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National Flood Insurance National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Program (NFIP) and Map ModernizationMap Modernization
History and OverviewHistory and Overview
Bill Massey and Sam CramptonBill Massey and Sam CramptonDewberryDewberry
South Florida Water Management DistrictFloodplain Management Training
May 2005
Legislative HistoryLegislative Historyof the NFIPof the NFIP
Dewberry
Key LegislationKey Legislation
National Flood Insurance ActNational Flood Insurance Actof 1968:of 1968: Established the NFIPEstablished the NFIP Requires mapping of floodprone Requires mapping of floodprone
areasareas Makes flood insurance available Makes flood insurance available
in communities that adopt in communities that adopt floodplain management floodplain management ordinances that meet minimum ordinances that meet minimum NFIP criteriaNFIP criteria
Dewberry
Key LegislationKey Legislation
Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973:Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973: Mandates purchase of flood insurance Mandates purchase of flood insurance
for insurable structures within for insurable structures within floodprone areas as condition of floodprone areas as condition of receipt of Federal or federally backed receipt of Federal or federally backed financingfinancing
Requires that no Federal or federally Requires that no Federal or federally backed financing be made available in backed financing be made available in identified Special Flood Hazard Areas identified Special Flood Hazard Areas of non-participating communities of non-participating communities within 1 year after hazards are within 1 year after hazards are identifiedidentified
Dewberry
Key LegislationKey Legislation
National Flood Insurance ReformNational Flood Insurance ReformAct (NFIRA) of 1994:Act (NFIRA) of 1994: Strengthened flood insurance Strengthened flood insurance
requirementsrequirements Required that a community’s NFIP Required that a community’s NFIP
maps be reviewed and assessed for maps be reviewed and assessed for map update needs at least once map update needs at least once every 5 yearsevery 5 years
Established a Technical MappingEstablished a Technical MappingAdvisory Council to advise FEMA on Advisory Council to advise FEMA on ways to improve the mapsways to improve the maps
Dewberry
Historical NoteHistorical Note
The first flood insurance The first flood insurance legislation was passed in 1956- legislation was passed in 1956- “National Flood Insurance Act “National Flood Insurance Act of 1956”, however:of 1956”, however: IT WAS NEVER FUNDEDIT WAS NEVER FUNDED IT WAS FOR FLOOD INSURANCE IT WAS FOR FLOOD INSURANCE
ONLY - NO FLOODPLAIN ONLY - NO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT WAS REQUIREDMANAGEMENT WAS REQUIRED
1. Over 80% of the natural 1. Over 80% of the natural disaster losses in the United disaster losses in the United States are caused by States are caused by
flooding!flooding!2. Normal homeowners insurance 2. Normal homeowners insurance
does NOT cover losses does NOT cover losses caused by caused by flooding! flooding!3. Without floodplain 3. Without floodplain
management, flood insurance management, flood insurance is just another government is just another government assistance programassistance program
Why Do We Need The Why Do We Need The National Flood Insurance National Flood Insurance
Program?Program?
How the NFIP WorksHow the NFIP Works
Dewberry
NFIP OverviewNFIP Overview
Purposes of the NFIP:Purposes of the NFIP:
1.1. Make flood insuranceMake flood insuranceavailableavailable
2.2. Identify floodplainIdentify floodplainareas and flood risk zonesareas and flood risk zones
3.3. Provide framework for a Provide framework for a community’s floodplain community’s floodplain management ordinancesmanagement ordinances
4.4. Requires something in return- Requires something in return- Floodplain Management for Flood Floodplain Management for Flood InsuranceInsurance
Dewberry
Flood FactsFlood Facts
NFIP program is self-fundedNFIP program is self-funded 4. 3 million policies in force 4. 3 million policies in force
countrywidecountrywide $607 billion in insurance $607 billion in insurance
coveragecoverage 80% of all natural disasters are 80% of all natural disasters are
flood relatedflood related
Dewberry
Community Community ParticipationParticipation
How does a community participate?How does a community participate?
What does non-participation mean?What does non-participation mean?
Dewberry
Program PhasesProgram Phases
Emergency Emergency ProgramProgram
Entry-levelEntry-level Flat RatesFlat Rates Limited Limited
coveragecoverage Flood Hazard Flood Hazard
Boundary Map Boundary Map
Emergency Emergency ProgramProgram
Entry-levelEntry-level Flat RatesFlat Rates Limited Limited
coveragecoverage Flood Hazard Flood Hazard
Boundary Map Boundary Map
Regular ProgramRegular Program Full Full
ParticipationParticipation Actuarial RatesActuarial Rates Add’l coverageAdd’l coverage Flood Insurance Flood Insurance
Rate Map (FIRM)Rate Map (FIRM)
Dewberry
Reduces disaster-relief costs by Reduces disaster-relief costs by having those most at risk of flooding having those most at risk of flooding bear the costs of recoverybear the costs of recovery
4.4 million policies currently in force4.4 million policies currently in force($599 billion in coverage)($599 billion in coverage)
Flood insurance is mandatory in theFlood insurance is mandatory in the1% annual chance floodplain as a 1% annual chance floodplain as a condition of Federal or federally condition of Federal or federally backed financing to protect financial backed financing to protect financial interests of the Federal Governmentinterests of the Federal Government
Make Flood Insurance Available
Dewberry
Community ParticipationCommunity Participation
COMMUNITY COMMITMENTCOMMUNITY COMMITMENT
Floodplain management means Floodplain management means building ordinance controlbuilding ordinance control
Floodplain management reduces Floodplain management reduces losses for new development and losses for new development and substantial damage/improvement substantial damage/improvement in SFHAin SFHA
Dewberry
Community ParticipationCommunity Participation
COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEMCOMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM Provides incentives to a Provides incentives to a
community for doing activities community for doing activities over minimum requirementsover minimum requirements
To develop extra measures to To develop extra measures to provide protection from floodingprovide protection from flooding
To promote awareness of NFIPTo promote awareness of NFIP
Dewberry
Community ParticipationCommunity Participation
COMMUNITY PROBATIONCOMMUNITY PROBATION $50 surcharge$50 surcharge All policies, new and renewalAll policies, new and renewal
COMMUNITY SUSPENSIONCOMMUNITY SUSPENSION No new/renewal policiesNo new/renewal policies No federal mortgage assistance in No federal mortgage assistance in
SFHASFHA No disaster assistance in SFHANo disaster assistance in SFHA
Dewberry
Community Status ListCommunity Status List
HOW TO OBTAIN:HOW TO OBTAIN:
COUNTRYWIDECOUNTRYWIDE
http://www.fema.gov.csb.htmhttp://www.fema.gov.csb.htm
SERVICE CENTERSERVICE CENTER
1-800-358-96161-800-358-9616
Dewberry
Identify Floodplain Areas Identify Floodplain Areas and Flood Risk Zonesand Flood Risk Zones
Over 82,000 map panels Over 82,000 map panels for approximately for approximately 17,500 communities17,500 communities
Over 100 million acres Over 100 million acres of floodplain mappedof floodplain mapped
Approximately 6 million Approximately 6 million acres of floodway along acres of floodway along 40,000 stream miles40,000 stream miles
Aproximately 12,000 Aproximately 12,000 communities in the U.S. communities in the U.S. have detailed flood have detailed flood hazard studieshazard studies
Dewberry
It’s RequiredIt’s Required
MMAKEAKE
IINCREASENCREASE
RRENEWENEW
EEXTENDXTEND
* * Or at any time during term of loanOr at any time during term of loan
Dewberry
Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies
OCCOCC OTSOTS FDICFDIC FEDERAL FEDERAL
RESERVE RESERVE BOARDBOARD
NCUANCUA FmHAFmHA
FARM CREDITFARM CREDIT
ADMINISTRATIOADMINISTRATIONN
FNMAFNMA FHLMCFHLMC SBASBA FHA/HUDFHA/HUD VAVA
Dewberry
Identify Floodplain Areas Identify Floodplain Areas and Flood Risk Zonesand Flood Risk Zones
Flood hazard maps are an important Flood hazard maps are an important tool for flood mitigation tool for flood mitigation
Knowledge of where flood hazards Knowledge of where flood hazards are located allows for wise land use are located allows for wise land use decisionsdecisions
More about identifying and mapping More about identifying and mapping flood hazards later in this flood hazards later in this presentationpresentation
Dewberry
Provide Framework for Provide Framework for Floodplain ManagementFloodplain Management
Communities must adopt and enforce Communities must adopt and enforce floodplain management ordinances floodplain management ordinances that meet minimum NFIP criteriathat meet minimum NFIP criteria
It is the community that enforces the It is the community that enforces the floodplain management ordinances, floodplain management ordinances, not FEMAnot FEMA
Ordinances pertain to siting of new Ordinances pertain to siting of new construction, as well as the building construction, as well as the building methods and materialmethods and material
Dewberry
Provide Framework for Provide Framework for Floodplain ManagementFloodplain Management
Goal is to not increase flood risk to Goal is to not increase flood risk to existing structures and minimize existing structures and minimize future flood damage potential of new future flood damage potential of new constructionconstruction
Compliance saves estimated $800 Compliance saves estimated $800 million annually in building and million annually in building and contents damagecontents damage
Dewberry
Wise Floodplain Wise Floodplain ManagementManagement
Adopt a floodway, which is the area to Adopt a floodway, which is the area to be kept free of obstructions, to allow be kept free of obstructions, to allow a flood to pass through a community a flood to pass through a community with minimal damagewith minimal damage
Adopt building codes and land use Adopt building codes and land use ordinances that minimize structures’ ordinances that minimize structures’ exposure to flood damageexposure to flood damage
Dewberry
The Floodway ConceptThe Floodway Concept
FLOODWAY
LIMIT OF 1% ANNUAL CHANCE
FLOODPLAIN
FLOODWAY—AREA TO BE KEPT FREE FROM ENCROACHMENT
Dewberry
Elevation Requirements Elevation Requirements for Residential Structuresfor Residential Structures
How Flood Hazards Are How Flood Hazards Are Studied and MappedStudied and Mapped
Dewberry
FEMA’s Flood HazardFEMA’s Flood HazardMapping ProgramMapping Program
KEY TERMSKEY TERMS:: Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)
The area that has a 1% or greater The area that has a 1% or greater chance of being inundated inchance of being inundated inany given year--the standard any given year--the standard chosen for the NFIPchosen for the NFIP
BFEBFE Base (1% annual chance) Flood Base (1% annual chance) Flood
ElevationElevation
Dewberry
FEMA’s Flood HazardFEMA’s Flood HazardMapping ProgramMapping Program
Fundamental tenet is to provide up-to-Fundamental tenet is to provide up-to-date, accurate flood hazard date, accurate flood hazard information to communities, lenders, information to communities, lenders, and homeownersand homeowners
FEMA hires local engineering firms and FEMA hires local engineering firms and other Federal agencies to conduct other Federal agencies to conduct Flood Insurance Studies (FISs)Flood Insurance Studies (FISs)
Finite mapping budgetFinite mapping budget
Dewberry
Components ofComponents ofFlood Insurance StudyFlood Insurance Study
Step 1. Field Reconnaissance
Step 2. Analysis
Step 3. Mapping
Dewberry
Step 1.Step 1.Field ReconnaissanceField Reconnaissance
Locate/verify benchmarks to be used as Locate/verify benchmarks to be used as study elevation reference marksstudy elevation reference marks
Perform cross section surveysPerform cross section surveys Gather/measure geometry of bridges, Gather/measure geometry of bridges,
culverts, etc.culverts, etc. Establish roughness coefficients for Establish roughness coefficients for
channel and overbankschannel and overbanks Assess/evaluate flood mitigation Assess/evaluate flood mitigation
structuresstructures
Dewberry
Step 2. AnalysisStep 2. Analysis
Hydrologic analyses establish the Hydrologic analyses establish the volumetric rate of flow (how much volumetric rate of flow (how much water?)water?)
Hydraulic analyses establish the Hydraulic analyses establish the extent of flood hazards (how high is extent of flood hazards (how high is the water?)the water?)
Computer programs used to model Computer programs used to model the flood hazardsthe flood hazards
BFEs/depths specified on the flood BFEs/depths specified on the flood hazard mapshazard maps
Dewberry
Factors That AffectFactors That AffectFlood LevelsFlood Levels
Watershed characteristicsWatershed characteristics Channel and overbank geometry Channel and overbank geometry
(cross sections)(cross sections) Structures (bridges, culverts, dams)Structures (bridges, culverts, dams) Roughness of channel and Roughness of channel and
overbanks (resistance to flow)overbanks (resistance to flow) Flood levels at downstream cross Flood levels at downstream cross
sectionssections
Dewberry
Hydraulic Analyses:Hydraulic Analyses:Sample Cross SectionsSample Cross Sections
Dewberry
Step 3. MappingStep 3. Mapping
Topographic Map:Topographic Map: Used to delineate floodplain Used to delineate floodplain
boundaries and floodway based boundaries and floodway based on computed flood elevationson computed flood elevations
Best available topographic Best available topographic information usedinformation used
Community sometimes has its Community sometimes has its own topographic mapping own topographic mapping available that can be usedavailable that can be used
Dewberry
Step 3. MappingStep 3. Mapping
Base Map:Base Map: Source for physical featuresSource for physical features
(e.g., roads) and political(e.g., roads) and politicalboundaries (e.g., corporate boundaries (e.g., corporate limits)limits)
Supplements work map to provide Supplements work map to provide complete coverage of communitycomplete coverage of community
Typical sources:Typical sources: Community map (often uncontrolled)Community map (often uncontrolled) USGS quadrangle mapsUSGS quadrangle maps
Dewberry
Step 3. MappingStep 3. Mapping
BaseBase
==Flood DataFlood DataTopographyTopography
Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map
Dewberry
Importance of Updated Importance of Updated Flood Hazard Flood Hazard InformationInformation
Flood hazards are dynamicFlood hazards are dynamic Flood hazard map inventory must Flood hazard map inventory must
be continually updated and be continually updated and maintainedmaintained
With up-to-date flood hazard data:With up-to-date flood hazard data: Map users can make prudent siting, Map users can make prudent siting,
design, and flood insurance design, and flood insurance purchase decisionspurchase decisions
Communities can administer sound Communities can administer sound floodplain management programsfloodplain management programs
Dewberry
Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program
Will re-map the country with new Will re-map the country with new digital flood datadigital flood data
Create new management tools to Create new management tools to better manage the map modernization better manage the map modernization program to ensure successprogram to ensure success
Create new GIS tools and products for Create new GIS tools and products for the end userthe end user
Create partnerships with states and Create partnerships with states and local communities to better leverage local communities to better leverage data collection and map maintenancedata collection and map maintenance
Dewberry
Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program
Map UseMap Use
Maps used an estimated 15-20 Maps used an estimated 15-20 million times annually for:million times annually for: Mandatory purchase determinationsMandatory purchase determinations
Flood insurance ratingFlood insurance rating
Floodplain managementFloodplain management
Emergency management purposesEmergency management purposes
Planning and developmentPlanning and development
Dewberry
Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program
Who Uses Flood Maps?Who Uses Flood Maps?
Insurance companies, agent and adjusters Insurance companies, agent and adjusters Community floodplain managers and plannersCommunity floodplain managers and planners Disaster and emergency response officialsDisaster and emergency response officials Banks/lendersBanks/lenders Property ownersProperty owners Engineers and land surveyorsEngineers and land surveyors Land development industryLand development industry Real estate professionalsReal estate professionals
Dewberry
Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program
Why Update Flood Maps?Why Update Flood Maps?
Reduce potential loss of life and Reduce potential loss of life and property through sound property through sound floodplain managementfloodplain management
Reduce national flood insurance Reduce national flood insurance program (NFIP) and disaster costsprogram (NFIP) and disaster costs
Protect natural and beneficial Protect natural and beneficial values of floodplainsvalues of floodplains
Assure accurate insurance ratingAssure accurate insurance rating
Dewberry
Map Modernization Map Modernization ProgramProgram
Goals: Goals: Eliminate backlog of map revisionsEliminate backlog of map revisions Incorporate emerging technologiesIncorporate emerging technologies Increase local investment and Increase local investment and
ownership of mapsownership of maps Provide better customer serviceProvide better customer service Increase public awareness of flood Increase public awareness of flood
riskrisk
Dewberry
Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program Importance of Base Importance of Base
Map UpdatesMap UpdatesOld Base
MapsNew Base
Maps
Dewberry
FEMA Maps OnlineFEMA Maps Online
All FEMA-issued firms and FIS All FEMA-issued firms and FIS reports are available to view reports are available to view online or for purchase through online or for purchase through FEMA’s flood map store at FEMA’s flood map store at www.fema.govwww.fema.gov
Portions of FIRM panels can be Portions of FIRM panels can be printed out to scale using the printed out to scale using the “FIRMette” tool as described “FIRMette” tool as described below:below: Click on “FEMA flood map store” Click on “FEMA flood map store”
on the left-hand side of the screenon the left-hand side of the screen
Dewberry
Digital FIRMDigital FIRM
QQUESTIONSUESTIONS
? ? ? ? ? ? ?