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MUSIC HISTORY TIME PERIODS
• MIDDLE AGES • (450 fall of Rome – 1450 printing
press invented)
• RENAISSANCE (1450 – 1600 Birth of Opera)• BAROQUE (1600 – 1750 death of BACH)
• CLASSICAL ( 1750 – 1820 death of Beethoven)• ROMANTIC (1820 – 1900 start of 20th cen. Industrial rev)
• 20th CENTURY to 1945 (end of WWII)• 1945 to PRESENT
• THE MIDDLE AGES • 2 types of music • Church & Secular
• little of manuscript survives & has no tempos dynamics or instrument names• singers & instruments in paintings and
literary descriptions but not certain exactly how
• Gregorian Chant• for 1000 years official Roman Catholic Church
music• Monophonic in LATIN sung to enhance parts
of religious services• NAMED after POPE Gregory I (the great) who
reorganized liturgy 590-604
• Gregorian Chant• most melodies are fix and NOT to
be changed but written around later• at first were handed down orally
but after over 1000 chants notated to ensure uniformity
• TWO types of services for chants • MASS – formal religious right
(Last Supper) • THE OFFICE –everyday type pray
& worship
• CHURCH MODES • scales of the middle ages &
renaissance• CHURCH Modes vs. Major &
Minor Scales• Whole steps and half steps
• Monks were some main musicians because could read/educated (men)
• Church frowned on instruments because associated with pagan rites.
• Pipe Organ only allow at special feast / occasions
• long syllables with altered notes (small range)
• FREE TIME (no indicators in manuscript most likely improvised or based off of soloist)
• LISTENING JOURNAL
• Alleluia: ANONYMOUS• form ABA • soloist & choir in unison
• Hildegard of Bingen (bing –N) (1098-1179)• German nun • Abbess (a title of a mystic) of Rupertsberg • writer in Rupertsberg, Germany • 1st woman composer whose large number
or works survive
• LISTENING JOURNAL
• O successors: Hildegard of Bingen
• drone - constant note or notes under music• 1 to 4 notes per syllable / wider pitch range /
wider leaps in pitch / motion towards climax• form is ABC
• Secular Music• instruments used but mostly improvised
based around common folk melodies
• 1st large body of notated melodies in the 12th & 13th century by French
• Troubadours & Trouveres
• Troubadours & Trouveres =• nobles , dukes, ect..
• acts of chivalry written done about the• CRUSADES • LOVE
• DANCE SONGS• SPINNING SONGS
• Troubadours & Trouveres • vs.
•Minstrels
• Royalty vs. Scrubs
•MINSTRELS • were lower class performers in castles,
taverns, on the street. • Served as THE NEWS to common people
• Played fiddles, harps, lutes.
• LISTENING JOURNAL (ESTAMPIE)• Estampie = earliest example of instrumental
music• melody with most likely improvised accompaniment (1650 Melodies of this
survive)• drone has been added to imitate most likely
simple dance accompaniment • In TRIPLE METER
• Organum (dev of Polyphony)• 700-900 monks add second improvised
note to chant • usually the 5th (power chords)
• duplicated chant
• Organum (dev of Polyphony)• duplicated chant • parallel motion
• 1st type of harmony • note against note
• Organum (dev of Polyphony)• 900A.D.-1200A.D. second line becomes
more independent to create true polyphonic
• contrary motion • its own melodic curve
• 1100A.D. no more note against note restriction (dif melodically &
rhythmically)
• SCHOOL OF NOTRE DAME • (Measured Rhythm)
• PARIS 1150 University of PARIS – cathedral of Notre Dame
• SCHOOL OF NOTRE DAME • (Measured Rhythm)
• successive choir masters LEONIN & PEROTIN used measured
rhythm for 1st time • 1st composers of NAME
• SCHOOL OF NOTRE DAME • (Measured Rhythm)
• 1st to subdivide the music into 3 beats in honor of the Trinity
• early medieval music considers triad sound of today harsh and not used
but late medieval comes closer
• ARS NOVA (new art in France)• 14th century
• The Hundred Years War - France & England (1337-1453)• The Plague
• Weakening Feudal System
• ARS NOVA (new art in France)• literary & music became more
secular• wrote polyphonic music not based
on chants • 2 beat became popular • syncopation popular
• new attitude
• ARS NOVA (new art in France)• this end of middle ages music in France & Italy known as ARS NOVA
• MACHAUT = best known of ARS NOVA Composers
• 1300-1377 born Champagne , France • Both Musician & Poet
• MACHAUT = best known of ARS NOVA Composers
• spent many years in serve to royal families
• traveled to many courts and on military campaigns
• MACHAUT = best known of ARS NOVA Composers
• he made many copies of music & poetry & presented them all over
Europe to nobles • (reason his music survives)
• LISTENING JOURNAL (PUIS QU’EN UOBLI : MACHAUT) Farewell to Joy • completely original piece
• Fell in love late in life at age 60 with young noblewomen
• age difference too much • relationship ended in disappointment
• he immortalized their love in great narrative poem & 9 musical comps
• CONT……….
• LISTENING JOURNAL (PUIS QU’EN UOBLI : MACHAUT) Farewell to Joy
• piece is a Rondeau has poetic refrain in lyric • music uses only two different lines AB
• 3 beat• lead melody (lyric)
• 2nd part accompaniment in low pitch • (no text to 2nd part but sung on our recording)
• LISTENING JOURNAL (Agnus Dei from Norte Dame Mass : MACHAUT)
• based on chant melodies• Norte Dame MASS• part of ordinary mass • 5 sung prayers that remain the same day to
day • composers over the years change slightly their
interpretation
• LISTENING JOURNAL (Agnus Dei from Norte Dame Mass : MACHAUT)
• Agnus Dei – a prayer for mercy and peace (last sung prayer of mass ordinary)
• 4 voice parts / 3 beat / harmonies have dissonance / hollow sounds / and true full triads
• form ABA’ / lyric is A A A’ / division sections 3 (trinity reference) / music to appeal to mind and ear in this era