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1 International Human International Human Resources Management Resources Management Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism 1

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International Human International Human Resources Management Resources Management

Multiculturalism

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Culture DefinedCulture Defined

Culture is understood as the customs, beliefs, norms and values that guide the behavior of the people in a society and that are passed on from one generation to the next.

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Culture DefinedCulture Defined

Culture has a normative value

Culture is a group phenomenon

Cultural practices are passed on from generation to generation

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Culture DefinedCulture Defined

Occupational culture

Organizational culture

Sub-culture

Dominant culture

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Multiculturalism Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism means that people of different cultures (and countries) interact regularly.

Global firms are repositories of multiculturalism

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Cultural predispositions Cultural predispositions

MNC’s tend to have cultural predispositions towards managing things in a particular way which helps identify specific steps it takes:

Ethnocentricism

Polycentricism

Regiocentricism

Geocentricism

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Ethnocentricism Ethnocentricism

The home country’s culture is sought to be imposed on the subsidiaries.

Exports policies and practices from home country to the subsidiary

Expatriates from the home country manage the affairs

Local employees occupy low-level and routine jobs

Decision making and operations are largely centralized out of the home country HQ

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PolycentricismPolycentricism

The multinational adapts to the local cultural needs of subsidiaries.

Management policy is oriented to suit local needs

Autonomy in decision making to the subsidiary to run their businesses

Host country nationals head the organization supported by extensive training by the parent company

Parent company ensures cultural parity and corporate philosophy across all subsidiaries

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GeocentricismGeocentricism

The multinational runs the subsidiary as a independent entity.

Localization is replaced with building a center of excellence at a global level

Hiring the best person for the job….. could be a third country national

Remain guided by Parent company culture and philosophy

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RegiocentricismRegiocentricism

The multinational runs the subsidiary as a independent entity, within a regional geography.

Localization at a regional level, building a center of excellence at a regional level

Hiring the best person for the job….. usually a third country national with a regional experience

Remain guided by Parent company culture and philosophy

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Cultural ModelsCultural Models

Three theoretical concepts that help understand the nuances of different cultures better

GLOBE Project

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

Trompenaars Framework

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Globe ProjectGlobe Project“Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior

Effectiveness”

170 researchers, over 7 years from 17000 managers in 62 countries, covering 825 organizations

Identified nine cultural dimensions that distinguish one society from another that have important managerial implications

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Globe ProjectGlobe Project“Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness”

Assertiveness Future OrientationPerformance OrientationsHuman OrientationGender differentiation In-group collectivismCollectivism/ SocietalPower DistanceUncertainty Avoidance

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Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsHofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

Based on a study of IBM employees spread across the globe

Identified 4 critical cultural dimensions:

Power distance

Uncertainty Avoidance

Individualism

Masculinity

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Power DistancePower DistanceThe extent to which less powerful members of

institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally.

Countries in which people blindly obey the orders of supervisors have high power distance

Countries with low power distance tend to be decentralized and have flatter structures with more equality and decision making power

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Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance Extent to which people feel threatened by

ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid this.

Countries with high uncertainly avoidance have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts and their knowledge

Countries with low uncertainty avoidance accept risks associated with the unknown, less structured activities, fewer written rules, willing to take risk, show initiative and assume responsibility for action

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IndividualismIndividualism Individualism is the tendency to look after

themselves and their family as opposed to collectivism where people tend to belong to groups and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty

In countries with high individualism people are responsible for themselves, individual achievement is ideal, and self sufficiency is lauded

In countries with high collectivism group membership is paramount, groups protect individuals in exchange for their loyalty to the group, societies tend to promote nepotism

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MasculinityMasculinity

Where the dominant values in a society are success, money and other material things.

High masculine cultures distinguish clearly between gender roles where men are dominant and assertive and work takes priority over other duties, and advancement success and money are important

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Trompenaars FrameworkTrompenaars FrameworkA European researcher who conducted a

research with 15,000 managers from 28 countries, representing 47 national cultures.

Uses seven dimensions to describe culture also called the 7d cultural dimensions model Universalism vs. particularism Individualism vs. collectivism Specific vs. diffuse Neutral vs. affective Achievement vs. ascription Past vs. present Internal vs. external control

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Global IT Companies On a Cultural Make Over

In Atos Origin India ( AOI), part of $ 6.6 billion European IT major Atos Origin about 100 odd staff attend French classes after office hrs.

At IBM employees employees are being encouraged to think in terms ofa more globally integrated orgn and tap into a programme called “Shades of Blue” to understand business nuances about any other country.

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Global IT Companies On a Cultural Make Over contd..

At Accenture and IBM, there is a shift from a country specific strategy to a more global sourcing one.

Till recently IBM used to process purchase orders in 300 destinations. Now it does it in just three places – Bangalore, Shanghai and Budapest.

Big Blue has shifted Asia headquaters from Tokyo to Shanghai in a bis to fanthom its new growth markets China and India.

Atos Origin sees a savings upwards of 50% for client work if done from India. To take the benefit of India sourcing, it has send a team from French car marker Renault to AOI to bridge cultural gaps.

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Parth Iyengar, VP Research, Gartner India says………

“ for multinationals, hiring staff in destinations loke India is least of the problems. But they are not used to doing small deals and delivering services out of low cost destinations. This does require a cultural change in hoe they work.”

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The IBM Case

From doing everything from pay roll to developing software to shipping servers as a country specific strategy, IBM is now going for best offshore options.

For IBM Japan the hr is done in Manila, Pay roll in Shanghai, Procurement in Schenzen, accounting in Kuala Lumpur, technology support in Australia and so on.

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The IBM Case contd..

Its ‘shades of blue’ cultural orientation programme is targeted towards helping employees understand the needs of staffers across locations easily.

The faster they do it the easier it will be for global giants to catch up with their smaller but more nimble competitors.

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Cultural Make over of Korean companies

Koreans working for Companies like LG, POSCO, Samsung and CISCO in India not only learn Hindi, Kannada and Oriya but adopt local names too.

Posco (had 35 expats working in India in the year 2009) has made it mandatory to learn Oriya for a better understanding of local environment

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Cultural Make over of Korean companies contd…

Anurag is the name of a KOPrian Chang Chyong Jung working at LG Greater Noida.

“We have Korean interns who do their research projects with us and they have even shown cultural adaptation to the extent of adopting Indian names like Pragya and Ashim. Some of them have also volunteered for a Sanskrit learning course arranged by LG India .”

Yasho Verma , Director

HR & MS LG India

( LG had 20 expats in the year 2009)

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Cisco Case

All its expats come from 4 places primarily, Europe, Singapore, Beijing and US.

In at least two of these places the first language is not English. Cisco has a language course of 160 hrs.

They have a 2 day orientation for employee, spouse, and children.

They are planning to relocate over 20% of its senior team in the next three years to its globalization centre.

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Cisco Case Contd..

“ The language course that we conduct , could be a combination of 80 hrs. in Hindi, 80 in Kannada or 120 in Kannada and 40 hrs in Hindi.”

Syed HodaSenior Director

Operations, Globalization CentreCisco

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http://www.nokia.com/corporate-responsibility/cr-report-2007/employees/labor-practices

http://www.nokia.com/corporate-responsibility/employees/who-we-are