This myth is FALSE

100% Fruit Juice is Healthy and Nutritious for

Children

http://fabulesslyfrugal.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/old-orchard-juice-coupons1.jpg

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Sucrose intake without fiber is linked to metabolic syndrome, damage to the liver and obesity (Wojcicki & Heyman, 2012, 1630).

100% fruit juice has a high content of sugar and low fiber (Wojcicki & Heyman, 2012,1631).

http://www.freshplaza.com/2009/0715/oceanspray.jpg

Study found that children had statistically significantly higher odds of remaining overweight if they began the program overweight as well as those who were on the border of being overweight could become overweight with consumption of more than 1 beverage a day (O’Connor, Yang, & Nicklas, 2006, p7).

The American Academy of Pediatrics, in 2001, stated that there was no nutritional benefit in 100% fruit juice (O’Connor, Yang, & Nicklas, 2006, p7).

Obesity and short stature and failure to thrive are linked to over consumption of fruit juice (Dennison, Rockwell, & Baker, 1997, 15)

• Study - Deconstructing a fruit serving: Comparing the Antioxidant Density of Select Whole Fruit

and 100% Fruit Juices

• Purpose of the study - To evaluate the antioxidant density of five commonly consumed fresh

fruits and 100% juices - grape, orange, apple, grapefruit, and pineapple

• Fruit peel and pulp contains high levels of phytonutrients, removal influences antioxidant density

• Food processing methods for preparing 100% fruit juices alters the molecular structure and

functionality of phytonutrients

• Conclusion - Whole fruit should be consumed rather than fruit juices in order to take advantage

of antioxidant benefits, fiber, and less sugar provided per serving

Crowe, K. M., & Murray, E. (2013). Deconstructing a fruit serving: Comparing the antioxidant density of select whole fruit and 100% fruit juices. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(10), 1354-1358. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.04.024; 10.1016/j.jand.2013.04.024

Whole fruit versus 100% fruit juices

-fruit juice can be a great way to diversify the intake of fruits and vegetables in a child’s diet, but it should be limited to only ONE of the daily servings (Caswell, 2009)

-while most of the nutrients stay intact, as a whole, fruit juice lacks the fiber that whole fruit contains

*most children are not meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations, therefore, they are not meeting the fiber recommendations since most fiber comes from fruit and vegetables

-fruit juice contains sugar which can promote dental caries; this is especially true for young children who drink fruit juice from bottles or sippy cups because they allow the juice to be in contact with the teeth for a longer period of time (Caswell, 2009)*it is recommended that the juice be eaten with meals, watered down (50/50) and when given between meals, it should be preceded or concluded by the brushing of teeth (Caswell, 2009)

http://www.thenutritionista.co.uk/my-morning-juice/

vs.

http://happylivingvegan.com/celebrating-national-fruit-and-vegetable-month/

Clearing up the MisinformationIf a juice product is labeled 100% juice:100% of the juice contained has a fruit or vegetable sourceHowever, the source fruit or vegetable may differ from the outer labeling

Apple, Grape and Pear juices are commonly substituted becausethey are naturally sweeter and cheaper for manufacturers to produce

100% REAL Juice/ 100% NATURAL Juice -have no legal definition and are intentionally misleading advertising methods

Even 100% Fruit Juice only signifies that there is juice within the bottle which is 100% sourced from a fruit or vegetable-other ingredients may be added

Checking ingredient label is best bet-water should not be first ingredient -100% fruit juices should not be clear or they are most likely:

Juice Cocktail, Juice Drink, Juice Beverage, Juice Nectar-contain 'some' percent actual fruit juice + water and added sweeteners

http://admonkey.org/2009/06/04/motts-apple-juice-whats-red-and-smooth-and-wrinkle-free/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2013, April 1). Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=101.30

http://www.medimanage.com/my-diet/articles/the-real-juice-behind-fruit-juice.aspx

Comparison of 100% juice to juice beverage

Brief Summary for Parents

All in all, 100% fruit juice is not a healthy or nutritious choice as the

main source of fruit servings for children.

Fruit juice offers no nutritional benefits for children under 6 months old and no nutritional benefits over whole fruit for children over six months old.

Recommendations for parents:

●Juice should not be introduced into the diet of infants before six months old.●Intake of juice should be limited to 4 to 6 oz a day for children 1 to 6 years old and 8 to 12 oz a day

for children 7 to 18 years old.●Infants and children should not be given juice from a bottle or juice at bedtime to prevent dental

caries. ●Whole fruits should be consumed over fruit juice

The Use and Misuse of Fruit Juice in Pediatrics. (2011). Pediatrics, 107(5), 1210.

http://authoritynutrition.com/is-fruit-good-or-bad-for-your-health/

References

http://www.juicyjuice.com/nirf/cm2/upload/20A74387-B63F-42BD-8F72-414FE89D6FD1/Product_Detail_OrangeTangerine.jpg

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=64ac4a8b-774a-495a-a73b-aaa86b8a8e03%40sessionmgr4002&vid=2&hid=4104

Caswell, H. (2009). The Role of Fruit Juice in the Diet: An Overview. Nutrition Bulletin, 2009; 34(3), 273-288. Retrieved from

Crowe, K. M., & Murray, E. (2013). Deconstructing a fruit serving: Comparing the antioxidant density of select whole fruit and 100% fruit juices. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2013; 113(10), 1354-1358. DOI:10.1016/j.jand.2013.04.024; 10.1016/j.jand.2013.04.024

Dennison, B. A., Rockwell, H.L., Baker, S.L. (1997). Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics, 1997;99 (1), 15-22. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f2bcd53d-b299-4ab7-903c-5413d3010b49%40sessionmgr4002&vid=2&hid=4101

O’Connor, T.M., Yang, S., Nicklas, T.A. (2006). Beverage intake among preschool children and its effect on weight status. Pediatrics, 2006; 118 (4), 1010-1018. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2348. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/118/4/e1010.full

Wojcicki, J. M., Heyman, M. B. (2012). Reducing childhood obesity by eliminating 100% fruit juice. American Journal of Public Health, 2012; 102 (9), 1630-1633. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e76ed068-3445-45b9-a920-783cc86ddd59%40sessionmgr111&vid=2&hid=121

The Use and Misuse of Fruit Juice in Pediatrics. (2011). Pediatrics, 107(5), 1210. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/107/5/1210.full.pdf+html

Member contributionsChitra Mohan - Responsible to research and present one scientific article with nutrition information, to support that

the myth is false

Cherise Ballentine- Responsible for brief summary for parents

Anthony Heath-Responsible for reviewing regulations for juice products and advertising

Andrian McGhee - Responsible for researching and presenting an article as well as creating a slide for the information

Laurie Hill - Responsible for researching and presenting an article as well as creating a slide for the information.

Sugar Causes Hyperactivity in Children

This myth is FALSE

=http://www.carlagoldenwellness.com/2013/07/08/the-many-names-of-sugar/

Correlation between sugar consumption and ADHD

Study done in Korea to investigate the relation between sugar consumption

and development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in

fifth graders.

• 107 students participated including eight boys and one girl who were

under high risk for development of ADHD.

• Data collected on intake of simple sugars from nine types of snacks

• Cookies, chips, dairy products, beverages, bread, fast foods, sweets,

rice cakes, and flour based meal.

• Study did not find any significant evidence that sugar consumption from snacks is related to development of

ADHD in school age children.

Kim Y, Chang H. (2011) Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sugar consumption, quality of diet, and dietary

behavior in school children. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2011;5:236–45. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.3.236

http://www.babble.com/mom/food-coloring-causes-cancer-hyperactivity-in-kids/

Studies in the 1980’s demonstrated that sugar consumption is not linked to the symptoms of ADHD. They looked at the effects of sugar given to children as well as aspartame and saccharine to see if there were signs of ADHD in children presumed to be sensitive to sugar. There were other studies done that children were given doses of sucrose or aspartame. Parents rated their children and those who were given “sucrose” said their child’s behavior was worse. The study actually had given both groups aspartame and no sucrose was given at all. None of the studies done during this time were able to document that sugar was a direct cause of ADHD (Johnson, et al., 2011, p3,4).

Prior studies were not able to demonstrate the effects of excess sugar on hyperactivity even among those children thought to have a sensitivity to sugar (Johnson, et al., 2011, p4).

http://www.adhdaware.org/assets/Website-Images/_resampled/resizedimage150150-Sugar.png

In another study, 24 non-ADDH boys between 3-6 years of age and 27 ADDH boys were selected to participate in a study. Families were educated on measuring and documenting foods. The study looked at the average nutrient intake for the final 14 days (of a 21 day study) of food consumption. The results did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups for sugar consumption and behavior (Kaplan, McNicol, Conte, & Moghadam, 1989, 131).

Dietary Sucrose and Aspartame: A double-blind controlled trial

University of Iowa researchers studied 2 Groups of childrenGroup 1: Sensitive 6-10 y.o. (reported as sugar sensitive by parents)Group 2: Normal children 3-5 y.o. (had no reported effect from sugar)

Both children and families followed unique diets for 3 consecutive 3 week periodsDiet1: High Sucrose, no artificial sweeteners Diet2: Low sucrose, aspartame used as sweetener Diet3: Low sucrose, saccharin used as sweetener (placebo)

Additives such as colorings and preservatives were absent and therefor controlled for in all three diets consumed. All food products in home wereremoved from all homes in supervisorial manner

Behavioral and Cognitive changes were measured weekly by both parents and teachers using card sorting, writing and drawing tasks as well as mood and physical state reporting by children using a visual analogue scale

The study concluded that the results "do not support the hypothesis that a diet high in either sucrose or aspartame adversely affects the behavior or cognitive functioning of children."

http://blogforfamilydinner.org/1801-school-gardens-good-food-and-family-meals

Misinformation About Sugar & Hyperactivity-the idea that sugar causes hyperactivity and/or negative behavior is common worldwide; both laypeople and professionals commonly hold this belief

-confirmation bias can affect decision making in several facets of human interactions and it is very likely that it plays a role in these types of beliefs that are held throughout large populations

*confirmation bias: the tendency to look for, and find, cases that confirm pre-existing opinions and biases while ignoring disconfirming evidence (Flora & Polenick, 2013)

-higher activity level began to be associated with incidences when children consumed more sugar (i.e. birthday parties) and people came to believe that there was a correlation between the two

-there is evidence that the consumption of sugar may actually improve performance in athletic, cognitive and academic settings; it has a performance enhancing effect in many cases

-it is also proven that sugar increases the risk for dental caries, diabetes and obesity, and along with that the chronic conditions associated with obesity

http://www.thenaturalparent.co.nz/blog/?p=1512

http://lifemoxie.com/blog/category/moxie-for-mentoring/

????

Brief Summary for Parents

In conclusion, sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children.

Many parents believe that sugar is the main cause for hyperactivity in children, but there is no significant evidence to suggest that sugar consumption is linked to ADHD or hyperactivity in children.

Advice for parents:

●Be aware that children get excited when sweet items are placed before them. They get excited for a variety of different reasons, but one main reason is because they believe the myth that sugar will cause them to be hyper.

●Although sugar is not the cause of hyperactivity in children, this does not mean that children should eat as much sugar as they want. The recommended intake of sugar for children during preschool and early elementary years is 3 to 4 teaspoons and 5 to 8 teaspoons during the tween and teen years.

.

Ipatenco, Sara. (2014). What is the Maximum Amount of Sugar a Day for Children? Healthy Eating. Retrieved from http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/maximum-amount-sugar-day-children-8982.html

References

Flora, S.R. and Polenick, C.A. (2013) Effect of Sugar Consumption on Human Behavior and Performance. The Psychological Record. (63)3; 513-524. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=3c98c1ce-1cf3-400c-bff6-786db74a7693%40sessionmgr4005&vid=2&hid=4104

Ipatenco, Sara. (2014). What is the Maximum Amount of Sugar a Day for Children? Healthy Eating. Retrieved from http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/maximum-amount-sugar-day-children-8982.html

Johnson, R., Gold, M., Johnson, D., Ishimoto, T., Lanaspa, M., Zahniser, N., & Avena, N. (2011).Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is it time to reappraise the role of sugar. Postgrad Med. 2011;123 (5): 39-49. DOI:10.3810/pgm2011.09.24

Kaplan, B.J., McNicol, J., Conte, R.A., Moghadam, H.K., (1989). Overall nutrient intake of preschool hyperactive and normal boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1989:17(2):127-132.

Kim Y, Chang H. (2011) Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sugar consumption, quality of diet, and dietary behavior in school children. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2011;5:236–45. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.3.236

Wolraich M.L. et al.(1994) Effects of Diets High in Sucrose or Aspartame on the Behavior and Cognitive Performance of Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330(5):301-307.DOI:10.1056/NEJM199402033300501

Member contributionsChitra Mohan - Responsible to research one scientific article with nutrition information, to support that the myth is

false

Andrian McGhee - Responsible for researching one article and creating a slide for the information

Cherise Ballentine - Responsible for brief summary for parents

Anthony Heath - Responsible for researching one article and creating a slide for the information

Laurie Hill - Responsible for researching two articles and creating a slide for the information