Name: Summer Assignment: AP Biology Due: September 2018 Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9th edition pages 68-89

1. List seven characteristics shared by all macromolecules.

2. Which is likelier to be uniquely found in the human body and in no other species- a monomer or a large polymer? Why?

3. Fill out the following table. You might want to wait until you have read each section to complete the columns.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Elements contained

Major functions in organisms

Naming conventions

Use of acronyms

Monomer names

Number of monomers or monomer types

Exactly 20

Name several specific molecules of this type

Eg glucose

4. Compare and contrast cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen by filling in this table.

Polysaccharide Molecules

Molecule Cellulose Starch Chitin Glycogen Made by what organisms?

Functions

Structure- describe or draw the shape

Characteristics

Examples of familiar substances

5. Draw and label the structural formula of a saturated fatty acid, a triglyceride, a phospholipid, and an unsaturated fatty acid, and a steroid.

6. Draw an asparagine and a glutamic acid molecule. Then show in a second drawing how they have bonded to form a dipeptide.

7. Some amino acids are polar, some are nonpolar. What is it about their structure makes this so? What is the practical effect of this on the structure of a polypeptide formed?

8. If a protein has an area with several aspartic acids in a row, and another area with several arginines in a row, what is likely

to happen as it folds? This is a logic question. Figure it out based on the characteristics of the side chains of these two amino acids.

9. What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

10. Briefly diagram and describe the following:

a. Primary structure of a protein-

b. Secondary structure of a protein-

c. The tertiary structure of a protein-

d. Quaternary structure of a protein-

11. What is denaturation of a protein and what causes it?

12. What is a chaperonin? What does it do? Why does it matter?

13. Explain the similarities and differences between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA.

14. How does complementary base pairing work in an RNA molecule as opposed to a DNA one? What does complementary base pairing accomplish in RNA?

Name Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9h edition pages 92-122

1. Why are electron microscopes able to resolve images at much higher magnifications than light microscopes can?

2. By looking at images, how can you tell which was photographed through a light microscope, a TEM, or a SEM?

3. Explain why all three types of microscopes are still actively used in biology. After all, why not use the electron microscope for everything, since it has the finest resolution?

4. After three different decantations of a cell homogenate…….(underline the correct choice for each) a. The pellet will contain larger and larger OR smaller and smaller pieces? b. The pellet will be larger and larger OR smaller and smaller? c. The supernatant will contain larger and larger OR smaller and smaller pieces? d. The supernatant will contain fewer and fewer OR more and more pieces?

5. Given the ratio of surface to volume area of any solid, explain the best shape for an extremely large volume cell.

6. Label these drawings of cells. Be as complete as possible.

7. Relate these concepts to each other in a concept map or brief descriptions: DNA, chromatin, chromosome, gene, genome.

8. What functions would a cell be unable to perform without a nucleolus? How long could a cell live without a nucleolus?

9. Explain the difference between the function of free ribosomes and bound ribosomes. What is the big advantage of the bound ribosome?

10. Explain how it is that adding hydroxyl groups to a molecule can deactivate it, and make it easier to flush, (these are separate actions.) Don’t just quote the text- figure it out.

11. Why do each of the following types of cells need a lot of smooth ER? a. Testis or ovary-

b. Liver-

c. Muscle-

d. Flower cells in a walnut tree-

12. Compare and contrast various vesicles by filling in the following chart.

Type Contains what things?

Function? Where is it found? Does it move? If so, from where to where?

Cisternae of the Golgi

Transport vesicles

Lysosomes

Animal food vacuole

Plant central vacuole

Protist contractile vacuole

Peroxisome

Glyoxysome

13. Briefly summarize the three functions of the cytoskeleton.

14. Which picture is which cytoskeleton element? Label them.

15. Which cytoskeleton element (s) a. Resists compression and acts like a girder?. b. Pulls, provides tension like a bungee cord?. c. Hold a shape permanently

16. For each of the following functions, which cystoskeleton element(s) do the job?

a. Nuclear lamina- b. Muscle contraction- c. Move the cell around from place to place- d. Form spindle fibers of mitosis- e. Anchor the nucleus in place- f. Maintain the cell’s shape- g. Forming the cleavage furrow after mitosis- h. Form tracks along which organelles move- i. Move cytoplasm around and form pseudopodia-

17. Describe the commonalities and differences between cilia and flagella.

18. Label this diagram.

19. What does dynein do? Compare this to myosin.

20. Explain why most herbivores prefer to eat young leaves rather than mature ones.

21. Why is collagen the most common molecule in your body?

22. What are the functions of the extracellular matrix in an animal body?

23. Compare the plasmosdesmata of plants to gap junctions in animals.

24. Why do animals need desmosomes (anchoring junctions) but plants do not?

Name Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology 9th edition pages 125-142

1. The text provides a detailed picture of how the Fluid Mosaic model, or theory, of cell membrane structure was developed. This is a good realistic picture of the development of scientific understanding. Review by filling out this table.

Model name Name of scientist(s) What did it state? Predictions made, problems Phospholipid bilayer

Sandwich model

Fluid mosaic

2. Consider the issues relating to membrane fluidity discussed in the text. Now relate these specifically to the needs of an arctic

fish, a temperate-zone tree, and an extremophile archaebacterium which lives in hot springs. What will be the ideal composition of their membranes in terms of fatty acid types (saturated or unsaturated) and cholesterol?

3. Which three types of molecules are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane? What properties of these molecules make it possible?

4. Label this diagram, describing what is happening.

5. What is the basic difference between a channel protein and a transport protein?

6. In the case of osmosis, which is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane, why is it that the more solute molecules there are on one side, the more water will tend to diffuse in the direction towards the solute molecules?

7. What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? And explain what is happening in the diagrams.

8. What is osmoregulation? Why is it necessary?

9. How are carrier proteins different from channel proteins?

10. You place stalks of celery in several different solutions. Describe what will happen after 4 hours in each case. Celery in:

a. Tap water-

b. Distilled water-.

c. Lightly salted water-

d. Very salty water-

e. Lightly sugared water-

11. Label this image showing what happens to red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity (solute content relative to the cell.)

12. Why does a carrier protein moving solutes up a concentration gradient (to a more crowded space) need to use energy to do this?

13. The sodium-potassium pump has two shapes. What two events alter its shape?

14. The movement of ions is affected by more than just their concentration gradient. What else is at work?

15. Label the diagram below. Indicate what process is occurring, and what the particles might be in each case.

16. Explain why a cell with many cotransporter proteins must also have many active transport proteins.

17. You are developing a drink to give to children who suffer from diarrhea. Explain whether it should be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic in salts and sugar with respect to the child’s cells. Why?

18. Secretory cells use the process of exocytosis to release their products. It would be possible to use channel proteins instead; after all, the concentration gradient would lead to the diffusion of these molecules out of the cell. What do you suppose is the advantage of using the energy-demanding process of exocytosis instead?

19. The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. How could a cell alter the permeability of its membrane to a specific substance?

Name Compound Light Microscopes

1. Label the components of the microscope:

2. Describe the function of each component:

a. 10X Objective Lens:

b. 40X Objective Lens:

c. 4X Objective Lens:

d. Arm:

e. Base:

f. Coarse Adjustment:

g. Condenser/Mirror:

h. Eyepiece tube:

i. Fine Adjustment: l. Revolving Nosepiece:

j. Illuminator: m. Stage Clip:

k. Ocular Lens: n. Stage:

3. What is the difference between a wet mount slide and a prepared slide?

4. Recreate the paramecium on the left, as best you can, inside the circle on the right.

5. The metric unit of measurement for most microscopic organisms is micrometers (µm), which is equilvalent to 1/1,000,000 or 1x10-6 of a

meter. Non-metric units, such as inches, feet, or miles, are NEVER used.

a. How many mm are in 1 cm?

b. How many µm are in 1 mm?

c. How many µm are in 1 cm?

6. To find the magnification of a micrograph or a drawing we need to know two things: the size of the image and the actual size of the

specimen. The formula is: Magnification = size of image (in µm) / actual size of specimen (in m µm). Determine the magnification

used to make the micrograph of the tardigrade (aka “microscopic water bear”) below. The organism’s actual size is 500 µm.

Show your work:

Hint! Measure in mm and convert.

Magnification: ________________________

7. Try solving for the actual size of the specimen in µm, using this image made with a magnification of 500x.

Show your work:

Hint! Measure in mm and convert.

Magnification: ________________________

Name Graphing

Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. Line graphs must be

constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected. A graph contains the following components:

• The TITLE: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an idea about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph. Consider creating a title based on your variables.

• The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours, etc.), depth (feet, meters), and temperature (Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis).

• The DEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent variable. It is the result of what happens because of the independent variable. (Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water.) This variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis.

• The SCALES for each variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. This must also take up a conservative amount of space. It is not suggested to have a run on scale making the graph too hard to manage. The scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values.

• The LEGEND: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph's data. It should be short and concise and placed under the graph.

• The MEAN for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide the sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average.

• The MEDIAN for a group of variables: To determine median or “middle” for an even number of values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values. e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5

• The MODE for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that occurs most frequently. e.g. 2, 5, 8, 2, 6, 11 The number 2 is the mode because it occurred most often (twice)

1. When is it appropriate to construct a line graph vs a bar graph?

2. Using the following data, answer the questions

below and then construct a line graph.

a. What is the independent variable?

b. What is the dependent variable?

c. What are the mean, median, and mode of

the data?

§ Bubble Plant A: Mean: _______________ Median: _______________ Mode: _______________

§ Bubble Plant B: Mean: _______________ Median: _______________ Mode: _______________

d. What conclusions can you make from this data? Be detailed.

Depth (m) Bubbles/Minute from Plant A Bubbles/Minute from Plant B

2 29 21

5 36 27

10 45 40

16 32 50

25 20 34

30 10 20

3. Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these

cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not

considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death. Answer the following

questions and then construct a graph.

a. What is the independent variable?

b. What is the dependent variable?

c. What conclusions can you make from this data? Be detailed.

d. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would be the expected blood glucose level for Person B?

4. A species of insect has been accidentally introduced from Asia into the US. The success of this organism depends on its ability to find

a suitable habitat. The larval stage is very sensitive to changes in environment. Exposure to situations outside the tolerance limits

results in a high mortality (death) rate. Construct graphs of two environmental factors and their effect on larval mortality rate.

a. What conclusions can you make from this data? Be detailed.

Time After Eating (Hours) Glucose (mL)/Blood (L) of Person A Glucose (mL)/Blood (L) of Person B

0.5 170 180

1 155 195

1.5 140 230

2 135 245

2.5 140 235

3 135 225

Temperature (oC) Morality (%) Relative Humidity (%) Morality (%) Light Intensity (fc) Morality (%)

15 100 100 80 300 0

16 80 90 10 400 0

17 30 80 0 600 10

18 10 70 0 800 15

19 0 60 0 1000 20

20 0 50 50 1200 20

21 0 40 70 1400 90

22 0 30 90 1600 95

23 20 20 100 1800 100

24 80 10 100 2000 100

25 100 0 100

Time After Eating (Hours) Glucose (mL)/Blood (L) of Person A Glucose (mL)/Blood (L) of Person B

0.5 170 180

1 155 195