editing for style, clarity, and conciseness.Permission is hereby granted to quote from this issue provided not more than 200words are quoted from any one article, the author of the article is given credit, and thestatement "Copyright 1984 by the Mutual UFO Network, 103OldtowneRd.,Seguin,Texas" is included.

Page 3: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Simulated CE2 gives trainees experienceBy PAUL CERNY

Western Regional Director

The San Francisco Bay AreaMUFON group meets bi-monthly in asavings and loan office meeting room inMountain View, which is furnished to usand other organizations at no charge.Usual attendance is about 35 to 40people, with some coming from morethan 100 miles away.

The committee endeavors to planprograms which we feel will beinteresting and educational to thegroup. Normally we show UFO videofilms and programs, present a speakeror two on various UFO-relatedsubjects, demonstrate equipment,cover the latest sightings and researchinformation, and display articles, booksand other journalistic items.

In January, we brought to themeeting two different persons whoclaimed to have been abducted fromtwo widely separated remote areas.This was at the group's request. For ourMarch meeting, at the urging ofmembers, we decided to demonstrate asimulated CE-2 site field investigation tohelp train members of the group.

Dr. Richard F. Haines, director ofthe North American UFO Federation,who attends the meetings whenpossible, offered to conduct the fieldinvestigation. Prior to the March

meeting, Dick, as Dr. Haines is knownto all of us, went to work on his project.His plans and the site were all unknownto us, with the exception that Ifurnished the geiger 'counter and a

radioactive sample of something wecalled the nuclear thing-a-ma-jig, whichwas "discarded" by the departing alienUFO.

As it turned out, Dick had selecteda very large, empty plot of ground in asecluded rural area near his home. Thenight before our meeting, he preparedthe site. He made ground imprints,burned areas in the dirt and weeds,broke off nearby low tree branches,planted the radioactive device, andarranged various residue and othermarkings, all as simulated evidence.

At the meeting the next day, whichwas a Sunday, Dick selected a group offour other members from the audienceto act as the investigation team.

The following team duties wereassigned: a sample collector and datarecorder, a video photographer, a stillphotographer, and a "radiationmonitoring" expert.

(continued on next page)

Page 4: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

(Cerny, continued)

Dick even arranged for onemember, Linda Abell, to come forth atthe meeting as a "witness" to describe

, the UFO landing she saw the nightbefore from her simulated bedroomwindow. Dick then explained theprocedures and plans for investigating"the incident." The "witness," the teammembers and their equipment, ,and allthe rest of us piled into a car-poolcaravan and headed for the site about amile away^

At the site, Dick was quick to pointout, as he indicated, the general'vicinityof the "landing" spot and said we shouldfirst rope off the area to keep usonlookers from possibly trampling onor destroying "the evidence."

He Jet the team of investigatorsdiscover the imprints, burned patchesand.other obvious traces. Ron Lakis ofKPIX-TV in San Francisco, broughtalong his video equipment andproceeded to tape and (sound) recordthe whole session with help from anassistant. Another team membercovered the investigation sequenceswith a movie camera as well.

The area was marked off by layingdown a heavy, stringed north-south,

east-west grid over the markings.Samples of the soil, residue and burnedareas were removed by one team

member and carefully placed intolabelled sample bottles and bags.Plastic gloves were used.

Compass deviation, and geigercounter readings were taken over thearea until the radioactive device waslocated and its readings were recorded.The device was then carefully removedand placed in a clean plastic box. thebroken tree branches were carefullyphotographed and plaster casts weremade of the imprints.

.During a l l . that went on, Dickexplained to .the group what theinvestigators were doing and why. Thiswas all tape and video recorded andnotes were taken down constantly on aclipboard by another team member.One of the team members took a seriesof slide photos, as the team's stillphotographer.

The time spent at the site, carefullygoing over every detail and recording itall, took almost two hours. Everyoneseemed .quite fascinated by the wholeevent and we eventually dismantledwhat the team had laid out and wentback to the meeting room.

To conclude the interestingafternoon, Dick filled us in with somepreliminary results, his remarks,comments and suggestions.

Isabel Davis, veteran researcher and writerIsabel Davis died in her sleep at the

Georgetown University Hospital onJune 19-20, 1984, after, a brief illness.She received her bachelor's degreefrom Barnard College (ColumbiaUniversity). Along with Ted Bloecherand Lex Mebane, she was one of thefounding members of Civilian SaucerIntelligence (CSI), in New York in 1954.

Her publication credits include co-editor and writer with Ted Bloecher andLex Mebane of the CS7 Newsletter,from 1956 through 1959; co-editor ofthe American editions of Aime Michel'sbooks, The Truth About FlyingSaucers and Flying Saucers and theStraight-Line Mystery (1956 and 1958respectively); co-author of the UFOseries, "Shapes in the Sky," publishedin Fantastic Universe bimonthly,between 1957 and 1959; and co-authorwith Ted Bloecher of Close Encountersat Kelly and Others of 1955.4

In 1955, Isabel personallyinvestigated the Kelly, Kentucky,humanoid case at the site and wrote adetailed report, which only a handful ofprivate researchers had seen until itwas published in 1978 by the Center forUFO Studies.

In 1966 when sightings and politicalpressures brought the UFO subject to ahead, NICAP asked her to come toWashington, D.C., to help, where sheplayed an active role into the 1970's.

She was noted for her penetratingcritiques of "Contactee" stories andlucid writings on questions of extra-terrestrial visitations, skepticalattitudes and other subjects. Isabelr e t i r e d f r o m t h e A m e r i c a nPsychological Association after tenyears as a writer and researcher.

Many MUFON members had anopportunity to meet and visit withIsabel when she attended the MUFON1979 UFO Symposium in SanFrancisco and at the 1981 symposiumat M.I.T. in Cambridge, Massachusetts.She was a board member of the Fundfor UFO Research at the time of herdeath. She will be particularly missed asa colleague by Ted Bloecher andRichard H. Hall, with whom she hasbeen associated for nearly 30 years.Isabel had left her mark in ufologicalcircles and in the hearts of her manyfriends.

Page 5: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

RUPPELT RINGS-effects of low frequency magnetic fields

Close Encounters of the SecondKind provide a challenge for thephysical scientist. These cases involvethe' interaction of a UFO with itsenvironment. The effects are distinctlyphysical and the cases are relativelyfree of media contamination andremarkably consistent for UFO data.

CE II effects fall into threeca tagor ies : E l e c t r o m a g n e t i cInterference cases, which includecompass deflection and automotiveignition system failure; Physical Traces,which include pad print and surfaceburn marks; and Physiological Effects,which include the percipients'sensations of heat, numbness, orelectric shock.

The task of the analyst is to explainas many of these effects as possible withthe fewest possible mechanisms.Within the first category the evidence isaccumulating that several effects aredue to low frequency magnetic fields.This article contains an analysis of aclassic case, the results of whichindicate that an effect previously listedas a physical trace has, in fact, anelectromagnetic origin.

The case in question is that of theFlorida Scoutmaster. The version usedis that reported by E.J. Ruppelt1 and astold by the scoutmaster in his writtenstatement to Blue Book.2

The sighting occurred on theevening of August 19, 1952, near WestPalm Beach, Florida. The scoutmaster,D.D. Desvergers, was returning from aBoy Scout meeting with three scoutswhich he had volunteered to takehome. His attention was drawn toseveral lights that had descended intothe bush and pines to his left. His initialconcern was that he had witnessed anairplane crash, so he turned around anddrove back to where he estimated thelights had landed.

He left the car after instructing thenow frightened scouts to go for help ifhe failed to return within 10 minutes.Armed with a machete and two

By JOE KIRK THOMASCopyright e 1983 by Joe Kirk Thomas

flashlights, he encountered a palmettothicket about 30 yards off the road, andtried unsuccessfully to find an easy patheither around or through it. He thenstarted wading through waist-highundergrowth, becoming faintly awareof a peculiar odor and slight rise intemperature. After about 30 yards, heemerged from the thicket into an openarea.

As he entered the clearing, theodor and heat became almostunbearable, "oppressively moist,making, it hard to breath." After a fewmore paces, he suddenly felt as thoughhe was being watched, and decided totry to orient himself with the NorthStar.

He then realized that most of thesky was being blanked out by a largedark shape above him. As he slowlybacked out from under the object, theair became cooler and fresher. Shininghis light at its edge, he found a graycircular craft, slightly concave on thebottom and with a "turret" on top. Thenhe heard a sound, somewhat like ahatch closing, and a red "ball of fire"emerged from the turret. Thescoutmaster shielded his face with hisarms just as it engulfed him, and thenfainted.

The scouts had seen thescoutmaster struck by the red ball, andhad run for help. About a half hourlater, a deputy arrived on the scene withthe three boys. The scoutmaster wasjust reviving.

Captian Edward J. Ruppelt, at thetime in charge of the USAF Project BlueBook, learned of the scoutmasterincident early the next morning. He flewto Florida with a staff member andinterviewed both the scoutmaster andthe scouts. He personally inspected theencounter site, taking photographs, soiland grass samples.

As Desvergers had sustained mildfirst-degree burns, along with singedhair, on his face and arms, he was askedto submit to a physcial examination,

which he did. His cap had been burnedin several places and it was sent alongwith the machete, soil and grasssamples to ATIC (Air TechnicalIntelligence Command, WrightPatterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio) forlaboratory evaluation. Ruppeltreturned to ATIC convinced thatDesvergers was telling the truth, andthat the case was bonafide.

But within two days the entire casesoured. Desvergers had given a pressconference in which he alleged that hehad been told by "high brass" inWashington not to discuss the sighting.Furthermore, he had hired a pressagent! And background investigationon the scoutmaster was turning updisturbing facts. Desvergers had beencourt martialed for going AWOL, andhad served a jail term for auto theft.

The physician who examined himhad said that the superficial burns hesuffered could very easily have beenmade with a cigarette lighter. The burnson the cap didn't extend into the folds,which meant that the cap was flattenedwhen burned, possibly with a laundryiron. Ruppelt had written the entireaffair off as a hoax when he received acall from the laboratory.

The grass samples taken from thesite had seemed normal enough, butwhen the dirt had been shaken away,the roots were found to be charred! Thelab had been able to duplicate thiseffect only by placing grass and sod in apan and heating from underneath with abunsen burner. Charring of the rootshad occurred at 300°F.

This discovery added a newdimension to the case. It was clear thatthe grass had somehow been heatedfrom below. The Blue Book staff hadconsidered the possibility that hotsprings or swamp fires had been activein the area, but such was not the case. Ifthe sighting had been a hoax, it wouldhave had to have been an expensive

(continued on next page)

Page 6: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Thomas, Continued

and sophisticated one indeed.What mechanism would char the

grass roots while leaving the grassunscathed? Ruppelt found the answerin an old electrical engineering textbook — induction heating. When aconductor is subjected to an alternatingmagnetic field, electromotive forces areinduced which cause "eddy" currentsto flow.

Induction heating was and is acommon industrial process. In thescoutmaster case, the conductor inquestion was damp sand. If a powerfulgenerator of alternating magnetic fieldshad hovered a few feet about theground, the subsurface soilmight havebeen heated sufficiently to char grassroots running through it.

Ruppelt speculated whether sucha field could be associated with UFOpropulsion. Unfortunately, Ruppeltnever quantified his theory — he nevergenerated equations to model histheory or made calculations tocharacterize the field that would benecessary to produce the observedeffects. Nevertheless, his qualitativeinsight was quite good as it was made inan era when UFOs were not generallyknown to have electromagnetic effectsassociated with them.

In r ecen t years , severalinvest igators have labored atcharacterizing the radiation field abouta UFO in terms of either microwaves orlow frequency magnetic fields. Theauthor favors the latter as the mostlikely mechanism behind such things asauto ignition system failure andanomalous compass behavior in CE IIcases. The "symptoms" indicatemagnetic fields of the order of 1 Tesla(10,000 gauss) "in the vicinity "of UFOs,with frequencies in the subkilohertzrange. The following analysis modelssubsurface induction heating with aneye to determining if the above fieldcould produce the effects reported bythe Florida Scoutmaster.

• The first task is to model themagnetic field. To begin with, theauthor will use a somewhat unphysicalfield geometry from which one cannevertheless gain useful information.The magnetic field, B, is assumed to beuniform within a circle of 10 meters

1 . .

. '

TBQ-1.2 TESLA

1 •7 6 5 . 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

„ RADIUS(METERS)

(a)

(b)

2ir£t

diameter, an often reported disc size,and zero beyond, as shown in FigureOne (a).

The magnetic field is assumed tovary as Bosin27rft, where BQ is thepeak field amplitude and f is thefrequency. The induced voltage3 aboutany loop of radius r is simply BA, whereB is.the time rate of change of themagnetic field and A is the area withinthe loop, as shown in Figure One (b).The average voltage around the loopcan be shown to be:

V = 2irfB irr"o

The electrical resistance in a ring of soilof circumference 2 TT r and crosssection S is:

R = P 2 IT r

where Pis the resistivity of the soil4.The power is dissipated as heat when avoltage is dropped across a resistance5

is V2/R, therefore:

3 2 2P = (irr) f Be/S

The heat input into the soil ring is simply

(continued on next page)

Page 7: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Thomas, Continued

the power times the heating time, t,times the factor .24 (which convertsjoules to the more familiar calories).Since the ring volume is 2 nrS, the heatinput to the soil per unit 'volume issimply:

Q(nf3) = .12(*fBor)2t r< 5

From MIL - HDBK - 4196, a militaryhandbook cover ing e lec t r i ca lgrounding, the author finds that moisttopsoil loam has a resistivity P ofapproximately 1 ohm meter. Theauthor will assume the magnetic fieldamplitude BQ to be 1.2 Tesla, and itsfrequency f to be 100 hertz. As thescoutmaster episode lasted for perhapsten minutes, the heating time will betaken to be 600 seconds. Substitutingthese values into the above equation,and dividing by 106 to convert m3 tocm3, one can compute the heat inputper cm3 for all radii between 0 and 5meters, inclusive, to be:

Q(cm"3) = 10.23

At radii greater than 5 meters, theenclosed flux, BA, and, therefore, theinduced voltage, BA, remains constantas the magnetic field is 0 beyond 5meters. The average voltage then is:

V = 2 TTfB ITor 2max

where rmax is the maximum extent ofthe magnetic field, in this case 5 meters.The resistance of any ring beyond r max

however, continues to increase withincreasing radius. Therefore, forr >rmax

vR

250

12 10 8 2 0 2 4RADIUS (METERS)

10 12

400

FIGURE TWO

Multiplying the above equation by timet and the coefficient .24, and dividing bythe volume of the ring, one obtains

.12 <*fB0)

pr

pr'

Substituting the above values anddividing by 106, one obtains:

Q (cm"3) = 6396/r2, r >5.

Thus, the heat input per cm3 increasesas r2 up to 5 meters, at which time itdecreases as '/r2. The heat input profilefor this case is shown in Figure Two (a).

The temperature rise of the top soilcan be computed from its total heatinput with ease, providing that onekeeps track of changes in the watercontent of the soil. For the case thatthere has been sufficient heating tocause charring and burning, it can beshown that there are three distinctregions in the temperature profile.

In the first, the soil is moist, and for(continued on next page)

Page 8: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Thomas, Continued

any given heat input the rise intemperature is

n^(cm ) C^

where m (cm "3) is the mass of the soilper cm3 and c j is the damp soil'sspecific heat7. When the temperaturereaches the boiling point of water,however, the temperature remainsconstant as the heat goes into affectinga phase change in the water. Theamount of heat required to convert themoisture in the soil to steam is

<cnf 3)

where LH20 is the latent heat of water,and mH-o (cm"3) is the mass of water inthe cm -3 of soil. When all moisture hasbeen driven from the soil, thetemperature again rises as

~AT., = Q3(cm )

m3(cm"3) C3

where m3is the mass of dry soil per cm"3,and eg is the specific heat of dry soil.The total temperature rise is then:

AT = = AT

where AT2=0. The actual temperatureof the soil after heating is:

T = + AT

where T j is the initial temperature of thesoil.

The volume specific heat of the soilbefore and after dehydration can beeasily calculated. A cubic centimeter ofwet sand weighs 2.08 grams. When dry,the soil weighs 1.76 grams. The heatcapacity of the water is then theproduct of the mass of the water (.31grams) and water's specific heat(leal/gram), or .31. The heat capacityof the dry soil is then the product of the8

250

o i12 10 8 6 4 2 0 ' , 2 4 6 . . 8 1 0 1 2

FIGURE THREE

mass of the soil (1.76 grams) and sand'sspecific heat (.2 calories per gram), or.352. Thus, the heat capacity per cm3

(or volume specific heat) is .31+ .352 =.662 calories per cm3.

Once the volume specific heats forboth moist and dry soil are known, thetemperature of a cubic centimeter oftop soil at any radius can be computedfrom the heat input profile. Figure Two(b) is the temperature profile socalculated, with the temperatureexpressed in °F.

At r=0, immediately under thecenter of the disc, the soil temperature

is the ambient 70 degrees. Thetemperature rises rapidly until itreaches 212°F at a radius just slightlyover 2 meters. The temperature nowremains constant as the heat input goesinto vaporizing water. At a little over 4meters, the soil has becomedehydrated and the temperature risesagain, only more sharply than beforesince the volume specific heat of the soilis now much less due to the loss ofwater.

The peak temperature occurs at 5

(continued on next page)

Page 9: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Thomas, Continued

meters, where T = 394°F. Beyond 5meters, the temperature drops rapidlysince the heat input is falling as Vr2.Another isothermal region, at 212°F,stretches from about 5.5 to 11 meters,followed by a decline in the soil'temperature which asymptoticallyapproaches 70°F. Figure Two (c) showswhat the rings would look like if viewedfrom above.

Within the context of theScoutmaster case; what does thistheory explain?

Cer ta in ly it explains thepercipient's sensations of heat. Whilestill in the palmetto thicket, Desvergerswas already sensing a rise intemperature. Once in the clearing, andapparently under the object, the heathad not only become unbearable, but"oppressively moist, making it difficultto breathe." One would expect this tobe the case if subsurface water wasbeing driven off as steam. One wouldalso expect that there would beconsiderable outgassing of decayingorganic matter in the soil, giving rise tothe odor. And, of course, in a region ofpeak heat input, grass roots wouldchar.

The theory also explains howDesvergers was also able to avoidsevere burns himself. Viewed fromabove, the human body's crosssectional area simply isn't large enoughto allow a significant rise in bodytemperature.

The attentive reader will recall thatthe above analysis was made with thesomewhat unphysical assumption thata uniform alternating magnetic fieldexisted in a circle of 5 meters radius, butwas zero beyond that. Although auseful fiction in that it allowed theauthor to derive certain characteristicsof induction heating, it is important tosee if the same approximate resultsoccur with a more realistic magneticfield configuration.

The author has made calculationsfor the case that the source is amagnetic dipole. This is the fieldgenerated by a current flowing in a loopof wire. The field shape is the same asthat of a disc magnet, or, for thatmatter, the earth. Unfortunately, themathematics required to calculate even

the heat input-as a function of radius israther extensive if one is looking for asolution in closed form. The authorsolved the problem numerically bycreating an algorithm called RUHEATfor the HP11 Programmable PocketCalculator.

A detailed discussion of theprogram RUHEAT is beyond the scopeof this article. A brief discussion of itsstrategy, however, may be helpful. Theprogram assumes that a verticallyoriented dipole is some distance habove a conductive ground. Theground is divided into a large series ofconcentric rings, the center coincidingwith the dipole axis. The code thencalculates the distance of points on therings from the dipole center, and fromthis calculates the magnetic field at thatpoint due to the dipole. Since thecurrents induced in the soil area z i m u t h a l , only the ve r t i c a lcomponent of the magnetic fieldcontributes to heating. This iscomputed for each ring. The inducedvoltage along each ring is computed byadding the product of B and Area of thering to the similar products of allpreceeding rings. The resistance of thering is computed from its radius, andfrom this the heat input per cm3 iscalculated for the soil in that ring. Withthe heat profile thus generated, thetemperature profile is easily found.

From Desverger's wr i t t enstatement to Blue Book, a reasonableheight, h, was taken to be 4 meters.Since 1981, the author has favored avalue of 125 x 107 amp meter 2 as themost likely magnetic moment based oncompass and metal sign deflection data.This value was then inputed toRUHEAT, with the frequency set to 100hz. as before.

Figure Three (a) shows the heatinput profile for a magnetic dipole.Figure Three (b) is the temperatureprofile, and Three (c) are the rings asviewed from above. The basic featuresare the same as for our first case, but itis obvious that the char ring is wider andoccurs much closer to the center. Itshould be pointed out, however, thatthe equation used to calculate thedipole's magnetic field is for the casethat the radius of the loop creating thefield is much, much less than thedistance to points on the ground. As the

dipole area becomes larger, the ringgeometry would become more like thatin Figure Two (c).

The significance of the aboveanalysis goes far beyond the FloridaScoutmaster case. If one were toincrease the strength of the magneticfields, field frequency, or hover time, orreduce the height, the heat input intothe ground would increase rapidly. Onewould then expect temperatures highenough to cause not only root charringbut burned surface vegetation. As itturns out, this is a common physicaltrace in close encounters where theUFO was found hovering8 9.

Such cases fit a genral pattern:either a circular region either burned ordehydrated, or a ring, whose overalldiameter can be 30 feet or more, butwhose thickness is only 1 to 3 feet. Themost common diameters are between20 and 30 feet. The similarity betweenthese reported effects and Figures Two(c) and Three (c) is interesting indeed.

Furthermore, the rings usuallypersist for weeks, months, or years,and the interior of the ring, andsometimes the entire circle, remainsbarren for a season or two. This is to beexpected. After all, much of the top soilhas been sterilized, and within the charring the heating has been sufficient tocarbonize organic matter.

What information can be gleanedfrom a carefully examined ring case?There is the possibility of determiningthe dipole area. The fact that most ringsare circular tends to indicate that thefield is symmetrical about a verticalaxis. By measuring the moisturecontent, resistivity, and volume specificheat of the soil, it should be possible,with a well documented case, todetermine the product of magnetic fieldfrequency and amplitude, fBo.

And what was the final dispostionof the Florida Scoutmaster's case?

Ruppelt admits difficulty in writingthe official report. Against thescoutmaster, there was disconcertinginformation about his personal historyand the way he subsequently tried tocash in on his experience. On thepositive side was the charred roots.Ruppelt finally decided to classify it as ahoax, calling it "the best hoax in UFO

(continued on next page)

Page 10: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH POSSIBLE MISSING TIMEByWALTANDRUS

Carolyn Greene, 35, and her sonTimothy, 7, were returning to theirhome in the Cedar Creek Lake areanear Caney City, Texas, on the eveningof January 26, 1984, after visiting Mrs.Greene's uncle in Ennis, Texas! About8:15 PM, while driving east in her 1979Mercury Zephyr on FM 85, she noticedan unusual amount of static on herautomobile radio when she was sixmiles west of Seven Points.

Shortly thereafter, the headlightsstarted flashing off and on, making itvery difficult for her to see the road. Shedecided to pull off to the side of the roadas a safety precaution. Before shecould, however, all of the lights wereextinguished and the motor failed. Eventhough she had her foot on the brake,the automobile continued forward. Shelet go of the steering wheel when shethought she had stopped.

"Some force literally took controlof the steering wheel and the car wasdriving itself," she stated.

When the autombile stoppedmoving, she knew she was in a shallowditch alongside the highway. A glowingwhite light then illuminated the entirecar, both inside and out as they sat inthe ditch. "My hair was standing on endand my son was frightened," she toldthe investigator.

Timothy asked: "Mommy, what isit?"

Carolyn Greene and her 1979 Mercury

Her reply was: "I don't know."• While sitting in the ditch, she tried

to start her car, but got no response.The starter was simply dead. Theheadlights were off and the radio wasdead.

Carolyn is unable to explain whathappened to the bright white light thatlit up the car because at this point bothbelieve they blacked out. Just prior tothe time that the car went into the ditch,

Thomas, Continued

history." He could never figure out howDesvergers, or anyone else, couldhave perpetrated it.

FOOTNOTES1. E.J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified FlyingObjects, (Garden City, New York: Doubledayand Company, 1956), p. 176-186.2. See "Florida Scoutmaster's Encounter."Entryin The Encyclopedia of UFOs. Edited by RonaldStory and Richard Greenweff (Garden City, New.York: Doubleday and Company, 1980,) pp 128-131.3. For an elementary discussion of induced em/,

10

see Halliday and Resnik, Physics for Students ofScience and Engineering, (New York: John Wileyand Sons, Inc., 1960) pp. 778806.4. Ibid., pp 678-696.5. /bid, pp 697- 721.6. MIL - HDBK - 419, Grounding, Bonding, andShielding, Vol. 1, pp 1-7 to 1-11. -7. A very elementary discussion of specific heatcan be found in F. Miller, College Physics (NewYork: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1959) pp214219.8. J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience(Chicago: Regnery, 1972), p. 129.9. Ted R. Phillips, Jr., "Physical traces of UFOs"entry in The Encyclopedia Of UFOs. Edited byRonald Story and Richard Greenwell (GardenCity: Doubleday & Company, 1980), pp 256-266.

Timothy told his mother "something ispulling on me — like a magnet."

When they regained their senses,the white light had disappeared, butthey could see several red flashing lightsabove their car. Tim said he saw threewhereas Carolyn could only see one.Timothy said that a single red light thenjoined the other three up in the sky.They were flashing or pulsating at thesame rate as the automobile'sheadlights had previously done.

After the red lights moved away,Mrs. Greene apparently was able tostart the car, but she cannot rememberdoing so, it was such a frighteningexperience. She does vaguelyremember driving out of the ditch backon to the highway. Her nextrecollection was driving east at 75 milesper hour trying to get away fromwhatever it was that forced them off theroad.

Carolyn said she was so frightenedshe could not think clearly. She said

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1

it

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Greene, Continued

"My face was warm or hot, like theheater was turned on in the car." (Theheater was not on.)

As they sped down the highway toget away from whatever was chasingthem, they again noted red flashinglights behind them. Their first thoughtwas that the flying saucer was chasingthem again. Timothy turned to lookback to determine what it was andrealized it was probably a police car.

Carolyn pulled off to the side of theroad and stopped. The policemanasked her: "Do you know why you werestopped?" She replied: "Yes, I wasspeeding." The police officer went backto his vehicle to write the ticket.

She told him what had happened,but "I don't think he believed me...justthought I was trying to get out of aticket." Her response later was: "I willbe happy, to pay the ticket — air thatmatters to me is that people believe I'mtelling the truth. Both me and my sonwill be glad to take a polygraph test."

Mrs. Greene says she doesn'tknow how long she and her son were inthe ditch. "It may have been a matter ofseconds or minutes...! just don't know,"she said. "All I am certain of is when Iregained my senses, I found myselfspeeding down the highway."

When interviewed by Scott Elliott,the managing editor of the Athens(Texas) Daily Review, she said:

"I don't have any idea of what it(the force) was, but I think peopleshould know about it. I know folks aregoing to say I'm nuts. Nothing like thishas ever happened to me before and Inever expected it to.

"I'm a law-abiding citizen. I wasn'tdrinking, and I don't fool around withdrugs. I know what I saw; and my littleboy knows what he saw. Maybe I coulddismiss it (the force) as an airplane if mylittle boy hadn't been there with me toexperience the whole thing, too. But his.account of what happened is the sameas mine, so I can't dismiss it. I think itwas a UFO of some kind."

When MUFON investigated thisunusual experience, it appeared that itcould have been a "missing time"episode, since neither Mrs. Greene norTimothy can remember how long theysat in the ditch. They have very little

TIMOTHY GREENErecollection of what transpired betweenthe time that the car was illuminated bythe bright white glowing light and whenthey found themselves speeding downthe highway. Carolyn cannotremember starting the car, but canvaguely remember driving up theincline to the highway.

While reconstructing the series ofevents to determine if there was a timelapse, the investigator was able todetermine the following: (1) There is noclock on the 1979 Mercury Zephyrdashboard. (2) Carolyn was wearing awatch, but couldn't see it in thedarkness. (3) She checked her watchwhen they arrived home and it was 8:45PM. (4) The police officer stopped themfor only 5 or 6 minutes to write theticket. (5) She made no mental note ofthe time they left Ennis, Texas, which is22 miles from where the incident tookplace. (6) The distance from theincident to her residence is 23 miles. (7)Carolyn knew it was getting darkbecause this is what prompted them tostart for home; The Old FarmersAlmanac indicates the sun would haveset at 5:02 PM CST for the area. (8) Itwould have been totally dark by 5:45PM to 6 PM, since Carolyn advised thatthe weather was clear and the starswere visible later. (9) They made noother stops except for the speedingticket. (10) She said the normal drivingtime between her uncle's home andtheir residence is approximately ll/2

hours when driving at 50 mph. (11) Thetotal distance is 45 miles; thereforeCarolyn is a very conservative driver.(13) If she left at 6 PM and arrived homeat 8:45 PM, this would have been anelapsed time of 2 hours and 45minutes; a time loss of approximately 1

hour and 15 minutes. (12) The policeofficer issued the ticket at 8:15 PM.

We will come back to the possible"missing time" aspect after trying todetermine if a UFO was present or ifone could have been responsible for theincident.

At no time did Carolyn or Timothyreport seeing a craftlike object thatmight be identified as a UFO. Theautomobile was illuminated with abright white glowing light.

Both saw one flashing red lightnear their car when they regained theirsenses. Timothy said he saw the onered light ascend and join three otherflashing red lights that were hovering ata higher altitude. He was able to watchthese while his mother was speedingdown the highway.

Timothy described a force pullingupon his body "like a magnet." Carolynsaid her hair stood straight up and shefelt like something was trying to raiseher out o f , her seat in an upwarddirection. Neither people had seat beltsfastened at the time.

Now let us analyze the mechanicsof the 1979 Mercury Zephyr todetermine if the engine failure, flashingheadlamps, and static on the radio,historically known symptoms of UFOclose encounters, had any natural ormundane explanations.

The first obvious explanation forCarolyn being unable to stop the car byapplying normal pressure to the brakepedal and her inability to control thecustomary steering of the car may beattributed to the fact that when theengine failed to run, both the powerbrakes and power steering becamevery difficult to operate.

As to the headlights flashing offand on, she has had to take her car toseveral different mechanics becausethis condition has been presentintermittently since the incident. Thelight switch on the dashboard has beenreplaced. Mechanics have replaced thewiring from the switch to the headlights.The automatic highlight dimmercontrol was disconnected thenremoved to eliminate this as the sourceof the problem.

On May 11, 1984, the lights werestill "acting-up." Did a UFO cause this

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Mercury-a possible clue to UFO propulsion?By ANN DRUFFEL

Part II

We continue this discussion of themetal mercury and its possiblerelationship with propulsion systems ofsome UFOs. In Part I, I referred to aclose encounter witness interviewed bymy husband Charles and myself in1965. Because of need to guard heranonymity, she will be referred to asM.C. Her case is known to severalSouthland researchers because of hervivid descriptions of the UFO in whichshe was allegedly given a ride interstatein the Pacific Southwest. Herdescriptions and sketches of thepropulsion . system of the allegedextraterrestrial craft were interestingenough to draw the attention of a groupof scientists and engineers in theSouthern California area.1

This group's repeated attempts togain useful information from M.C.eventually proved unsuccessful. Somemembers felt that M.C.'s story might bebased on reality, but that theinformation gained during theirsubsequent interviews could not beemployed in a logical manner in buildinga duplication of the craft described.2

One bit of information given by this

witness continued to intrigue me,because it involved a specific referenceto mercury. To summarize M.C.'sstatement, the alleged occupants spoketo her in broken; accented English.According to her, their craft "traveledon a vacuum while it was inside theearth's atmosphere." The ship was two-storied, and the lower sectioncontained a number of double "drums,"each going around at great speed.Inside these drums was "a liquid sort ofthing," and the drums themselves werelike soft plastic.

M.C. did not know what the liquidwas, but was told "when it hit theearth's atmosphere it chilled [andchanged] the nuclei of the atoms in theair temporarily, so that all activity of theatmosphere momentarily stopped anda vacuum was created around that partof the ship's hull in the direction oftravel." She specified that the earth'satmosphere pushed the ship throughthe air because "nature abhors avacuum" and since the ship keptforming a vacuum, the atmospherekept pushing against it.

There was no propulsion unit assuch inside the ship, as we wouldordinarily regard "propulsion," at least

Greene, Continued

damage to her car, or is it simply anelectrical problem that has baffled themechanics to date?

This still does not explain why theengine failed and excess static wasnoted on the radio. It is theresponsibility of the investigator toeliminate mundane reasons forsymptoms associated with UFOreports as an essential ingredient of theinvestigation. Ninety percent of the rawUFO sighting reports from the "man-on-the street" have mundaneexplanations after a thorough study hasbeen completed. However the 10percent residue that defy earthlyexplanations become the actual12

unidentified flying objects. Thisparticular case remains open as of thisdate (May 23, 1984).

Since there is. apparently a timeloss element, regressive hypnosisbecomes a possible tool or technique toreconstruct this loss of memory. BothMrs. Greene and Timothy are willing toundergo regressive hypnosis if it isperformed by a certified professionalunder controlled conditions. MUFONhas several qualified professionals innortheast Texas that may be utilized forthis purpose; however no commit-ments or appointments have beenmade to date. A follow-up article will bepublished if and when these sessionsare conducted.

while the craft was inside earth'satmosphere. When the ship wentoutside earth's atmosphere, accordingto M.C., it used another type of powersystem of a type not explained by theUFO's occupants.

M.C. stated that the outside of thecraft spun while in motion through theair, although the six pie-shapedchambers inside did not spin.

The sets of double drums in thebottom section of the ship spun aroundso fast "they looked like they werestanding still," according to M.C. Theywere shaped like oil drums and were ofdifferent sizes. A piece of equipment"like a tremendous electronic brain"transferred instructions from theoccupants in the control cabin to thedrums in the bottom of the ship.

The bottom section had two sets oflarge double-drums on each side,balanced by their position to eachother. Along the top of each drum was aquantity of "pure white material thatlooked like wires but could have beenlight." These wires were in a certainpattern.

In addition to the wires on top ofthe drums, there were featuresinterspersed among them that lookedlike nails, but were soft and "jelly-like."These spots, according to M.C., lookedlike "mercury." The spots of mercurywere also in definite patterns, and wereat each site "wires" intersected, so thatthe effect was like "a schematic of somesort."

M.C. was apparently trying todescribe in ordinary terms anexperience with machinery that wastotally outside her concepts. "Betweenthese spots," she insisted, "were thesewires. They would go to one of thesespots of mercury and did something toit, and then it would pick up something,and then continue on to the next spot,picking up something more."

M.C.'s impression was that the

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Druffcl, Continued

motion among the "wires" andmercury-like "spots" probably madethe drum go around, "because it madeit heavy on one end or something. Thatis what it looked like." According to herdescription, the drums rotated inunison, one of each pair goingclockwise, its companion rotatingcounterclockwise. They spun aroundon their horizontal axes, not end overend.

M.C. stated that she was shownthe drums in both the quiescent andactive states so that she could get animpression of how they worked. In thequiet mode, the spots and wires couldbe observed clearly.

The "signals" to the spots ofmercury, via the "wires," was sentdown from the control board in the top

„ section of the craft: The occupantsexplained to M.C. that when the signalwas given to the spots of mercury, "thisstuff was drawn down inside the sets ofdpuble drums, and there was acompartment on the inside of the drumwhere this stuff was released. It comesup again, hits another spot of mercury,picks up more energy, etc. until thedrums are rotating faster and faster."

She went on to explain that, this"agent," affected by the energygathered by the spots of mercury on thetop of the drums, meanwhile was goingout through numerous tubes which hadoutlets on the outside of the ship.According to M.C.'s understanding,the agent chilled the air temporarilybefore coming back down into thedrums. The agent went from the largedrums into, smaller sets of rotatingdrums before it was released (chilled)out onto the surface of the ship. M.C.could not define what this "agent" was,but it is entirely possible that it, also,being a "liquid," was mercury.

The action of the "energy" on thewires, on the spots of mercury, on theagent inside the d rums and(temporarily) on the outside of the shipwas described by M.C. as "sort of apulsation."

M.C.'s description of the way inwhich the "ship" was propelled.was themost specific I have come across in 27years of field investigation and, indeed,to my knowledge, in UFO literature. No

judgment can be made at this point intime as to whether or not she wasdescribing a real event, but her mentionof mercury in relation to the allegedpropulsion of a UFO makes it proper tobe used in context with this article.

Since the value of the case couldnot be proved, however, it lay in filestitled "Mercury: Theory of UFOPropulsion." Then, quite serendipitous-ly, I found a reference to two-poolmercury-sealed relays which handledhigh currents at high voltage.3

The mercury-displacement-typerelay, according to this article, couldprovide millions of silent operations. Itcould be applied in many situationswhere the surrounding atmospherewas corrosive, .dirty, inflammable, orotherwise hazardous.

The principle of operation involveda coil surrounding a central tube whichwas not energized so that the plunger atthe center was held suspended in araised position. But when theferromagnetic plunger pulled down theceramic cup holding a small pool ofmercury into a larger pool of mercury at'the bottom, the two mercury poolsinterconnected electrically.

This might or might not beassociated with Patrick Thrush'sreference to "MIT's incompletemercury pool theory", but the fact that"two pools of mercury," according toPatrick' Thrush, had something to dpwith the electromagnetic propulsionsystem of an observed UFO, and thenin scientific literature, . a two-poolmercury device is described, whichhandles high voltage currents safelyand silently, the coincidence could notbe passed by. UFO do operate silently,for the most part, and seem to havesome connection with electromagnet-ism. : ,

In regard to M.C.'s description of"something that looked like wires butseemed also to look like pure whitelight," it might be appropriate to pointout that Alari Holt, an aerospacescientist and UFO researcher, hassuggested how an advanced spacecraftmight be built which might effectivelytunnel through space and time. In thesame way that a nuclear particleescapes energy 'walls, a spacecraft,could theoretically be transported to adistant space-time point. His theory

referred to the generation ofmegagauss magnetic fields by laserbeams.4 Although any possiblerelationship is extremely tenuous, thequestion must be asked. Were M.C.'salleged "wires that looked like light"actually something like laser beams,transferring energy to a mercury-basedpropulsion system?

As the years pass, more referencesto mercury appear in UFO literature. In1977 at the MUFON Symposium inScottsdale, Arizona, Dr. WilliamHassel, an applied physicist, described ••a 1920 experiment by Professor Q.Majorana in which a lead sphere wassuspended with a mercury shield.Majorana found that the weight of thesphere diminished by a small amountwhen shrouded in mercury. Six yearslater he tried a larger shield of lead andreceived even better results. He haddemonstrated, in other words, theabsorption of gravitational force by anintervening medium which, in oneinstance, was mercury.5

Einstein's theory of gravitationmakes no provision for such shieldingof gravity effects, according to Hassel.Of course, shields of both mercury andlead, in these experiments, producedunexplainable diminishment of gravityeffects, but Hassel's paper is intriguingdue to the fact that mercury was againbeing mentioned in UFO literature.

In summary, whether the futurewill bring added references to mercuryin UFO research is not known, but theUFO cases cited here specificallymentioned mercury as being involved inUFO propulsion. And the scientificreferences to mercury collected hererefer to that liquid metal's relationshipto gravitational effects, the silentoperation of a mechanism involvingboth mercury and high electricalvoltage, and its easy (and admittedlymysterious) transformation on anatomic level in at least one experiment.Could all these facts and reported UFOcases have possible relationship to oneanother?

REFERENCES & FOOTNOTESPART 11

1. Witness' name and details of location not used

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Page 14: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

DAYLIGHT DISCS SEEN IN PHOENIX

Many i n u e s f i g a f o r s andresearchers became interested inUFOs because of a sighting orexperience they had. Among them isMUFON's international director, WaltAndrus, who was with his wife and sonwhen he spotted a group of objects at 1PM on August 15, 1948. Here is hisreport:

While vacationing in Phoenix,Arizona, we were walking on the southside of an east-west street and hadstopped to observe a Stearrhan Traineraeroplane towing a glider over the city.My son, who was 5 years of age at thetime, pointed up in the sky toward thenortheast and said, "Look daddy, silverballoons."

Four round dull silver objects werefloating slowly in the northeast at anangle of 45 degrees above the horizonmoving straight west. Three were flyingin a geometric formation, while thefourth was lower and considerablybehind the first three. They were flyingin a formation opposite to that of fighteraircraft, where one protects the otherdirectly below it.

The lead craft was the highest andthe next two followed at a lower levelequally spaced behind to form a line,while the fourth craft was spaced outbehind and lower than the formation.

It was a perfectly clear day, withouta c|oud in the sky. Therefore, I wasunable to estimate their altitude inrelation to a particular cloud formation

Druffel, Continuedfor reasons of need for anonymity. Case inNICAP archives and Druffel files.2. Names withheld for reasons of professionalconfidentiality.3. "Two-pool Mercury Sealed Relays HandleHigh Currents at High Voltage", SPECTRUM,January 1972, p. 894. Holt, Alan C., "Field Resongance'Propulsion'," Abstract (Revision A), privatelydistributed.5. Hassel, William F., "Future Physics and Anti-gravity", 1977 MUFON UFO SYMPOSIUMPROCEEDINGS, Seguin, TX, pp. 60-69

14

height. At that time I was the stationmanager for Mid-Continent Airlines(now merged with Braniff International)in Quincy, Illinois, and held a U.S.Weather Bureau ObserversCertificate, and a private pilot's license.

Since we had no way ofdetermining their altitude and estimatetheir diameter, their individual sizecould be described as the size of a dressshirt button held at arms length.

My son, who saw them first, has

such poor eyes that he had to startwearing corrective lenses two yearslater. Everyone on our side of the streetstopped to watch these objects as wefollowed them slowly across the sky.

Moving directly west, the objectsarrived at a point nearly straight northof us when the lead object disappearedin the clear sky. When the secondobject arrived at the same point is also

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Sketch by Simone Mendez

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Phoenix, Continued

disappeared as did each of the followingtwo.

Since "flying saucers" has beenreported the year before in thenewspapers, we became seriouslyinterested, because we felt that we wereobserving such a phenomena at thatmoment. We reasoned that if theycontinued straight west at the sameangle to the horizon they might returnto view just as easy as they haddisappeared.

(As a weather observer, I dailyreleased balloons to measure the heightof clouds above the Quincy Airport, butour balloons, of course, never brokeflying parallel to the earth).

The wind was blowing from thewest on this date, which is the prevailingdirection in Phoenix, Arizona. (If theyhad been balloons they were flyingdirectly against the wind, or the windsaloft were blowing at 180 degreesopposite direction, which is possiblebut very unusual.)

We continued to move our eyesacross the sky at about the same rate ofspeed as the four objects had beentraveling when they pulled theirdisappearing act. Between north-northwest and northwest the first threeobjects still flying in formationreappeared just as rapidly as theypreviously, exited.; ..The fourth object

: was never seen again.We continued to watch them until

they became faint in the western sky.The total time of the observationexceeded ten minutes; therefore, thecraft were either flying relatively slow orthey were immense in size and flyingvery high.

They were perfectly round inshape when 'observed, but had to bevery thin in thickness, because theysimply rolled over on edge giving aprofile view with the effect ofdisappearing in a clear sky. If they weresomewhat translucent when viewedfrom their edges, this would also causethem to be difficult to observe. Wecould them with the naked eye duringthe period stated when they seemed todisappear. '

There was no sound detected(only the street noises) and no jet vaportrail or light was emitted from the craft.

SIGHTING OFF COAST OF BRAZIL

The following is reprinted from theNovember-December 1983 (Volume 4,No. 3) issue of UFO Research AustraliaNewsletter.1 It is the translation (byUFORAN correspondent Tiberius A.Topor in Rumania) of GerhardCordier's article which appeared inNEUER WEG (Bucharest) onNovember 13, 1982, based on aninterview with Captain Stefan Freitag,reporter Edmund Hofer and certifiedengineer Gustav Ruckert.

•' , Cap t a in S t e f a n F r e i t a g ,commander of the cargo ship "Bocsa,"of the Rumanian Merchant Marine,related the following interesting event,which occurred two days after leavingTubarao, Brazil just under the equator.

This incident took place onSeptember' 17 and, in the words ofCaptain Freitag "it was about 2100hours: The officer on watch had justdetermined our position and checkedour coordinates through a navigationsatellite. The data coincided. We wereat 11°37' southern latitude and 33°28'western longitude, that is, about theedge of the 200 sea-mile limit of theBrazilian territorial waters.

"As it was just after sunset, therewas the possibility of seeing a satellitepassing across the sky. I just wanted tomention that possibility, because anofficer, who had just left the deck,shouted, 'I see a satellite'. I rushed out,but the shiny point he observed showedlaterally green light. It could thus havebeen an airplane flying from SouthAmerica to Africa.

"I was re turning to thecommander's deck when the manshouted again: 'Look over there, onemore satellite!' 'The phenomenontaking place belongs to,the long list ofunknown cases in which UFOs wereseen, that is, the strictly scientific casesof unidentified flying objects."

As Captain Freitag left thecommander's deck, to look at the"satellite" from the. other side, he saw a

full-moon-like "something" that waspale colored. Beside it, a "star" wasshining brightly and became brighter,more brilliant and greater in size until itwas the same magnitude as the firstobject, that is, full-moon size. Then, italso grew paler.

The two objects disappeared andleft behind a shiny cloud. In the middleof the third "moon," which presentlyappeared like the other two, anexplosion was observed. An orangelight radiated from the core of thephenomenon and, in a matter ofminutes, covered the whole of the"moon" with a ring, like that of Saturn,which shone around the phenomenonwhich was turning pale.

Captain Freitag called the crewand 14 men came on deck. The Captainshot a few sequences while thephysician and boatswain took somepictures.

In the meantime, a fourth "moon"appeared and went through the samephases as the third had done. It had avertical crown of rays.

Suddenly, the "star" becamerapidly larger — it looked as if aheavenly body was falling upon the shipat fantastic speed. The phenomenon'ssize increased to that of a giant sun. Thecrew flew in a panicked crush towardsthe door. The dog, called Lord, howledand barked.

Captain Freitag reached the side ofthe ship where the phenomena wasoccurring; it seemed to have halted andnow shone in all the rainbow colors andwas surrounded by a flickering shine.Then.it grew pale and disappeared,leaving behind a phosphorescent cloud.Such was •• also the case with the fifthphenomenon.

"I must stress that the wholeprocess took place in absolute silenceand, also, that no heatwaves were felt.Only the Geiger Counter which I, alas,brought too late, showed an intensified

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"Mass Hysteria' & Multiple-Witness sightingsBy MICHAEL D. SWORDS, Ph.D.

Copyright «]984 by Michael D. Swords

Now, the "environments" whichbreed MPIs or mass psychosenicillness: we can talk about two distinctenvironments which play a role, thephysical and the psychological.

1. Physical environment: mostcases of MPI occur in enclosedspaces such as workplaces orschools, although more diffusecases involving communities areknown. For the common cases theenvironment often contains someof these characteristics: boredomor monotony, work stress, poorcommunications with "bosses,"low status of individuals, noisepollution, poor lighting, andcrowding. Now all this might seemfar removed from Ufology, and in away it is, but the physicalenvironment is simply an irritantfor a more basic internal problemwhich may have Ufology

Brazil, Continued

radiation inside the ship and on all thecrew members. I counted five radsoutside, six rads on the 14 crewmenwho witnessed the phenomena and onthe ship's outboard I counted sevenrads".

After the phenomena disappeared,the shiny clouds that remained could beseen for almost half an hour. Aroundthe ship a glow could be seen like that ofa full-moon night, but there was nomoon in the sky. The clouds shone witha greenish-blue light.

A day later, on September 18, thecrew of a British shp, coming fromSouth Africa and heading for Bermuda,saw, at about the same time, and a fewdegrees nearer the equator, sevenphenomenon of the same type. CaptainDavid Johanson of the "Tenchbank"communicated with Captain Freitag,who had asked the Coast Guard for anexplanation but had received noanswer.16

This is the second of three articles onthe subject of "mass hysteria" and itsrelation to multiple-witness UFOsightings.

implications. The characteristicsabove are felt to be addedstressors which push a person witha more fundamental internalproblem over the edge. They areenvironments which lead toattention to internal body ormental stress, i.e. to "stewing inyour own juices." Some individualswill crack under this added strainbecause of their personalproblems, others will never giveway to MPI symptoms. So it's theinternal personal problems inwhich we are interested.2. Internal or pyschologicalenvironment: the key phrase inthis area is "chronic stress." Theaffected individuals are laboringunder great strain, tension,anxiety, "neuroticism," orwhatever you want to call it. Thisstems from some endemicproblem in their lives. Most cited ofthese problems are role or statusincongruities ("status inconsis-tency"), and family or economicpressures. We can all relate tofamily and economic pressure, butwhat is "status inconsistency?" Anexample of a common "role"inconsistency occurs when awoman with children is working.She may create her own chronici n t e r n a l pressure , o f t ensubconsciously, as she "denies"her traditional role as home-staying mother. Donald Warren'sarticle of "status inconsistency"describes several other forms ofsuch incongruities involvingincome educational attainment,and "ethnicity."9 Simple exampleswould be a "White ProtestantPh.D. with very low income" or a

"Black millionaire with a gradeschool education." Most ofWarren's ideas revolve around the"economic" variable being out-of-line. Two other common factorsunite victims of MPIs. One, theyare "deniers" of their conflicts;they won't admit that they haveproblems. Two, they are nothypochondriacs; they don'tusually adopt sick roles. These twoindicate that the victims keepproblems bound up within them.

So, the picture we get is: 1. a groupof people afflicted with serious internaland environmental stressors; 2. placedin a monotonous or stressfulenvironment; 3. hearing of a "triggerevent" containing details ofsymptomatic behaviors; 4. beginning toexpress such behaviors withoutrealizing why. Also, the trigger eventmust be mysterious (experts arebaffled) and fear-producing.

Now, directly on to Ufology...Does this picture make any sense?

Apparently some UFO commenta-tors think it does. Mark Phine is hischapter in the "Condon Report"remarks quite favorably on thepossibility of "mass hysteria" explainingUFO phenomena.10 He mentionsanxieties, money problems, imminentthreats, and feelings of personal

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Swords, Continued

inadequacy as relevant stressors, andcites the June Bug case and Welles'War of the Worlds broadcast panic forsupport. The "attitude" of his piece ishighly skeptical toward UFOs and thelanguage used indicates poorobjectivity bordering on flippancy. But"pro-UFO" writers also feel MPI may berelevant.

Ronald Westrurh in UFOPhenomena and the BehavioralScientist admits that "UFO" is a trans-mittable concept, and recognizes theneed for research on crowd effects inUFO witness cases.n He also mentionsthe Welles' broadcast. Robert Hall inUFOs: A Scientific Debate speaks ofsystems and "contagion of belief andstates:

"some effort has been made toliken UFO reports to these casesof hysterical contagion. It appearsquite clear that hystericalcontagion contributes some casesto the massive number of reports,but there are many difficulties intrying to argue that the hard-corecases can be explained in this

Third, the June Bug Incident

way. "12

Dr. Hall mentions the usual JuneBug and Welles cases, plus the Seattlewindshield pitting "mania" and the MadGasser of Mattoon as MPI incidentssimilar to UFO cases.

Well, folks, although disagreeingwith experts is a risky occupation, it isnof at all clear to this author that MPIcontributes any cases of UFO reports.Let's , back up this presumption byinitially examining the example casescited by the authors above. First,Welles' Broadcast.

Second, the Seattle Incident

Fourth, the Mattoon Gasser

The first two cases are not trueMPIs at all."," In both the Welles andSeattle incidents the resultant"syndrome" included nothing butenhanced fear levels due to rumors andmisinformation. Illness did not result.Hallucination did not result. In short,none of the characteristics of MPIresulted except agitation due to fear.The affected people showed a very lowlevel of "craziness" compared tovictims of MPI. No one saw or reportedMartian extraterrestrials or Sovietnuclear attackers (the Seattle incidentinvolved fear of fallout from Sovietweapons testing).

This sort of diffuse panic situationfalls under the modern psychiatricheading of "anxiety attacks." Thepeople involved are not psychotic, noreven borderline psychotic. They are"normal" frightened people. For thisreason, the level of "craziness' is low.These people are still largely in touchwith reality. They continue to testreality as it stumbles across their path,and, thereby, they do not hallucinatethe objects of their fears, nor do theysuccumb to hysteria symptoms. Theyare frightened. They believe. But theydo not add unreal "experiences" totheir beliefs. If we find any hint of suchunrealities added onto such a situation,we need to look beyond simple diffusecrowd anxiety to explain it.

Now for the "true" MPIs: the JuneBug and Mattoon incidents. Both ofthese cases fit the patterns of "masshysteria": a first case, an acceleration ofsymptoms, and a "burn out" of activityin about 10 days. Although fear waspresent (fear of infection or of beinggassed), it was not the end of thephenomenon, as in the first two cases,

but rather produced "illnesses" in thevictims. The June Bug case occurredwithin a closed work environment.15

The Mattoon gasser worked within adiffuse community.16 The Mattoon caseseems most like UFO experiences. Inreality, neither are particularlyanalogous. Here's why.

Let's pretend for a moment that wehave no problems relating the slow "10-day" time period with UFO cases; let'simagine that there is an explosive(almost all-at-once) type of MPI whichcould shorten the time scale to fitmultiple witness or "all-around-town"type cases. This is something which weprobably should allow for since certainnon-western cultural rituals seem to beable to bring on such "explosive"group-hysteria phenomena in mattersof minutes. However, such explosionsdepend on powerful traditions and,therefore, suggestibility' in thecommunities involved.17 But there aremuch more fundamental problems thanthe time scale in relating MPIs to UFOs.In our pattern

what we see in Ufology is "Results," i.e.the UFO reports. As we reflect on the"results" of MPI, we see that somethingrather important is missing...visualhallucinations.

Of all the cases of MPI closelystudied by psychologists, only onecontains even a hint of visualhallucination (& Malayasian casewherein a few women in the largehysterical group felt a dark man wascoming to strangle them).18 Even in thissingle case, only the most violentlyhysterical claimed to have this vision.

No other cases of visualhallucination exist in the professionallystudied cases. No one saw the allegedMattoon Gasser; no one spotted theoffending "June Bug." If MPIs were tobe at the root of community ormultiwitness UFO reports, the totalnumber of such reports might well bezero. At least it is legitimate to say (myapologies to Robert Hall), it appears

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Page 18: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Swords, Continued

quite likely that hysterical contagioncontributes no cases to the massivenumber of reports.

A second significant differenceexists between MPI and UFO reports,regarding the results. This is how those"results" are perceived both by societyand by the future "victims." In MPIssociety must perceive the resultantbehavior as deviant and needingtreatment of some kind. The potential"victim" must perceive the behavior asbeing rewarded in a way which givesthem release or respite from theirchronic stress. It's at least questionablewhether either of these twocharacteristics applies very well to thebehavior called "reporting a UFO."

If Gallup polls mean anything, sucha report is long past being considereddeviant and requiring treatment bysociety at large (even if psychiatriststhemselves tend to assume such). It'sdifficult to assess whether UFOpercipients might feel that reporting aUFO would relieve chronic stress intheir lives in some way. It would beinteresting to explore why anyonewould predict stress relief via a UFOexperience, especially among relativelynormal, non-psychotic communitymembers.

There is one marginal aspect ofUFO phenomena which may beinfluenced by MPI: Cults. Some of thebehaviors and enhancement of theemotional content of beliefs in so-calledmillenarian (salvation or messianic-like)cults has been shown to paralled theMPI pattern. Most ufologists, however,rate these cults as an unfortunate side-effect of the UFO phenomenon, andthey play little role in the scientific job ofpuzzling out the basis of the mass ofdata.

A few other thoughts on MPI andUFOs: Could the whole country-wideUFO phenomenon be an ultra-diffusecase of MPI? Theorists feel that suchdiffuse MPIs can occur so long as thearea involved has s u f f i c i e n tcommunications power to spread the"rumors" and the details of theappropriate "deviant" or abnormalbehavior. A small scale example of thiswas a flurry of pseudopoliomelitis in theU.S. in the 1950's.i"18

Well, no matter what the scale, theobjections to applying MPIs to multi-witness and community-wide "flaps"still stand — especially the matter ofvisual hallucinations. If we waive theproblem of visual hallucination (whichthere are very good reasons not fordoing), then the MPI pattern gives ussome hints as to what to look for inUFO witnesses:

1. Chronic stress in their lives2. Possibly "status inconsistency"of life roles3. Possibly "status inconsistency"of economics4. Fear of something associatedwith the event5. Personal characteristics of con-flict denial and nori-complaints6. Non-psychotic, but increase inneuroticism7. Possibly above average extro-version8. Inclusion of odor hallucination in"trigger" eventThe first five have been mentioned

above. A word about the others. MPIvictims do not show psychosis, butshow greater neuroticism as measuredby the Eysenck Personality Inventory.20

Extroversion has been noted in slightincrease using the same test. The"Hysteria Scale" of the MinnesotaMultiphasic Personality Inventory doesnot show an increase in MPI victims(indicating less "craziness" than inindividual hysteria syndromes).21 Theodor hallucination, or perhaps odorhypersensitivity, is an intriguing aspectof MPI.22 It occurred in more than halfof the closely studied cases (mostobviously in the "gas" of the Mattoongasser).

Another word, though, on visualhallucinations: this author admits thatwe need a good, detailed presentationon current thinking about visualhallucinations and how they may relateto Ufology (a presentation on "full-scales" elaborate hallucinations, that is,ones with richness of detail). Lackingthis, here are a few words: the humanbrain is a "sight-brain"; sight is ourreality tester. Our brains are powerfullycued into sight, and when visualhallucinations of an elaborate sortoccur, they are signs of somethingrather seriously going awry. Anexample of this effect: even in serious

psychosis such as schizophrenia thetypical hallucinations are of the "lesser"senses (usually auditory) and are muchmore rarely visual. Visual hallucinationindicates a very severe schizophreniacase usually.

Also, hallucinations occur whenthe "excitement" level of the neurons inthe brain are boosted very high beyondnormal or depressed very low beneathit. That is, either much too great asensory bombardment or much toolittle a sensory input will cause the mindto inappropriately piece together avision of external reality (i.e. hallucinatevisually). Drugs may easily accomplishthis. Extreme environments ofstimulation or deprivation may as well.Certain natural or cultivated "alteredstates of consciousness" (such as thedream state) seem to mimic visualhallucinations; and certain organicbrain problems create these problemsas well. The common ingredients inthese cases seem to be a very abnormalactivity level of certain brain hormones(esp. dopamine, nor-epinephrine, andserotonin), and a consequent abnormalactivity of key brain structures (esp. thebrain's "filters", the thalamus).

The point of this is, the means ofproducing elaborate visual hallucina-tions of the "close encounter" sortinvolve brain mechanisms andchemistry of an extreme and abnormalsort when compared to normal awakeconsciousness. This is, doubtless, whywe don't have them in large groups ofpeople as in MPIs. It is also why thephenomenon of MPI probably hasnothing to do with UFO reports.

To Be Continued

REFERENCES

8. Kerchkoff. A.C. and K.W. Bach. The JuneBug: A study of hysterical contagion. N.Y. 1968,p. 259. Warren Op. cit., also a 1975 report to theInternational Sociological Association,Geneva by same author, and reported byWestrum, Ronald M. in Haines (see below).10. Rhine.Mark. "Psychological Aspects of UFOReports", in Condon, E.U., op. cit., pp. 590-597.11. Westrum, Ronald M. "Witnesses of UFOsand Other Anomalies."Haines, Richard, op.cit.,pp. 89-112.12. Hall, Robert L. "Sociological Perspectives on

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Page 19: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

Director Message, Continued

qualified person to become the StatePublic Relations Director. Thesepeople will work in conjunction withMarge Christensen, the MUFONDirector of Public Relations, todistribute News Releases to newsmedia personnel in their respectivestates in addition to their local newsreleases.

Marge will compose and word thenews releases whereby they may bereproduced and mailed in the formatreceived. Obviously, each will consist ofsignificant national news that will beappropos to all states.

The news releases will normally bemailed to each state director with themonthly MUFON Newsletter toconserve postage. Please forward thenames, addresses, and telephonenumbers of each State Public RelationDirector to Walt Andrus in Seguin,Texas.

***

Swords, Continued

UFO Reports", pp. 213-223 (quote p. 217) inSagan and Page, op.cit. Dr. Hall reportedsimilarly to the U.S. House of RepresentativesCommittee on Science and AstronauticsSymposium on Unidentified Flying Objects.Document number PB-179-541. U.S.Government Printing Office. 1968, pp. 100-112.13. Cantril, H. The Invasion from Mars.Princeton. 1940.14. Medalia, N.Z. and O.N. Larsen. "Diffusionand Belief in a Collective Delusion: The SeattleWindshield Pitting Epidemic." Am. Soc. Rev.23:180-186. 1958.15. Kerchkoff and Bach, op.cit.16. Johnson, Donald M. "The PhantomAnesthetist of Mattoon" J. of Abnormal andSocial Psychology 40:175-186. 194517. Siroi's, Francois. "Perspectives on epidemichysteria", in Colligan et at, op.cit., pp. 217-236.18.Phoon, W.H. "Outbreaks of Mass Hysteria atWorkplaces in Singapore." in Colligan et al,op.cit., pp. 21-31.19. McEvedy, C.P. and A. IV. Beard. "ConceptofBenigh Mya/gic Encephalomyelitis." BritishMedical Journal 1:11-15. 1970.20. CoHigan, Michael J. and L. R. Murphy. "AReview of Mass Psychogenic Illness in WorkSettings." in Colligan et.al, op.cit., pp. 33-52.21. Temoshak, Lydia and C.C. Attkisson."Epidemiology of Hysterical Phenomena" inHorowitz, op.cit., pp. 143-222 (esp. pp.186-7).22. Colligan and Murphy., op.cit., pp. 36-40.

Every member may acheive a two-way benefit by writing to your U.S.Congressman and requesting a copy ofthe revised and updated booklet titledThe UFO Enigma by Marcia S. Smithand revised by George D. Havasdated June 20, 1983.

Composed by the Science PolicyResearch Division, CongressionalResearch Service, The Library ofCongress, it is Report No. 83-205 SPR(143 pages).

By taking advantage of this free 8l/2

- x - 11 publication, you will not onlyhave a fine addition for your personallibrary, but the impact of everyonewriting to their congressman will beadvis ing them that the UFOphenomenon is very much alive and ofpublic interest.

.***Even though Pren t i ce -Ha l l

recognized the heavy pre-publicationdemand for their new book Clear Intentby Larry Fawcett and Barry J.Greenwood, their first printing wasonly 6,000 paperbacks and 1,500hardback editions. Book stores wereimmediately sold out as peopleclamored to obtain copies of thispotential best seller.

We were fortunate that theWalden Book Store in San Antonio wasable to purchase and have 100hardback copies available at theMUFON 1984 UFO Symposium forBarry to autograph. As announced inthe May-June 1984 edition of theJournal, MUFON purchased 100paperback copies that are available for$8.95 plus $1.50 for postage andhandling.

The cost of the hardback edition is$17.95 at book stores. MUFON doesnot plan to stock hardback copies dueto the large difference in price.

It has also been suggested thatmembers should send a copy to theirU.S. Representative or Senator. Sincemost book stores are sold out of ClearIntent, you can obtain your copy bywriting to MUFON.

***Dan R. Wright, State Director for

Michigan, has composed a draft copy ofa potential examination for FieldInvestigator Trainees desiring to beupgraded.

The exam consists of 100

DONALD R. SCHMITTWisconsin State Director

questions: 64 multiple choice, 27true/false, and nine to fill in the blank.The subjects covered includeastronomy, Earth's atmosphere andweather, electromagnetism, radar,radio, sound, human sight, light andcolor, photography, shapes andmeasurements, meteors and satellites,psychology, IFOs and UFOs.

It is intended as a so-called "takehome" exam for which the individualwould be permitted to call upon anyresource. It is predicated on the ideathat proper investigation of aerialphenomena requires a workingknowledge of numerous science andtechnological fields. Preliminary copieshave been submitted to all StateDirectors for their study andrecommendations.

This is a positive step towardsecuring professional field investiga-tors. It is expected that an experiencefactor and required reading couldsupplement this exam, before a personcould qualify as a Field Investigator.

***The July-August issue of the

Journal gave the readers a briefstatement about the contents of eachspeakers paper. To obtain a copy ofeach speech presented, order yourpersonal copy of the MUFON 1984UFO Symposium Proceedings (184pages) for $10.00 plus $1.50 for postageand handling in U.S. Funds fromMUFON, 103 Oldtowne Road, Seguin,Texas 78155. For our members inforeign countries it is -recommendedthat all purchases be'made with anInternational Postal Money Order or bya check drawn upon a United StatesBank or branch thereof.

19

Page 20: MUFON UFO Journal - 1984 9. September

DIRECTOR'S MESSAGEWalt Andrus

Starting with the October 1984issue of the Journal, Dennis Stacy, thepresent Assistant Editor, will assumethe responsibilities of Editor, relievingBob Pratt. A few months ago, Bobasked your Director to secure a neweditor so he could devote more of hispersonal time to writing. Bob becamethe editor with the October 1983 issue,replacing Richard H. Hall. WaltAndrus will become the AssistantEditor, having served as the interimeditor on several occasions.

***When one considers that the

nation of Brazil is practically the samegeographic size as the United States,our representation in this Portuguese-speaking country must be expanded.Cynthia Newby Luce has agreed tobecome the Sectional Representativefor Eastern Brazil. Cynthia, a U.S.citizen residing in Brazil, has an M.A. inexperimental psychology and isinterested in the multi-dimensional andparanormal aspects of the UFOphenomenon. Cynthia attended therecent MUFON UFO Symposium inSan Antonio, where she earned therespect of those she met.

Jorge Arias (Gosalvez), living inOruro , Bolivia, is our newRepresentative for Bolivia. He is amember of numerous UFO organiza-tions in Brazil, Argentina, France andPortugal. Jorge was recommended byJ. Antonio Huneeus (New York City)after Antonio's recent -visit to SouthAmerica.

Wang Qi-Sheng, an engineer inFangsham, Beijing, the People'sRepublic of China, volunteered hisexpertise as a Research Specialist inPropulsion Systems. He has submitteda scholarly paper titled "Space-timePeculiarities of the Multi-dimensionalWorld and Their Position in the Worldof Matter." After screening Mr. Qi-Sheng's impressive paper, JamesM.McCampbell, Director forResearch, has recommended thatcopies be submitted to other consul-

CYNTHIA NEWBY-LUCEDirector, Eastern Brazil

tants versed in the physics andmathematics of the five dimensionalcomplex space-time field.

Kay R. McFarland, a retiredcollege library director residing in PortOrange, Florida, has joined MUFON asa Research Specialist in LibraryScience. Kay has an M.A. in libraryscience and has completed her coursework for a doctorate.

Kenneth McLean.State Directorfor Wyoming, has selected Marven G.Norman of Cheyenne as the AssistantState Director and State SectionDirector for Laramie County. Paul C.Cemy has approved the appointmentof Roy R. Yates of Fresno, California,to become the State Section Directorfor Fresno and Madera Counties. Royhas a B.S. in education, and wasrecommended by Marvin E. Taylor,Assistant State Director for California.

William P. "Bill" Heinzerling, aninnkeeper in Waitsfield, Vermont, witha B.A. in geology, will be the StateSection Director for WashingtonCounty. Bill attended the symposium inSan Antonio and was impressed withthe caliber of the speaking program andthe participants.

Edward J. Planz, State Directorfor Alabama, has proudly announcedthe assignment of the following newState Section Directors: EdO. Brown,formerly the Director of PublicRelations for the University of Alabamain Tuscaloosa and now retired, is theState Section Director for the countiesof Tuscaloosa, Greene, Pickens,Fayette and Lamar. Mr. Brown hasbeen a member of MUFON for tenyears and active on the MUFONAmateur Radio Net with the call lettersN4JUB. Michael R. Flora holds a B.S.in engineering physics and is employedby NASA-MSFC in Huntsville,Alabama, as an aerospace technologist.Michael is responsible for the countiesof Limestone, Madison and Jackson.John R. Garbutt, Jr., whose UFOinterest goes back to 1949, when he wasemployed by the Air Force as a civilian,is the State Section Director for ElmoreCounty. John, now retired, is also aham radio operator K4AKC.

***On July 22,1984, The Birmingham

News (Alabama) published a featurestory titled "UFO's—Hiding in space orgone for good?" datelined Tuscaloosaby Mike Bolton with illustrations byRay Brown. Occupying two-thirds ofthe front page of Section B, the articlewas an interview with Edward J.Planz, State Director for Alabama,wherein MUFON was mentioned onnumerous occasions. Basically, thestory was an update on the status ofnewsworthy UFO sightings in thesouthern states since 1947. The storywas picked up on the wire services andsince then Ed Planz and Ed Brown wereinterviewed by the radio stationCHUM in Montreal and a brief reportwas aired on WOAI in San Antonio.

***Since public relations and

education ranks as one of our toppriorities, each State Director is beingasked to select a competent and

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