Nano Restorative

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Good morning

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ano Restorative dental

materials

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INTRODUCTION

Humankind has always been plagued by the problem of restoringparts of the body lost due to an accident or disease. The replacement

of lost teeth is desired for two primary reasons:

Esthetics

Restoration of function (partial or complete).

Restorative dental materials include noble and base metals, amalgam

alloys, cements, composites, glass ionomers, ceramics, denture base

resins, and other materials used in restorative dental operations.

Each material has several advantages and disadvantages.

To overcome the drawbacks of various materials, there has been

continuous research for the advent of newer and better restorative

materials.

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nanotechnology

The term nanotechnology was coined byProf. Kerie E.Drexler.

Nanotechnology is the engineering ofmolecularly precise structures.

The prefix nano means 10-9or onebillionth of a unit.

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NANODENTISTRY

Defined as the science and technology ofdiagnosing, treating and preventing oral

and dental diseases, relieving pain,preserving and improving dental healthusing nano-structured material.

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nanomaterials

Nanomaterials include nanoparticles,

nanoclusters, nano-crystals, nanotubes,nanofibres, nanowires, nanorods,

nanofilms etc.

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Nanoparticles

Molecular units typically

defined as having diameters ofbetween 0.1 and 100 nm.

Represent the mostwidespread use of nanoscaleunits in dentistry.

They are currently being usedin resin-based compositerestorations (RBC).

Organosilanes such asallyltriethoxysilane, have alsodemonstrated goodcompatibility with nanoparticlefillers, such as TiO2.

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YbF3 Nano particle

Mono-dispersed powdersproduced by sol-gel reaction

Properties Optical transparency

High radio opacity Low shrinkage

Easy to polish

Safe for patients

Applications Improving radio opacity for X-

ray diagnosis

YbF3lens

Filler for flowable composite

Barium glass & Strontiumglass

Homogeneous composition

Glass powder produced bymelting

Properties Low optical opacity

High radio opacity

Easy to polish

Provides hardening and strength

Easy miscibility with resin

Fine particle size

Application

Composite filler8


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Silver nanoparticles

Used as an alternative to dental filling agents.

The unique advantages of these nanoparticles are the anti wear;antibacterial and antifungal properties enable their use inrestorative dentistry.

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Incorporating silver zeolite in endodontic filling

materials increases the material bactericidal effectagainst some microorganisms.

Composite resins modified by microparticulated silverrevealed antiadherence activity and bactericidal

effect against S. mutans.

The application of nanoparticles to control biofilmformation within the oral cavity, as a function of theirbiocidal, antiadhesive, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anddelivery capabilities, is worthy of serious consideration

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The bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles has

been attributed to mechanisms such as the release ofAg+.

However, according to Chaloupka et al. nanosilver hasintrinsic antibacterial properties that do not depend onthe elution of Ag+.

Silver causes bacterial membrane disruption probablydue to the production of reactive oxygen species,including free radicals.

The active oxygen causes structural damage inbacteria, which is called an oligodynamic action.

Membrane disruption allocates nanosilver particles intocytoplasm causing subsequent damage of DNA andother phosphorus containing compounds, impairing therespiratory chain and cell division .

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Nanorods Nanorods are of particular

interest in a restorativecontext.

Since they are similar tothe enamel rods that makeup the basic crystallinestructure of dental enamel,nanorods could contributeto a practical artificialapproximation of such anaturally occurringstructure.

Chen et al. have synthesizedenamel prism-likehydroxyapatite (HA)nanorods that exhibit self-

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Nanospheres

Nanospheres areexplored inrestorative systems inconjunction with

calcium phosphatedeposition andamelogenin nanochainassembly to mimic thenanoprocesses already

inherent in naturaltooth development.

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Nanotubes

Titanium oxidenanotubes havebeen shown in vitroto accelerate thekinetics ofhydroxyapatiteformation, mainly ina context of bone-

growth applicationsfor dental implantcoatings.

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More recently,

modified single walledcarbon nanotubes(SWCNT) have beenshown to improve the

flexural strength ofRBC.

They have silicondioxide applied tothem in conjunctionwith specializedorganosilane bondingagents.

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Nanofibers

Polymer nanofiberspermit easier additionof surfacefunctionalities compared

to polymer microfibers.

Polymer nanofibermaterials have beenstudied as drug-deliverysystems, scaffolds fortissue engineering, andfilters.

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More recently, nanofibershave been used to generateceramics containing

hydroxyapatite and fluor-hydroxyapatite.

Nanofibrillar silicate crystalshave also been recently

studied in the reinforcementof dental composites.

Added in the correctproportions and with uniform

distribution of thefibers/crystals, nanofibershave been demonstrated toimprove the physicalproperties of these

composites

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Dendrimers and dendritic copolymers

Dendrimers and dendritic copolymers have been studied lessextensively than other nanostructures in relation to dentalcomposite applications.

Combinations of specific polymers to optimize efficacy ofrestorative applications have been reported.

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Nano restorative materials

Various nanostructures are manipulatedtogether to either modify the existingdental materials or produce the newer

better alternatives.

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Advances in amalgam

based onnanotechnology

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A NEW DENTAL POWDER FROM

NANOCRYSTALLINE MELT SPUN Ag Sn

Cu ALLOY RIBBONS

A new non-gamma-2 dental powder has been developed

from nanocrystalline melt-spun Ag-Sn-Cu alloy ribbons.The amalgam made from this powder exhibits

excellent properties for dental filling.

The nanocrystalline microstructure was found for the

first time in as-spun and heat treated Ag, Sn, Cu alloyribbons, using X-ray diffraction, scanning electronmicroscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.

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Structure

As-spun ribbons exhibiteda multi-phasemicrostructure withpreferred existence of(Ag4Sn) phase formed

during rapid solidification(RS) due tosupersaturating of copper(Cu) atoms and homogenousnanostructure withsubgrain size of about 40-

50mm, which seems to bedeveloped during the rapidsolidification process andcan be caused by eutecticreaction of theAg3Sn/Ag4Sn-Cu3Sn

system.

The cross-sectional and top-viewed OM

micrographs of as-spun Ti51Ni49 ribbons.

(a) Cross-sectional view of as-spun

ribbons, (b) top view near the edge of as-

spun ribbons and (c) top view in the

middle of as-spun ribbons.22


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In heat treated ribbons the clustering of Cuatoms was always favored and stable in an ageingtemperature and time interval determined by Cucontent.

The heat treatment led to essential changes ofsubgrain morphology, resulted in the appearanceof large-angle boundaries with fine Cu3Sn

precipitates and forming typical recrystallizationtwins.

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Such a microstructure variation in melt-spunribbons could eventually yield enhancedtechnological, clinical and physical properties of thedental products.

Thus, using the rapid solidification technique a newnon-gamma-2 dental material of high quality,nanocrystalline ribbon powder, can be produced.

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Advances in glass ionomer

cements based on nanotechnology

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Nanoparticulated resin modified

glass ionomer cement

Nanoionomer is the latest development in along history of glass ionomer technologydeveloped by 3M ESPE.

Nanoparticulated ionomer is the first resin-modified glass ionomer cement withnanotechnology, combining the benefits of

resin-modified light-cure glass ionomercement (RMGIC) and bonded nanofillerparticles.

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Advantages

Improved polish and aesthetics,abrasion resistance, strength, optical

properties, and increased fluoriderelease.

In addition, there is also less number of

voids, cracks, and microporosities onthe surface in nanoionomer than theother ionomers available.

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Ketac

N1 Light CuriNg

Nano Ionomer

Restorative

A nano-ionomeris an aesthetic, fluoride-releasingrestorative solution.

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Indications

Primary teeth restorations

Small Class I restorations

Class III and V restorations

Filling defects and undercuts

Laminate/Sandwich technique

Core build-up where at least 50% ofcoronal tooth structure is remaining forsupport

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composition

The nano-ionomer is based on the acrylic and itaconicacid copolymers necessary for glass-ionomer reactionwith fluoroaluminosilicate (FAS) glass and water.

It contains a blend of resin monomers, BisGMA,TEGDMA, PEGDMA and HEMA which polymerize viathe free radical addition upon curing and the primarycuring mechanism is by light activation.

The originality of this glass-ionomer cement is theinclusion of nano-fillers which constitute up to twothirds of the filler content (69 wt%).

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Nano fillers are further surface modified

with methacrylate silane coupling agents toprovide covalent bond formation into the freeradically polymerized matrix.

The fluoroaluminosilicate glass is radiopaque,has particle size of less than 3 microns

Provides the basis for the glass ionomerreaction and extended fluoride release in the

presence of water and a polycarboxylic acidfunctional polymer.

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Contains combination of two types of

surface treated nanofillers (5-25 nm) andnanoclusters (1.0 to 1.6 microns).

The methacrylate functionalized nanofillers

in this composition include those chemicallyderived from both silica and zirconia.

The nanocluster fillers are loosely bound

agglomerates of nano-sized zirconia/silicathat appear as a single unit enabling higherfiller loading, radioapacity, and strength.

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KetacNano Primer

Ketac Nano primer is a one part,visible light-cure liquid specificallydesigned for use with Ketac Nanorestorative.

Comprised of the Vitrebondcopolymer, HEMA, water, andphotoinitiators.

The primer is acidicin nature.

Its function is to modify the smearlayer and adequately wet the toothsurface to facilitate adhesion of Ketac

Nano restorative to the hard tissue. 33


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Ketac Nano primer is applied to thesurface for 15 seconds, and air dried.

The primer is then light cured for 10seconds.

Adequately air drying followed by lightcuring of the primer before placement ofKetac Nano restorative provides adhesionto tooth structure.

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Advantages

Easy to create a high initial gloss andachieve a smooth final surface

Saving time in difficult to polishsituations such as Class V restorations.

Reduces waste, quick delivery of the

material and the right mix every time.

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Related studies N100 and other glass-ionomer cements from

the Fuji family were compared but KetacN100 showed less porosities and surfacecracks than Fuji materials.

(Markovic et al 2008)

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A study on bonding orthodontic bracketsshowed significantly lower shear bondstrength for Ketac N100 compared to aconventional light-cure orthodontic bondingadhesive (Transbond XT).

However, it has been suggested that thisnano-ionomer may be used for bondingorthodontic brackets since the obtained shearbond strength is within clinically acceptable

range.(Uysal et al. 2009)

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Another study using the shear bond strength asan adhesion parameter showed that Er:YAGlaser dentine pre-treatment results in lowerbond strength values compared to acid etchingor a combined acid-etching and laser pre-treatment.

(Korkmaz et al. 2009)

A study on microleakage around Class V cavitiesshowed that Er:YAG preparation results ingreater microleakage than a conventional cavitypreparation with a bur when a nano-ionomer

(Ketac N100) and a nano-composite (FiltekSupreme XT) were used as restorativematerials.

(Ozel et al. 2009)

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In a study by Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster ithas been concluded that Ketac N100 bonded aseffectively to enamel and dentin as a conventionalglass-ionomer (Fuji IX GP), but bonded lesseffectively than a conventional resin-modified glass-

ionomer (Fuji II LC). Its bonding mechanism should be attributed to micro-

mechanical interlocking provided by the surfaceroughness, most likely combined with chemicalinteraction through its acrylic/itaconic acid

copolymers.(Coutinho et al. 2009)

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Advances in composites

based on nano

technology

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Nanocomposites

Nanoproducts Corporation hassuccessfully manufactured non-

agglomerated discrete nanoparticlesthat are homogeneously distributed in

resins or coatings to produce

nanocomposites.

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composition

The nanofiller used include analuminosilicate powder having a meanparticle size of 80nm and a 1:4 M ratio

of alumina to silica and a refractiveindex of 1.508.

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Advantages

Superior hardness

Superior flexural strength, modulus ofelasticity and translucency

50% reduction in filling shrinkage

Excellent handling properties

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Filtek O supreme universal restorative

pure nano O

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PROPERTIES

Mechanical strength and wear resistance : Provided by the filler particles. Similar to hybrid composites.

Superior polish and gloss retention similar to microfillcomposites.

Flexural strength: Depends on the filler content and filler chemistry.

Flexural strength of nanocomposites were found to be

statistically equivalent or higher than those of the hybrid ormicrohybrid composites and significantly higher than those ofthe microfill composites.

Nanofill composites, which have higher filler loading, showgreater flexural strength than nanohybrid composites, which

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Polymerization shrinkage:

Low shrinkage due to the low shrinkage epoxy resinand strong interfacial interactions between resin andnanoparticles.

The volumetric shrinkage depends on the totalcontent of organic matrix of composites.

Nanohybrid composites (Grandio) showed leastamount of organic matrix (13.0 wt-%) and leastshrinkage when compared to nanofill composites(Filtek Supreme Translucent), which had 30.0 wt-%organic matrix.

Polymerization shrinkage also depends on thechemistry of the organic matrix.

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Water Sorption:

Water uptake in the polymeric phase of compositescauses the solvent to extract unreacted components,mainly monomer, resulting in shrinkage, loss of weight,and reduction in mechanical properties.

Conversely, solvent uptake leads to a swelling of thecomposite and increase in weight. The solventdiffuses into the polymer network and separates the

chains creating expansion.

Nanohybrid composites show less water sorption thannanofill composites.

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Wear and gloss retention:

The nano-sized primary particles in the nanoclusterswear by breaking off individual primary particles

rather than plucking out the larger secondaryparticles from the resin. Thus resulting wearsurfaces have smaller defects and better glossretention as that of a microfilled composites.

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Nanohybrid composite restorations

The evolution of composites initially created two families ofmaterials:

Microfilled composites :

Smaller particle fillers

Better polish retention

Enhanced aesthetics

Less strength. Chosen primarily for esthetic-

driven anterior restorations.

Hybrid composites :

Larger particle fillers

Improved strength

Less polishable

Chosen for their durability for

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The latest generation ofnanohybrid composites,combine the best of both

materials and create durablerestorations that maintain agloss shine for many years.

Important for maximizedesthetics, as well as reducedplaque accumulation.

The clinical success ofhybrids, such as Tetric andHerculite, has paved the way

for development of theirnanohybrid siblings.

These include Premise andHerculite Ultra.

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Advantages

1) Minimal removal of tooth material: Adhesive properties allowadding material to defective areas without the need foradditional preparation.

2) Expenses associated with lab fees and multiple appointmentsincrease the cost of lab-processed restorations. Directnanohybrid composite restorations, on the other hand, canresult in cost savings when provided in lieu of crowns.

3) Nanohybrid composite restorations are completed in oneappointment, this saves time and inconvenience required for aseparate cementation appointment.

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4) Can be polished to a high- gloss finish whichensures optimum esthetics resembling natural

teeth with minimal plaque accumulation.5) Ease of color matching maximizes estheticresults. The material blends seamlessly intothe teeth being restored, showing no evidenceof the repaired area and without lookingprosthetic.

6) Nanohybrids create more tools to solvemultiple problems for patients. When stressfactors are favorable, immediate single-toothreplacement can be accomplished with directcomposite bonding without the need to removeadditional tooth structure.

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Fusion Ceramfil

Aesthetic, syringeable, sculptable, radiopaque, highly

filled nano-hybrid composite for the restoration of allteeth.

Cured at a wavelength of 400 - 500 nm (blue light).

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Fusion Ceramfilis

available in followingVITA shades: A1,A2, A3, A3.5, A4,B1, B2, B3, C2,C3

etc.

Packaging:

1 x 4g Refill packs

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Composition

The fillers consist of barium glass fillers,

radio-visible fillers and silicone dioxide with aparticle size between 0.04 and 3 m.

The inorganic fillers amount to a portion of80% (w/w).

Methacrylates (22% w/w). It comprises additives, prepolymer, initiators,

stabilizers and dyes (0.8% w/w).

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IndicationS

Universal inlay material for direct restorationof cavities of anterior and posterior teeth(also occlusal stress bearing)

Class III and IV anterior tooth inlays

Class V inlays (cervical caries, root caries,wedge-shaped defects) Class I and II posterior area inlays Veneering for discoloured anterior teeth

Fixation of loose teeth Fissure sealing in the molar and posterior area Repair of composite and ceramics veneers

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Application

Colour selection: Prior to colour determination,the tooth should be cleaned and polished andthe tooth be moist.

Cavity preparation

Pulp protection/lining:For very deep areas near the pulp,introduce a calcium hydroxide preparation, then overlay

with pressure-resistant cement. The cavity walls should notbe covered since they will be needed for bonding withenamel/dentine adhesive.

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Enamel

and

Dentine

conditioning

Bonding:

Follow the manufacturer'sinstructions for the use of theproduct applied. Application

of Fusion Ceramfil is introduced ata layer thickness of no more than 2

mm and shaped using a suitableinstrument. Each layer is cured with

a light lamp for 40 seconds. Indoing so, the light conductor is held

as close to the material as possible.If metal dies were used, the buccal

or lingual/palatinal sides,respectively, should be light-curedonce more after removal of the die

Completion of therestoration:

After light-curing, excessmaterial is removed usingsuitable finishers or fine

diamond grinders. Controlocclusion and articulation

and adapt if necessary.Finally, polish to high gloss

using silicone polishers,disks or stripes

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Storage

Do not use Fusion Ceramfil afterthe indicated date of expiration.

Storage temperature (28 C / 82

F). Close syringe immediately after

use. Store material protected from

light. Shelf life: see date of expiration.

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If necessary,Fusion Ceramfilmay be

applied directly to cured material. If theinlay has been polished before, it shouldbe roughened first, and bonding should beapplied to the surface prior to applyingnew Fusion Ceramfil.

Fusion Ceramfil should be used at roomtemperature only (not at temperaturesexceeding 28 C). At lowertemperatures, the material is more

difficult to squeeze out.

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Ormocer


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Ormocer Acronym for organically modified ceramics.

Represents a new technology based on Sol gelsynthesis using particles comprising silicones organicpolymers and ceramic glass.

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Ormocer (VOCO Gmbh, Germany) compositetechnology is used in conjunction will nanoparticlefillers such as ZnO2 that are widely used innanocomposite restorative systems.

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polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane


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polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane

(POSS)25 molecule

Can be used in dental applications to:

(a) Improve adhesion at the interface

between the restorative material and thetooth structure;

(b) Reduce tooth sensitivity through sealingthe tubules with POSS nano-sized

molecules.(c) Provide structural reinforcement,

toughness and processability.

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Nano-sized CaPO4-incorporated


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Nano sized CaPO4 incorporated

composites

Used in the optimaldelivery of moleculesthat facilitate toothstructureremineralization andforestall caries is anactive area ofnanostructure-basedresearch.

Much of this workinvolves nanoparticles inconjunction with RBCsystems.

A typical

TEM image

showing

hollow CaP

nanoshells

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Study by Xu et al. evaluated the incorporationof nano-sized CaPO4 particles with RBC, with a

resulting improvement in stress-bearingcapacity, as well as ion release that couldinhibit caries.

Further investigation of this model usingdicalcium phosphate anhydrous incorporatedwith nanosilica-fused whiskers found that itincreased the strength of the RBC by as muchas threefold while releasing CaPO4. Thisrelease was greater with decreasing CaPO4particle size.

The authors hypothesize that such a systemcould provide a desirable combination of cariesprevention and increased restoration strength.

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Nano-ceramic restorative

materials

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CeramX


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CeramX

Light cured,radiopaquerestorative materialwith improvedorganically modifiedCeramic particles,resulting in a Nano-Ceramic Restorativewith unique features.

Natural aesthetics,low monomer releaseand superior handlingcharacteristics.

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Ceram X provides two shading


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CeramX provides two shadingsystems:

CeramXmono: Single

Translucency System, comprisesseven shades of intermediatetranslucency comparable toconventional composites (e.g.SpectrumTPH), optimal forfast and easy restorations ofposterior or anterior teeth.

CeramXduo: DoubleTranslucency System, offersfour dentin shades withtranslucencies of natural dentinand three enamel shades whichmimic natural enamel.Additionally, CeramX duocomprises one bleach dentineshade for the restoration ofbleached teeth.

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The CeramX restorative system isavailable in predosed Compules tips

and Easy-Twist syringes.

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COMPOSITION


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COMPOSITION

Methacrylatemodified polysiloxane

Dimethacrylate resin

Fluorescence pigment UV stabilizer

Stabilizer

Camphorquinone Ethyl-dimethylamino

benzoate

Barium-aluminium-borosilicate glass

Methacrylate

functionalised silicondioxide nano filler

Iron oxide pigmentsand titanium oxide

pigments Silicate pigments

according to shade

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Indications:

Direct restorations of all cavity classesin anterior and posterior teeth.

Contraindications:

Known allergy to methacrylate resins orany other of the components.

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WARNINGS:

CeramX contains methacrylates which may beirritating to skin and eyes.

In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately withplenty of water and seek medical advice.

Do not take internally.

CeramX contains polymerizable monomers which maycause skin sensitization (allergic contact dermatitis) insusceptible persons. Wash thoroughly with soap and

water after contact. If skin sensitization occurs, or ifa known allergy to methacrylate resin exists,discontinue use.

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INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER DENTAL


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INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER DENTALMATERIALS

Eugenol and hydrogen peroxide containingdental materials should not be used in

conjunction with these products because theymay prevent setting and cause softening ofthe polymeric components of the material.

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Esthetic materials


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Esthetic materials

With the combination of finishing and

polishing procedures, a nanotechnologyliquid polish application might provide amore glossy surface for resin composite

restorations.

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Lasting Touch Nano Technology

Liquid Polish

Light cured resinmaterial.

When applied to curedrestorative materials

creates a smooth highluster finish retainedover time in thepresence of oral

abrasions. Seals the margins of

composite restorations.

Better wear and stain

resistance. 76

Solutions


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Solutions

Nanosolutions produce unique

and dispersible nanoparticles,which can be used in bondingagents.

Ensures homogeneity and

ensures that the adhesive isperfectly mixed every time.

10% 5 nm spherical silica isused as the filler.

Adper O single bond plusadhesive single bond.

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NANO-BOND ADHESIVE


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NANO BOND ADHESIVE

Nano-Bond Nano-ParticulateReinforced Adhesive is a 6thgeneration self-etch bondingsystem that virtuallyeliminates sensitivity.

Can be used for direct orindirect bonding applications.

Consists of a uniquelyformulated self-etch primerand a nano-particulate

reinforced adhesive thatwork together to producetenacious bond to the tooth.

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Materials for endodontic


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Materials for endodontic

regeneration based on

nanotechnology

Teeth with degenerated and necrosed pulps areroutinely saved by root canal therapy.

Although current treatment modalities offer highlevels of success for many conditions, an ideal formof therapy might consist of regenerative approaches,in which diseased or necrotic pulp tissues areremoved and replaced with healthy pulp tissues torevitalize teeth.

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Fioretti et al showed that


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Fioretti et al. showed thata-MSH (melanocortinpeptides) possess anti-

inflammatory propertiesand also promote theproliferation of pulpalfibroblasts.

They reported the firstuse of nanostructured andfunctionalized multilayered

films containing a-MSH as anew active biomaterial forendodontic regeneration.

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Nano odontology: nanostructured


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assemblies for endodontic regeneration

Nano-odontology provides a suitable solutions for pulp tissue

conservative and regenerative approaches. The objective was to use nanostructured assemblies

containing DGLG4 and PGA-alpha-MSH to design a newnanomaterial.

These nanostructured assemblies (DGLG4-PGA-alpha-MSH)n

constitute a thick reservoir of the anti-inflammatorypeptide and promote adhesion and proliferation of pulpfibroblast on the biomaterial surface.

These nanostructured films could be adapted for anendodontic regeneration application to target pulpconnective tissue regeneration, reduction of inflammation by

using PGA-alpha-MSH and initiation of the regeneration ofthe connective tissue by the nanostructured film.

J Biomed Nanotechnol.2011 Jun;7(3):471-5 81
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492


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Conclusion Nanotechnology will change dentistry, healthcare, and human life more

profoundly than many developments of the past.

As with all technologies, nanotechnology carries a significant potentialfor misuse and abuse on a scale and scope never seen before. However,they also have potential to bring about significant benefits, such asimproved health, better use of natural resources, and reducedenvironmental pollution.

Current work is focused on the recent developments, particularly ofnanoparticles and nanotubes.

The materials developed such as the hollow nanospheres, core shellstructures, nanocomposites, nanoporous materials, and nanomembranes

will play a growing role in materials development for the dental industry.

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refrences


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refrences

Hassan Korbekandi and Siavash Iravani. Silver Nanoparticles . TheDelivery of Nanoparticles.

Rita Chandki et al. NANODENTISTRY: Exploring the beauty of

miniature. J Clin Exp Dent. 2012;4(2):e119-24.

Jyoti Gupta. Nanotechnology applications in medicine and dentistry.

Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry (2011), 2, 81

88. Anna V. Rybachuk, Ivan S. Chekman, Tetyana Yu. Nebesna.

Nanotechnology and nanoparticles in dentistry.

Sneha S. Mantriand Shivkumar P. Mantri. The nano era in dentistry. Nat

Sci Biol Med. 2013 Jan-Jun; 4(1): 3944.

Fioretti F et al. Nano-odontology: nanostructured assemblies for

endodontic regeneration.J Biomed Nanotechnol.2011 Jun;7(3):471-5.

T.S.V Satyanarayana and Rathika Rai Nanotechnology: The future.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Fioretti%20F[Author]&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=Rathika+Rai&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=Rathika+Rai&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=Rathika+Rai&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=Rathika+Rai&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=Rathika+Rai&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.jidonline.com/searchresult.asp?search=&author=T.S.V+Satyanarayana&journal=Y&but_search=Search&entries=10&pg=1&s=0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Fioretti%20F[Author]&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Fioretti%20F[Author]&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Fioretti%20F[Author]&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21830492http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SP[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mantri%20SS[auth]


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