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National Flood Insurance National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization Map Modernization History and Overview History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry Dewberry South Florida Water Management District Floodplain Management Training May 2005

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Page 1: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

National Flood Insurance National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Program (NFIP) and Map ModernizationMap Modernization

History and OverviewHistory and Overview

Bill Massey and Sam CramptonBill Massey and Sam CramptonDewberryDewberry

South Florida Water Management DistrictFloodplain Management Training

May 2005

Page 2: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

Legislative HistoryLegislative Historyof the NFIPof the NFIP

Page 3: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Key LegislationKey Legislation

National Flood Insurance ActNational Flood Insurance Actof 1968:of 1968: Established the NFIPEstablished the NFIP Requires mapping of floodprone Requires mapping of floodprone

areasareas Makes flood insurance available Makes flood insurance available

in communities that adopt in communities that adopt floodplain management floodplain management ordinances that meet minimum ordinances that meet minimum NFIP criteriaNFIP criteria

Page 4: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Key LegislationKey Legislation

Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973:Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973: Mandates purchase of flood insurance Mandates purchase of flood insurance

for insurable structures within for insurable structures within floodprone areas as condition of floodprone areas as condition of receipt of Federal or federally backed receipt of Federal or federally backed financingfinancing

Requires that no Federal or federally Requires that no Federal or federally backed financing be made available in backed financing be made available in identified Special Flood Hazard Areas identified Special Flood Hazard Areas of non-participating communities of non-participating communities within 1 year after hazards are within 1 year after hazards are identifiedidentified

Page 5: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Key LegislationKey Legislation

National Flood Insurance ReformNational Flood Insurance ReformAct (NFIRA) of 1994:Act (NFIRA) of 1994: Strengthened flood insurance Strengthened flood insurance

requirementsrequirements Required that a community’s NFIP Required that a community’s NFIP

maps be reviewed and assessed for maps be reviewed and assessed for map update needs at least once map update needs at least once every 5 yearsevery 5 years

Established a Technical MappingEstablished a Technical MappingAdvisory Council to advise FEMA on Advisory Council to advise FEMA on ways to improve the mapsways to improve the maps

Page 6: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Historical NoteHistorical Note

The first flood insurance The first flood insurance legislation was passed in 1956- legislation was passed in 1956- “National Flood Insurance Act “National Flood Insurance Act of 1956”, however:of 1956”, however: IT WAS NEVER FUNDEDIT WAS NEVER FUNDED IT WAS FOR FLOOD INSURANCE IT WAS FOR FLOOD INSURANCE

ONLY - NO FLOODPLAIN ONLY - NO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT WAS REQUIREDMANAGEMENT WAS REQUIRED

Page 7: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

1. Over 80% of the natural 1. Over 80% of the natural disaster losses in the United disaster losses in the United States are caused by States are caused by

flooding!flooding!2. Normal homeowners insurance 2. Normal homeowners insurance

does NOT cover losses does NOT cover losses caused by caused by flooding! flooding!3. Without floodplain 3. Without floodplain

management, flood insurance management, flood insurance is just another government is just another government assistance programassistance program

Why Do We Need The Why Do We Need The National Flood Insurance National Flood Insurance

Program?Program?

Page 8: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

How the NFIP WorksHow the NFIP Works

Page 9: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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NFIP OverviewNFIP Overview

Purposes of the NFIP:Purposes of the NFIP:

1.1. Make flood insuranceMake flood insuranceavailableavailable

2.2. Identify floodplainIdentify floodplainareas and flood risk zonesareas and flood risk zones

3.3. Provide framework for a Provide framework for a community’s floodplain community’s floodplain management ordinancesmanagement ordinances

4.4. Requires something in return- Requires something in return- Floodplain Management for Flood Floodplain Management for Flood InsuranceInsurance

Page 10: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Flood FactsFlood Facts

NFIP program is self-fundedNFIP program is self-funded 4. 3 million policies in force 4. 3 million policies in force

countrywidecountrywide $607 billion in insurance $607 billion in insurance

coveragecoverage 80% of all natural disasters are 80% of all natural disasters are

flood relatedflood related

Page 11: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Community Community ParticipationParticipation

How does a community participate?How does a community participate?

What does non-participation mean?What does non-participation mean?

Page 12: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Program PhasesProgram Phases

Emergency Emergency ProgramProgram

Entry-levelEntry-level Flat RatesFlat Rates Limited Limited

coveragecoverage Flood Hazard Flood Hazard

Boundary Map Boundary Map

Emergency Emergency ProgramProgram

Entry-levelEntry-level Flat RatesFlat Rates Limited Limited

coveragecoverage Flood Hazard Flood Hazard

Boundary Map Boundary Map

Regular ProgramRegular Program Full Full

ParticipationParticipation Actuarial RatesActuarial Rates Add’l coverageAdd’l coverage Flood Insurance Flood Insurance

Rate Map (FIRM)Rate Map (FIRM)

Page 13: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Reduces disaster-relief costs by Reduces disaster-relief costs by having those most at risk of flooding having those most at risk of flooding bear the costs of recoverybear the costs of recovery

4.4 million policies currently in force4.4 million policies currently in force($599 billion in coverage)($599 billion in coverage)

Flood insurance is mandatory in theFlood insurance is mandatory in the1% annual chance floodplain as a 1% annual chance floodplain as a condition of Federal or federally condition of Federal or federally backed financing to protect financial backed financing to protect financial interests of the Federal Governmentinterests of the Federal Government

Make Flood Insurance Available

Page 14: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Community ParticipationCommunity Participation

COMMUNITY COMMITMENTCOMMUNITY COMMITMENT

Floodplain management means Floodplain management means building ordinance controlbuilding ordinance control

Floodplain management reduces Floodplain management reduces losses for new development and losses for new development and substantial damage/improvement substantial damage/improvement in SFHAin SFHA

Page 15: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Community ParticipationCommunity Participation

COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEMCOMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM Provides incentives to a Provides incentives to a

community for doing activities community for doing activities over minimum requirementsover minimum requirements

To develop extra measures to To develop extra measures to provide protection from floodingprovide protection from flooding

To promote awareness of NFIPTo promote awareness of NFIP

Page 16: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Community ParticipationCommunity Participation

COMMUNITY PROBATIONCOMMUNITY PROBATION $50 surcharge$50 surcharge All policies, new and renewalAll policies, new and renewal

COMMUNITY SUSPENSIONCOMMUNITY SUSPENSION No new/renewal policiesNo new/renewal policies No federal mortgage assistance in No federal mortgage assistance in

SFHASFHA No disaster assistance in SFHANo disaster assistance in SFHA

Page 17: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Community Status ListCommunity Status List

HOW TO OBTAIN:HOW TO OBTAIN:

COUNTRYWIDECOUNTRYWIDE

http://www.fema.gov.csb.htmhttp://www.fema.gov.csb.htm

SERVICE CENTERSERVICE CENTER

1-800-358-96161-800-358-9616

Page 18: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Identify Floodplain Areas Identify Floodplain Areas and Flood Risk Zonesand Flood Risk Zones

Over 82,000 map panels Over 82,000 map panels for approximately for approximately 17,500 communities17,500 communities

Over 100 million acres Over 100 million acres of floodplain mappedof floodplain mapped

Approximately 6 million Approximately 6 million acres of floodway along acres of floodway along 40,000 stream miles40,000 stream miles

Aproximately 12,000 Aproximately 12,000 communities in the U.S. communities in the U.S. have detailed flood have detailed flood hazard studieshazard studies

Page 19: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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It’s RequiredIt’s Required

MMAKEAKE

IINCREASENCREASE

RRENEWENEW

EEXTENDXTEND

* * Or at any time during term of loanOr at any time during term of loan

Page 20: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies

OCCOCC OTSOTS FDICFDIC FEDERAL FEDERAL

RESERVE RESERVE BOARDBOARD

NCUANCUA FmHAFmHA

FARM CREDITFARM CREDIT

ADMINISTRATIOADMINISTRATIONN

FNMAFNMA FHLMCFHLMC SBASBA FHA/HUDFHA/HUD VAVA

Page 21: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Identify Floodplain Areas Identify Floodplain Areas and Flood Risk Zonesand Flood Risk Zones

Flood hazard maps are an important Flood hazard maps are an important tool for flood mitigation tool for flood mitigation

Knowledge of where flood hazards Knowledge of where flood hazards are located allows for wise land use are located allows for wise land use decisionsdecisions

More about identifying and mapping More about identifying and mapping flood hazards later in this flood hazards later in this presentationpresentation

Page 22: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Provide Framework for Provide Framework for Floodplain ManagementFloodplain Management

Communities must adopt and enforce Communities must adopt and enforce floodplain management ordinances floodplain management ordinances that meet minimum NFIP criteriathat meet minimum NFIP criteria

It is the community that enforces the It is the community that enforces the floodplain management ordinances, floodplain management ordinances, not FEMAnot FEMA

Ordinances pertain to siting of new Ordinances pertain to siting of new construction, as well as the building construction, as well as the building methods and materialmethods and material

Page 23: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Provide Framework for Provide Framework for Floodplain ManagementFloodplain Management

Goal is to not increase flood risk to Goal is to not increase flood risk to existing structures and minimize existing structures and minimize future flood damage potential of new future flood damage potential of new constructionconstruction

Compliance saves estimated $800 Compliance saves estimated $800 million annually in building and million annually in building and contents damagecontents damage

Page 24: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Wise Floodplain Wise Floodplain ManagementManagement

Adopt a floodway, which is the area to Adopt a floodway, which is the area to be kept free of obstructions, to allow be kept free of obstructions, to allow a flood to pass through a community a flood to pass through a community with minimal damagewith minimal damage

Adopt building codes and land use Adopt building codes and land use ordinances that minimize structures’ ordinances that minimize structures’ exposure to flood damageexposure to flood damage

Page 25: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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The Floodway ConceptThe Floodway Concept

FLOODWAY

LIMIT OF 1% ANNUAL CHANCE

FLOODPLAIN

FLOODWAY—AREA TO BE KEPT FREE FROM ENCROACHMENT

Page 26: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Elevation Requirements Elevation Requirements for Residential Structuresfor Residential Structures

Page 27: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

How Flood Hazards Are How Flood Hazards Are Studied and MappedStudied and Mapped

Page 28: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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FEMA’s Flood HazardFEMA’s Flood HazardMapping ProgramMapping Program

KEY TERMSKEY TERMS:: Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)

The area that has a 1% or greater The area that has a 1% or greater chance of being inundated inchance of being inundated inany given year--the standard any given year--the standard chosen for the NFIPchosen for the NFIP

BFEBFE Base (1% annual chance) Flood Base (1% annual chance) Flood

ElevationElevation

Page 29: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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FEMA’s Flood HazardFEMA’s Flood HazardMapping ProgramMapping Program

Fundamental tenet is to provide up-to-Fundamental tenet is to provide up-to-date, accurate flood hazard date, accurate flood hazard information to communities, lenders, information to communities, lenders, and homeownersand homeowners

FEMA hires local engineering firms and FEMA hires local engineering firms and other Federal agencies to conduct other Federal agencies to conduct Flood Insurance Studies (FISs)Flood Insurance Studies (FISs)

Finite mapping budgetFinite mapping budget

Page 30: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Components ofComponents ofFlood Insurance StudyFlood Insurance Study

Step 1. Field Reconnaissance

Step 2. Analysis

Step 3. Mapping

Page 31: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Step 1.Step 1.Field ReconnaissanceField Reconnaissance

Locate/verify benchmarks to be used as Locate/verify benchmarks to be used as study elevation reference marksstudy elevation reference marks

Perform cross section surveysPerform cross section surveys Gather/measure geometry of bridges, Gather/measure geometry of bridges,

culverts, etc.culverts, etc. Establish roughness coefficients for Establish roughness coefficients for

channel and overbankschannel and overbanks Assess/evaluate flood mitigation Assess/evaluate flood mitigation

structuresstructures

Page 32: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Step 2. AnalysisStep 2. Analysis

Hydrologic analyses establish the Hydrologic analyses establish the volumetric rate of flow (how much volumetric rate of flow (how much water?)water?)

Hydraulic analyses establish the Hydraulic analyses establish the extent of flood hazards (how high is extent of flood hazards (how high is the water?)the water?)

Computer programs used to model Computer programs used to model the flood hazardsthe flood hazards

BFEs/depths specified on the flood BFEs/depths specified on the flood hazard mapshazard maps

Page 33: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Factors That AffectFactors That AffectFlood LevelsFlood Levels

Watershed characteristicsWatershed characteristics Channel and overbank geometry Channel and overbank geometry

(cross sections)(cross sections) Structures (bridges, culverts, dams)Structures (bridges, culverts, dams) Roughness of channel and Roughness of channel and

overbanks (resistance to flow)overbanks (resistance to flow) Flood levels at downstream cross Flood levels at downstream cross

sectionssections

Page 34: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Hydraulic Analyses:Hydraulic Analyses:Sample Cross SectionsSample Cross Sections

Page 35: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Step 3. MappingStep 3. Mapping

Topographic Map:Topographic Map: Used to delineate floodplain Used to delineate floodplain

boundaries and floodway based boundaries and floodway based on computed flood elevationson computed flood elevations

Best available topographic Best available topographic information usedinformation used

Community sometimes has its Community sometimes has its own topographic mapping own topographic mapping available that can be usedavailable that can be used

Page 36: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Step 3. MappingStep 3. Mapping

Base Map:Base Map: Source for physical featuresSource for physical features

(e.g., roads) and political(e.g., roads) and politicalboundaries (e.g., corporate boundaries (e.g., corporate limits)limits)

Supplements work map to provide Supplements work map to provide complete coverage of communitycomplete coverage of community

Typical sources:Typical sources: Community map (often uncontrolled)Community map (often uncontrolled) USGS quadrangle mapsUSGS quadrangle maps

Page 37: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Step 3. MappingStep 3. Mapping

BaseBase

==Flood DataFlood DataTopographyTopography

Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map

Page 38: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Importance of Updated Importance of Updated Flood Hazard Flood Hazard InformationInformation

Flood hazards are dynamicFlood hazards are dynamic Flood hazard map inventory must Flood hazard map inventory must

be continually updated and be continually updated and maintainedmaintained

With up-to-date flood hazard data:With up-to-date flood hazard data: Map users can make prudent siting, Map users can make prudent siting,

design, and flood insurance design, and flood insurance purchase decisionspurchase decisions

Communities can administer sound Communities can administer sound floodplain management programsfloodplain management programs

Page 39: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program

Will re-map the country with new Will re-map the country with new digital flood datadigital flood data

Create new management tools to Create new management tools to better manage the map modernization better manage the map modernization program to ensure successprogram to ensure success

Create new GIS tools and products for Create new GIS tools and products for the end userthe end user

Create partnerships with states and Create partnerships with states and local communities to better leverage local communities to better leverage data collection and map maintenancedata collection and map maintenance

Page 40: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program

Map UseMap Use

Maps used an estimated 15-20 Maps used an estimated 15-20 million times annually for:million times annually for: Mandatory purchase determinationsMandatory purchase determinations

Flood insurance ratingFlood insurance rating

Floodplain managementFloodplain management

Emergency management purposesEmergency management purposes

Planning and developmentPlanning and development

Page 41: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program

Who Uses Flood Maps?Who Uses Flood Maps?

Insurance companies, agent and adjusters Insurance companies, agent and adjusters Community floodplain managers and plannersCommunity floodplain managers and planners Disaster and emergency response officialsDisaster and emergency response officials Banks/lendersBanks/lenders Property ownersProperty owners Engineers and land surveyorsEngineers and land surveyors Land development industryLand development industry Real estate professionalsReal estate professionals

Page 42: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program

Why Update Flood Maps?Why Update Flood Maps?

Reduce potential loss of life and Reduce potential loss of life and property through sound property through sound floodplain managementfloodplain management

Reduce national flood insurance Reduce national flood insurance program (NFIP) and disaster costsprogram (NFIP) and disaster costs

Protect natural and beneficial Protect natural and beneficial values of floodplainsvalues of floodplains

Assure accurate insurance ratingAssure accurate insurance rating

Page 43: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Map Modernization Map Modernization ProgramProgram

Goals: Goals: Eliminate backlog of map revisionsEliminate backlog of map revisions Incorporate emerging technologiesIncorporate emerging technologies Increase local investment and Increase local investment and

ownership of mapsownership of maps Provide better customer serviceProvide better customer service Increase public awareness of flood Increase public awareness of flood

riskrisk

Page 44: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Map Modernization Map Modernization Program Program Importance of Base Importance of Base

Map UpdatesMap UpdatesOld Base

MapsNew Base

Maps

Page 45: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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FEMA Maps OnlineFEMA Maps Online

All FEMA-issued firms and FIS All FEMA-issued firms and FIS reports are available to view reports are available to view online or for purchase through online or for purchase through FEMA’s flood map store at FEMA’s flood map store at www.fema.govwww.fema.gov

Portions of FIRM panels can be Portions of FIRM panels can be printed out to scale using the printed out to scale using the “FIRMette” tool as described “FIRMette” tool as described below:below: Click on “FEMA flood map store” Click on “FEMA flood map store”

on the left-hand side of the screenon the left-hand side of the screen

Page 46: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

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Digital FIRMDigital FIRM

Page 47: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and Map Modernization History and Overview Bill Massey and Sam Crampton Dewberry South Florida Water Management

QQUESTIONSUESTIONS

? ? ? ? ? ? ?