Name January 2017 Earth Science Midterm Review Packet Ms ... · Earth Science Midterm Review Packet Ms. Bottiglieri Earth Science Midterm Review Packet A) tearing a sheet of paper

Name January 2017Earth Science Midterm Review Packet Ms. Bottiglieri

Earth Science Midterm Review Packet

A) tearing a sheet of paper into squares whose sidesmeasure 1 centimeter

B) adding 10 grams of salt to a cup of waterC) measuring the air pressure of a roomD) counting 28 shells from a beach

1. Which action can be performed most accurately usingonly the human senses?

A) experimentsB) the sensesC) proportionsD) mathematical calculations

2. In order to make observations, an observer mustalways use

A) The rock is composed of large crystals.B) The rock has shiny, wavy mineral bands.C) The rock is a metamorphic rock.D) The rock has no visible fossils.

3. Which statement about an unidentified rock sample ismost likely an inference?

A) The stream water is dark brown.B) The water level of the stream will rise after the

next rainfall.C) The velocity of the stream is greatest near the

outside of a meander.D) The stream's depth is different at various

distances from the streambank.

4. A group of students observed and measured variouscharacteristics of a stream for one day. Whichstatement about the stream is most likely aninference?


5. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows the structure of astudent-developed chart for identifying some rock samples. The circles labeled choice 1 through choice4 represent decision-making steps leading either to path (a) or path (b). Choice 5 has not beencompleted.

A) grain size B) mineral cementC) mineral color D) horizontal layering

Which characteristic should be used at choice 5 to further identify the types of clastic sedimentaryrocks?

A) age of the minerals in the rockB) size of the crystals in the rockC) way in which the rock formedD) color of the rock

6. Nine rock samples were classified into three groups asshown in the table below.

This classification system was most likely based onthe


A) The changes are cyclic and occur at predictabletime intervals.

B) The changes are cyclic and occur at the sametime every day.

C) The changes are noncyclic and occur at sunriseand sunset.

D) The changes are noncyclic and may occur at anytime.

7. The graph below shows the changes in height ofocean water over the course of 2 days at one Earthlocation.

Which statement concerning these changes is bestsupported by the graph?


8. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the water levels of oceantides measured in Boston, Massachusetts, for a 2-day period.

A) It will occur about 3 a.m. with a 0.4-meter water level.B) It will occur about 6 a.m. with a 0.6-meter water level.C) It will occur about 9 p.m. with a 2.6-meter water level.D) It will occur about 10 p.m. with a 2.8-meter water level.

If the trends shown by the graph continue, which statement best describes the next low tide at Bostonthat is expected to occur on Wednesday?

A) 10:12 p.m. B) 10:30 p.m.C) 10:38 p.m. D) 11:04 p.m.

9. A student recorded the times of three successive hightides at one location as:

9:12 a.m. 9:38 p.m. 10:04 a.m.

What is the approximate time of the next high tide?


A) 103.25 m B) 103.50 mC) 103.75 m D) 104.00 m

10. The elevation of a certain area was measured formany years, and the results are recorded in the datatable below.

If the elevation continued to increase at the samerate, what was most likely the elevation of this areain 1990?

A) B)

C) D)

11. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween mass and volume of a material that has adensity of 5 grams per cubic centimeter?

A) 1.00 g/mL B) 1.05 g/mLC) 1.30 g/mL D) 0.95 g/mL

12. As shown below, an empty 1,000.-millilitercontainer has a mass of 250.0 grams. When filledwith a liquid, the container and the liquid have acombined mass of 1,300. grams.

What is the density of the liquid?

A) 9 g B) 12 gC) 54 g D) 108 g

13. The mineral shown below is of uniform compositionand has a density of 4 grams per cubic centimeter.What is the mass of this mineral?


A) B)

C) D)

14. The data table below shows the mass and volume of three samples of the same mineral. [The densitycolumn is provided for student use.]

Which graph best represents the relationship between the density and the volume of these mineralsamples?

15. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a solid materialof uniform composition.

A) decrease B) increaseC) remain the same

If this material is heated and expands, the density ofthe material will

A) 0.50 g/min B) 2.0 g/minC) 3.0 g/min D) 10. g/min

16. A 25-gram sample of halite was placed in a jar withfive other mineral samples and water. The jar wasshaken vigorously for 5 minutes. The halite samplewas then found to have a mass of 15 grams. Whatwas the rate of weathering of the halite sample?


A) 6°/hr B) 8°/hrC) 3°/hr D) 18°/hr

17. The graph below shows temperature readings for aday in April.

The average rate of temperature change, inFahrenheit degrees per hour, between 6 a.m. andnoon was


18. Base your answer to the following question on the following map and passage. The map shows theextent of summer ice-melt zones on Greenland in 1992 and 2002. The summer melt zone is an areawhere summer heat turns snow and ice around the edges of the ice sheet into slush and ponds ofmeltwater. Three coastal locations are shown on the map.

Arctic Meltdown

Scientists are concerned because average arctic temperatures are rising. The Greenland IceSheet, the dominant area of continental ice in the arctic region, broke all previous records formelting in 2002. In 2004, the total amount of ice resting on top of the continental crust in the arctic region wasestimated to be about 3,100,000 cubic kilometers. If all this ice were to melt, the ocean levelswould rise approximately 8.5 meters. A reduction in ice-covered areas exposes more landsurfaces. This increases absorption of insolation and accelerates arctic warming. Scientistscontinue to collect data to define the role of greenhouse gases in the warming of the arctic region.

A) 51.5° N 64° W B) 70.5° N 22° W C) 64° N 51.5° W D) 22° N 70.5°W

What is the approximate latitude and longitude of Godthab, Greenland?


A) equator (0°)B) North Pole (90° N)C) Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)D) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S)

19. If an observer on Earth views Polaris on thehorizon, the observer is located at the

A) 43º B) 47º C) 75º D) 90º

20. From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at analtitude of approximately

A) New York City B) Slide MountainC) Niagara Falls D) Plattsburgh

21. At which New York State location would anobserver measure the highest altitude of Polaris?

A) 40° S 45° E B) 50° N 45° WC) 60° S 30° W D) 75° N 30° E

22. The diagram below shows latitude measurementsevery 10 degrees and longitude measurements every15 degrees.

What is the latitude and longitude of point X?


A) 20° N B) 20° S C) 70° N D) 70° S

23. The diagram below shows an observer measuring the altitude of Polaris.

What is the latitude of the observer?

Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the map below, which shows the generalized surfacebedrock for a portion of New York State that appears in the Earth Science Reference Tables.

24. State the longitude of Mt. Marcy, New York, to the nearest degree. The units and compass directionmust be included in your answer.


25. Place an X on the map to represent a location in the Tug Hill Plateau landscape region.

Base your answers to questions 26 and 27 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows the latitude-longitude grid on a model of Earth.Point Y is a location on Earth's surface.

26. What is Earth’s rate of rotation at point Y, in degrees per hour?

27. On the diagram, place an X at 15° S 30° W.


28. Base your answer to the following question on passage and time zones map shown below.

Time Zones

In 1883, Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The United States (excluding Alaska andHawaii) has four time zones, which are indicated by different shadings on the map.Each zone isroughly centered on lines of longitude that are 15° apart. These lines are shown as dashed lines onthe map. Most locations within a time zone have the same time.This time is called standard time.As you move to the west, the time in each zone is one hour earlier than the previous time zone

Explain, in terms of Earth's rotation, why the time zones are 15° of longitude apart.


Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the field map below, which shows an area of a statepark where an underground gasoline tank leaked and contaminated the groundwater. Groundwater-monitoring wells were installed to determine the extent of the contamination. The concentration ofcontaminants in parts per million (ppm) in each of the wells is indicated on the map.

29. Park officials do not want to see another incident of groundwater contamination from gasoline tanks.State one action that park officials could take to prevent gasoline from contaminating thegroundwater in the future.


30. State the relationship between the distance from the gasoline tank and the concentration ofcontaminants in the groundwater.

31. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a north polarview of Earth on a specific day of the year. Solar times at selected longitude lines are shown. Letter Arepresents a location on Earth's surface.

State the altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer at the North Pole.

A) greatest in diameter at the EquatorB) greatest in diameter at the polesC) a perfect sphereD) pear shaped

32. Measurements taken from space show the Earth tobe

A) telescopic observations of other planetsB) photographs of the Earth from an orbiting

satelliteC) observations of the Sun's altitude made during

the dayD) observations of the Moon made during lunar

eclipses

33. The best evidence of the Earth's nearly sphericalshape is obtained through

A) 21% B) 33% C) 46% D) 94%

34. What is the approximate percent of oxygen byvolume present in Earth’s lower atmosphere?

A) troposphere and stratosphereB) troposphere and mesosphereC) stratosphere and thermosphereD) mesosphere and thermosphere

35. In which two temperature zones of the atmospheredoes the temperature increase with increasingaltitude?

A) troposphere B) stratosphereC) mesosphere D) thermosphere

36. The altitude of the ozone layer near the South Pole is20 kilometers above sea level. Which temperaturezone of the atmosphere contains this ozone layer?

A) mesosphere B) stratosphereC) thermosphere D) troposphere

37. Which temperature zone of Earth’s atmospherecontains the most water vapor?


A) lithosphere B) hydrosphereC) troposphere D) stratosphere

38. The graph below represents percentage of elementsby volume.

This graph best represents the elements of theEarth's

A) 1.4 B) 9.9 C) 3.0 D) 4900

39. What is the inferred pressure, in millions ofatmospheres, in Earth's interior at a depth of 2900kilometers?

A) silicon B) leadC) nitrogen D) hydrogen

40. The pie graph below shows the elements comprisingEarth's crust in percent by mass.

Which element is represented by the letter X?

A) Betelgeuse and Barnard's StarB) Procyon B and Proxima CentauriC) Polaris and the SunD) Alpha Centauri and Sirius

41. Which two stars are most similar in luminosity?

A) As temperature decreases, luminosity increases.B) As temperature decreases, luminosity remains

the same.C) As temperature increases, luminosity increases.D) As temperature increases, luminosity remains

the same.

42. Which statement describes the general relationshipbetween the temperature and the luminosity of mainsequence stars?


43. Base your answer to the following question on the Characteristics of Stars graph below and on yourknowledge of Earth science.

Describe one characteristic of the star Spica that causes it to have a greater luminosity than Barnard'sStar.

Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the passage below.

The Moon Is Moving Away While Earth's Rotation Slows

Tides on Earth are primarily caused by the gravitational force of the Moon acting on Earth'ssurface. The Moon causes two tidal bulges to occur on Earth: the direct tidal bulge occurs on theside facing the Moon, and the indirect tidal bulge occurs on the opposite side of Earth. Since Earthrotates, the bulges are swept forward along Earth's surface. This advancing bulge helps pull theMoon forward in its orbit, resulting in a larger orbital radius. The Moon is actually getting fartheraway from Earth, at a rate of approximately 3.8 centimeters per year. The Moon's gravity is also pulling on the direct tidal bulge. This pulling on the bulge causesfriction of ocean water against the ocean floor, slowing the rotation of Earth at a rate of 0.002second per 100 years.

44. Explain why the force of gravity between the Moon and Earth will decrease over time.


45. In 100,00 years, the rotation of Earth will be slower by how many seconds?

Base your answers to questions 46 and 47 on the data table below, which shows some galaxies, theirdistances from Earth, and the velocities at which they are moving away from Earth.

46. On the grid below, use an X to plot the distance and velocity for each galaxy from the data table toshow the relationship between each galaxy's distance from Earth and the velocity at which it ismoving away from Earth. Connect the Xs with a smooth line.

47. State the general relationship between a galaxy's distance from Earth and the velocity at which thegalaxy is moving away from Earth.


48. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the early formation of main sequence stars of different masses (M).The arrows represent temperature and luminosity changes as each star becomes part of the mainsequence. The time, needed for each star to develop into a main sequence star is shown on the mainsequence line.

Identify the force that causes the accumulation of matter that forms the stars.

A) smaller diameter and lower densityB) smaller diameter and higher densityC) larger diameter and lower densityD) larger diameter and higher density

49. Compared to the size and density of Earth, the Moonhas a

A) small diameters and low densitiesB) small diameters and high densitiesC) large diameters and low densitiesD) large diameters and high densities

50. Which two characteristics do all Jovian planets havein common?

A) rotating on a tilted axisB) more denseC) more massiveD) closer to the Sun

51. Terrestrial planets move more rapidly in their orbitsthan the Jovian planets because terrestrial planets are


52. The table below shows gravitational data for a planettraveling in an elliptical orbit around a star. Thetable shows the relative gravitational force betweenthe star and this planet at eight positions in the orbit(letters A through H). Higher numbers indicatestronger gravitational attraction.

Which diagram best represents the positions of theplanet in its orbit that would produce thegravitational forces shown in the data table?

A)

B)

C)

D)

A) the Sun B) BetelgeuseC) Earth D) Jupiter

53. Which object is located at one foci of the ellipticalorbit of Mars?


54. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a portion of the solarsystem.

A) elliptical, with Earth at one of the foci B) elliptical, with the Sun at one of the fociC) circular, with Earth at the center D) circular, with the Sun at the center

The actual orbits of the planets are

A) shape of Earth's MoonB) shape of an elliptical orbitC) path of an earthquake waveD) path of a projectile deflected by Earth's rotation

55. The diagram below represents a student'sconstructed laboratory drawing.

The student's drawing best represents the

A) B)

C) D)

56. Which diagram shows a planet with the least eccentric orbit?

( Key: • = planet * = star )

A) the Moon B) the SunC) Venus D) Polaris

57. Which object orbits Earth in both the Earth-centered(geocentric) and Sun-centered (heliocentric) modelsof our solar system?

A) The Earth would revolve around the Sun.B) The Earth would rotate on its axis.C) The Moon would revolve around the Sun.D) The Sun would revolve around the Earth.

58. In the geocentric model (the Earth at the center ofthe universe), which motion would occur?


59.the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the orbital pathsof the four Jovian planets and Halley's comet around the Sun. Halley's comet has a revolution periodof 76 years. In 1986, Halley's comet was at perihelion, its closest point to the Sun. Letters A, B, C,and D represent locations of Halley's comet in its orbit. Location D represents Halley's comet ataphelion, its farthest point from the Sun. The comet's tail is shown at perihelion and at locations B and C.

A) geocentric model with the Sun near the centerB) geocentric model with Earth near the centerC) heliocentric model with the Sun near the centerD) heliocentric model with Earth near the center

This diagram of our solar system represents a

A) nuclear fissionB) nuclear fusionC) combustionD) electrical generation

60. Most of the radiant energy released by the sunresults from the process of

A) hydrogen B) heliumC) carbon D) oxygen

61. The most abundant element on the sun is


Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows therelative diameter sizes of the planets compared to the radius of the Sun.

62. On the diagram above, circle only the terrestrial planets.

63. On the diagram above, place an X on the planet with the lowest density.


64. Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which shows information about fivelarge objects in the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is located approximately 30 to 1000 astronomicalunits (AU) from the Sun. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the Sun,149.6 million kilometers.

Identify the Kuiper Belt object with the longest period of revolution and state the evidence thatsupports that conclusion.

Object:_______________________

Evidence:_____________________


65. Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which lists some information about Barnard's Star.

The diagram below shows four spectral lines produced by glowing hydrogen gas in a laboratory andfour spectral lines produced by hydrogen gas as seen in the light from Barnard's Star.

Explain why the positions of the spectral lines of Barnard's Star are all shifted toward the blue end ofthespectrum.


A) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star ismoving toward Earth.

B) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star ismoving away from Earth.

C) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theinfrared end of the spectrum and the star ismoving toward Earth.

D) The star's spectral lines have shifted toward theinfrared end of the spectrum and the star ismoving away from Earth.

66. The diagram below shows a standard spectrumcompared to a spectrum produced from a distant star.

Which conclusion can be made by comparing thestandard spectrum to the spectrum produced fromthis distant star?


67. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The diagram represents the Moon at four positions, labeled A, B, C, and D, in its orbitaround Earth. The position of the full-Moon phase is labeled.

A) B) C) D)

Which phase of the Moon could be observed from New York State when the Moon is at position C?


A) B)

C) D)

68. The diagram below shows the relative positions ofthe Earth, Moon, and Sun for a 1-month period.

Which diagram best represents the appearance of theMoon at position P when viewed from the Earth?

A) 1 and 5 B) 2 and 6C) 3 and 7 D) 4 and 8

69. The diagram below shows the Moon orbiting Earthas viewed from space above the North Pole. TheMoon is shown at eight different positions in itsorbit.

At which two positions of the Moon is an eclipse ofthe Sun or Moon possible?


70. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below, which show the apparent path andsolar noon positions of the Sun on specific dates at three different locations on Earth.

What evidence indicates that the observer at location A is at the equator?


71. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows Earth's orbit aroundthe Sun as viewed from space. Earth is shown at eight different positions labeled A through H. Earth'sNorth Pole, Arctic Circle, and equator have been labeled at position C. The arrows show the directionof orbital motion.

Complete the data table below by placing the letter that represents the position of Earth at the start of each season in the Northern Hemisphere.


72. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram in your answer booklet, which shows theMoon's orbit around Earth.

How long does it take the Moon to complete one revolution around Earth? Expressyour answer to the nearest tenth of a day.

Base your answers to questions 73 through 75 on the passage below.

Extrasolar Planets

Astronomers have discovered more than 400 planets outside of our solar system. The firstextrasolar planet was detected in 1995 orbiting a star known as 51 Pegasi, which is similar in colorand luminosity to our Sun. Astronomers can detect planets by identifying stars that move inresponse to the gravitational pull of planets revolving around them. Other planets have beendiscovered by finding stars whose luminosity varies as orbiting planets block outgoing starlight.Nearly all of these discovered planets are thought to be Jovian-like planets similar to Jupiter.

73. Other than Jupiter, identify one Jovian planet in our solar system.

74. State the color and luminosity of 51 Pegasi.

75. Compared to Jupiter, state how Earth's equatorial diameter and density are different.


76. Base your answer to the following question on the table and map below. The table shows the durationof insolation, in hours, at Barrow, Alaska, on the twentieth day of each month during 2008. The mapshows the location of Barrow at 71° N 156.5° W.

On what date was the noontime Sun highest in the sky at Barrow?


Base your answers to questions 77 and 78 on the diagram in your answer booklet. The diagram shows Earth revolving around the Sun. Letters A, B,C, and D represent Earth's location in its orbit on the first day of the four seasons. Aphelion (farthestdistance from the Sun) and perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) are labeled to show theapproximate times when they occur in Earth's orbit.

77. Explain why an observer in New York State sees some different constellations in the night sky whenEarth is at location A compared to when Earth is at location C.

78. Explain why the gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth decreases as Earth travels fromlocation D to location A.

Base your answers to questions 79 and 80 on the passage below.

Meteorite CompositionMeteors that strike Earth's surface are called meteorites. Analysis of meteorite composition hasprovided scientists with information regarding the formation of Earth and our solar system, andpossibly the development and evolution of life on Earth.Two types of meteorites are iron meteorites and chondrites. Iron meteorites consist mostly of iron andnickel, and are inferred to be from core materials of early planetary bodies in our solar system. Morethan 60% of meteorites studied have been identified as chondrites. Chondrites are made ofmillimeter-sized spheres of olivine and pyroxene crystals embedded in a mass of mineral and metalgrains. The chondrites are thought to represent fragments of the earliest solid materials in our solarsystem. One type of chondrite, the carbonaceous chondrite, contains water, organic compounds, andminerals that represent the chemical composition necessary for life to form.

79. What is the estimated age, in years, of Earth and our solar system?

80. Identify two elements that can be found in both olivine and pyroxene.


Base your answers to questions 81 through 83 on the diagram in your answer booklet and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram is a modelof the sky (celestial sphere) for an observer at 50° N latitude. The Sun's apparent path on June 21 isshown. Point A is a position along the Sun's apparent path. Angular distances above the horizon areindicated.

81. Describe the general relationship between the length of the Sun’s apparent path and the duration ofdaylight.

82. The Sun travels 45° in its apparent path between the noon position and point A. Identify the timewhen the Sun is at point A. Include a.m. or p.m. with your answer.

83. On the celestial sphere diagram place an X on the Sun's apparent path on June 21 to show the Sun'sposition when the observer's shadow would be the longest.

84. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science.

Coral Reefs and Ocean Currents

The location of shallow-water coral reefs is controlled largely by warm-water temperatures,which originate in tropical regions and are then widely spread by ocean currents. Major surfaceocean currents flow in circular patterns called gyres. Ocean current gyres flow in a clockwisedirection in the Northern Hemisphere, and flow in a counterclockwise direction in the SouthernHemisphere. This pattern of circulation generally moves warm water from equatorial regions intothe shallow waters along eastern continental coasts. This extends the range of coral reef growthapproximately 5° of latitude beyond both the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.

Which Earth motion causes the Coriolis effect that results in the curving of the planetary winds andsurface ocean currents?


85. Base your answer to the following question on the information below.

A student on a field trip in New York State collected a sample of metamorphic bedrock containingbands of coarse-grained crystals of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and mica.List two of the chemical elements found in plagioclase feldspar.

A) garnet B) magnetite C) quartz D) olivine

86. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals.

The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral?

A) heating of previously existing foliated bedrockB) cooling and solidification of lavaC) compaction and cementation of shells and

skeletal remainsD) chemical precipitation of minerals from

seawater

87. Most rock gypsum is formed by the

A) marble and rhyoliteB) limestone and basaltC) quartzite and rock saltD) granite and phyllite

88. Which two rocks have the most similar mineralcomposition?

89. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The passage describes unusual lava from a volcano in Africa.

Unusual Volcano

Nyiragongo, located at 2° S 29° E, is an active African volcano. It has the most fluid lava onEarth. The lava has a composition unlike any other lava in the world. The rare isotopes found inthe lava are similar to those found in ancient asteroids. This fact leads scientists to infer that thelava may be as old as our solar system and that it comes from deep inside the mantle near Earth'souter core. Nyiragongo is one volcano in a ring of many volcanoes surrounding an area that isdomed upward nearly a mile above sea level, causing scientists to infer that a new mantle hot spotis forming there.

Two rocks, scoria and basalt, have formed from the cooled lava that erupted from Nyiragongo.Describe the texture of each rock.


Base your answers to questions 90 and 91 on the table and photograph below and on your knowledgeof Earth Science. The table shows the approximate mineral percent composition of an igneous rock.

90. Identify two processes that formed this rock.

91. Identify two elements that are commonly found in all three minerals in the data table.


92. Base your answer to the following question on the magnified views shown below of the mineralsfound in an igneous rock and in a metamorphic rock. The millimeter scale indicates the size of thecrystals shown in the magnified views.

Identify the environment of formation of this igneous rock based on the size of its intergrown crystals.

93. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below. Letters A through H representrock units in which overturning has not occurred.

Identify two processes that formed rock unit D from sediment.


94. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below, which shows some physical propertiesof minerals and the definitions of these properties. The letters A, B, and C indicate parts of the chartthat have been left blank. Letter C represents the name of a mineral.

State the definition represented by letter B.

95. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below.

Earth's Early Atmosphere

Early in Earth's history, the molten outer layers of Earth released gases to form an earlyatmosphere. Cooling and solidification of that molten surface formed the early lithosphereapproximately 4.4 billion years ago. Around 3.3 billion years ago, photosynthetic organismsappeared on Earth and removed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, whichallowed Earth to cool even faster. In addition, they introduced oxygen into Earth's atmosphere, asa by-product of photosynthesis. Much of the first oxygen that was produced reacted with natural Earth elements, such as iron,in the lithosphere and produced new varieties of rocks and minerals. Eventually, photosyntheticorganisms produced enough oxygen so that it began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere. About450 million years ago, there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere to allow for the developmentof an ozone layer 30 to 50 kilometers above Earth's surface. This layer was thick enough toprotect organisms developing on land from the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Identify one mineral with a red-brown streak that formed when oxygen in Earth's early atmospherecombined with iron.


Base your answers to questions 96 through 98 on the diagram below, which represents a part of thecycle. The igneous rock, granite, and the characteristics of sedimentary rock X and metamorphic rockY are shown.

96. Complete the table below, with descriptions of the observable characteristics used to identify granite.

97. Identify metamorphic rock Y.

98. Identify sedimentary rock X.


99. Base your answer to the following question on the rock cycle diagram below.

State one condition or process that would cause the high-grade metamorphism of rock A.

100. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and information below.

The diagram shows a cross section of a portion of Earth's crust that has undergone geologicalprocesses. Overturning of rock layers has not occurred. Point A represents one location ofmetamorphic rock.

As magma cools, what process changes it into basalt?

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Name January 2017 Earth Science Midterm Review Packet Ms ... · Earth Science Midterm Review Packet Ms. Bottiglieri Earth Science Midterm Review Packet A) tearing a sheet of paper