Myer-Briggs Personality Theories

7/26/2019 Myer-Briggs Personality Theories

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related materials

benziger's personality types and thinking styles theory

emotional intelligence (EQ)

erikson's psychosocial theory of human development

graphology - handwriting analysis kolb's learning styles theory

maslow's hierarchy of needs

mcgregor's x-y theory and william ouchi's theory z

mcclelland's achievement motivation theory

generational nicknames model!theory

personality theories and types

free personality tests

personality theories, types and testspersonality types, behavioural styles theories,personality and testing systems - for self-awareness,self-development, motivation, management, andrecruitmentMotivation, management, communications, relationships - focused on yourself or others -

are a lot more effective when you understand yourself, and the people you seek tomotivate or manage or develop or help.

Understanding personality is also a key to unlocking elusive human qualities, forexampleleadership, motivation,and empathy, whether your purpose is self-development, helping others, or any other field relating to people and how we behave.

The personality theories that underpin personality tests and personality quies aresurprisingly easy to understand at a basic level. This section seeks to explain many of

these personality theories and ideas. This knowledge helps to develop self-awareness and

also to help others to achieve greater self-awareness and development too.

!eveloping understanding of personality typology, personality traits, thinking styles andlearning styles theories is also a very useful way to improve your knowledge of

motivation and behaviour of self and others, in the workplace and beyond.

Understanding personality types is helpful for appreciating that while people are

different, everyone has a value, and special strengths and qualities, and that everyoneshould be treated with care and respect. The relevance of love and spirituality -especially at work - is easier to see and explain when we understand that differences in

people are usually personality-based. "eople very rarely set out to cause upset - they #ustbehave differently because they are different.

"ersonality theory and tests are useful also for management, recruitment, selection,training and teaching, on which point see also the learning styles theories on other pages
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such as $olb%s learning styles, &ardner%s Multiple 'ntelligences, and the ()$learning styles model.

*ompleting personality tests with no knowledge of the supporting theories can be a

frustrating and misleading experience - especially if the results from personality testing

are not properly explained, or worse still not given at all to the person being tested.

+opefully the explanations and theories below will help dispel much of the mistiquesurrounding modern personality testing.

There are many different personality and motivational models and theories, and each one

offers a different perspective.

The more models you understand, the better your appreciation of motivation and

behaviour.

personality models on this pageThe our Temperamentsour +umours

*arl ung%s "sychological Types

Myers /riggs personality types theory 0M/T' model1

$eirsey%s personality types theory 0Temperament 2orter model1

+ans 3ysenck%s personality types theory

$atherine /eniger%s /rain Type theory

4illiam Moulton Marston%s !'2* personality theory 0'nscape, Thomas 'nt., etc1

/elbin Team 5oles and personality types theory

The %/ig ive% actors personality model

'56-/ "ersonality )ssessment model

The /irkman Method

7umina 2park

Morphopsychology6ther personality theories and psychometrics tests models

personality theories and models - introduction/ehavioural and personality models are widely used in organisations, especially in

psychometrics and psychometric testing 0personality assessments and tests1. /ehaviouraland personality models have also been used by philosophers, leaders and managers for

hundreds and in some cases thousands of years as an aid to understanding, explaining,

and managing communications and relationships.

Used appropriately, psychometrics and personality tests can be hugely beneficial inimproving knowledge of self and other people - motivations, strengths, weaknesses,

preferred thinking and working styles, and also strengths and preferred styles for

communications, learning, management, being managed, and team-working.

Understanding personality - of your self and others - is central to motivation. !ifferent

people have different strengths and needs. 8ou do too.

The more you understand about personality, the better able you are to judge what

motivates people - and yourself.
http://www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/howardgardnermultipleintelligences.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/vaklearningstylestest.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/vaklearningstylestest.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#four%20temperaments%20four%20humourshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl%20jung's%20personality%20typeshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#myers%20briggs%20types%20indicator%20MBTIhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#myers%20briggs%20types%20indicator%20MBTIhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#myers%20briggs%20types%20indicator%20MBTIhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#myers%20briggs%20types%20indicator%20MBTIhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#myers%20briggs%20types%20indicator%20MBTIhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#david%20keirsey%20temperament%20sorterhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#eysenck's-personality-inventoryhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#benziger%20brain-types%20and%20personality%20theoryhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#DISC%20personality%20systemshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#belbin%20team%20roles%20descriptionshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#the_big_five_factors_personality_OCEANhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#firo-b_personality_assessment_modelhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#firo-b_personality_assessment_modelhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#firo-b_personality_assessment_modelhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#birkman-methodhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#birkman-methodhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#lumina-sparkhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#morphopsychology-summaryhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#other%20personality%20tests%20theorieshttp://www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/howardgardnermultipleintelligences.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/vaklearningstylestest.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/vaklearningstylestest.htmhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#four%20temperaments%20four%20humourshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl%20jung's%20personality%20typeshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#myers%20briggs%20types%20indicator%20MBTIhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#david%20keirsey%20temperament%20sorterhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#eysenck's-personality-inventoryhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#benziger%20brain-types%20and%20personality%20theoryhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#DISC%20personality%20systemshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#belbin%20team%20roles%20descriptionshttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#the_big_five_factors_personality_OCEANhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#firo-b_personality_assessment_modelhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#birkman-methodhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#lumina-sparkhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#morphopsychology-summaryhttp://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#other%20personality%20tests%20theories


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The more you understand about your own personality and that of other people, the

better able you are to realise how others perceive you, and how they react to your

own personality and style.

$nowing how to adapt the way you work with others, how you communicate, provideinformation and learning, how you identify and agree tasks, are the main factors enabling

successfully managing and motivating others - and yourself.'mportantly you do not necessarily need to use a psychometrics instrument in order to

understand the theory and the basic model which underpins it. 6bviously using good

psychometrics instruments can be extremely useful and beneficial, 0and en#oyable too if

properly positioned and administered1, but the long-standing benefit from workingwith these models is actually in understanding the logic and theory which underpin

the behavioural models or personality testing systems concerned. Each theory helps

you to understand more about yourself and others.

'n terms of %motivating others% you cannot sustainably %impose% motivation on another

person. 8ou can inspire them perhaps, which lasts as long as you can sustain the

inspiration, but sustainable motivation must come from within the person. ) good

manager and leader will enable and provide the situation, environment and opportunitiesnecessary for people to be motivated - in pursuit of goals and development and

achievements that are truly meaningful to the individual. 4hich implies that you need todiscover, and at times help the other person to discover, what truly motivates them -

especially their strengths, passions, and personal aims - for some the pursuit of personal

destiny - to achieve their own unique potential. /eing able to explain personality, and to

guide people towards resources that will help them understand more about themselves, isall part of the process. +elp others to help you understand what they need - for work and

for whole life development, and you will have an important key to motivating, helping

and working with people.

3ach of the different theories and models of personality and human motivation is a

different perspective on the hugely complex area of personality, motivation andbehaviour. 't follows that for any complex sub#ect, the more perspectives you have, then

the better your overall understanding will be. 3ach summary featured below is #ust that -a summary9 a starting point from which you can pursue the detail and workings of any of

these models that you find particularly interesting and relevant. 3xplore the many other

models and theories not featured on this site too - the examples below are a #ust small

sample of the wide range of models and systems that have been developed.

2ome personality testing resources, including assessment instruments, are available free

on the internet or at relatively low cost from appropriate providers, and they arewonderful tools for self-awareness, personal development, working with people and for

helping to develop better working relationships. 2ome instruments however are rather

more expensive, given that the developers and psychometrics organisations need torecover their development costs. or this reason, scientifically validated personality

testing instruments are rarely free. The free tests which are scientifically validated tend to

be %lite% introductory instruments which give a broad indication rather than a detailed

analysis.

There are doens of different personality testing systems to explore, beneath which sitrather fewer basic theories and models. 2ome theories underpin well-known personality


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assessment instruments 0such as Myers /riggs , and !'2*1: others are stand-alonemodels or theories which seek to explain personality, motivation, behaviour, learning

styles and thinking styles 0such as/eniger, Transactional )nalysis, Maslow,Mc&regor, )dams, ()$, $olb, and others1, which are explained elsewhere onthis website.

'n this section are examples personality and style models, which are all relatively easy tounderstand and apply. !on%t allow providers to baffle you with science - all of these

theories are quite accessible at a basic level, which is immensely helpful to understandinga lot of what you need concerning motivation and personality in work and life beyond.

!o seek appropriate training and accreditation if you wish to pursue and use

psychometrics testing in a formal way, especially if testing or assessing people in

organisations or in the provision of services. )dministering formal personality tests -

whether in recruitment, assessment, training and development, counselling or for otherpurposes - is a sensitive and skilled area. "eople are vulnerable to inaccurate suggestion,

misinterpretation, or poor and insensitive explanation, so approach personality testing

with care, and be sure you are equipped and capable to deal with testing situations

properly.or similar reasons you need to be properly trained to get involved in counselling ortherapy for clinical or serious emotional situations. "eople with clinical conditions,

depression and serious emotional disturbance usually need qualified professional help,

and if you aren%t qualified yourself then the best you can do is to offer to help the otherperson get the right support.

/eware of using unlicensed %pirated% or illegally copied psychometrics instruments.)lways check to ensure that any tools that are %apparently% free and in the public domain

are actually so. 'f in doubt about the legitimacy of any psychometrics instrument avoid

using it. "sychometric tests that are unlikely to be free include systems with specificnames, such as !'2* , 2ituational 7eadership , M/T' , *attell ;


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generalisations, it%s difficult to be precise about how and when - and if - personality

actually changes.

2o where do we draw the line and say a personality is fixed and firm> The answer in

absolute terms is that we can%t.

4e can however identify general personality styles, aptitudes, sensitivities, traits, etc., in

people and in ourselves, especially when we understand something of how to define andmeasure types and styles. )nd this level of awareness is far better than having none at all.

4hich is is purpose of this information about personality and style %types%. 4hat followsis intended to be give a broad, accessible 0hopefully interesting1 level of awareness of

personality and types, and of ways to interpret and define and recognise different

personalities and behaviours, so as to better understand yourself and others around you.

the four temperaments - the four

humours/humorsThe our Temperaments, also known as the our +umours, is arguably the oldest of allpersonality profiling systems, and it is fascinating that there are so many echoes of these

ancient ideas found in modern psychology.

The our Temperaments ideas can be traced back to the traditions of the 3gyptian and

Mesopotamian civilisations over ?,@@@ years ago, in which the health of the body was

connected with the elements, fire, water, earth and air, which in turn were related to bodyorgans, fluids, and treatments. 2ome of this thinking survives today in traditional 3astern

ideas and medicine.

The ancient &reeks however first formalised and popularised the our Temperaments

methodologies around A,?@@ years ago, and these ideas came to dominate 4estern

thinking about human behaviour and medical treatment for over two-thousand years.Most of these concepts for understanding personality, behaviour, illness and treatment of

illness amaingly persisted in the 4estern world until the mid-;B@@s.

The our Temperaments or our +umours can be traced back reliably to )ncient &reek

medicine and philosophy, notably in the work of +ippocrates 0c.C


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generally thought have been the yellowish liquid secreted by the liver to aid digestion. 'n

ancient times a bucketful of yellow bile would have been the natural upshot, so to speak,

after a night on the local wine or taking a drink from the well that your next-doorneighbour threw his dead cat into last week. /lack bile is actually a bit of a mystery.

2ome say it was congealed blood, or more likely stomach bile with some blood in it.

2tudents of the technicolour yawn might have observed that bile does indeed come in avariety of shades, depending on the ailment or what exactly you had to drink the night

before. "robably the ancient &reeks noticed the same variation and thought it was two

different biles. 4hatever, these four were the vital fluids, and they each related stronglyto what was understood at the time about people%s health and personality.

'mbalance between the %humours% manifested in different behaviour and illnesses, andtreatments were based on restoring balance between the humours and body fluids 0which

were at the time seen as the same thing. +ence such practices as blood-letting by cutting

or with with leeches. 'ncidentally the traditional red and white striped poles - representingblood and bandages - can still occasionally be seen outside barber shops and are a

fascinating reminder that these medical beliefs and practices didn%t finally die out until

the late ;B@@s.2piritually there are other very old four-part patterns and themes relating to the our

Temperaments within astrology, the planets, and people%s understanding of the world, for

example9 the ancient %elements% - fire, water, earth and air: the twelve signs of the odiacarranged in four sets corresponding to the elements and believed by many to define

personality and destiny: the ancient %our Gualities% of 0combinations of1 hot or cold, and

dry or moistwet: and the four seasons, 2pring, 2ummer )utumn, 4inter. The organs ofthe body - liver, lungs, gall bladder and spleen - were also strongly connected with the

our Temperaments or +umours and medicinal theory.

5elating these ancient patterns to the modern interpretation of the our Temperaments

does not however produce scientifically robust correlations. They were thought relevant

at one time, but in truth they are not, #ust as blood letting has now been discounted as areliable medical treatment.

/ut while the causal link between body fluids and health and personality has not stoodthe test of time, the analysis of personality via the our Temperaments seems to have

done so, albeit tenuously in certain models.

The explanation below is chiefly concerned with the our Temperaments as a personality

model, not as a basis for understanding and treating illness.

early representations of the four temperaments as apersonality model

2tephen Montgomery 0author of the excellent book "eople "atterns - ) Modern &uide tothe our Temperaments1 suggests that the origins of the our Temperaments can be

identified earlier than the ancient &reeks, namely in the /ible, c.?F@/*, in the words of

the 6ld Testament prophet 3ekiel, who refers 0chapter ;, verse ;@1 to four faces ofmankind, represented by four creatures which appeared from the mist9

H)s for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion,

on the right side9 and they four had the face of an ox on the left side: they four also hadthe face of an eagle.H 0from the /ook of 3ekiel, chapter ;, verse ;@1


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Montgomery additionally attributes personality characteristics to each of the four faces,

which he correlates to modern interpretations of the our Temperaments and also to

+ippocrates% ideas, compared below.

four temperaments - earliest origins

zekiel c.590BC Hippocrates c.370BClion bold blood cheerful

o sturd! black bile so"ber

"an hu"ane !ello# bile enthusiastic

ea$le far%seein$ phle$" cal"

=./. The 3ekiel characteristics, 0bold, sturdy, humane, far-seeing1, do not appear in the/ible - they have been attributed retrospectively by Montgomery. The describing words

shown here for the +ippocrates our Temperaments are also those used by Montgomery,

other similar descriptions are used in different interpretations and commentaries.

7ater, and very significantly, &alen, 0c.;D@-A@;)!1 the &reek physician later interpreted

+ippocrates% ideas into the our +umours, which you might more readily recognise andassociate with historic writings and references about the our Temperaments and our

+umours. 3ach of &alen%s describing words survives in the 3nglish language although

the meanings will have altered somewhat with the passing of nearly two thousand years.

Hippocrates c.370BC &alen c.'90()

cheerful san$uine

so"ber "elancholic

enthusiastic choleric

cal" phle$"atic

The our Temperaments or our +umours continued to feature in the thinking andrepresentations of human personality in the work of many great thinkers through the ages

since these earliest beginnings, and although different theorists have used their owninterpretations and descriptive words for each of the temperaments through the centuries,

it is fascinating to note the relative consistency of these various interpretations which are

shown in the history overview table below.

/rewer%s ;BE@ dictionary refers quite clearly to the our +umours using the translated

&alen descriptions above, which is further evidence of the popularity and resilience of theour Temperaments+umours model and also of the &alen interpretation.

The our Temperaments also provided much inspiration and historical reference for

*arl ung%s work, which in turn provided the underpinning structures and theory for the

development of Myers /riggs% and !avid $eirsey%s modern-day personality assessmentsystems, which correlate with the our Temperaments thus9

*sabel +!ers '950s &alen c.'90() )a,id -eirse! '99

/ sensin$%percei,in$ san$ine artisan

/1 sensin$%2ud$in$ "elancholic $uardian
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4 intuiti,e%feelin$ choleric idealist

intuiti,e%thinkin$ phle$"atic rationalist

=./. /ear in mind that certain copyright protections apply to the M/T' and $eirseyterms so ' recommend that you be wary of using these in the provision of chargeableservices or materials since under certain circumstances they are likely to be sub#ect to

licensing conditions.

!avid $eirsey%s interpretation of the our Temperaments is expressed by Montgomery in

a AxA matrix, which provides an interesting modern perspective and helpful way to

appreciate the model, and also perhaps to begin to apply it to yourself. *an you seeyourself in one of these descriptions>

artisansa!s #hat is6does #hat #orks

rationalistsa!s #hats possible6

does #hat #orks

$uardian

sa!s #hat is6does #hats ri$ht

idealist

sa!s #hats possible6does #hats ri$ht

0"lease note that in this article for various reasons the positions of the fourtemperamentshumours may vary when shown in a AxA matrix arrangement. The

consistent use of colourscolors instead offers help in understanding the correlations

between models.1

)gain bear in mind that nobody is exclusively one temperament or type. 3ach if us is

likely to have a single preference or dominant type or style, which is augmented andsupported by a mixture of the other types. !ifferent people possess differing mixtures and

dominances - some people are strongly orientated towards a single type: other people

have a more even mixture of types. 't seems to be accepted theory that no person canpossess an evenly balanced mixture of all four types.

Most people can adapt their styles according to different situations. *ertain people are

able to considerably adapt their personal styles to suit different situations. The advantagesof being adaptable are consistent with the powerful %;st 7aw 6f*ybernetics%, which states

that9 HThe unit 0which can be a person1 within the system 0which can be a situation or an

organisation1 which has the most behavioural responses available to it controls thesystemH.

The ability to adapt or bring into play different personal styles in response to

different situations is arguably the most powerful capability that anyone can

possess. Understanding personality models such as the Four Temperaments is

therefore of direct help in achieving such personal awareness and adaptability.Understanding personality helps you recognise behaviour and type in others - and

yourself. ecognising behaviour is an obvious pre-re!uisite for adapting behaviour -

in yourself, and in helping others to adapt too.
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overview history of the four temperaments - or fourhumoursrom various sources and references, including $eirsey and Montgomery, here is ahistory of the our Temperaments and other models and concepts related to the our

Temperaments or our +umours. The words in this framework 0from +ippocratesonwards1 can be seen as possible describing words for each of the temperamentsconcerned, although do not attach precise significance to any of the words - theyare guide only and not definitive or scientifically reliable. The correlations prior to+ippocrates are far less reliable and included here more for interest than for scientific

relevance.

=./. the colours in these charts do not signify anything - they merely assist 0hopefully1

with continuity between the different tables. The initials $ and M denote interpretations

according to $eirsey and Montgomery. )ncient dates are approximate. 2ome cautionarynotes relating to the inclusion of some of these theorists and interpretations is shown

below the grid. or believers in astrology and star-signs please resist the temptation to

categorise yourself according to where your star-sign sits in the grid - these associationsare not scientific and not reliable, and are included merely for historical context and

information.

-eirse!8+B

* reference

artisan8/

sensin$%

percei,in$

$uardian8/1

sensin$%

2ud$in$

idealist84

intuiti,e%

feelin$

rationalist8

intuiti,e%

thinkin$

Ezekiel590BC

lion o "an ea$le

E"pedocles50BC

&oea :air; Hera :earth; eo6/a$ittarius

Cancer6 /corpio6isces

Hippocrates370BC

blood black bile !ello# bile phle$"

Hippocrates370BC 4ourAualities

hot and "oist cold and dr! hot and dr! cold and "oist

lato 30BC:+;

artistic sensible intuiti,e reasonin$

(ristotle35BCcontribution tosocialorder :-;

iconic%artistic andart%"akin$

pistic %co""on%senseand care%takin$

noetic %intuiti,esensibilit! and"oralit!

dianoetic %reasonin$ andlo$icalin,esti$ator

(ristotle35BC 4our/ources ofHappiness

hedone %sensual pleasure

propraieteri % ac?uirin$assets

ethikos %"oral ,irtue

dialo$ike %lo$icalin,esti$ation


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:-;

&alen '90()4oure"pera"ents or 4our

Hu"ours

san$uine "elancholic choleric phle$"atic

aracelsus'550 4ourote"/pirits:-;

/ala"anders %i"pulsi,e andchan$eable

&no"es %industriousand $uarded

!"ph %inspirin$ andpassionate

/!lphs % curiousand cal"

Eric(dickes'905 4our=orld @ie#s:-;

inno,ati,e traditional doctrinaire sceptical

Eduard

/pran$er'9' 4our@alue(ttitudes:-;

artistic econo"ic reli$ious theoretic

Ernst-retsch"er'90 :+;

"anic depressi,e o,ersensiti,e insensiti,e

Eric 4ro""'97 :-;

eploitati,e hoardin$ recepti,e "arketin$

Hans

E!senck'950s:traitea"plesfro" hisin,entor!;

li,el!6

talkati,e6carefree6out$oin$

sober6

reser,ed6?uiet6 ri$id

restless6

ecitable6opti"istic6i"pulsi,e

careful6

controlled6thou$htful6reliable

+!ers '95:+;

percei,in$ 2ud$in$ feelin$ thinkin$

+!ers '95:-;

probin$ schedulin$ friendl! tou$h%"inded

+ont$o"er!00 on

1un$8+!ers

/ % spontaneousand pla!ful

/1 % sensibleand 2udicious

4 % intuiti,eand fer,ent

% in$eniousand theoretical

+ont$o"er!00 on-eirse!s4oure"pera"ents

sa!s #hat is6does #hat #orks

sa!s #hat is6does #hatsri$ht

sa!s #hatspossible6does #hatsri$ht

sa!s #hatspossible6does #hat #orks


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3mpedocles 0c.C?@/*1, the 2icilian-born &reek philosopher and poet was probably first

to publish the concept of %the elements% 0ire, 3arth, 4ater, )ir1 being %scientifically%

linked to human behaviour9 in his long poem %6n =ature% he described the elements inrelation to emotional forces that we would refer to as love and strife. +owever ;BE@

/rewer says that 3mpedocles preferred the names of the &reek &ods, Ieus, +era,

"oseidon and &oea. 0;BE@ /rewer, and *hambers /iographical, which references ean/allock%s book, %3mpedocle%, ;F


12/38

The above table of correlated four temperaments and other sets of four is not designed as

a scientific basis for understanding personality - it%s a historical over view of the

development of the our Temperaments - included here chiefly to illustrate the broadconsistency of ideas over the past two-and-a-half thousand years, and to provoke a bit of

thought about describing words for the four main character types. $eep the our

Temperaments in perspective9 the history of the model provides a fascinating view of thedevelopment of thinking in this area, and certainly there are strands of the very old ideas

that appear in the most modern systems, so it%s very helpful and interesting to know the

background, but it%s not a perfect science.

8ou%ll see significant echoes of the our Temperaments in !avid $eirsey%s personality theory, which of all modern theories seems most aligned with the our

Temperaments, although much of the detail has been built by $eirsey onto a ourTemperaments platform, rather than using a great amount of detail from old our

Temperaments ideas. The our Temperaments model also features in 3ysenck%s theory, on which others have subsequently drawn. To a far lesser extent the our

Temperaments can also be partly correlated to the Moulton Marston%s !'2* theory

and this is shown in the explanatory matrix in the !'2* section. ung, Myers /riggs and /eniger%s theories also partly correlate with the our Temperaments:notably there seems general agreement that the phlegmatic temperament corresponds to

ung%s %'ntuitive-Thinking%, and that the choleric temperament corresponds to ung%s%'ntuitive-eeling%. The other two temperaments, sanguine and melancholic seem now to

be represented by the ungian %2ensing% in combination with either ungian %eeling% or a

preference from the Myers /riggs udging-"erceiving dimension.

The our Temperaments are very interesting, but being over two-thousand years old they

are also less than crystal clear, so correlation much beyond this is not easy. *onnections

with modern theories and types and traits, such as they are, are explained whereappropriate in the relevant sections below dealing with other theories.

!r 2tephen Montgomery%s A@@A book %"eople "atterns% is an excellent guide to the ourTemperaments, in which he provides his own interpretations, and explains relationships

between the our Temperaments and various other behavioural and personality

assessment models, notably the !avid $eirsey model and theories. 'ncidentallyMontgomery is $eirsey%s long-standing editor and also his son-in-law. $eirsey%s

acknowledges Montgomery%s depth of understanding of the our Temperaments in

$eirsey%s book, "lease Understand Me '', which also provides a very helpful perspectiveof the our Temperaments.

carl jung's psychological types&iven that *arl ung%s psychological theory so fundamentally underpins most of thepopular and highly regarded personality systems today it makes sense to explain a little

about it here.

*arl &ustav ung was born A< uly ;BE? in $esswil 2witerland and was the only son ofa 2wiss 5eformed *hurch 3vangelical Minister. )ccording to Maggie +yde who wrote

the excellent 'ntroduction to ung 0'con /ooks ;FFA1, he was a strange melancholic child

who played his own imaginary games, alone, for the first nine years of his life. 3ight of
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The fact that *arl ung%s %psychological types% structure continue to provide the basis of

many of the leading psychometrics systems and instruments in use today, including

Myers /riggs and $eirsey, is testimony to the enduring relevance and value of ung%swork.

jung's ideas about the conscious and the unconsciousirst it%s important to understand that ung asserted that a person%s psychological make-upis always working on two levels9 theconscious and the unconscious. )ccording toung, and widely held today, a person%s %psyche% 0a person%s %whole being%1 is represented

by their conscious and unconscious parts. Moreover, a person%s conscious and

unconscious states are in a way %self-balancing%, that is to say - and this is significant - if aperson%s conscious side 0or %attitude%1 becomes dominant or extreme, then the unconscious

will surface or manifest in some way to rectify the balance. This might be in dreams or

internal images, or via more physical externally visible illness or emotional disturbance.ung also asserted that at times in people the unconscious can surface and %pro#ect% 0be

directed at1 the outside world, particularly other people. This acknowledgement of thepower of the unconscious features strongly in the thinking of reud and notably in the

underpinning theory of Transactional )nalysis 0it%s a big section - take time to lookat it separately1.

jung's psychological 'general attitude types' -introverted and extravertedung divided psychic energy into two basic %general attitude types%9 "ntroverted and E#traverted.

These are effectively two %type% behaviours that combine with others explained later to

create ung%s psychological types. Moreover ung%s 'ntrovert and 3xtravert %generalattitude types% feature strongly as two opposite characteristics within very many modern

personality systems, including Myers /riggs and $eirsey.

The ;FAD translation of ung%s ;FA; book "sychological Types uses the words 'ntrovertedand 3xtraverted to describe these types, which in &erman would have been 'ntrovertiert

and 3xtravertiert. 2ome interpretations of ung%s ideas use the alternative words 'ntrovert

and 'ntroversion, and 3xtravert and 3xtraversion to describe ung%s types. The word3xtravert was devised by ung, which is how it appears in &erman. +e formed it from the

7atin words %extra% meaning outside, and %vertere% meaning to turn. The words extrovert,

extroverted and extroversion are 3nglish adaptations which appeared soon after ung

popularised the word in &erman. /oth %extra% and %extro% versions are acceptable 3nglish.ung formed the word 'ntrovert from the 7atin %intro% meaning inward and %vertere% to turn.

The word %attitude% in this sense means a deeper more settled mode of behaviour than the

common day-to-day use of the word.

'n his ;FA; book "sychological Types, ung described the introverted and extraverted

general attitude types as being9

H.... distinguished by the direction of general interest or libido movement..... differentiated

by their particular attitude to the ob#ect..H
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and

H....The introvert%s attitude to the ob#ect is an abstracting one.... he is always facing the

problem of how libido can be withdrawn from the ob#ect...... The extravert, on the

contrary, maintains a positive relation to the ob#ect. To such an extent does he affirm itsimportance that his sub#ective attitude is continually being orientated by, and related to

the ob#ect....H0The ;FAD translation by + &odwyn /aynes is understandably a little awkward for

modern times. %)bstracting% in this context means %drawing way%, from its 7atin root

meaning. %7ibido% in this context probably means %desire%, although the word seems first to

have appeared in earlier translations of reud, who used it in a more sexual sense.1

/oth attitudes - extraversion and introversion - are present in every person, in differentdegrees. =o-one is pure extravert or pure introvert, and more recent studies 0notably 3ysenck1 indicate that a big ma#ority of people are actually a reasonably well-balancedmixture of the two types, albeit with a preference for one or the other. =ot black and

white - instead shades of grey.

extraverted introvertedps!chic ener$! is directed out of

the person to the #orld outside

the"

the persons ps!chic ener$! is

internall! directed

ob2ecti,e % out#ard sub2ecti,e % in#ard

... "aintains a positi,e

relation to the ob2ect. o such

an etent does he affir" its

i"portance that his sub2ecti,e

attitude is continuall! bein$

orientated b!6 and related to the

ob2ect.... :1un$;

.... attitude to the ob2ect is

an abstractin$ one.... he is

al#a!s facin$ the proble" of ho#

libido can be #ithdra#n fro" the

ob2ect.... :1un$;

an etra,ert attitude is

"oti,ated fro" the outside and is

directed b! eternal6 ob2ecti,e

factors and relationships :H!de;

an intro,ert is "oti,ated fro"

#ithin and directed b! inner6

sub2ecti,e "atters :H!de;

beha,iour directed eternall!6

to influence outside factors and

e,ents :Benzi$er;

beha,iour directed in#ardl! to

understand and "ana$e self and

eperience :Benzi$er;

ung%s %general attitudes% of 'ntroverted and 3xtraverted are clearly quite different.'t is no wonder then that strongly orientated extraverts and introverts see things in quite

different ways, which can cause conflict and misunderstanding. Two people may look atthe same situation and yet see different things. They see things - as we all tend to - in

terms of themselves and their own own mind-sets.

't is almost incredible to think that these words - extravert and introvert - that we take somuch for granted today to describe people and their personality and behaviour, were not

used at all until ung developed his ideas.
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4ithout wishing to add further complication ung said that extraversion and introversion

are not mutually exclusive and will be self-balancing or compensating through the

conscious and unconscious. ) strongly outward consciously extravert person willaccording to ungian theory possess a compensatory strong inward unconscious introvert

side. )nd vice versa. ung linked this compensatory effect for example to repression of

natural tendencies and the resulting unhappiness or hysteria or illness.4e are each born with a natural balance. 'f our natural balance is upset due to repressionor conditioning then our minds will in some way seek to restore the balance, which ung

saw as the power of the unconscious surfacing as %the return of the repressed%.

jung's psychological types - the 'four functional types''n addition to the two attitudes of extraversion and introversion, ung also developed a

framework of %four functional types%.

ung described these four %unctional Types% as being those from which the H...most

differentiated function plays the principal role in an individual%s adaptation or orientation

to life...H 0from "sychological Types, ;FA;1 /y %most differentiated% ung meant %superior%or dominant.

ung%s our unctions contain significant echoes of the our Temperaments and ofthe many related four-part patterns or sets 0%quaternities%1 that relate to the ourTemperaments, dating back to ancient &reece and arguably earlier, although ung%s ideas

are more a lot sophisticated and complex than the our Temperaments model.

7ike many theorists before him who had attempted to define personality ung opted for a

four-part structure, which he used alongside his 'ntroverted-3xtraverted attitudes9

ung%s our unctions of the psyche are9

thinking and

feelingwhich he said are the functions that enable us to decide and judge, 0ung calledthese %ational%1 and

sensation and

intuition

which ung said are the functions that enable us to gather information and

perceive 0ung called these %"rrational%1.

2ignificantly ung also asserted that each of us needs to be able to both perceive and to judge0gather information and decide1 in order to survive and to carry on

normal functioning behaviour.)nd he also said that in doing this each of us prefers or favours one of the functions fromeach of the pairings.

ung%s our unctions are described below. These very brief definitions and keywords are

based respectively on descriptions by +yde, ordham and /eniger, all experts and

writers on ungian theory. The final column explains the pairings according to ung%s
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%5ational% and %'rrational% criteria, which nowadays correspond to the Myers /riggs functions of %udging% and %"erceiving% as featured in Myers /riggs% theories. Thecolours are to help the presentation and are not part of ung%s theory9

jung's four functional types - definitions

hinkin$

#hatso"ethin$is

"eanin$ andunderstandin$

anal!tic6ob2ecti,e6principles6standards6criteria6

both are oppositereasonin$and2ud$in$functions %people consciousl!prefer one or theother % 1un$ calledthese functionsrational

4eelin$

#hetherits $oodor not

#ei$ht and,alue

sub2ecti,e6personal6,aluin$inti"ac!6 hu"ane

/ensation

so"ethin$eists

sensualperception

realistic6 do#n%to%earth6practical6

sensible

both are oppositepercei,in$functions % people

consciousl!prefer one or theother % 1un$ calledthese functionsirrational

*ntuition

#here itsfro" and#here its$oin$

possibilitiesand at"osphere

hunches6 future6speculati,e6fantas!6i"a$inati,e

$atherine /eniger, a leading modern thinker in the field of personality, is not alone in

suggesting ung%s $ensation function equates to &alen%s %helgmatic temperament, and that ung%s "ntuition function equates to &alen%s &holeric temperament. 5elationships between ung%s two other functions 0Thinking and Feeling1 and the other two of the our Temperaments 0'elancholic and $anguine1are more complex and are not a direct match, although common elements do existbetween these ungian functions and &alen temperaments. 8ou might find /eniger%smodel helpful for understanding more about each of the four functional types and thecharacteristics each represents. /eniger%s four quadrants of the brain equate directly toung%s four functional types.

ung said that Thinking and eeling are %5ational% because both of these functionsevaluate experience. 'n ung%s theory theThinking and Feeling functions are%ational% because they reason and decide and judge.

ung said that 'ntuition and 2ensation are %'rrational% since they are concerned with

perception and do not evaluate. )ccording to ung the "ntuition and $ensation functions are %"rrational% because they simply gather information and

perceive the nature of something - they do not reason or decide or #udge.The 5ational and 'rrational descriptions that ung attached to the four functions might not

appear particularly significant at first, especially given that ung%s use of the words is

rather different to the modern meanings. +owever consider the modern words thatdescribe ung%s meaning of 5ational and 'rrational, respectively (udging 0%rational%Thinking and eeling1 and %erceiving0%irrational% 2ensation and 'ntuition1 and you canbegin to see how Myers /riggs arrived at their (udging and %erceivingdimension, which they developed from ung%s ideas, largely as a way of
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determining the dominance or priority of auxiliary functions within the ungian model.

0This will hopefully make more sense when you know something of the Myers /riggs model.1

+ere%s another perspective - some short descriptions of each of ung%s our unctional

Types9

jung's four functional types - descriptions

hinkin$

1un$s hinkin$ function is a rationalprocess of understandin$ realit!6 i"plications6causes and effects in a lo$ical and anal!tical#a!. *t is s!ste"atic6 e,aluates truth6 and isob2ecti,e to the etent that e,aluation is basedon personal intelli$ence and co"prehension.hinkin$ is the opposite to 4eelin$.

2ud$in$

:1un$srationalfunctions;

4eelin$

1un$s 4eelin$ function "akes 2ud$e"ents on apersonal sub2ecti,e basis. *t is a rationalprocess of for"in$ personal sub2ecti,e opinion

about #hether so"ethin$ is $ood or bad6 ri$ht or#ron$6 acceptable or unacceptable6 etc.6 andin,ol,es senti"entalit! and hu"anit!. 4eelin$is the opposite to hinkin$.

/ensation

1un$s /ensation function translates si$nalsfro" the senses into factual data. here is no2ud$e"ent of ri$ht or #ron$6 $ood or bad6i"plications6 causes6 directions6 contet6possibilities6 the"es6 or related concepts./ensation sees #hat is6 as #hat it is./ensation is the opposite to *ntuition.

percei,in$

:1un$sirrationalfunctions;

*ntuition

1un$s *ntuition function translates thin$s6facts and details into lar$er conceptualpictures6 possibilities6 opportunities6i"a$inin$s6 "!sticis" and ne# ideas. *ntuitionlar$el! i$nores essential facts and details6lo$ic and truth. *ntuition is the opposite to/ensation.

)t this point you might like to pause and go make a cup of tea and some toast. +ave a

rest. !on%t try to absorb and understand all this in one sitting if it%s new to you.

ung accordingly arranged his four functional types as two pairs of opposites, thinkingor feeling 0the rational %#udging% pairing1, and sensation or intuition 0theirrational %perceiving% pairing1, which are often shown as four points 0like =orth 2outh3ast 4est1 on a compass.

thinkin$

intuition or sensation

feelin$


19/38

ung said that each person has a main natural conscious orientation towards one of the

four functions 0their %superior% or most %differentiated% function1, in which case the

opposite function 0the %inferior% or unconscious function1 would be represented andcompensated within the person%s unconscious.

6f the other two functions, either one could be next dominant, depending on the person,

and generally would %serve% as an auxiliary function in support of the person%s %superior%function. 0)gain #ust to complicate matters ung said that in some cases both of thesefunctions could serve as auxiliary functions, but generally the interpretation is that one

auxiliary function would be more prevalent than the other. The point here is that the

auxiliary functions are not as polarised - into conscious-unconscious - as the superior and

inferior functions, which are more strongly polarised into conscious-unconscious.1

2o, a personality would generally be represented by a conscious dominant function from

each opposite pair9 one of these dominant functions being dominant overall 0%superior%1and the other dominant function being the supporting 0%auxiliary%1 function.

'n the example above, the superior function is Thinking. The opposite Feeling function would largely or entirely be a compensatory unconscious

element within the whole person. !epending on the person either the $ensation or "ntuitionfunction would be the prevalent auxiliary function, causing its oppositepartner to reside to an appropriate extent in the unconscious, so again balancing the wholeperson.

ung%s important principle of personality being represented by one type from twoopposing types 0or a series of single types from pairs of opposites1 is featured strongly in

the models developed by $eirsey and Myers /riggs , amongst others.

'n his "sychological Types book and theory ung presented his 0ma#or eight1%psychological types% as simple combinations of 'ntroverted or 3xtraverted together with

one %superior% function, eg, %'ntroverted-Thinking% 0'T1. 't is however perfectly appropriate

and proper 0as ung explained1 to extrapolate or extend the number of ung types toinclude auxiliaries, eg, %'ntroverted-Thinking-2ensation% 0'T2 - commonly shown as

'TJ2K1 in which case %2% is the auxiliary. 2o, while ung%s work originally presented eight

main psychological types 0each represented by a two-letter abbreviation1, subsequent

interpretations commonly add the auxiliary function 0resulting in a three-letterabbreviation1. 'n fact to assist this extension Myers /riggs later introduced theudging-"erceiving dimension, which acted mainly as a means of identifying which two

of the four functions are dominant and auxiliary within the ung framework for any

particular personality 0of which more later below1.

+ere are the four conscious orientations 0aside from extraversion and introversion which

are added to the model later1. 'n these examples the prevalent auxiliary function is not

indicated. 't could be either of the right or left functions, depending on the person.thinking is superior function

thinkin$ D conscious superior

intuition D either is auiliar! sensation

feelin$

D unconscious


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feeling is superior function

feelin$ D conscious superior

intuition D either is auiliar! sensation

thinkin$

D unconscious

intuition is superior function

intuition D conscious superior

thinkin$ D either is auiliar! feelin$

sensation D unconscious

sensation is superior function

sensation

D conscious superiorthinkin$ D either is auiliar! feelin$

intuition D unconscious

jung's eight psychological typesThis all leads us to ung%s eight ma#or %"sychological Types%, which as already explainedung constructed by adding one or other of the introversion or e#traversion%general attitude types% to each of the possible foursuperior functions describedabove.

7ogically this produces eight main psychological types. The eight psychological types donot include %auxiliary% functions and as such do not represent full personalities in

themselves. The %type characteristics% below are generally applicable keywords - they are

not absolutes or exclusive. 'nterpretations can vary a lot - it impossible to summarise apersonality type that encompasses millions of variations within it in #ust a few words,

although hopefully the matrix helps to convey some sense of the collective andcomparative types within the model. uller descriptions are available on specialised

resources, for instance at !r 5obert 4iner%s excellent website www.gesher.org. 2omecommentators and resources suggest %#ob examples% for the different types, and some also

suggest examples of famous people falling into each type, although stereotypical %typing%

guesswork of this sort can be misleading if taken at all seriously. 5emember again thatthese eight main types are not the %whole person% - people comprise a least one other

functional preference, plus unconscious balancing functions, all to varying degrees, all of

which which produce personality types that are much more complex than the basic eightmain types shown here.

t!pe na"e t!pe characteristics

tra,erted hinkin$

anal!tical6 strate$ic6 plans6 i"ple"ents6or$anises others

*ntro,erted hinkin$

conte"plati,e6 disco,erin$6 theoretical6 seeksself%kno#led$e

tra,erted 4eelin$

sociable6 senti"ental6 seeks personal andsocial success

*ntro,erted 4eelin$ inaccessible6 eni$"atic6 self%contained6 seeks


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inner intensit!

tra,erted /ensation

practical6 hands%on6 pleasure%seekin$6 hard%headed

*ntro,erted /ensation

intense6 obsessi,e6 detached6 connoisseur6epert

tra,erted *ntuition

ad,enturous6 inno,ati,e6 seeks no,elt!6proposes chan$e

*ntro,erted *ntuition

idealistic6 ,isionar!6 esoteric6 "!stical6aloof

jung's psychological types - principal and auxiliaryfunctionsung%s eight main psychological types are in themselves an over-simplification. This is

borne out by ung himself in his ;FA; book "sychological Types following his

presentation of each of the eight main types9H...'n the foregoing descriptions ' have no desire to give my readers the impression that

such pure types occur at all frequently in actual practice. They are, as it were, only&altonesque family-portraits, which sum up in a cumulative image the common and

therefore typical characters....... )ccurate investigation of the individual case consistently

reveals the fact that, in con#unction with the most differentiated function, another

function of secondary importance, and therefore of inferior differentiation inconsciousness, is constantly present, and is a relatively determining factor...H

0"sychological Types, *hapter ;@, &eneral !escription of the Types, point ;;9 The

"rincipal and )uxiliary unctions1

0'ncidentally, the word %&altonesque% is a reference to 2ir rancis &alton 0;BAA-;F;;1, an

eminent 3nglish scientist, cousin of *harles !arwin, who asserted that personality andother traits and abilities are hereditary 0inherited or genetic1 factors. 'nterestingly &alton

also devised the finger-printing identification system which he first published in his book

inger "rints in ;BFA. ung%s use of the word &altonesque intends to convey a general%broad brush% meaning - the main family groups of personality - as if %inherited% - not

detailed personality types which implictly within ung%s concepts are sub#ect to much

influence and change after a person%s conception, and therefore outside &alton%s ideas ofinherited %genetic% traits.1

ung%s theory does not aim to %pigeon-hole% all people into one of eight personality types.The eight "sychological Types are simply the eight main groupings represented by

3xtraversion or 'ntroversion and one %our unctional Types% 0the superior or principal

function1. 'n reality each of these eight type-combinations 0represented by 3 or ' plus oneunction1 is augmented by one or other %auxiliary% function according to the ungian

theory whereby conscious personality is represented by a dominant function from each of

the %5ational% and %'rrational% 0#udging and perceiving1 functional pairs of opposites.

2o, for example, an %E#traverted Thinking% main psychological type would be

augmented by a preferred auxiliary function from the %'rrational% 0or perceiving1$ensing-"ntuition pairing, on the basis that Thinking is the preferred %5ational% 0or#udging1 unction.


22/38

)nd also for example an %"ntroverted "ntuition% main psychological type would be

augmented by a preferred auxiliary function from the %5ational% Thinking-Feeling pairing, on the basis that 'ntuition is the preferred %'rrational% 0or perceiving1 unction.

jung's sixteen personality types

These types are automatically and unavoidably implied by ung%s theory, although unghimself never made a big song and dance about them. They do however help to build up a

fuller picture of ung%s theory, and they also relate directly to Myers /riggs% interpretation and equivalents of these types 0for which Myers /riggs used theiradditional udging-"erceiving dimension to determine dominance between the twopreferred functional types after the ungian 'ntroverted or 3xtraverted %attitudes%1.

7ogically, adding an auxiliary function to each of ung%s main eight "sychological Typesnow produces sixteen types, which 0subsequent to ung%s "sychological Types book1,

might be shown as follows, and in each case the first %unction% 0the middle word1 is the

most dominant. 5emember that 'ntroversion and 3xtraversion are not %unctions%, theyare ungian %)ttitudes%9

; 3xtraverted Thinking 2ensation - 3T021A 3xtraverted Thinking 'ntuition - 3T0=1

D 3xtraverted eeling 2ensation - 3021

C 3xtraverted eeling 'ntuition - 30=1

? 3xtraverted 2ensation Thinking - 320T1

< 3xtraverted 2ensation eeling - 3201

E 3xtraverted 'ntuition Thinking - 3=0T1

B 3xtraverted 'ntuition eeling - 3=01

F 'ntroverted Thinking 2ensation - 'T021

;@ 'ntroverted Thinking 'ntuition - 'T0=1

;; 'ntroverted eeling 2ensation - '021

;A 'ntroverted eeling 'ntuition - '0=1

;D 'ntroverted 2ensation Thinking - '20T1

;C 'ntroverted 2ensation eeling - '201

;? 'ntroverted 'ntuition Thinking - '=0T1

;< 'ntroverted 'ntuition eeling - '=01

Using what you know about each of these attitudes and functional types you might nowbe able to begin to identify and understand your own ungian type.

0+ow each of these ungian types including auxiliaries relate to the Myers /riggs

interpretation and system is explained in theMyers /riggs section. )s you will seewhen you come to it, the Myers /riggs system uses the additional dimension orpairing of udging-"erceiving, not only as a type indicator in its own right based onungian ideas, but also as a means of determiningfunctional dominance among the twopreferred functions, whose methodology depends also on whether the dominance isdirected via 'ntroversion or 3xtraversion.1
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4hile ung%s theories are used widely in psychometrics and personality testing, his

original purpose and focus was clinical, in pursuit of better understanding and treatment

of mental illness, and improving the quality of human existence. )s such ung placedgreater emphasis on the unconscious than is represented within modern psychometrics

and %commercialised% personality theories.

6n which point there is great value for us all in *arl ung%s thinking about the deeperworkings of the mind, especially the unconscious, beyond simply seeing ung%s ideas as amodel for categorising personality.

2ignificantly ung for instance observed that improving our awareness and acceptance of

the four functions within ourselves - whether as conscious or unconscious elements - isimportant for developing a healthy existence, and %life-balance%, as we might say today.

*onversely, repression of any of the functions, by oneself or by another person or

pressure, is unhelpful and unhealthy, and leads to problems surfacing sooner or later, one

way or another.

4e see evidence of this when parents condition or force certain behaviour on their

children, or when adults inhibit their feelings, or deny themselves sensation of reality. 4e

also see evidence of people%s unconscious mind reverting from unconscious to consciousbehaviour when they are under the influence of alcohol or significant stress. )nd we also

see the unconscious mind as a chief element within the theories of Transactional)nalysis, which when studied alongside ung%s ideas, together provide a powerful

perspective of personality and behaviour. 't%s all mighty powerful and thoroughlyfascinating stuff.

The aim of studying and learning about these ideas brings us back to ung%s own purposesand the fact that ungian theory recommends that all people should strive to develop any

neglected or suppressed functions, and to embrace all four functions as being part of the

whole person.

myers briggs type indicator

(M!"#The Myers /riggs Type 'ndicator 0M/T' 1 is a widely used and highly regardedsystem for understanding and interpreting personality, and derives most of its

underpinning theory from *arl ung%s "sychological Types ideas and to a lesserextent theour Temperaments 0or our +umours1.

Myers /riggs

0in fact 'sabel /riggs Myers working with her mother $atharine /riggs1essentially developed *arl ung%s theories into a usable methodology and system for

understanding and assessing personality 0more easily and accessibly than by becoming anexpert on ung and his theories1.

The owners of the system, the Myers /riggs oundation, explain that the purpose oftheir M/T' %personal inventory% system is to Hmake the theory of psychological typesdescribed by *arl & ung understandable and useful in people%s lives...H, and that, H..The
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essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in the behavior is actually

quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic difference in the way individual prefer to

use their perception and #udgment....H

0This last sentence is interesting because it highlights Myers /riggs% emphasis on andinterpretation of their udging-"erceiving dimension - basically ung%s 5ational'rrational

definitions - as a means of clarifying function dominance within each whole M/T'personality type.1

The M/T' model and test instrument was developed by $atharine /riggs and herdaughter 'sabel /riggs Myers in ;FCA after their studies particularly of *arl ung,whose basic concepts relating to this aspect of personality and behaviour are described

above.

Myers /riggs% M/T' concept is featured in $atharine /riggs and 'sabel /riggsMyers% key book %M/T' Manual9 ) &uide to the !evelopment and Use of the Myers-/riggs Type 'ndicator% which was first published in ;F


25/38

'n most respects psychometrics tests and personality models are aids to personal

development and to helping people understand more about themselves. They are not to be

used a single basis for recruitment or career decisions.

myers briggs theory and the M!" model

The Myers /riggs

M/T'

system uses a four-scale structure for identifying andcategorising an individual%s behavioural preferences, based almost entirely on *arl ung%stheories and his 0translated1 descriptive words.

3ach of the four M/T' scales represents two opposing %preferences% 0in other words,preferred styles or capabilities1. )ll abbreviations are obvious first letters, other than =

for 'ntuition, which causes the word to be shown sometimes as i)tuition - #ust incase you were wondering. The Myers /riggs udging-"erceiving dimension basicallyequates to ung%s 5ational'rrational categories of the two pairs of ungian unctional

types. The colour coding is consistent with the colours used in the ung section - it was

not part of ung%s or Myers /riggs% theory, but hopefully the colours help explain thepattern and connections.

: ;

tra,ersion

or

"ntroversion :*;

the focus ordirection or

orientation of ourbeha,iour %

out#ard or in#ard

(ttitude ororientation

:/;

/ensin$

or

i)tuition:;

ho# #e $atherinfor"ation

4unction:1un$ian

*rrationalor +B

ercei,in$;

:; hinkin$ orFeeling

:4; ho# #e decide

4unction

:1un$ianFational or+B 1ud$in$;

:1;

1ud$in$or

ercei,in$ :;

ho# #e react tothe #orld % doprefer to "ake

decisions or keepopen to options:and also #hich

"iddle 4unctionsdo #e fa,our;

+!ersBri$$sadded

di"ensione?uatin$ to

1un$s*rrational

andFational

Myers /riggs 0'sabel /riggs Myers and $atharine /riggs1 added a fourth dimensionto the three ung dimensions 0'ntrovert-3xtravert, Thinking-eeling, 2ensation-'ntuition1,

namely (udging-%erceiving, which is related to a personality%s approach to decision-making, and particularly how the personality deals with the outer world 03xtraverted1 as

distinct from the inner world 0'ntroverted1. The Myers /riggs (udging-%erceiving dimension can also be used to determine functional dominance among the two


26/38

preferred functional types 0aside from 'ntrovert-3xtravert, which are not functions but

%)ttitudes%, or orientations1. This can be a tricky little aspect of the Myers /riggs theory and is explained at the end of this Myers /riggs section. +appily it%s not crucialto deriving value and benefit from Myers /riggs% ideas, so don%t agonise over it if youdon%t understand it straight away.

)side from determining functional dominance, irrespective of the way decisions aremade 0by Thinking or eeling1 the (udgingtype makes decisions sooner than the %erceiving type. )s such the Myers /riggs% udging-"erceiving dimension is notfound 0as a functional dimension1 in the ung model, although (udging and %erceiving most certainly relate to the ungian descriptions respectively ofational and "rrational, which ung uses to categorise the two pairs of unctionalTypes 0the 5ational %#udging% Thinking and eeling, and the 'rrational %perceiving% 2ensing

and 'ntuition - refer to the ung explanation1.

Moving on, !avid $eirsey, in his book "lease Understand Me '', provides some

additional helpful explanation of how 'sabel Myers attached her own meanings to these

ungian words, he said, Hputting her own spin on themH. $eirsey interestingly also points

out that Myers differed markedly from ung%s use of the words 2ensation and "erception,which ung considered held the same meaning, but to which you can see here and

elsewhere that the Myers /riggs system attached different meanings. or this reason ifyou want to avoid doubt and any confusion in the minds of ungian purists then it%s safest

to use the words %5ational% and %'rrational% when correlating these ung terms to the Myers/riggs% %udging% and %"erceiving%. The right-side column is simply a translation, usingmore recognisable modern words, for showing the four M/T' dimensions.

+B*

t!pe na"es6 based on1un$s lan$ua$e

alternati,e +!ers Bri$$s

"eanin$or spin

:E; Etra,ersion or *ntro,ersion:*;

:E; Epressi,e or Feser,ed :*;

:/; /ensin$ or *ntuiti,e :; :/; Gbser,ant or *ntrospecti,e :;

0T1 Thinking or eeling 01 :; ou$h%"inded or 4riendl! :4;

:1; 1ud$in$ or ercei,in$ :; :/; /chedulin$ or robin$ :;

't is interesting to note that many of these words above appear commonly in different

personality testing systems, for example !'2* systems, which again demonstrates the

closely connected nature of many psychometrics models and products.

Most people, to varying degrees at different times depending on circumstances, use bothpreferences within each of the four scales, but each of us tends to have 0and therefore will

indicate via testing1 a certain preference for one style or another in each of the four

scales.There are no %right% or %wrong% or %good% or %bad% preferences, and there are no good or bad

or right or wrong %types% although obviously certain %preference% behaviours and

personality %types% can be more or less appropriate or effective in given situations. 4ithinpersonal limits, adaptability, as ever, is a valuable attribute. 2elf-awareness enables

adaptability. 'f you seek confirmation of the value of adaptability look at the *ybernetics page 0later best, not right now1.

+ere are descriptions of each of the M/T' preferences in slightly more detail.
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preference for theouter #orld andones o#n actionand effect on it

*E+E#traversion

or*ntro,ersion

:*;

preference forinner self andideas to understandand protect ornurture it

$athersinfor"ation b!focusin$ on facts#ithin infor"ation

*$+ $ensing or ituition :;

$athers infor"ationb! interpretin$patterns6possibilities and"eanin$ fro"infor"ationrecei,ed

decides b! usin$lo$ic6consistenc!6ob2ecti,eanal!sis6 process%

dri,en conclusions

*T+ Thinking or 4eelin$ :4;

decides accordin$to #hat "atters toself and others6and personal ,alues

in dealin$ #iththe #orldor$anises6 plans6controls6 anddecides clear fir"actions andresponses %relati,el! ?uickto decide

:1; 1ud$in$ or ercei,in$ :;

in dealin$ #ith the#orld responds andacts #ithfleibilit!6spontaneit!6adaptabilit! andunderstandin$ %relati,el! slo# todecide

)ccording to the Myers /riggs0M/T'

1 system

each of us is represented byfour preferences, one from each of the four scales. *an you begin to identify yourself,

and others around you>

: ;

E#traversion or "ntroversion :*;

do #e focus on outside #orld: ;or inner self:*;% do #efind people ener$isin$: ;orso"e#hat drainin$:*;I

:/;

$ensing or i)tuition :;

the #a! #e infor" oursel,es % ho##e prefer to for" a ,ie# andrecei,e infor"ation % obser,ed

facts and specifics:/;or #hat#e i"a$ine thin$s can "ean:;I

:; Thinking or Feeling :4;

our #a! of decidin$ % ho# #eprefer to "ake decisions %ob2ecti,e and tou$h%"inded:;or friendl! and sensiti,e toothers and oursel,es:4;I


28/38

:1; 1ud$in$ or ercei,in$ :;

our "ethod for handlin$ theoutside #orld and particularl! for"akin$ decisions % do ?uite soone,aluate and decide:1;orcontinue $atherin$ data and keepoptions open:;I

/y measuring or categorising a person%s overall personality or behavioural style

according to four preferences - one from each of the four scales 03-', 2-=, T-, -"1, the

M/T' system logically contains sixteen main %types%, each represented by four-lettercode, for example9 32 or '=" or 32T, etc.

The sequence of the four-letter preferences within the Myers /riggs code, whateverthe combination, does not change9

The st letter denotes the ungian %ttitude% or orientation: the direction orfocus of the personality - "ntrovert or E#travert

The middle two letters denote the (ungian Functional Type preferences,namely9

The /nd letter is the preferred (ungian "rrational function 0Myers /riggs %perceiving%1 - $ensing or "ntuition

The 0rd letter is the preferred (ungian ational function 0Myers /riggs %#udging%1 - Thinking or Feeling

The 1th letter is Myers /riggs% added dimension to indicate the preferredway of dealing with the outer world: to evaluate and decide or to continue gatheringinformation - (udging or %erceiving - equating to ung%s %'rrational% and %5ational%functional type categories, and thereby enabling functional dominance to bedetermined.

)ll sixteen different Myers /riggs M/T' personality type combinations, eachbeing a four-letter code, are commonly presented in an M/T' %Type Table%.

'n the %Type Table% example below the groupings correlate 0according particularly to $eirsey1 to the our Temperaments, which for interest is reflected by the colour coding in

the table below to to aid comparisons when you look again at the our Temperaments types. +owever this is merely an interesting point of note, and is not significant in theworkings of the Myers /riggs theory or its application. The our Temperamentscorrelations are more significant in the $eirsey model.

The M/T' %Type Table% is typically shown elsewhere in other resources without these

headings, and can be shown using other groupings, depending on the views of the theoristor interpreter.

the M!" 'type table' related to $our

!emperaments %eirsey groupings / % sensin$ /1 % sensin$ 4 % intuiti,e % intuiti,e
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percei,in$ 2ud$in$ feelin$ thinkin$

/ /1 41 1

*/ */1 *41 *1

/4 /41 4

*/4 */41 *4 *

san$uine or

artisan

"elancholic or

$uardian

choleric or

idealist

phle$"atic or

rationalist

' repeat that you will see these M/T' types shown in different groupings than the$eirseyour Temperaments structure shown above. This is by no means the definitive

arrangement of the M/T' personality types. There are others. ' place no particularsignificance on the structure of these groupings and perhaps neither should you since

many great minds disagree about it.

or example Myers /riggs themselves prefer to show the types in no particular statedgrouping, but which are actually grouped in four columns 2T, 2, = and =T, which are

the four logical groupings when combining pairs of ung%s four functional types. This isclose to $eirsey%s presentation of them, but not the same.

)nd highly the regarded M/T' ungian neurologist, psychiatrist,psychopharmacologist, and psychotherapist 5obert '. 4iner, M.!., prefers the followingfour-way grouping on the basis that he considers these types to be the four most

distinguishable through observation of people%s behaviour9 T, 0%Thinker-udgers%1

0%eeler-udgers%1, 2" 0%2ensor-"erceiver%1 and =" 0%'ntuitive-"erceiver%1. 8ou pays yer

money and takes yer choice as they say. 'ncidentally 4iner%s %4iner oundation% website0www.gesher.org1 is one of the most impressive and wonderous on the web dedicated to

M/T' ungian theory, full of useful profiles and guidance for self-awareness anddevelopment. +e seems a lovely fellow.

6ther interesting groupings of the sixteen M/T' types are shown in matrixpresentations in each of the /eniger and !'2*sections. These differentgroupings attempt to correlate the personality types 0and traits implied1 between the

different systems and as such can be very helpful in trying to understand it all.

The Myers /riggs organisation is at pains to point out, rightly, that all *'2T" +types are e!ual. )s with the individual %preferences%, there are no %right% or %wrong% or

%good% or %bad% types, although again obviously, certain %type% behaviours can be more orless appropriate in different given situations.

'ndeed most people will display type-behaviours resembling many of the sixteen types inany one day, depending on the circumstances. "t is however the case that most of us

will have a certain preferred type with which we are most comfortable, and which isheld to be, according to the '2T" model, our personality.

'n terms of understanding what personality characteristics each of these sixteen various

%M/T'% types represent, at a very basic level you can simply combine the typedescriptions, for example9

)n "$T( is someone who is on balance focused inwardly 0'ntrovert - '1 who tendsto or prefers to gather information by concentrating on facts 02ensing - 21, makes
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decisions by logic and process 0Thinking - T1, and whose approach and response to the

world is based on order, control, and firm decisions 0udging - 1.

)nd for a contrasting example, an E)F% is someone who is on balance focused onexternal things and people 03xtravert - 31 who tends to or prefers to gather information

by interpreting patterns, possibilities and meaning 0'ntuitive - =1, makes decisions

according to personal values and what matters to self or others 0eeling - 1, and whoseapproach and response to the world is flexible, adaptable and understanding 0"erceiving -

"1.

)t a more detailed level it%s useful to consider %functional dominance%, specifically

relating to the original four ungian functions 0the middle two letters of the four-letterMyers /riggs M/T' code1. The methodology for identifying dominant andauxiliary functions, and thereafter Drd and Cth functions 0which do not appear in eachfour-letter type code1, is explained below in theM/T' function dominance sub-section. 4hile a little tricky for some people to grasp quickly, anyone can understand this

if they put their mind to it, and it%s well worth the effort because identifying functional

dominance does provide an excellent and rapid way to define each and any of the sixteen

main personality types from their four-letter codes without the need for reams ofsupporting notes.

)t a more complex and fully detailed level there are various resources which give

detailed descriptions of the M/T' personality types, including myersbriggs.org, and inmy opinion far more fully and clearly at the excellent www.gesher.org. The ungian

psychologist Michael !aniels% website at www.mdani.demon.co.uk is also an excellentresource for learning about Myers /riggs types and ungian theory.

M!" function dominance)cknowledgments to 2imon "usey for the in M/T' unction !ominance diagram0"owerpoint slide1 and a "! diagram: also to )ndrew 5oughton for the alternative explanation of M/T' dominance: to 'an Mitchell for correcting an error inthe the '2T example below 0previously wrongly shown as '2T1, and to os J MarK a5ibal for correcting an error in two paragraphs which wrongly referred to the And letter

being %Thinking or eeling% instead of %2ensing or i=tuition%.

or a quick explanation see the in M/T' unction !ominance diagram in"owerpoint slide format or as a "!. or a more detailed explanation of functiondominance read on.

't%s not vital to understand function dominance in order to benefit from the Myers /riggs

theory, but it does help explain how to identify the dominant function 0of the

middle two letters - the ungian unctional Types1 within any M/T'

four-letter typecode, and logically from this the au#iliary function 0and then also the 0rd and 1th functions1. The methodology therefore enables rapid description andunderstanding of any four-letter M/T' type code without supporting notes. 't%s a neattechnique. )n additional alternative explanation of M/T' dominance usingdifferent examples and perspective follows this one. eel free to skip ahead to it if the

first explanation is not to your liking. 'n any event having two different perspectives of a

complex theory is often helpful towards gaining best possible understanding.
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