MUNICIPALITY OF CAWAYAN

Assessment Results and Consolidated Data Analysis

PRO WATER: Promoting Integrated Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Access, Integrity, Empowerment, Rights and Resiliency

Joint Programme

Table of Contents

Page

I. Geographical Setting and Physical Characteristics 1-3

Location and Administrative Composition

Climate

Geology Topography Land Use Natural Hazards

II. Socio-Economic and Cultural Features 3-6

Demography 3 Local Economy 4 Financial 4-5

Income

Expenditures

Infrastructure 5-6

Transportation Network

Power Facilities

Education

Health & Service Facility

III. iWASH Household Survey Results 7-8

IV. Existing Water Supply Conditions 8-11

V. Existing Sanitation Conditions 11-12

VI. Assessing Disaster Preparedness 13-14

VII. Gender and Development (GAD) Mainstreaming in 14-16

Project identification, Planning, and Implementation of

Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sanitation & Hygiene Time Use Tool

VIII. Governance and Institutional Building 16-19

Governance and Institutional Building Sanitation & Hygiene

1

I. Geographical Setting and Physical Characteristics

Location and Administrative Composition

Municipality of Cawayan is located in the southern part of the mainland of Masbate. It is

between 123 degrees and 46 minutes East of Longitude and 11 degrees and 56 minutes

North Latitude. It is bounded on the east by the Municipalities of Palanas and Placer, and

on the west by Municipality of Milagros, on the North by Municipality of Uson and on the

South the marine rich Asid Gulf of the Visayan Sea that separates the Municipality from

Panay Island. Cawayan is divided into thirty-seven (37) barangays three (3) of which are

urban barangays and the rest are rural barangays.

Table 1.1: Classification of Barangay

Barangay Urban/Rural

Begia Rural

Cabayugan Rural

Cabungahan Rural

Calapayan Rural

Calumpang Rural

Chico Island Rural

Dalipe Rural

Divisoria Urban

Gilotongan Rural

Guiom Rural

Iraya Rural

Itombato Rural

Lague-lague Rural

Libertad Rural

Looc Rural

Mactan Rural

Madbad Rural

Mahayahay Urban

Maihao Rural

Malbug Rural

Naro Rural

Palobandera Rural

Pananawan Rural

Peña Island Rural

Pin-As Rural

Poblacion Urban

Pulot Rural

Punta Batsan Rural

R.M. Magbalon (Bebinan) Rural

Recodo Rural

San Jose Rural

San Vicente Rural

Taberna Rural

Talisay Rural

Tubog Rural

Tuburan Rural

Villahermosa Rural

Climate

2

The Municipality belongs to Type III climate which is characterized by seasons not very

pronounced and relatively dry. Dry season starts in the latter part of January to early part of May.

The annual rainfall ranges from 2,220mm to 2,500mm and is influence by the Southwest

Monsoon (Habagat) and inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). However, the climate

condition has been subjected to extreme abnormalities due to global warming.

Geology

The municipality of Cawayan is reflective of the various geologic formations of the Masbate

island basins which consist largely of meta-sedimentary rocks such as argillite, quartzite, and

marbles. Such geologic formation provides a relatively stable aquifer of ground water for

domestic use.

Topography

The common surface configuration of the locality ranges from level to slightly undulating and

rolling to moderate hilly. Cawayan is a tract of plains and rolling hills but majority is plain to

lowland. The Municipality’s highest peak is at the steep and cliff rocky mountain located at

Barangays Begia and Calumpang with an elevation of 100 to 110 meters above mean sea

level (AMSL). The lowest area is found at the coastal portion of Barangays Divisoria,

Poblacion, Mahayahay, Begia, Recodo, Guiom, Pin-as, Malbug and all island barangays.

Land Use

The Municipality has a total land area of 30,268.25 hectares subdivided into the following land

use category: Agricultural Land, Built-Up Areas, Grassland & Watershed, Mangroves/Swamps,

Offshore Land, Built-Up Areas & Others. Cawayan is comprised of one (1) land mass and

seven (7) islands, namely: Naro, Chico, Gilotongan, Pena, Namatyan, Ginlubngan and Cobre

Island.

Table 1.2: Existing Land Use

Land Use Category Area in Hectares Percent in Total

Agricultural Areas 19,187.26 63.39

Grassland & Watershed 7,134.23 23.57

Mangroves & Swamps 1,870.58 6.18

Offshore Land 1,555.79 5.14

Built-up Area 424.40 1.40

Others 96.00 0.32

Total 30,268.25 100.00

Source: LGU Land Use Survey 1999

Natural Hazards

The hazards identified in the Municipality are based on the Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Plan (2013-2017). The Municipality of Cawayan is frequently

visited by typhoons. The two strongest typhoons that hit the municipality are typhoon Frank

in 2008 and typhoon Caloy in 2005.

Strong wind/storm surges endanger the residents from the Island Barangays of Cawayan

namely: Gilotongan, Pena, Cobre, Guinlobngan, Chico, Naro, Looc, Punta Batsan and

Talisay, and the ten (10) Coastal Barangays namely: Malbug, Cabtugan, Dalipe, Pin-as,

Guiom, Recodo, Begia, Mahayahay, Poblacion and Divisoria.

3

II. Socio-Economic and Cultural Features

Demography

The total population of the Municipality of Cawayan in 2010 NSO Survey results is

63,115 with an average household size of 4.7 which is lower than the national average of

five. About 13.34 percent of the total population reside in the three (3) urban barangays and

the 86.66 percent are living in the rural barangays. (refer toTable2.1)

Table 2.1: Population by Barangay, Urban-Rural Distribution, 2010

Barangay Classification (Urban/Rural) 2010 Population

Begia Rural 2,574

Cabayugan Rural 1,059

Cabungahan Rural 1,517

Calapayan Rural 1,283

Calumpang Rural 1,189

Chico Island Rural 2338

Dalipe Rural 1,806

Divisoria Urban 3,338

Gilotongan Rural 3,328

Guiom Rural 1,897

Iraya Rural 1068

Itombato Rural 1,142

Lague-lague Rural 883

Libertad Rural 1,223

Looc Rural 2,540

Mactan Rural 1082

Madbad Rural 1219

Mahayahay Urban 2,411

Maihao Rural 1,414

Malbug Rural 2,978

Naro Rural 3,026

Palobandera Rural 636

Pananawan Rural 1,622

Peña Island Rural 2199

Pin-As Rural 1,286

Poblacion Urban 3,669

Pulot Rural 842

Punta Batsan Rural 2446

R.M. Magbalon

(Bebinan)

Rural 893

Recodo Rural 2,139

San Jose Rural 620

San Vicente Rural 1197

Taberna Rural 1445

Talisay Rural 1,185

Tubog Rural 1080

Tuburan Rural 1,603

Villahermosa Rural 938

TOTAL 63,115

4

Local Economy

Agricultural commodities and aquatic marine resources are the major products of

Cawayan. These include corn, copra, rice, livestock, sea cucumbers, marine fishes and

different kinds of shellfish. Crabs are very popular in the municipality setting off an

industry in crab-meat processing. The proliferation of fishponds, mostly along the Dalipe

River and Bara tributaries, makes Cawayan a huge source of tiger prawns and shrimps

as well as crabs and milkfish. Most households raise livestock and poultry although not

in commercial quantities. These are traded in local markets or brought to the markets of

Masbate City and Cebu Island.

Financial

Income

Year IRA Local Source Total

2014 111,351,387.50 7,561,106.87 118,912,494.37

2013 98,248,632.00 3,996,009.70 102,244,641.70

2012 86,696,676.00 4,089,038.09 90,785,714.09

2011 89,283,324.00 3,980,721.63 93,264,045.63

2010 82,484,682.00 3,358,247.60 85,842,929.60

Expenditures

Year

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENDITURES (In Million)

TOTAL

OPERATING EXPENDITURES

General

Public

Services

Education,

Culture &

Sports/

Manpower

Development

Health,

Nutrition &

Population

Control

Labor

and

Employ

ment

Housing

and

Commu

nity

Develop

ment

Social

Services

and

Social

Welfare

Econo-

mic

Services

Debt

Service

(FE)

(Interest

Expense

& Other

Charges)

2010 39.95 3.75 6.97 - - 9.19 6.98 0.51 67.36

2011 39.46 4.73 8.96 - 0.25 4.97 9.85 0.13 68.34

2012 42.47 2.98 10.77 - - 4.41 9.59 - 70.22

2013 43.70 2.34 11.66 - - 5.09 10.85 1.72 75.36

2014 48.05 1.51 10.99 - 1.32 7.29 11.57 1.88 82.61

Year

TOTAL NON-OPERATING EXPENDITURES (In Million)

TOTAL NON- OPERATING

EXPENDI- TURES

CAPITAL/ INVESTMENT EXPENDITURES DEBT SERVICE (Principal Cost)

Other

Non-

Operating

Expendi-

tures

CAPITAL

/ INVESTM ENT

EXPENDI TURES

Purchase/ Construct

of

Property Plant and

Equipment (Assets/ Capital Outlay)

Purchase

of Debt

Securities

of Other

Entities

(Investme

nt Outlay)

Grant

/ Make Loan

to Other Entitie

s (Inves- ment Outlay

)

DEBT

SERVICE (Principal

Cost)

Payment of Loan

Amortiza- tion

Retirem ent/

Redemp tion of Bonds/ Debt

Secur- ities

2010 19.95 19.95 - - 3.88 3.88 - 23.83

2011 20.62 20.62 - - - - - 20.62

2012 19.79 19.79 - - - - - 19.79

2013 20.88 20.88 - - - - - 20.88

2014 22.48 22.48 - - - - - 0.25 22.73

Source: Bureau of Local Government Finance

5

LGU Expenditures on Water

Infrastructure

• Transportation Network

The municipality has an existing 70.28 km of well-paved road system. Land vehicles

that ply the road network include cars, buses, jitneys, tricycles, motorcycles, and

trucks. In the coastal communities, the most common means of transportation are

pump boats and motorcycles called as habal-habal.

• Power Facilities

The municipality’s power source is served by the Masbate Electric Cooperative

(MASELCO). Half of the island barangays is powered by the National Power Corporation

(NAPOCOR), while in mainland barangays accounting to 80% are already electrified and

are served by MASELCO. Far-flung barangays not covered by these institutions use

generators, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, oil and other lighting aids as power

sources.

• Education

Municipality of Cawayan has 38 Elementary Schools, with completed primary and

elementary schools distributed to 37 barangays and one (1) secondary school located in

Poblacion. (refer to Table 2.2)

Table 2.2 List of Elementary Schools

Name of School Location

1. Cawayan Central School* Poblacion

2. Begia Elementary School Begia

3. Cabayugan Elementary School Cabayugan

4. Cabungahan Elementary School Cabungahan

5. Calapayan Elementary School Calapayan

6. Calumpang Elementary School Calumpang

7. Chico Island Elementary School Chico Island

8. Dalipe Elementary School Dalipe

9. Divisoria Elementary School Divisoria

Fiscal Year Category Water Total Expenditures

2014

P. S

MOOE 343,550.00 343,550.00

Capital Outlay

Total 343,550.00 343,550.00

2013

P. S

MOOE

Capital Outlay

Total

2012

P. S

MOOE 700,000.00 700,000.00

Capital Outlay

Total 700,000.00 700,000.00

6

10. Gilotongan Elementary School Gilotongan

11. Iraya Elementary School Iraya

12. Itombato Elementary School Itombato

13. Lague-lague Elementary School Lague-lague

14. Libertad Elementary School Libertad

15. Looc Elementary School Looc

16. Mactan Elementary School Mactan

17. Madbad Elementary School Madbad

18. Mahayahay Elementary School Mahayahay

19. Maihao Elementary School Maihao

19. Malbug Elementary School Malbug

20. Naro Elementary School Naro

21. Palobandera Elem. School Palobandera

22. Panan-awan Elementary School Panan-awan

24. Pena Elementary School Pena Island

25. Pin-as Elementary School Pin-as

26. Pulot Elementary School Pulot

27. Punta Batsan Elem. School Punta Batsan

28. R.M. Magbalon Elem. School R.M. Magbalon

29. Recodo Elementary School Recodo

30. San Jose Elementary School San Jose

San Vicente Elementary School San Vicente

32. Taberna Elementary School Taberna

33. Talisay Elementary School Talisay

34. Tubog Elementary School Tubog

35. Tuburan Elementary School Tuburan

36. Vienteriales Elementary School Vienteriales

37.Villahermosa Elementary School Villahermosa

38. Cobre Elementary School Gilotongan

Note: *Secondary School

• Health and Service Facility

The Municipality of Cawayan has one ( 1 ) public district hospital and five (5) rural

barangay health centers located in Poblacion. There are also thirty-six (36) barangay

health stations.

III. iWASH Household Survey Results

A total of three-hundred sixty (360) households were surveyed using the iWASH baseline

survey tool. The following sections contain selected data results (based on generated tables

and diagrams by UNICEF) from the database. Majority of the data reflect the top two-three

responses of the HHs per survey question.

1. Household Composition

Ninety-one percent (91%) or 328 households’ main income earners are males.

Ninety-five percent (95%) 342 HHs say that women household members are

responsible for their day-to-day affairs.

Ninety-nine percent (99%) or 356 households are part of an indigenous group (IP).

The average number of families in a household is 2.

7

The average number of household members is 4.

2. Social Affiliations

Forty-eight percent (48%) or 173 HHs belong and/or are members of a community

organization while the rest are not.

3. Household economic features

Majority of the HHs’ source of family income is farming (around 185 HHs); followed by

fishing (71 HHs) and seasonal employment (32 HHs).

Majority of HHs annual family income ranges from Php20,000-40,000 (126 HHs);

followed by an annual income of Php40,000-60,000 (110 HHs).

Three-hundred thirty-two (332) HHs own their residences while 19 HHs are renting.

One hundred (178) HHs are informal settlers; while 179 HHs are formal settlers (118

HHs have title or rights only while 61 HHs have both)

One hundred ninety-four (194) HHs own backyard animals; 49 HHs own residential

houses; 40 HHs own farm animals, 27 HHs own transport vehicles; while 44 HHs own

none of these.

4. Household exposure to natural hazards

Ninety-nine percent (91%) or 328 households said that they are not exposed to natural

hazards. 180 HHs reported to have experienced tropical cyclones; 99 HHs

experienced flooding; 30 HHs experienced El Nino; and 20 HHs experienced

earthquakes. Only nine percent (9%) or 33 HHs said that they are exposed to natural

hazards.

5. Household access to water supply and services

Two hundred forty-seven (247) HHs said that their source of drinking water is deep

well, while 103 HHs source them from shallow wells. The rest of the HHs source their

water from developed springs, Level 2 and 3 facilities.

For cooking purposes, 233 HHs use water from deep wells, and 116 HHs use water

from dug wells. The rest of the HHs use water from shallow wells and are connected to

Level 3 facilities.

6. Household access to sanitation and hygiene practices

Two hundred sixty (260) households or 72% of the HHs have toilets while 101 HHs or

28% have none.

Majority (in 183 HHs) of the toilets are located outside of the house while 74 HHs have

toilets inside of the house.

Two hundred fifty-two (252) HHs said that they have pour flush with septic tanks; 4

HHs have flush with septic tank; and 1 HH with pour flush without septic tank.

Ninety-six percent (96%) of the respondents said that they exclusively used their

toilets; four percent (4%) are shared.

Of the 28% that do not have toilets, 68 of these HHs use the neighbors’ toilets; 13 HHs

use river/creek; and 12 HHs go to the open field to defecate. [Note: There is a

discrepancy between no. of HHs without toilets and no. of OD respondents. It can be assumed

that 7 HHs have abstained from answering the question.]

Ninety-nine percent (99%) or 356 HHs use soap when washing hands.

7. Incidence of water and sanitation related diseases

Reported cases on WASH-related diseases include:

111 HHs experienced diarrhea

105 HHs had dengue fever

93 HHs had typhoid

8

93 HHs had paratyphoid

90 HHs had viral hepatitis

90 HHs had cholera

90 HHs had schistosomiasis

8. Awareness and source of information on safe water, sanitation, and hygiene

Sixty-one (61%) or 220 households have heard or received message(s) on WASH

while 31% have not received any information on WASH.

Majority said that their source of WASH information is through

schools/teachers/students; 277 HHs said from barangay health workers; and 262 HHs

from barangay/BWSA/WSP meeting/assemblies. [Note: No. of HHs that received WASH

messages do not tally with no. of respondents reporting on source of WASH information.]

IV. Existing Water Supply Conditions of the Municipality

Out of the total thirty-seven (37) barangays in the municipality, six (6) barangays were

assessed in terms of water supply access and/or coverage based on existing water facilities;

vulnerability of water supply systems to risks and contamination; gender sensitivity of water

supply facilities to women, children, senior citizens, PWDs, and other vulnerable groups; and

issues/challenges faced by the municipality on access to safe water.

Table 3.1 Total population & HHs of sampled barangays

A. Existing Water Supply Facilities and Coverage in the Municipality

1. Existing Water Facility

Total of 162 Level I facilities (shallow/deep well)

Only one (1) Level II in Barangay Guiom

Level III facilities in five (5) barangays (e.g. Mahayahay, Begia, Divisoria, San Vicente, &

Poblacion)

2. Total Population/HH with access to water supply (in all 37 barangays)

3,077 HHs served by Level I facilities

200 HHs (1,000 pop.) served by Level II facility

248 HHs (12,947 pop.) served by Level III facilities

3. Total Population/HH without access to water supply (in all 37 barangays)

10,064 HHs have no access to water supply

Top 10 barangays with no access to water supply: Divisoria (663 HHs); Gilotongan (586

HHs); Malbug (564); Poblacion (554 HHs); Naro (481 HHs); Begia (447 HHs); Looc (433

HHs); Punta Batsan (414 HHs); Recodo (393); and Mahayahay (364)

Barangay Classification (Urban/Rural)

2010 Population

Total No. of HHs

Cabayugan Rural 1,059 214

Calumpang Rural 1,189 212

Guiom Rural 1,897 460

Malbug Rural 2,978 609

Recodo Rural 2,139 456

Taberna Rural 1,445 306

10,707 2,257

9

4. Existing Water Service Providers

LGU-PPP (Level III water system constructed in 2012) has a 12-hour water supply service

operation only.

Total population served is 12,947 with a daily water demand of 1,248 containers. During

peak hours, HHs served is only fifty percent (50%).

There are 248 HH connections with meter. One (1) school is connected to the WSP while

14 commercial establishments are connected with an average water demand of 450

containers per day;

Water source is deep well with a total distribution line of 2,000 meters using polyethylene

pipes; and

Tariff imposed is Php35/household.

Guiom BWASA (Level II water system constructed in 2008) has a 12-hour water supply

service operation only.

Total population served is 1,000 and total no. of households served is 248, with a daily

water demand of 1,000 containers. During peak hours, HHs served is only fifty percent

(50%);

No. of households fetching less than 25 meters is 50 HHs and 150 HHs are fetching

water at more than 25 meters;

Water source is deep well with a total distribution line of 14,000 meters using

polyethylene pipes; and

Water tariff imposed is Php130 monthly.

B. Water Quality Risks and Contamination

1. Water Quality Test, Treatment and Monitoring

Only physical and chemical water quality tests are conducted for Levels 2 & 3. This is done

on a yearly basis.

Water quality problems reported were coliform bacteria/fecal bacteria/E.coli bacteria

contamination. Consumer complaints on water quality include bad taste and brown/grayish

color.

Level 2 facility in Guiom tested for coliform and E. coli. No treatment was done to address the

problem.

Water treatment for Level 2 and 3 facilities is limited to disinfection or application of chlorine to

the water source.

Among households, boiling of water was often times practiced. Residents also buy bottled

water.

Table 3.2 Population/HH access to water supply of sampled barangays

Barangay Existing HH Water Supply facility

Population/HH with access to water supply

Population/HH with no access to water supply No. Type

Cabayugan 5 Level I 102 HH 112 HH

Calumpang 4 Level I 85 HH 127 HH

Guiom 4 1

Level I Leve II

84 HH 200 HH

(with 12-hour water service availability)

376 HH

Malbug 4 Level I 45 HH 564 HH

Recodo 3 Level I 63 HH 393 HH

Taberna 3 Level I 67 HH 239 HH

Based on data analysis by the RHub; LGU data/profiling by PMO

10

2. Risks to Water Facilities/Systems

Eighteen (18) barangays are prone to flooding and flash floods.

Dug wells are most of the time contaminated after typhoon-caused flooding.

On the other hand, typhoons had no effect on the water systems especially on the pipelines.

Assessment conducted on Barangay Guiom Level 2 Water Facility reported the following:

Water source is unprotected and is prone to chemicals e.g. pesticides;

Leaks remain unrepaired;

Unsanitary human practices i.e. bathing and laundry are allowed; and

Drought lessens the amount of water produced.

C. Gender Sensitivity of Water Supply Facilities (to Women, Children, Senior Citizens,

PWDs, and other Vulnerable Groups)

The Guiom BWASA (Level 2) and LGU-PPP (Level 3) considered the basic needs of women,

children, senior citizens, etc. in terms of its location and design:

it is in a well-lighted area;

is accessible to PWDs; and

has an easy open/close tap suitable for children and senior citizens.

D. Issues and Challenges on Water Access

1. Sustainability of the water facilities/systems

UNICEF provided Barangays Malbug and Recodo with Level 2 water systems but were not

sustained because of insurgency issues, political-related graft and corruption issues affecting

the maintenance of the facility; and.

Majority of the water facilities are Level I.

An alternative water source is “rainwater collection.”

Rainwater collector was a common practice in all the sampled barangays but needs

to be developed further. Water sourced from this are used for cooking and drinking.

Improvised rainwater collecting systems were also observed in some households

Although prone to typhoons (where 18 of the 37 barangays are prone to flooding and flash

floods), the LGU has a high level of preparedness to natural disasters based on its zero

casualties during calamities. Hazard maps are also available in the municipality.

2. Technical (staff, materials, design flaws)

No technical staff available. Other Level 2 water systems were not sustained.

Dug wells were also used for laundry and bathing.

Majority of the dug wells are shared by households. An average of 4 HHs share a single dug

well.

3. Financial (water tariff)

Water tariff is implemented in the Levels 2 and 3 facilities mentioned.

4. Management Structure

No management structure on water and sanitation in place.

E. Summary of Findings and Observations

Of the sampled barangays, 10,064 HHs have no access to safe water supply

Majority of water facilities available are Level 1 e.g. dug wells and shallow wells. Other

sources (but are limited) include level 2 (in one barangay only), level 3 water facilities (in 5

barangays only) and rainwater collection systems

11

Water sources are not easily accessible considering the distance and time of transport/

fetching

Water Quality Testing & Monitoring are not conducted regularly and treatment is limited to

chlorination which is also not done on a regular basis

Most water sources are contaminated (i.e. presence of coliform and E. coli) especially in flood

prone areas/barangays

Most water facilities cannot be sustained due to lack of available staff, management structure,

and proper water tariff collection system

Rainwater Collection can be an alternative source of water supply

F. Recommendations

Resources Needed to:

Increase Level 2 and Level 3 coverage

Improve water quality and reduce risk of the

system to contamination

Increase monitoring of water quality

Increase water service availability (hours/day)

Increase preparedness of the water systems

against natural disasters

Ensure the sustainability of the Level 2 and

Level 3 water systems

Rainwater collection can be an

alternative source of water

V. Existing Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in the Municipality

A. Existing Sanitation Facilities and Access to Sanitary Toilets in the municipality

1. Total Population/HH with access to/using sanitary toilets (in all 37 barangays)

4,186 HHs or only 31.46% are using sanitary toilets

2. Total Population/HH without access to/using sanitary toilets (in all 37 barangays)

9,127 HHs are without toilets

3. Population/HH access to sanitary toilets of sampled barangays:

1,855 HHs are using sanitary toilets

1,535 HHs with pour flush + septic tanks

157 HHs without septic tanks

163 HHs with ventilated improved pits (VIP)

1,090 HHs (32.08%) are using unsanitary toilets. This may be attributed to poverty, or

other socio-economic factors; geographical location and poor road conditions where

transport of construction materials for sanitary toilets also contributes to the problem

61 HHs (2.70%) are without toilets and practice open defecation. The low percentage

reported on OD may be attributed to the on-going campaigns on ZOD by the

DOH/UNICEF.

4. Public Sanitation Coverage

94.37% of the total no. of public toilets are improved/sanitary

Only 5.63% of the total no. of toilets are unimproved

While there is high percentage of improved sanitary toilets in the sampled barangays,

there is insufficient (to none) water. Thus, proper hygiene is not observed.

12

5. Sanitation Situation in Schools

Average ratio of CR to male students is 1 toilet to 87 students

Average ration of CR to female students is 1 toilet to 85

Water is not available in these facilities (it is assumed that students do not practice proper

hygiene)

Most of the time these toilets are locked

6. Drainage Facilities

No drainage facilities in the sampled barangays

7. Septage Management

No septage management in the sampled barangays

8. Solid Waste Management

Garbage Disposal is Open Dump Site. Garbage collected were only the farm wastes

A. Conclusion

Level of risk of the population to water-borne and other sanitation-

related communicable diseases

Population group who are more at risk

Factors contributing to such level of risk related to sanitation link to water and

hygiene behavior and practices

(high/medium/low) (women, men, girls, boys)

HIGH

Women and girls are mostly at high risk

For every toilet without water supply in schools, 87 girls and 85 boys are at high risk of infections

For every 1 toilet closed in schools, 87 girls and 85 boys are deprived of basic sanitation, and are at high risk of infections

Lack/insufficient access to water sources;

Tradition in the family,

(family practices)

B. Issues and Challenges on Sanitation in the municipality

Issues on sustainability and monitoring of programs due to lack of man power

VI. Assessing Disaster Preparedness

A. Findings

FGD on Disaster Risk Reduction Management

1. Information dissemination on hazards and/or specific actions to be taken

As part of the municipal disaster risk reduction objectives, information about hazards and

specific actions to be taken are immediately relayed to the barangays as part of the

community preparation/preventive measures and emergency response before or during

a calamity.

2. Information received

Information includes hazard awareness, government plans and procedures, assistance

programs (especially relief distribution before and after calamities), development of a

sitio/purok or family emergency plan, community outreach engagement, locations of

13

possible evacuation centers, provision of hazard maps, and early warning system devices

such as rain gauge device for flooding.

3. Sources of Information

Information is disseminated by the Municipal DRR office. The municipality also provides

an application that automatically informs barangay captains about the emergency

response.

Other sources include mass media such as television and radio.

4. Availability of a Disaster Risk Reduction Plan

Municipal LGU

LGU Cawayan has a municipal DRR plan with a time frame of five (5) years. It is already

being implemented. A ratification in the plan was done specifically on the budgetary

requirement.

The barangay was actively involved during the planning process. All barangay captains

were required to attend and participate in the planning activities.

This also true for the community. Communities were required to attend and/or participate

during the conduct of drills, information dissemination, film showing in initiating the

management plan and contingency planning.

Barangay LGU

Barangay LGUs have approved DRR plans which are linked to the Municipal LGU DRR

Plan. This ensures the barangays immediate and ease of access to services for risk

reduction such as contingency planning, seminars and workshops, drills, as well as and

monitoring and evaluation.

The barangays are required to provide quarterly reports to the municipal DRR office.

5. Identified activities/projects Funded by the Municipal LGU

Drills, seminar/workshops and contingency planning were the activities of the Barangay

LGU that were funded directly by the municipal budget.

6. Identified activities/projects funded and implemented thru other sources

Additional budgets were generated thru funds sourcing from non-government agencies

e.g. UNICEF (provision of equipment used in drills) and PLAN International (through the

WASH council are responsible for the safe water sources).

7. Designated evacuation center(s)

Schools and barangay halls serve as evacuation centers during calamities.

Type of Structure

Description Capacity Facilities Present Facilities for Hygiene

Water Sanitation Women/Girls Men/Boys Shared

Schools Concreted, Single-storey with 6 rooms per school

40 persons per room

Barangay Hall

Concreted, Single-storey

35 persons

No data provided on assessment conducted on designated evacuation centers

No data provided on supplies, materials and equipment prepositioned for safe water,

sanitation, and hygiene

No data provided on human resources for safe water, sanitation, and hygiene

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VII. Gender and Development (GAD) Mainstreaming in Project identification, Planning, and

Implementation of Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

A. Project Identification Planning of Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Projects

1. For Water Source/Supply: SalinTubig which is implemented through DILG. (Water Source)

2. For Sanitation: (BUB funded) Provision of Sanitary Toilets through DOH as implementing

agency.

3. Seminars/Trainings on Hygiene through RHU and DepEd.

B. Involvement of Women

Women were involved through the Municipal Social Welfare Development Office (with a GAD

focal person) by organizing Women’s group. Monthly meetings are conducted for sanitation

and hygiene.

MWASH reported 12 barangays as zero open defecation (ZOD) sites.

Province only acknowledged/confirmed 6 barangays have achieved zero open defecation.

C. Disaggregation of Data

There are separate data for men and women.

Equal rights were given to both sexes.

Disaggregation is considered in preparation or planning projects in relation to proper

sanitation and hygiene. For example, for construction of comfort rooms, both sexes were

considered. Separate sanitation facilities (CRs) were constructed for male and female.

D. Involvement for Equality (Gender Analysis and Identification of Gender Issues)

A convergence meeting is done with the Municipal Mayor to explain the objectives of the

implemented projects.

From the point of view of men: Issues were raised: during seminars/trainings/workshops,

most participants were women because men were working (i.e. fishing, farming etc.)

Programs on sanitation considered women’s needs especially their safety in relation to open

defecation. From the men’s point of view, women are at risk of crimes such as harassment or

rape.

Equal opportunities were given to both sexes. Both sexes were invited to attend

seminars/trainings/workshops.

Men’s Point of View: Also, women empowerment is important. For trainings such as food

processing.

Trainings for health including sanitation and hygiene were attended by both men and women.

For the 4P’s beneficiaries, both the husband and wife are required to attend in the FDS.

E. Resources

According to MSWDO, budget allocated for GAD is 5% of the total income of the municipality.

Funds are enough but according to MSWDO, funds are also being outsourced if needed.

GAD - FGD on Sanitation and Hygiene

A. Sanitation

1. Familiarity to Open Defecation

The term is familiar to the community of Cawayan. And

Also through the National program through the DOH and UNICEF.

A training was provided for the community to be familiar with open defecation.

15

Open Defecation is translated to “malibang bisag-asa”

2. Reasons for Open Defecation

Women’s Responses Men’s Response

Absence of comfort rooms.

Indolence of some residents to construct an alternative comfort rooms.

Poverty

Wide area for defecation.

Some are afraid to change their culture of defecating elsewhere.

3. Impacts on Women

Private parts were exposed.

Risk on accidents such as bites from snakes when defecating elsewhere.

Can cause harassment.

B. Hygiene

WASH council is organized to facilitate the promotion of proper hand washing.

Washing is done before and after eating.

Washing is done after defecating.

C. Access to Information on Sanitation and Hygiene

Community has access to information on sanitation and hygiene provided by the RHU,

and/or from mass media (e.g. television, radio), and information disseminated by the

LGU.

Campaigns on proper hand washing, sanitation, garbage/waste segregation etc.

Campaigns/ messages were disseminated for almost 10 years already.

Sources of information were from the NGOs, government agencies such as DOH and

RHU.

D. Issues and Concerns

No proper waste disposal especially in island barangays.

Table 6.1 Time Use Tool

What do women and girls do at certain hours of the day? How are these linked with water and sanitation?

Time

Activities

Women Men

AM

4:00 malibang, maligo, ma-toothbrush maligo, toothbrush, mag CR 5:00 magluto, pakulo tubig

at work (fishing, etc.)

6:00 7:00 namahaw 8:00

wash clothes 9:00 10:00 cooking for lunch 11:00 wash dishes

siesta PM 12:00

16

1:00 2:00 cook for merienda 3:00

fetch water 4:00 5:00 cook for dinner 6:00 dinner dinner 7:00 wash dishes hilamos 8:00 hilamos

rest

9:00

rest

10:00 11:00

AM

12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00

Majority of work in the household are done by women. And (use of) water is a big part of their chores from cooking to washing dishes and clothes.

Personal use of water among women and men is largely on hygiene practices. Men fetch water for the household.

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VIII. Governance and Institutional Building

FGD on Governance and Institutional Building

(Barangay Level)

A. Policy Framework

1. Policies

Ordinance on ZOD (Zero Open Defecation) Program

First offense: Community Service for 2 hours

Second Offense: Community Service for 5 hours

Third Offense: Php500.00 fine

Priority stakeholders are the Senior Citizens, Children and Women.

Women are given importance in relation to access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene.

They are the ones who perform daily tasks and use these services in the community.

Construction of deep wells and dug wells: Program for safe water

Construction of Water-sealed sanitary toilets (BUB-funded)

For access to hygiene, information dissemination was done through coordination with

schools in the barangay

2. Development and Goals

Monitoring and evaluation of safe clean water

WASH committee tapped for monitoring as part of its responsibility

B. Strategies

Adopted the strategies from the municipality to enable access of poor families to safe

water, sanitation and hygiene.

Proper information dissemination.

Delegation within the council for the monitoring and evaluation at the same time

campaign on proper sanitation and hygiene.

C. Structure

There is a well-defined organizational structure from the barangay captain to the council.

Responsibilities are known to each member of the council.

D. System

Budget proposals were submitted to the municipal LGU through the form of Program of

Works.

Civil Society groups are involved

Consultancies were done and presented to the civil society groups.

Suggestions were entertained, all opinions were considered.

Rules and engagement for civil society groups are well-defined in the MOA.

Terms and conditions are clearly stated to avoid conflicts.

In terms of financing, budget of the barangay was acquired from the IRA of the barangay

and income generating projects from the services provided by the barangay e.g. as

payment for clearances.

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FGD on Governance and Institutional Building

(Municipal Level)

A. Strategies

1. Policy Framework and Strategies

Ordinances/Policies/Resolutions

Existing resolution/ordinances were adopted from the national level.

Concrete example is the RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management)

WASH project through the help of UNICEF. This project includes the ZOD (zero open

defecation) project wherein the implementer is from the WASH committee.

The resolution for the WASH was made through the help of UNICEF and created

committee to implement the program.

The policies/ordinances were addressed to constituents especially women. The

municipal LGU gives value to its stakeholders as the community is composed of

almost 50% organized groups such as Civil Society Organizations: Senior Citizen,

Fisher folks group, Women’s group, Worker’s group and more. These organized

groups were registered in the DOLE.

Stakeholders were always invited during the planning session, trainings, seminars

and workshops.

Integrated approach is valued by the LGU as it prevents the overlapping of

activities/programs/projects/services provided.

Integrated approach is also budget effective because other budgets will be well

distributed to other important projects/programs

2. Development of Objectives/Goals

Objectives/goals of the municipality are based from the needs of the community.

Project implementation/construction

Construction of Sanitary Public Toilets in connection with the ZOD (zero open

defecation) program. Construction is headed by the municipal engineering

office.

Programs/projects for hygiene are spearheaded by the Municipal Health

Office (MHO). They provide seminars, forums, trainings on sanitation and

hygiene. And conduct monitoring to totally remove the open defecation.

3. Strategies

Strategies were defined. Various offices were involved such as engineering office,

health office, social welfare and development office and etc.

RHU provides IEC materials for information dissemination on proper sanitation and

hygiene.

Conduct community approach on open defecation towards ZOD (zero open

defecation) through the help of MHO and MSWDO.

Construction of alternative comfort rooms.

Provides additional campaign/awareness on sanitation and hygiene

Demonstration strategies to show the negative effects of open defecation.

As a result of this program, 70% zero open defecation (ZOD) was reported.

COMMUNITY BASED APPROACH strategies.

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B. Structures

1. Organizational Structures

Organizational structures are established.

Municipal Engineering Office is the focal person for safe water. (i.e. construction of water

sources and public toilets)

Municipal Health Office is the focal person for sanitation and hygiene.

Committee was organized for the implementation of WASH project.

C. System

1. Consultative Process

Regular meetings with civil society groups to build harmonious relationship.

MOA is provided between the civil society groups and the LGU for the DRR in terms of

emergency.

Monthly convergence meeting of special bodies to address the needs of every

constituent. This also includes the formulation of resolutions/regulations/ordinances.

2. Service Delivery

PhilHealth of indigents are paid by the LGU wherein 1,000 enrollees per year.

4P’s Benefits

National Housing System (NHS) for indigents.

Programs for Women/Girls:

Conduct health assessment (breast, cervix)

Awareness on cancer

Awareness on gynecological system.

3. Financing

Budget allocation from the IRA of the LGU.

External Funds sourcing

DOH

BUB, National Budget

D. Shared values

Stakeholders are valued by the LGU wherein 50% of the community is composed of

registered and well organized civil society groups and partners with the non-government

organizations in the implementation of programs/projects.

Feedbacks/coordination is important. Public consultations are done during planning.

Feedback forms are distributed and each feedback is considered.