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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF
CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP^ POWER CHECK,
MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS
by
W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuiiia, Bruce Foster
7131
QUARTERLY REPORT
ON
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Till*: INAI’IONAL IIUIIKAIJ (H* S'I'AM)AI{|»S
h'linci ions uml Aclivili«*s
Tli«* Imirlioiis of llir Nalioiiiil Miiivati of Slatiilanls an* s<*l lortli in lli<* Arl of ( ion^n'ss, Marcli
3, I*)Ol. as aiii)'inl<‘<l l»\ Coiij'ioss in l*nl»lir Law (>M). I'^aO. 'I'ln-sc inrlinl** lln* il*‘v*‘lo|)in<*iil ami
inainlonanr*' of lln* national slainlanls of nn*asnn*nn*nl ainl lln* |n'o\ision ol nn*ans ainl nn*llnnls lor
making nn*asnr(*nn*nls (*onsist<*nl willi lln*s<* stainlards: lln* il<*t(*rniinalion of jilivsioal (*on.slanls ami
|m>|)(*rli(*s <d nial(*rials; llie <l«*\ <*lo|nin*nl ol nn*llnnls ainl insirnnn nis lor Irsting nial«*rials, <l<*vi<*(*s,
ami strin*(nres: advisor) st*rvi«*t*s (o goM*riiim*nl a^<‘m*ii*s on srirntilii* and l<*rlini(*al |irold(*ins; in-
vi-iilion ami d(*M*lo|tnn*nl <d ilovi(*i*s In st*rv<* spoi-ial m*rds of lln* ( :ovrrnnn*nl; and lln* d«*\(*lo|nm*iil
ol slamlard |M'a(*li«*(*s. t*odi*s, and s|H*ri lira lions. Tin* work im lndrs liasir and applird resrurrli,
d«‘\ «‘lo|mn*nl, <*n|^im*<*ring, inslrninrnlalion, trsling, «*valnalion, caliliralioii srrvirrs, and various
ronsiillalion and iiirormalioii srrvirrs. I{es4*an*li projrrts an* also iirrlornird lor oilier govi*rnim*nt
ag**ii4*i«*s wh«*n lln* work n*lal«*s lo and sn|i|drim*nls lln* liasir |irograin ol lln* linrran or wlicii lln*
liiin*aii’s iinii|in* (•oiii|M*l«*m*»* is n*<|iiin*il. Tin* siopi* ol artivilies is siigg»*sl4*d li> tin* listing of
divisions and serlions on lln* inside of lln* i»a<*k «*ov<*r.
l*iihli«‘ati«>ns
'Fin* resnils of lln* l{iirean’s work lake the I'orni ofeillier a<*lnal e<|iii|iinenl and deviees or |nili-
lisln*d |>ap(*rs. Fliese papers ap|iear either in lln* linreaiFs ow n seri(*s of pnidiealions or in the journals
of professional and S4*i«‘iilifie soeieti(*s. Fin; Itnrean ils<*lf pnidishes three periodic als availalile from
the GoverninenI Frinlitig Olliee: Fhe journal <d Keseareh, piihlisln*d in four s(*paratc se<*tions,
presents eoinpl(*le s<*ientili<* and l4*<hnieal papers; lln* j'<*ehni«*al INews ILilletin presents sinninar)
and preliininar) rep<»rts on work in progress; and Ifasic* Kadio I'ropagalion Fn*d i<*li«nis provides
<lala for del<*rmining tin* hesi fr(*<pien«*ies lo use* for radio eonimnnh*alions ihroiighonl lln* world.
'Fhere an* also live seri(*s <d' nonperiodic al |nddic*alions: Monograjdis, Applied \ialhc*inati(*s Series,
llancihooks, M isc*c*llanc*ons i*iddic*ations, ami j'ec*hnieal l\olc*s.
Information on lln* itnreaiFs pnhiic alictns c*an he found in l\ IIS Circ*ular 460, Piddic*alions of the
INaticmal Itiirc an of Slandards (.'ifl.2r)) and its Siipplc*mc*nl (.'ifl.r)0), available from the Superintendent
c»f l)oennn*nls, Governmc*nl Frinling ( )llic*e, Washington 25, D.C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
NBS PROJECT
1007-20-10472 April 24^ 1961
NBS REPORT
7131
QUARTERLY REPORTON
EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OFCONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK
MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS
by
W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, Bruce FosterInorganic Building Materials Section
Building Research Division
Sponsored by
Department of the NavyBureau of Yards and Docks
Reference: Task Y-F015 -15 -102NBS File No. 10.7/10472
Approved
:
Bruce E. Foster, Assistant ChiefInorganic Building Materials Section
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ST
Intended for use within the
to additional evaluation and r
listing of this Report, either
the Office of the Director, Na
however, by the Government
to reproduce additional copii
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Approved for public release by the
Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST)
on October 9, 201 5.
rogress accounting documents
mally published it Is subjected
reproduction, or open-ilteratore
iion is obtained In writing from
Such permission Is not needed,
prepared If that agency wishes
'd. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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QUARTERLY REPORTON
EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF
CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP^ POWER CHECK^
MAINTENTANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is the development of criteria for the
fabrication of jet exhaust resistant concretes., Concretes under develcp-
ment are evaluated by exposure to hot gases from a combustion chamber.
The combustion chamber delivers these gases at velocities and temperatures
approaching field conditions.
2, ACTIVITIES
The results of determinations completed have shown that the type of
aggregate used, dense or porous, does not materially effect the permeabilityof the resultant concrete. It was suggested in the last NBS Report 7069
that the size of the pores and the. relatively large pore volume of the blast-furnace slag was a reservoir into which the steam, resulting from the heatingof the water present in the concrete during jet impingement, might be accom-modated, This mechanism might be a factor in the Increased resistance of
blast-furnace slag concrete to jet impinge.ment.
From absorption determinations, volume measurements, and publisheddata* on the absolute, specific gravity, of the blast furnace slag used,
the value for total porosity, on the volume basis, was calculated and foundto be. 44,507o, the sealed pores 33,39% and the open pores 11,11%, The waterabsorption was 6, 717. and the bulk density 1,65 gms/cm^.
Since there are no data available on the permeability of blast-furnaceslag, and it is used extensively as an aggregate, some work was done on the
determination of this property. The National Bureau of Standards wasfortunate in receiving from the Birmingham Alabama Steel District a largesample of pit-cooled blast furnace slag. From this piece two, 9 x 4 1/2 x2 1/2 inch, specimens were sawed. For the. purpose of getting representativespecimens, one was sawed with the four and one-half inch dimension perpen-dicular to the top surface of the sample submitted and the. other with thisface parallel to the top surface. Both specimens were taken, as nearly as
possible, from the center of the sample. The permeabilities of both speci-mens, dried at 110°C, were, determined and Figure 1 shows results for speci-men 1, The results indicated that the permeability of this type aggregateaveraged 0,077 cm.*^ of dry air at room temperature which is in the order
(g) (sec)of 60,000 times greater than the permeability of hardened concrete made withthis type aggregate. Inasmuch as shaping specimens opened some of the normallyclosed pores of the slag, leaks between the. specimen itself and the seal waspossible. To avoid such an error in flow readings, these cut pores were waxsealed and the permeability redetermined. Figure 1, This resulted in a
reduction in the value, for permeability of three percent.
* Temin et al; Rock Products, p, 38, August 1931,
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PERMEABILITY
4
The pores present in the blast-furnace slag ranged in size frommicroscopic to one-half inch in diameter^ There was an uncertainty as to
the sizes of the channels connecting the open pores . An estimate of the
sizes was obtained by determining the permeability of the slag after watersoaking for 16 hours„ The resulting permeability of specimen 1 as shown
in Figure 1 indicated that the capillary water had closed many of the smaller
connecting channels.
That many of the connecting channels were sealed by capillary wateris again shown in Figure 2 in tests^ on a soaked specimen^ during whichthe pressure applied was varied and the time of flow^ during the test^
was kept at a minimum. Pressures from 12 to 18 grams/cm were requiredto overcome enough of the capillarity of the water to maintain an increasedrate of flow. Rates of flow approaching those of a dried specimen wereobtained by continued flow of the permeating air which evaporated much of
the saturating water. These data seem to indicate that the connectingchannels are small relative to the pores. In a fresh batch of concrete,
those channels of the slag aggregate are partially closed by the mixingwater and are easily plugged by cement particles. Thus the resultingconcrete becomes quite impermeable.
A Study of Concreting Materials and Concretes for Naval Facilities
In the study of concreting materials and concretes used in jet air-craft power-check facilities at various U. S. Naval Air Stations^ ten sets
of test panels have been received. In accordance with the instructionscontained in a Bureau of Yards and Docks letter^ to all Naval Air Stationsincluded in the survey^ the panels were to be fabricated using concretefrom the mix that was used in placing the power check facilities at the
various installations. In most instances such information as requested in
the aforementioned letter^ such as type of aggregate and cement admixtures^ratio of coarse to fine aggregate^ cement content^ W/C ratio^ slump, aircontent^ and 7 and 28 day flexural strengths was submitted to the NationalBureau of Standards. Upon the receipt of the panels^ they were stored in
the fog room to complete the 28 day moist curing^ (when necessary), rem_cved
after curing period^ sealed on all hut the original top face and storedat 73°F and 507o relative humidity for increasing periods of tim.e^ beforebeing subjected to the jet impingement test.
Table I gives the type of aggregate and cement used; the brand andamount of admixture^ the ratio of coarse to fine aggregate, the cementcontent^ water-cement ratio^ slump^ air content, and flexural strength of
the concrete after 28 days moist curing.
Trap rock was used as the aggregate, in seven of the ten concretesreceived. Blast-furnace slag was used in two and expanded shale in one.Microscopic examination of the dense aggregate showed that six of the. seventrap rock aggregates met the requirement of paragraph 2. 2. 2. 1 of NAVDOCKSSpecification S-P16, The seventh^ a trap rock of the. diabase, variety^ fromthe 8th Naval District^ Kingsville^ Texas contained 20% flint pebbles (-1
to +3/4 inch) that are excluded by the specification. Macroscopic, examinationof the concrete from the 13th Naval District^ Whidbey Island, Oak Harbor,
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PERMEABILITY
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PRESSURE, gms/cm2
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Table I. Properties of Fresh Concrete—^
Ratio ofCoarse • Flexural
IdentificationType ofAggregate
Type ofCement
AdmixtureA. E. A.
to FineAggregate
CementContent
Ratiow/
c
SlumpAir
Conten t
Strength28 days
oz /sack of ct. sack/yd^ inches 7o psi
5th Naval Dist.
N.A.S. Norfolk, Va.
TrapRock I
Darex1.0 66:34 7 .435 1 to 2 6 . 2 750
8 th Naval Dist.
N.A.A.S. Kingsville,Texas
BasaltVariety I
Darex1.0 63:37 5.5 .58 2 5.0 650
8 th Naval Dist.
N.A.A.S. ChasefieldBeeville, Texas
BasaltVariety I None 63:37 5.5 .61 1.5 2.0 655
11th Naval Dist.
M.C.A. S. El Toro,
CaliforniaExpandedShale
2 /High-'AluminaHydrauli c None 67:33 6,5 .45 3.25 3/ 600
13th Naval Dist.
N.A.S. Whldbey, Is.
Oak Harber, Wash.
Quarryor
Trap Rock III
Darex0.75^/ 63:28 6,5 .42 2,0 5.2 3/
6 th Naval Dist.
N.A.S. Jacksonville,Florida
Trap
Rock I
Darex1.40 53:47 7.0 .43 3/ 5.8 610-'^
6 th Naval Dist.
N.A.S. Sanford,Florida
Blast-FurnaceSlag I
Darex1.0 58:42 7.5 .39 2.0 3/ 755
11th Naval Dist.
U.S.M.C.A.A.S.Yuma, Arizona
Blast-FurnaceSlag II
Pozzolith8AA4.
0
62:38 8.0 .363 3.0 7.7 3/
6 th Naval Dist.
U.S.M.C.A.A.S.Beaufort, S.C.
TrapRock 1
Aermix1.75 57:43 7.0 .43 3. 25 5.5 7 20
6 th Naval Dist.
N. A. S.
Glynco, GeorgiaTrapRock I
Darex1.3 66:34 7,5 ,40 3/ 3/ 3/
Taken from reports of testing laboratories
Tj Fondu
Data not received
4/ 0. 25 oz. of Pozzolith per sack, also
Average of 9 beams sawed from the panels submitted5
as requested by Mr, P. P, Brown,
Bureau of Yards and Docks, Washington, D. C,
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Washington indicated a deficiency in the +3/4 size aggregate. The concretefrom the 11th Naval District^ El Toro, California designed with lightweightaggregate, contained no 3/4 to 1/2 inch aggregate and the coarse to fine
ratio was 67/33 instead of the required 45/.55„ In the concretes that con-
tained dense aggregate, except the one used at the 6th Naval District^ Jack-
sonville^ Florida^ the. ratio of coarse to fine aggregate was kept at approx-imately 65/35. The cement content varied from 5.0 to 8.0 sacks/yd^^ the W/Cratio from 0.36 to 0.61^ the slump from 1.5 to 3.25 inches^ and the air contentwhen furnished fell within the specified range of 5.0 to 8. 07o except in the
mix used at the 8th Naval District^ Beeville, Texas^ where no air -entrainingagent was used.
Of the six 28-day flexural strengths reported, five met the requirementsof 650 psi. The lightweight aggregate concrete from the 11th Naval District,
M. C.A, S., El Toro, California developed 600 psi in 28 days moist curing.
Table II shows the effect of moist curing and drying, the spalling loss
during jet impingement tests after increasing drying periods, and the flex-ural strength of beams cut from panels after the. jet impingement test. Someof the data appearing in this table was given in Table III of NBS Report 7069
Four additional sets of concrete panels were received during the periodcovered by this report. The set submitted by the 6th Naval District, Sanford,
Florida, was the only one of these four sets received within 28 days aftercasting. The. other three sets, two from the 6th Naval District, Beaufort,South Carolina and Glynco, Georgia and one from the 11th Naval District, Yuma,
Arizona were received 120, 50, and 37 days respectively after casting. Noneof the four shipments were vapor sealed.
Seventeen panels, representing six installations, have, been subjectedto the jet impingement test. Ten were tested during the period covered bythis report. The two sets of panels, one. from the. 11th Naval District, El
Toro, California, and the. other from the 13th Naval District, Whidbey Island,Oak Harbor, Washington, evidenced no loss after a six week drying period.The results of tests on the remaining three, sets varied from no loss to
complete failure depending on the length of the drying period before testing.
The flexural strengths of beams, approximately 18 x 6 x 6 inches,sawed from the outer portions of the test panels, after jet impingementtest, was determined. The flexural strengths were considerably lower thanthat reported by the testing laboratories on the 28 day strength. Thisdecrease in strength, due to the heat treatment, of 400°F maximum duringthe five minute jet impingement test, was 75% for the lightweight aggregateconcrete, and from 50 to 60%, for the concretes containing dense aggregates.This loss in strength due. to the heating of concretes at comparatively lowtemperatures was reported in the early part of the investigation.
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U. Si DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCELuther H. Hodges, Secretary
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSA. V. Astin, Dirfftor
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
The scope of aclivilies of (lie National Pnrean of Sianclards at its major lahoralories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder,
Colorado, is suggested in the follo^ving listing of the divisions and sections engaged in /technical work. In general,
each section carries out specialized research, develoj>inent, and engineering in the field Indicated hy its title. A brief
description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Electricity, Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.
Dielectrics.
Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refiactomelry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering
Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.
Ilcnt. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.
Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.
Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.
Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry, Analytical
Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry.
Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics, Rheology. Combustion
Controls.
Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles, Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer
Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.
Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics'
Mineral Pro<lucts. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth.
Physical Properties. Constitution and Microstructure.
Rnilding Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems, Organic Building Materials,
Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials.
Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics,
Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems, Analog Systems*
Applications Engineering.
Atomic Physics, Spectroscopy. Radiomelry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics,
Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru-
ments. Basic Instrumentation.
Physical Chemistry. Thermocheinislry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy.
Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry. Molecular Structure and Radiation Chemistry.
® Office of Weights and Measures.'
BOUI/DER, COLO.
Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction.
Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere
Research. Prediction Services. Suii-Eurtb Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services.
Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tioposphcric Measurements.
Tropospheric Analysis. Proj>agalion-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Almospheie Physics.
Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and MicrowaveMaterials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards, Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave
Research. Miciowave Circuit Standards.
Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Reseaich. Antenna Research.
Navigation .Systems. Space Telecoiimuinicaiions.
Upper Almospht;rc and Space Physics. Ujipcr Almospheie and Plasma Physics, Ionosphere and Exosphere
Scatter, Airglow and Aurora, ionospheric Radio Astronomy,
I t•'