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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS

Coordinator of publication: Elena Mihaela Iagăr - Vice-president

Coordinators of edition: Silvia Pisică - General Director, General Department of Demography and Social Statistics Lavinia Elena Bălteanu - Director, Department of Indicators on Population and International Migration Andreea Cambir - Director, Department of Social Statistics Andoria Ioniţă - Director, Department of Demographic Studies, Projections and Population Census

Author: Nicoleta Maricica Alexandru-Caragea - Expert Department of Indicators on Population and International Migration

Coauthors: Chapter 1 Information society and human resources in science and technology: Cornelia Barti - Deputy Director, Alice Aurore Gheorghe - Expert Department of Social Statistics

Chapter 2 Demographic disparities by gender: Laura Ichim - Chief of Office, Manuela Vlaicu - Expert, Andreea Drăxineanu - Expert Department of Indicators on Population and International Migration Georgiana Bunea - Counsellor, Laura Buican - Counsellor, Verona Mănescu - Referent Department of Demographic Studies, Projections and Population Census

Chapter 3 Health differences by gender: Steluţa Rădoi - Chief of Office, Florina Rădoi - Expert Department of Demographic Studies, Projections and Population Census

Chapter 4 Gender dimension in education: Gabriela Asimina Deacu - Counsellor, Antoaneta-Tamara Cîrlig - Counsellor, Irina Necşescu - Expert, Elena-Sultana Stan - Expert, Cristina-Andreea Mănescu - Expert, Ana-Maria Cristea - Counsellor Department of Indicators on Population and International Migration

Chapter 5 Labour force: Ruxandra Moldoveanu - Deputy Director, Monica-Cristina Apostol - Counsellor, Bogdan Greabu - Expert, Diana Popa - Expert, Mirela Ioniţă - Expert, Sanda Nedelcu - Expert Department of Indicators on Population and International Migration

Chapter 6 Income: Mihaela Anghel - Chief of Office, Doru-Alin Cotîrţă - Expert Department of Indicators on Population and International Migration Iulia Manea - Counsellor, Cornelia Toma - Expert Department of Social Statistics

Make-up and layout: Bogdan Greabu - Expert

Translation: Lavinia Popescu - Counsellor

Pre-press and printing: General Department of IT and Statistical Infrastructure Department of Statistical Publications Editing

Coordinators: Gheorghe Vaida-Muntean - General Director Vitty-Cristian Chiran - Director

Pre-press: Laurenţiu Munteanu - Counsellor

Photo: Cover © Bogdan Greabu - Expert Chapters 1,2,4,5,6 © Bogdan Greabu; Chapter 3 © FreeImages.com/Kurhan Reproduction is prohibited without the author's agreement.

Cover: Alexandru Popescu - Counsellor, Bogdan Greabu - Expert

CD-ROM electronic publication: Elena Istrate - Expert Data/Internet, Intranet and Electronic Publications Team Department of Dissemination of Statistical Data

2017 edition

WOMEN AND MEN Work and life partnership

Introduction

Women and men: work and life partnership_______________________________________________ 3

Foreword

“All civilized nations have respected women”

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Among political decision-makers, narrowing the gender gap is perceived as an essential condition

for the economic and social development of a country. The basis for this assertion is the

understanding that the discrimination against women - in various forms - has led along with history

to imbalances that have had negative impact on the next economic periods. However, the modern

world did not brought with it the full equality between men and women, and there are still many

areas in the world where the woman is not a partner with equal rights, obligations and aspirations

achievable in education, career and family.

Gender inequality affects directly the economic life of women, but has indirect effects on the entire

population, irrespective of gender and age, which manifests itself in the volume of household

consumption, access to education for children, access to health care, etc.

In the European Union, according to the latest report on gender equality1) (2016), although the

gender gap is decreasing, progress in this area is still slow. The report ascertains persistent

inequalities between women and men in terms of employment, earnings levels and working time,

thus still recording a gap to the disadvantage of women. On average, women earn 16% less than

men earn per hour of work. This threatens the economic independence of women, especially in

cases where the woman is the single upholder of the family.

In Romania, the issue of equal chances is subject to a special law, Law No. 229/2015 amending

Law No. 202 of 2002 on equal opportunities and equal treatment between women and men. In

addition to the general provisions, the law sets out the areas in which measures to promote equal

opportunities and equal treatment between women and men and to eliminate all forms of

discrimination based on gender are applied. These areas are labour, education, health, culture,

politics, the participation in decision-making and other areas regulated by special laws.

Basically, women and men are not different: they are equal in terms of thinking capabilities or of

the skills they can acquire through education and through interaction with the social environment.

Nevertheless, the gender differences can be reflected in the specific biological characteristics, but

also in the socio-cultural patterns, that society imposes on. Moreover, the social norms and values

influence the roles and the division of labour by gender, as well as the attitudes and behaviour of

women and men into economic and social life. It is important to understand, by using statistical

data, why gender differences occur and what is to be done in view to narrow the discrepancies,

1) Report on equality between women and men, European Union, 2016

Introduction

4 ______________________________________________ Women and men: work and life partnership

where necessary. One can speak of effective gender equality only when men and women enjoy

equal rights and opportunities in all sections of society, including the equal economic participation

and decision-making empowerment and when their aspirations, needs and behaviour patterns are

valued and supported in a fair way. It materialises in the need for a professional, principled,

statistically accurate and rigorous documentation of phenomena, thus providing the background,

the benchmark on which to shape programmes and to implement the most appropriate policies.

The paper Women and men: work and life partnership is a publication that placed in the mirror data

on gender specific attributes of the population, with the aim of reflecting the comparative situation

of women and men in a wide variety of social and economic fields.

This edition of the paper envisages a thorough consideration of the information society and human

resources in science and technology, in the context where scientific research is one of the engines

of the economic and social development of a country. According to the National Strategy for

Research and Innovation for 2014-2020, Romania proposes to be competitive, by 2020, in

economic and social terms, both at regional and international level, through applicative insertion of

innovation, developed through specific R&D activities and technology transfer. In addition, it

presents the gender gaps in terms of demography, health, education, labour market, income and of

time use.

It should be underlined that, in Romania, there is no gender related discrimination in any field of

economic activity, but the differences between male and female population, derived from

biological, demographic and socio-economic factors, culture and traditions could be subject to

analysis.

Tudorel Andrei

President of the National Institute of Statistics

Introduction


Table of contents

Information society and human resources in science and technology ........................... 7

1.1 Information and communication technologies (ICT).......................................................8 1.2 Human resources in science and technology (HRST) .................................................17 1.3 ICT and HRST in the Member States of the European Union .....................................22

Demographic disparities by gender....................................................................................27

2.1 Population ....................................................................................................................28 2.2 Demographic phenomena............................................................................................31

Health differences by gender .............................................................................................35

3.1 Life expectancy ............................................................................................................36 3.2 Health status ................................................................................................................38 3.3 Mortality........................................................................................................................41

Gender dimension in education .........................................................................................43

4.1 School population.........................................................................................................44 4.2 Gender differences in terms of success in education ..................................................46 4.3 Academic staff..............................................................................................................47 4.4 Structural indicators of population’s education level ....................................................47

Labour force..........................................................................................................................51

5.1 Gender gaps in employment and unemployment ........................................................52 5.2 Underemployment and potential additional labour force..............................................55 5.3 NEET - young people neither in employment nor in education or training...................57

Income ...................................................................................................................................59

6.1 Earnings - equal pay for equal work?...........................................................................60 6.2 Pensions - same job, same pension? ..........................................................................64 6.3 Household income .......................................................................................................64

Annexes.................................................................................................................................67

Glossary ................................................................................................................................87

List of charts and tables ....................................................................................................101

Bibliography and online resources...................................................................................105

1

2

3

4

5

6

A

G

L

B

Information society and human resources in science and technology

Information and communication technologies (ICT)

Human resources in science and technology (HRST)

ICT and HRST in the Member States of the European Union

IT

1


Information and communication technologies (ICT)

Human resources in science and technology (HRST)

ICT and HRST in the Member States of the European Union

ITHRST

Internet

ComputerTechnology

Science

Web

Communication

Innovation

1


1

8 ______________________________________________ Women and men: work and life partnership

When thinking about the information society, we imagine a society dominated by the computer industry, information technology and communications. But it is not enough to stop here. The Information Society is a concept describing a new world in which the main resource is the information, in any form it. Let us imagine that we could go back in time with twenty five years: the same job, family, friends, but without the Internet and the mobile phone. We would consider ourselves almost helpless in terms of communication, the speed at which we can resolve the issues, isolated from the area we already identify with - the cyberspace. In the modern world, the speed of new technologies development is extremely high, and their application tends to concern areas of economic activity with increasingly high value added. In order to cope with the increased pace and the challenges brought about by technological innovation and development, an increasingly specialised and efficient labour force is necessary. The crossroad between science and technology, on one hand, and human resources on the other, is a key component of the competitiveness and economic development. Highly qualified and/or specialised human resources are essential for the development and dissemination of knowledge, representing the crucial link between technological progress and economic growth and social development, welfare of the population in general. The links between the labour potential, the development of the information society and innovation and research activities can be highlighted by the argumentation of certain categories of information: information and communication technologies (ICT) and human resources in science and technology (HRST). In the context of this paper, a detailed analysis, by gender, of these categories of information is envisaged, both in a national and a European perspective.

1.1 Information and communication technologies (ICT)

Modern society is constantly changing, and information technologies have affected people’s lives, in less than two decades, to such an extent that took 50 years in case of motorcars. At present, the information and communication technologies (ICT) have become a major driver of everyday life, in both personal life, in the case of communication and social networking or online purchases and in professional activities. The overwhelming majority of people of today use a computer, a smartphone or a tablet for a variety of purposes; for the younger generation, in particular, the use of such equipment is a normal activity on a daily basis. Under the circumstances where the need for information and communication is more acute than ever, new ways of communication were developed, which offers the possibility to send or receive messages, almost instantaneously, from every part of the world. They are all based on wireless transmissions, on computer use and on the opportunities offered by the Internet. According to the “Digital Dividends World Development 2016” Report published by the World Bank in February 2016, the number of Internet users in all countries in the world reached approximately 3.2 billion at the end of 2015. However, according to the document, the digital gap remains one of the problems that exist in the world, with 60% of the world’s population still off-line.

The computer and the Internet influence not only a part of our lives, but are found in all areas of activity. Persons who, in the context of the information society, for various reasons, are disconnected from, communication, from the access to information, are already facing major problems, being clearly disadvantaged.



1

The areas of concern on the development of the Information Society are focusing on issues related to access to a computer and Internet connection of people and the households to which they belong, but also cover a very wide range of topics which analyses the socio-economic issues of the population, such as, for example, gender and age gaps, specific features depending on the level of education or regional diversity. These technologies allow for the modelling and simulation of complex socio-economic phenomena, as well as for the further processing of data, contributing to economic progress and further development of the society.

Access to a computer of individuals and households

Invented in 1981, the personal computer (PC) knew an exponential growth, being now used by the majority of the people in advanced economies. In Romania, the information and communications technology can be analysed from the perspective of households and individuals, based on the results of the Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usage in households and by individuals (carried out annually by the National Institute of Statistics). The survey is primarily aiming at ensuring information on the population’s access to various communication technologies such as: personal computers, mobile phones and Internet access. Likewise, it also aims at highlighting the frequency and the purposes of information technology use, as well as the place where the activity is carried out (a particular interest is given to the use of computers, respectively to Internet use at home). The statistical survey is carried out in accordance with the Regulation of the Council and the European Parliament No 808/2004 concerning Community statistics on the information society.

In our country, more than half of households in (61.9%) had in 2015 a computer at home. The breakdown by gender shows that, irrespective of whether they are men or women, the use of computers is equally attractive. However, out of total number of households headed by men, 67.2% have computer at home, as opposed to households headed by women, where the share of those who have a computer is significantly lower (48.7%). This discrepancy is due to the fact that, in our country, households are traditionally headed by men. The frequency of the households equipped with computer at home is higher among households headed by young women (16-24 years) and the elderly women (aged 55 and over), compared with households headed by men in the same age group. The frequency of the households equipped with computer at home among households headed by men of 35-44 years and 45-54 years exceeds that of households headed by women of the same age, with 11.9 and 8.7 percentage points respectively.

Tab.1.1 Structure of households with a computer at home, by age group and gender of the household head, in 2015 (% in total households with a computer)

Household head gender

Age group of the household head

Total households

with a computer Men Women

Total 61.9 67.2 48.7 of which:

16-24 years 2.5 1.6 5.6

25-34 years 14.0 14.8 11.4

35-44 years 23.3 26.0 14.1

45-54 years 23.1 25.0 16.3

55-64 years 21.7 20.9 24.7

65-74 years 10.5 8.8 16.3

75 years and over 4.9 2.9 11.6

Source: NIS, Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usage in households and by individuals


1

10 _____________________________________________ Women and men: work and life partnership

As regards the endowment with computers at household level, according to the activity status of the head of the household, the largest share is found in households led by students (all of them, respectively 100.0%), followed by households headed by employers (91.1%) and employees (89.6%).

On the other hand, the lowest shares were detected at the level of households headed by pensioners (37.8%), self-employed workers (51.2%) and the unemployed persons (52.5%).

Out of the total households that had a computer at home in 2015 and were headed by a male person, 63.8% were employees households. In the case of households headed by women and that have a computer, 39.9% were households of employees and 42.6% were households of pensioners. In 2015, out of all persons aged between 16 and 74 years, the proportion of those who have used at least once a computer was 70.1%, increasing as compared to 2014 by 6.9 percentage points. The proportion of men as users of computers is slightly higher than that of women: 72.1% versus 68.2%, respectively. Out of the total persons aged 16-74 years, 63.4% have used a computer (PC) in the last 12 months, two times more in 2015 than 10 years ago.

Among the persons aged between 16-74 years, 70.1% have ever used a computer and 29.9% have never used a computer (27.9% men, 31.8% women). It should be noted that the frequency of computer use is higher for young people, and 42.0% of the population in the midst of an economic activity, aged between 25 and 64 years, used a computer every day.

Fig.1.1 Share of households with a computer, according to the activity status of the household head, in 2015 (% in total households in each employment status)

54.1

100.0

37.8

51.2

52.5

89.6

91.1

0 20 40 60 80 100

Employee

Employer

Self-employed

Unemployed

Pensioner

Pupil/student

Other inactiveperson

%


Fig.1.2 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having used a computer in the last 12 months (% in total persons 16-74 years)

20

30

40

50

60

70

2006

200

7

200

8

2009

201

0

201

1

2012

201

3

201

4

2015

%

Note: beginning with 2014, the data were estimated on the basis of the usual resident population on January 1st and are not comparable with the series published for previous periods.



Women and men: work and life partnership______________________________________________ 11

1

Internet connection of people and households

The computer is a condition of modern society, being at the same time a gateway for a whole universe of knowledge, by using the Internet. The most fascinating part of the Internet is the idea of freedom: freedom of knowledge, of information and exchange of views. Today, the Internet is the most open and democratic system of communication. Therefore, a series of other indicators are relevant for monitoring of households and individuals with regard to information technology: the share of households with Internet access, the percentage of individuals having used the Internet in the last 12 months, or of those who have never used the Internet.

In 2015, 61.0% of the households were connected to the Internet in our country. The

data show that the overwhelming majority of households having a computer at home also had Internet connection. This fact is noted only in 2015 because in the last few years many households had a computer, but it was not connected to the Internet. It is notable the linear increase in the share of the households equipped with a computer and connected to the Internet, with a doubling of them in 2015 as compared to the year 2008.

The reasons why the other households (39.0%) do not have access to the Internet are, inter alia: lack of skills (43.3%) or the fact that the Internet is not considered useful (42.8%) or the equipment is too expensive (30.4%). As the level of education of the household head is higher, the interest for the operation of this means of knowledge also increases. Thus, if among households headed by people with tertiary educational attainment level, more than 9 out of 10 are connected to the Internet, and among those headed by people who have completed upper secondary level, about 4 in 5 have this information technology at home, in respect to the category of households headed by people with low educational attainment (lower secondary) only 2 out of 5 households are connected to the Internet.

At individual level, in 2015, more than 10 million people in Romania were Internet users (which represents 68.5% of the total population in the age group 16-74 years). While the largest share of people who use or have ever used the Internet is young people aged between 16 and 24 years (92.1% of young people), an increase in the number of older users was noticed. For example, the share of 55-64 year-olds who use or have ever used the Internet has increased from 36.6% in 2014 to 45.1% in 2015 and, in the case of the population of 65-74 years, the increase was 8.3 percentage points (23.5% in 2015).

Fig.1.3 Share of households with a computer and of those connected to the Internet (% in total households)

20

30

40

50

60

70

2008

200

9

2010

201

1

201

2

2013

201

4

2015

%

Households with a computer

Households connected to the Internet

Note: 1) beggining with 2014, the data were estimated on the basis

of the usual resident population on January 1st and are not comparable with the series published for previous periods;

2) data on households equipped with a computer (PC) are notavailable for the year 2014;

3) the weights were calculated in total households with atleast one person aged between 16 to 74 years.



1


Most people are current users of the Internet, 81.7% of 16-74 year old persons using the Internet in the last 3 months prior to the survey, out of which 65.7% used this tool daily or almost daily and 27.2% weekly.

No gender differences exist in the frequency of Internet use. For example, in 2015, 70.6% of male users have ever browsed on the Internet, while women rate was of 66.3%. In 2015, the daily use of the Internet has increased slightly compared with the previous year for both sexes (by around 7 percentage points). The data show, however, differences between men and women in terms of access to the Internet in the last 3 months via mobile devices (64.9% of women who access the Internet used mobile devices via a browser, respectively 70.3% of men). The most used devices to access the Internet from places other than home or the workplace are the mobile phone and the smartphone, at a rate of 82.3%.

By level of education, it is noted that the use of the Internet present greater intensity in case of those with higher education for both women and men. 97.5% of men, respectively 97.4% of women who have graduated tertiary education have used the Internet at least once, and most of them use the Internet in the last 3 months (96.5% for men, 96.3% for women). Males with upper secondary level of education have used the Internet with a share of 73.4%, while for women the rate was 75.0%.

In 2015, 97.7% of pupils and students were Internet users and 97.8% of them have accessed the Internet recently (3 months ago). The hierarchy is followed by employees (87.4%), their share increasing by 4.1 percentage points compared to the previous year. The Internet was least used by pensioners (32.3%) and self-employed workers (49.2%). It should be noticed the increase in the proportion of the latter as against the year 2014 by 14.9 percentage points.

Fig.1.4 Share of persons aged 16-74 years who have used the Internet, by gender and education level in 2015 (%)

Men

13.6

9.6

96.5

76.9

80.5

2.6

9.9

9.5

0.9

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Low

Medium

High

In the last 3 monthsBetween 3 months and 1 year ago With more than 1 year ago

Women

18.4

11.6

96.3

70.4

78.0

2.1

10.4

11.2

1.6

0%20%40%60%80%100%

Low

Medium

High




1

The Internet is less frequently used in rural areas than in urban areas. In 2015 the share of people living in the countryside and that have been browsing at least once over the Internet, in total rural population was 55.4%. However, 75.9% of them had used the Internet in the last 3 months. In the urban environment, the Internet is used at a rate of 78.8%. For both areas of residence, a decrease was noticed, in 2015 as compared to 2014, as regards the use of the Internet in the last 3 months.

By development region, the share of those having used the Internet was 83.3% in Bucharest-Ilfov, this being the region which recorded the highest share in the country. At a distance of around 10 percentage points are located West and Centre regions with 74.1%, respectively 73.0%, while other regions have shares of less than 70.0%.

Tab.1.2 Structure of persons aged 16-74 years by use of the Internet, by area, in 2014 and 2015 (%)

Urban Rural Period of Internet use 2014 2015 2014 2015

in the last 3 months 91.1 85.1 82.2 75.9between 3 months and 1 year ago 6.2 7.8 10.1 10.2with more than 1 year ago 2.7 7.1 7.7 13.9


Fig.1.5 Share of persons aged 16-74 years who use or have ever used the Internet, by area, in 2014 and 2015 (%)


Fig.1.6 Share of persons aged 16-74 years who use or have ever used the Internet, by region, in 2015 (%)


78.8%

73.3%

55.4%

46.7%

Urban 2014

2015

Rural

North - West North - East

West

Centre

South - WestOltenia

South - Muntenia

South - East

Bucharest - Ilfov

67.3 65.9

73.0

74.1

62.3

61.9

63.2

83.3

< 65.0 %65.0 - 69.9 %70.0 - 75.0 %> 75.0 %


1


The main purpose for Internet browsing, for personal reasons, is the communication (93.9% in the total of persons aged 16-74 who have used the Internet in the last 3 months), followed by access to information (85.8%), other online services (28.3%) and solving problems relating to the working life (15.5%). It is noted that interest in the Internet declines

with age (faster for women). The reasons why young people of 16-24 years used the Internet for communication are manifold; however, girls and boys are taking part in an overwhelming proportion (over 90%) in social networks (creating user profile, posting messages or other contributions to Facebook, Twitter, etc.).

Tab.1.3 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having used the Internet in the last 3 months, for personal reasons, by purpose1), by age group and gender, 2015 (%)

Communication Access toinformation

Civic and political participation

Working life Other servicesonline

Men 98.1 83.9 10.1 19.5 20.416-24 years

Women 99.2 86.1 10.4 17.4 21.3Men 97.7 83.2 13.8 21.9 34.0

25-34 years Women 97.2 87.0 9.2 17.5 34.7Men 94.5 86.4 10.9 17.4 30.8

35-44 years Women 94.3 86.2 7.0 14.7 29.3Men 86.1 88.7 9.1 12.4 31.8

45-54 years Women 90.2 86.8 7.4 8.8 27.1Men 83.3 87.6 7.1 7.8 28.9

55-64 years Women 86.4 85.0 6.4 7.9 24.8Men 83.6 84.3 9.4 2.7 17.6

65-74 years Women 79.1 79.6 4.9 * 16.7

Note: (*) - is insignificant, 1) - multiple choices reply.


Fig.1.7 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having used the Internet in the last 3 months, for personal reasons, for communication purpose, by age group and gender, in 2015 (%)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women

16-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years 65-74 years

%

To send / receive emailsTelephoning over the Internet / video calls (with webcam) over Internet (using apps like Skype or Facetime) Participation in social networks (creating user profile, posting messages or other contributions to Facebook, Twitter etc.) Uploading your app (text, photos, music, video, software, etc.) to any website to be shared with other users



1

Recent years have shown an increase in the use of the Internet for online trade. However, there is still an inertness of purchases in the virtual environment, caused by the preferences of the population (both female and male) to see the products before buying them, or due to issues of security of payment or of confidentiality. Thus, 86.3% of women and 83.9% of men prefer to go to the stores to see the products or due to habits and loyalty to the shops.

Of the total male persons aged 16-74 who have used the Internet, and bought/ordered goods and services, in the last 12 months, 53.5% had upper secondary education and 38.0% were tertiary education graduates. As for women, 50.1% of those who have bought/ordered goods and services via Internet had upper secondary education and 42.0% had graduated tertiary education.

According to the activity status, employees hold the top position in online shopping, followed by students and pupils. 66.9% of male employees and 17.2% of male students used the Internet and bought/ordered goods and services within the last 12 months. In the case of women, the highest frequency was registered by persons employed (64.8%); however, female pupils and students have bought products online in a higher share than males (by 2.2 percentage points more, respectively 19.4%).

Fig.1.8 Structure of persons aged 16-74 years having used the Internet in the last 12 months, by reason why they had not bought/ordered goods or services over the Internet for personal purpose1), by gender, 2015 (%)

6.26.0

0.3

13.5

8.8

4.3

12.3

83.9

10.2

0.2

14.4

9.1

11.3

4.0

10.0

86.3

0 20 40 60 80 100

Prefer to shop in person, like to see product, loyalty to shops, force of habit

Lack of skills or knowledge

Delivery of goods ordered over the Internet is a problem

Payment security or privac y concerns

Concerns about receiving or returning goods, complaint/redress concerns

Don't have a payment card allowing to pay over the Internet

Foreign retailer did not sell to my country

Other reason

%

Men Women

Note: 1) - multiple choices reply.



1


The digital skills of the population

The spread of digital skills continue to be a matter of concern for many countries and is an important factor in economic and social modernisation. The digital gap between generations is still very high, but individual progress, as well as the economic progress of society, in general, can no longer be separated of the general use of digital skills.

In Romania, in 2015, out of the total persons aged 16-74 years having ever used the Internet, 90.4% have carried out activities related to software via the Internet in the last 12 months (91.5% of men and 89.3% of women). The majority of them have used the Internet for copying or moving files or folders (89.3%).

1.9% of the men who have carried out activities related to the software in the last 12 months have used the Internet for the writing of codes in the programming languages, a higher share than that of women (1.3%).

The data show that the graduates of tertiary education have higher skills of Internet use for purposes of coding in programming languages, with differences between male and female population (5.6% for men, respectively 2.7% for women). There are also large disparities between the population with tertiary education and the one with secondary or with lower levels of education, in terms of Internet use for activities related to computer or other mobile device, such as, for example, the transfer of files between computers, installation or modification of software, programmes and applications.

In 2015, 31.5% of people aged 16-74 years in our country have never used the Internet, regardless where they could have accessed a computer connected to the Internet (at work, at home or at any other location).

Tab.1.4 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having carried out activities1) related to the software on the Internet, in the past 12 months, by gender, in 2015 (%)

Skills for using the Internet

Men Women

Copying or moving files or folders 89.1 89.5 Using word processing software 27.2 26.9 Creating presentations or documents integrating text, pictures, tables or charts 21.6 20.7 Using spreadsheet software 15.4 14.3 Using software to edit photos, video or audio files 26.1 21.9 Writing code in a programming language 1.9 1.3

Note: 1) - multiple choices reply.


Fig.1.9 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having carried out actvities related to computer or other mobile device, in the last 12 months, by gender and level of education in 2015 (%)


Low

Men

Women

High

Medium

12.9

66.9

20.214.5

22.0

63.5



1

1.2 Human resources in science and technology (HRST)

Science and technology are increasingly recognised at the very heart of the challenges related to the social and economic development of countries in the world. International bodies representing the scientific community, such as the International Council of Science (ICSU) and the World Congress of Science stressed the contribution they bring to society developments, together with education, science and technology. Scientific research, through its two components, basic research and applied research, is designed to set up conditions and foster the creation of knowledge, and, on the other hand, to apply knowledge in the interests of the society, through innovation. Basic research is setting up the premises on which it is possible to develop applied research, the latter being an original investigation of phenomena, with the aim to produce economic effects. The scientific community of Romania is the main resource which generates value added effects in the national economy, but also original thinking, recognised at national and international level.

According to the Canberra Manual of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), human resources in science and technology (HRST) are individuals who meet one of the following conditions: (a) have completed tertiary education; (b) have not completed tertiary education, but actually work in occupations for which, normally, specialised studies in the field of science and technology are necessary.

The main categories of HRST are shown in the figure below:

From the point of view of statistical measurement, the indicator has two dimensions: the supply and the demand of human resources in science and technology, while their intersection provides information on the total size of the human resources engaged in economic activities in science and technology. The first dimension, the supply, is expressed in terms of education (through qualification/specialisation) and the second dimension, the demand, represents the actual employment in science and technology.

In Romania, in 2015, the total number of people composing the human resources in science and technology has been of around 2.6 million people, with almost 500 thousand people more than ten years ago. The brain drain that started in 2007, with the integration of our country in the European structures, still continues at present, in particular by the departure abroad of university graduates. The key effort for the alleviation of this phenomenon must be directed towards the formation and the preservation in the country of highly qualified human resources, by ensuring fair wage and attractive working conditions, such as to entail the return specialists who are now working abroad.

HRST by

education

HRST by

education and

occupation

HRST by

occupation


1


Of total HRST, more than 80% (2.1 million in 2015) were people with tertiary education. Regardless of the graduated studies, two thirds (around 1.8 million people) have actually worked in science and technology. The number of persons who meet both conditions - have adequate studies and are working in the field - amounted to almost 1.3 million persons in 2015, 41.9% more than ten years ago. Out of these, less than half (40.9%) have purely scientific and engineering occupations.

Although women prevail (in all categories that are part of the human resources in science and technology), irrespective of dimension (by education, by occupation, by both conditions - education and occupation), in Romania, there are no big differences on their distribution by gender. Human resources in science and technology have been undergoing a “rejuvenation” process over the last decade, in particular for the category sized only by level of education. If in 2007 persons aged 45-64 years had the largest share in the HRST category by education, in the years following Romania’s

accession to the European Union the largest share was that of persons aged 25-34 years.

In the year 2015, the difference between the weights of the two age groups in total HRST with tertiary education was 4.4 percentage points.

Tab.1.5 Evolution of HRST (thousand persons)

Total HRST (by education and/or

occupation)

HRST by education (tertiary

education completed)

HRST by occupation (in the fields of

science and technology)

HRST by education and

occupation

HRST with scientific and engineering occupations

2005 2194 1453 1624 883 2492006 2294 1530 1731 968 3762007 2308 1579 1739 1010 3932008 2416 1698 1813 1094 4122009 2477 1780 1819 1121 4012010 2356 1728 1707 1079 3872011 2467 1860 1751 1144 5052012 2503 1939 1707 1142 4972013 2476 1985 1620 1129 4782014 2542 2029 1673 1160 4982015 2626 2126 1752 1253 512

Note: The indicators for the period 2010-2015 are calculated on the basis of the usual resident population, under the concept of usual residence and the threshold of at least 12 months of presence/absence on Romanian territory, under the conditions of comparability with the final results of Population and Housing Census of 2011.

Source: EUROSTAT, Labour force survey (LFS)

Fig.1.10 Evolution of HRST by education, by age group (%)

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

200

5

2006

200

7

200

8

2009

201

0

2011

201

2

201

3

2014

201

5

% 25-34 years 45-64 years




1

The category of HRST actually working in occupations from this field faced a slow ageing process, meaning that during the last five years the share of young people aged 25-34 years has been on a declining trend. Thus, the share of those aged 25-34 declined in total HRST aged 15-74 years who are actually working in occupations in the field from 34.3% in 2010, to 32.0% in 2014 and reached 30.5% in 2015.

The ageing process of resources actually employed in science and technology is mainly caused by the downward evolutions of workers with scientific and engineering occupations. In other words, on the labour market are working engineers who are graduates of older classes, since the share of engineers, aged 25-34 years (in total HRST aged 15-74 years with scientific and engineering occupations) has gradually decreased from 33.5% in 2011, to 32.3% in 2014, reaching 31.6% in 2015.

The fall in the number of young people employed in science and technology and with science and engineering occupations is a consequence of the fact that the number of graduates in the engineering field has been falling in recent years. The share of tertiary education graduates in the field of engineering show a decline of 34.4% in the academic year 2014-2015 compared to 2010-2011; the downward trend is also illustrated in the case of graduates of Master’s degree programmes (by 49.9%) and those who have obtained a doctoral degree (by 58.5%). On the other hand, the transfer of technology and know-how, as well as scientific research turning into account continue to be an issue of scientific research in Romania. If basic and experimental research in engineering and technology does not produce economic effects of high performance, then there are no

reasons for its financial support, which makes young people to move to other occupations.

In 2015, the majority of those that made up the human resources in science and technology (by education and/or occupation, aged 15-74 years) were aged between 25 and 64 years (91.4%) and among the latter, 54.0% were women.

Fig.1.11 Evolution of HRST by occupation, by age group (%)

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015



Fig.1.12 Evolution of HRST with scientific and engineering occupations, by age group (%)

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

200

5

2006

200

7

200

8

2009

201

0

2011

201

2

201

3

2014

201

5




1


By age group, the distribution of women was balanced: 31.2% were young, aged 25-34 years, 31.1% were in the age group 35-44 years and 29.6% were aged 45-64 years. Only 8.1% of women working in science and technology were aged within the ranges placed at the limit of the labour market entry and exit ages (15-24 years and 65-75 years). The distribution by age group of men that made up the human resources in science and technology (by education and/or occupation, aged 15-74 years) is similar to that of the women.

One of HRST categories where men are in the majority is the category of persons developing proper scientific and engineering occupations itself (58.6%, representing 300 thousand persons, in 2015).

The year 2011 stands out due to a slight balance between women and men working in specific areas of science and technology and having scientific and engineering occupations (the share of women increased from 33.3% in 2010 to 44.0% in 2011). Since then, the structure by gender of employment in scientific and engineering activities shows an increasing/reversion trend of men share (from 56.0% in 2011 to 58.6% in 2015).

Fig.1.13 Human resources in science and technology (by education and/or occupation), by gender and age group, in 2015 (thousand persons)

343

379

110

383

440

438

419

115

0 150 300 450

25-34

35-44

45-64

15-24 and 65-75

Men Women


Fig.1.14 Structure by gender of the HRST with scientific and engineering occupations (15-74 years) (%)

65.3

66.7

56.0

56.9

57.7

58.0

58.6

34.7

33.3

44.0

43.1

42.3

42.0

41.4

62.8

60.2

65.8

65.4

39.8

37.2

34.6

34.2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Men Women




1

As for young human resources (25-34 years) in science and technology, the situation is much the same, the share of women increasing from 32.3% in 2010 to 43.2% in 2011, but the change in recent years is a sine wave.

Although decreasing over the last three years, the share of women in science and technology is the highest for the age group 35-44 years (44.4% in 2015).

The structure by gender of persons working in scientific and engineering occupations has reached a maximum balance for the age group 35-44 years, in 2013 (50.3% women, 49.7% men).

Fig.1.15 Structure by gender of the HRST with scientific and engineering occupations (25-34 and 35-44 years) (%)

67.6

67.7

56.8

57.5

62.3

59.6

62.0

32.4

32.3

43.2

42.5

37.7

40.4

38.0

65.2

64.4

66.4

66.7

35.6

34.8

33.3

33.6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

25-34 years Men Women

62.3

65.5

53.9

52.6

50.3

52.5

55.6

36.9

34.5

46.1

47.4

49.7

47.5

44.4

61.0

62.4

56.2

58.0

37.6

39.0

42.0

43.8

0%20%40%60%80%100%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

35-44 years



1


1.3 ICT and HRST in the Member States of the European Union

The development of the information society from the perspective of gender equity is regarded as critical to meet the demands of society and of the Member States of the European Union economies. The achievements of the European Union in terms of supporting equality between women and men have helped to change the lives of many of the Member States. Although inequalities still exist, the EU has made significant progress over the last decades, and the main contributing factors to these improvements are: the adoption of legislation on equal treatment between the sexes, gender mainstreaming (integration of the gender perspective into all other policies) and specific measures for women empowerment. Among the encouraging trends, the following are worth mentioning: the increase in the number of women in the labour market and progresses they have achieved in order to ensure enhanced quality of education and of vocational training. There are still, however, gender differences, and in the labour market the number of women is still lower, many of them working in lower paid economic activities.

Information and communication technologies

In 2015, the share of persons aged 16-74 years in the EU Member States, having used a computer in the last 12 months was 80.0% (82.0% for men and 78.0% for women). There is a growing interest in the use of computer technology, in all Member States. Compared to the year 2008, the weight increased by 15 percentage points.

Fig.1.16 Share of persons aged 16-74 years in EU Member States, having used a computer in the last 12 months, in 2015 (%)

Source: EUROSTAT, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database

under 70%

70 - 79%

80 - 89%

90% and over



1

The countries which come to the fore by intensively using the computer, for both sexes, are Luxembourg (98.0% male, 97.0% female), Denmark (97.0% for both genders) and Finland (94.0% for both genders). In Romania and Bulgaria, less than two thirds of the population use a computer, with gender differences in favour of males.

In all EU Member States, the use of the Internet is strongly linked to the use of computer technology, the hierarchy of the countries being approximately the same

In 2015, 32% of people aged 16-74 years from our country have never used the Internet (twice the EU-28 average for both men and women).

Fig.1.17 Share of persons aged 16-74 years in the Member States of the EU, which have used a computer in the last 12 months, by gender, 2015 (%)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

EU

Luxe

mbo

urg

Den

mar

k

Fin

land

Net

herla

nds

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Ger

man

y

Sw

eden

Est

onia

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Fra

nce

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Slo

vaki

a

Latv

ia

Spa

in

Irel

and

Mal

ta

Slo

veni

a

Hun

gary

Cro

atia

Por

tuga

l

Cyp

rus

Lith

uani

a

Pol

and

Gre

ece

Italy

Rom

ania

Bul

garia

% Men Women



1


Human resources in science and technology

In 2015, within the EU Member States (EU-28), the total number of people which were part of the human resources in science and technology has been of around 123 million people, an increase of 2.2% compared with the previous year. The representation of the two sexes in HRST in European countries is balanced in the sense that 51.6% of the population aged between 15 and 74 years were women (in 2015), while during the period 2008 to 2015 the share of women is increasing slightly, with an average annual pace of 2.8%.

The share of 25.1% of the total of human resources in science and technology (HRST by education and/or occupation) in the total economically active population - in 2015 - places Romania in last position among the Member States of the European Union which have employment in science and technology, being at a distance of 18.2 percentage points of the EU average (43.3%). Luxembourg (56.2%), Sweden (52.0%), the United Kingdom (51.9%) and Finland (51.2%) are the leaders in terms of the human resources in science and technology in the total economically active population. In Romania, the share of female HRST in total economically active female population was 31.2% in 2015, higher than that of men (20.5%).

Scientific and engineering occupations are still characteristic to men. For example, in the EU countries, women are underrepresented in relation to men, their share being 40.3% of the total number of employed persons in the areas of science and engineering, respectively 5.4% of total human resources in science and technology (in 2015). However, some progress was made in this area, so that the number of women engineers has increased by an average of 8.6% per year between 2008 and

2015 (at a higher pace than for men, which increased by 3.3% during the same period).

Fig.1.18 Share of HRST in the total active population in the EU Member States in 2015 (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

EU

Luxembourg

Sweden

United Kingdom

Finland

Ireland

Belgium

Denmark

France

Netherlands

Cyprus

Est onia

Lithuania

Aust ria

Germany

Slovenia

Latvia

Spain

Poland

Malta

Czech Republic

Bulgaria

Hungary

Greece

Italy

Croatia

Portugal

Slovakia

Romania

%


Demographic disparities by gender

Population

Demographic phenomena

2


Population

Demographic phenomena

2


2


2.1 Population

Usual resident population of the EU Member States

On January 1st, 2015, the usual resident population of the European Union reached 508.5 million inhabitants, with the accession of Croatia in July 2013, which has become the 28th Member State of the European Union. Almost three quarters of the European Union population is located in only seven of the 28 countries (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Poland and Romania). The EU population by gender is balanced, with a slight higher share of women (51.2%). The Baltic countries stand out due to the large differences in the structure by gender, women being much more than men (the differences are of 8.2 p.p.1) for Latvia, 7.8 p.p. for Lithuania and 6.4 p.p. for Estonia). The only country where men have a slight superiority in terms of number is Luxembourg (0.2 p.p.). The Member States of the European Union are facing a more or less marked demographic decline. The share of young population, aged between 0 and 14 years (15.6%) was left behind by the share of elderly population of 65 years and over (18.9%). Ireland and France have the largest share of young population, in contrast with Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. On the top of the list of countries with the largest elderly population (aged 65 and over) are Italy, Germany and Greece. In Italy, Greece, Spain, France, Portugal and Germany were recorded the highest shares (above 5.5%) of persons of 80 years and over.

1) p.p. - percentage points.

Fig.2.1 Differences on structure by gender of usual resident population in the EU Member States in 2015 (p.p.)


over 6.0 p.p.

3.0 - 6.0 p.p.

0.1 - 2.9 p.p.

Women = Men

Women < Men

Women > Men


2


The usual resident population of Romania

As in most European countries, Romania has to cope with the complex economic and social consequences of a population facing the slow but steady process of demographic ageing. The change in couples demographic behaviour towards their own reproduction, increased mortality as well as international migration have made the country’s population to decrease steadily. On January 1st, 20162), the usual resident population of Romania was 19.76 million inhabitants (48.8% men and 51.2% women).

The ages pyramid reflects the long-term trends in fertility and mortality, but also the short-term effect of migration, demographic policies, or changes occurred over a century of demographic history. The constancy on the long run of low birth rates has increasingly narrowed the pyramid basis.

2) Provisional data.

The ageing population phenomenon

The usual resident population of the country is still characterised by a numerical surplus of female population, both in total and for the age groups above 55 years, most notably over 85 years. The problem of an ageing population is not only a demographic issue, but also an economic, social, cultural, medico-sanitary and moral one, therefore imposing the study of this phenomenon in a multidisciplinary vision. Sex ratio, on January 1, 2016, was 96 males to 100 females. Until the age of 53 years, the number of men was larger than that of women, beyond that age the number of women becoming greater and reaching, for the age groups over 85 years, of around two times higher than that of men. Demographic ageing is an objective phenomenon, produced independently, as a result of social and economic conditions which characterise the society we live in in a given period of time. Rural population is older than that of urban. On January 1st, 2016, about 19.9% of the rural population was aged over 65, while in the total female population of rural area, the weight of elderly women is almost 23.7%.

Tab.2.1 Usual resident population by gender, on January 1st (thousand persons)

Years Total Men Women 2008 20635.5 10049.2 10586.3 2012 20096.0 9777.1 10318.9 2014 19947.3 9746.0 10201.3 2015 19870.7 9707.1 10163.6

2016p) 19760.0 9652.7 10107.3

p) Provisional data.

Source: NIS, Demographic statistics

Fig.2.2 Usual resident population by gender and age, on January 1st, 2008 and 2016p)



050100150200250 50 100 150 200 250

Men Women

2008 2016thou persons thou persons

Years100

95

90

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0


2


Among the population of 65 years and over, the number of women exceeded the number of men about 1.5 times in both rural and urban area. On January 1st, 2016 the “long-lived” persons, the segment of the population of 80 years and over, accounted 4.2% of the total population, increasing as compared to 2008 (3.0%). Out of the total persons of 80 years and over, 35.4% were men and 64.6% women. The population ageing index increased in recent years for both sexes, amounting on January 1st, 2016 to 88.2 elderly men to 100 young men and 137.8 elderly women to 100 young women. Compared to the year 2008, the demographic ageing index has increased by 13.3

percentage points for men and by 22.6 percentage points for women. The average age of the population in the country increased from 39.6 years (2008) to 41.5 years (January 1st, 2016), average age characterising the countries with an “adult” population. The female population, with an average age of 43.1 years continued to be, in 2016 as well, more aged than males by 3.2 years. In the urban area, the average age of women was 3.1 years higher than that of men, while in rural areas by 3.4 years. Median age, higher for both sexes, was on January 1st, 2016 of 39.8 years for men and 43.2 years for women. Compared to 2008, the raise was 2.8 years for both men and women.

Fig.2.3 Women per 100 men on January 1st, 2016p) (%)

Women

196174

161

140

125117

10798

9594 96 9592949595959575

100

125

150

175

200

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Men

%



Fig.2.4 Average age of the usual resident population by gender (years)

38.1

41.142.2

39.5 39.7 39.939.0

43.142.942.8

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

2008 2012 2014 2015 2016

years Men Women

Note: Data on January 1st, 2016 are provisional.


Fig.2.5 Median age of the usual resident population by gender (years)

40.441.6

42.4 42.8 43.2

39.839.439.1

37.038.5

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

2008 2012 2014 2015 2016

years Men Women

Note: Data on January 1st, 2016 are provisional.



2


2.2 Demographic phenomena

Natality

In 2015, 185.0 thousand children were born; there were 22.1 thousand fewer children compared to 2008 (207.1 thousand children) and 8.1 thousand fewer children as against 2014. The birth rate has decreased slightly, reaching in 2015 9.3 live births per 1000 inhabitants as compared to 9.7 live births per 1000 inhabitants in 2014 and 10.1 live births per 1000 inhabitants in 2008. In 2015, more than half of all live births were boys, the sex ratio being 106.2 boys to 100 girls. In 2015 compared to 2014, there were 4.3% fewer children born in rural area, while in urban area the fall was of 4.1%.

Natural increase

Natural increase had different evolution for women and men; the negative natural increase was higher for men than for women, mainly because of “male over-mortality”. Compared to the previous years, in the year 2015 the negative natural increase has been decreasing for both men and women.

Fig.2.6 Number of live births with usual residence in Romania, by gender (thousand persons)

99.395.3

106.7

92.9 89.793.887.8

100.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2008 2012 2014 2015

Male Female

Note: Data for the years 2008-2013 do not include live births whose birth occurred abroad and were registered in Romania. For the years 2014 and 2015 are included only live births with usual residence in Romania. The data for 2015 are semi-final.


Tab.2.2 Main indicators of natality

2008 2012 2014 2015Birth-rate1) (live births per 1000 inhabitants)

10.1 9.0 9.7 9.3p)

Mean age of mother (years), for live-births with usual residence in Romania: - at first birth 25.3 26.2 26.8 26.8s)

- at all births 27.1 27.9 28.2 28.3s)

p) Provisional data; s) Semi-final data.1) The data for the years 2008-2013 do not include live-birthswhose birth occurred abroad and was registered in Romania. For the years 2014 and 2015 are included only live-births with usual residence in Romania. The rates for the years 2008 to 2014 have been calculated with the usual resident population on July 1st of each year, calculated in terms of comparability with the final results of the Population and Housing Census 2011. For the year 2015 the birth rate was calculated with the usual resident population on January 1st, 2015.


Fig.2.7 Natural increase of usual resident population, by gender (persons)

-45000-40000-35000-30000-25000-20000-15000-10000

-50000

2008 2012 2014 2015

Male Female

Note: The data for 2015 are semi-final.



2


In 2015 the natural increase was negative in both urban and rural areas, for both sexes. Compared to 2008, in 2015 there was a growth of the negative natural increase in urban area (from -1.9 thousand people in 2008 to -20.2 thousand people in 2015) and its growth from -42.8 thousand persons in 2008 to -55.5 thousand persons in 2015 in rural areas.

Marriage and divorce

As a direct consequence of changes in Romanian society, the marriage rate has experienced some changes. In 2015, the marriage rate was of 5.6 marriages per 1000 inhabitants, an increase compared to that recorded in the previous year (5.3 marriages per 1000 inhabitants), but lower than for 2008 (6.6 marriages per 1000 inhabitants). The

number of marriages showed an upward trend in the past years (from 118.1 thousand marriages in 2014 up to 125.5 thousand marriages in 2015). In 2015, the highest number of marriages (18.2% of the total number of marriages) were concluded by men and women in the age group 25-29 years, increasing as compared to 2014 (18.0% of the total number of marriages). The changes in living conditions and the growing requirements on the level of qualification and education required for regular employment have determined young people to increasingly postpone their marriage. However, in Romanian society, the predominant form of union between men and women remained the legally constituted marriage. The mean age at first marriage has been on an upward trend for both sexes, the value of 2015 exceeding that for the year 2008 by 1.5 years for both men and women. As compared to 2014, the value of this indicator increased by 0.2 years for men and 0.1 years for women.

Tab.2.3 Natural increase of usual resident population, by area of residence and by gender, in 2015 (persons)

Live-births Deaths Natural

increase Urban Male 51996 63196 -11200 Female 49045 58010 -8965 Rural Male 43308 72313 -29005 Female 40657 67142 -26485

Note: Semi-final data.


Tab.2.4 Main indicators of the marriage

2008 2012 2014 2015Marriage rate (marriages per 1000 inhabitants) 6.6 4.8 5.3 5.6Mean age at marriage (years)

Men 31.2 31.6 32.3 32.5 Women 27.7 28.2 29.0 29.1

Note: The marriage rates were calculated with the population by permanent residence on July 1st of each year.


Fig.2.8 Mean age at first marriage, by gender (years)

29.629.130.630.4

25.9 26.427.3 27.4

20

25

30

35

2008 2012 2014 2015

Men Women



2


The social and economic changes occurred in recent years have not significantly affected the evolution of the divorce rate, its level remaining rather low. In 2015 there were 31.5 thousand divorces, an increase of 4.3 thousand divorces compared to the year 2014. The divorce rate increased from 1.22 divorces per 1000 inhabitants in 2014 to 1.42 divorces per 1000 inhabitants in 2015, but compared to the year 2008 the divorce rate has decreased (1.58 divorces per 1000 inhabitants). The ratio between the number of divorces and marriages does not indicate so far a firm tendency of changing the phenomena intensity over time. The fact that the place of early marriages and of families with children from an early age has been progressively taken by late, postponed marriages has also led to a shift in the average age of divorce. The average age at which people have decided to divorce has increased for both men and women. In 2015, the average age of the spouses at divorce was 41.4 years for men and 37.8 years for women, with higher values in urban than in rural areas. More than half (52.3%) of the number of divorces registered in 2015 took place after a duration of the marriage of at least 10 years, around the same values recorded in 2008

(51.1%) and 2014 (51.0%).

International migration

The diminution in the number of persons living in Romania is caused, on the one hand, by a sharp demographic ageing phenomenon and, on the other hand, by the international migration phenomenon. The latter was favoured, in general, by the liberalisation of the labour market and easing the cross-border transit, and the main reasons were higher earnings, better working and education conditions and personal development. Romania is thus part of a trend also seen in other less developed EU Member States. Although after 2008, as a result of an economic crisis that became acute across the world economy, there is a new phenomenon - migration of return, though net balance continue to be of emigration, as the number of departures exceeds the one of arrivals. In 2015, the number of emigrants was 187.5 thousand persons, while that of immigrants was 129.5 thousand persons. The significant decrease in the number of emigrants compared to 2008, in line with the much lower diminution of immigrants, triggered a significant reduction of the negative balance of international migration in recent years (the minimum being recorded in 2012, -2.9 thousand persons). If in 2008 the share of emigrants by gender was approximately the same, in 2015 men have migrated to a higher share than women (50.9%).

Tab.2.5 Main indicators of the divorce

2008 2012 2014 2015Divorce rate (divorces per 1000 inhabitants)

1.58 1.40 1.22 1.42

Average duration of marriagedissolved by divorce (years) 13.3 13.2 13.7 14.0

Mean age at divorce (years) Men 39.9 40.4 41.0 41.4 Women 36.2 36.7 37.4 37.8

Note: Divorce rates were calculated with the population by permanent residence on July 1st of each year.


Fig.2.9 Mean age at divorce, by gender (years)

40.439.9

41.441.0

36.236.7

37.437.8

32

34

36

38

40

42

2008 2012 2014 2015

Men Women


Health differences by gender

Life expectancy

Health status

Mortality

3


Life expectancy

Health status

Mortality

3


3


3.1 Life expectancy

Good health is a key element of human wellbeing, representing itself a value of a nation. The state of health of the population can be analysed, in general, with the help of indicators relating to mortality and morbidity, but also on the basis of summary indicators. To characterise the demographic developments, but also the development level of a population, the most commonly used indicator is the life expectancy. In general, greater emphasis is given to proper medical care, rather than to the preventive aspect, thus losing sight of the fact that an effective prophylaxis could substantially reduce mortality and could add a significant number of years to the life expectancy.

Life expectancy at birth in EU Member States

With every succeeding generation, the population in Romania lives more and more. The evolution of the lifespan was influenced over time by a complex of factors, a particular importance being given to the lifestyle, health status, nutrition, sanitary education levels, but also to the socioeconomic conditions. However, the progress in increasing life expectancy in recent decades does not change the position of our country among the other Member States of the European Union. Compared to the average level of life expectancy at birth of 28 countries (80.9 years), the gap for Romania was in 2014 more than 5 years. Moreover, our country is among the countries with the lowest life expectancy in the EU1): Bulgaria and Latvia (74.5 years), Lithuania (74.7 years), followed by Romania with 75.4 years.

1) Data source: NIS, Demographic statistics, for Romania, andEurostat for the EU and Member States

In Spain, people are living till around the age of 83.3 years, the top of the countries with the highest life expectancy being continued by Italy (83.2 years), France and Cyprus (82.8 years). In 2015, the life expectancy at birth in our country has reached 75.4 years, an increase of 1.9 years as against 2008 (73.5 years), of 0.7 years as against 2012 (74.7 years) and at the same level as 2014. Longer life chances are, in all countries, higher for women. Life expectancy in Romania was, in 2015, 72.0 years for men and 78.9 years for women.

Fig.3.1 Life expectancy at birth in EU Member States, in 2014 (years)


under 77.0 years

77.0 - 79.9 years

80.0 - 82.0 years

over 82.0 years


3


Life expectancy at certain ages

Life expectancy at certain ages is an important benchmark for shaping social policies which take into account the life cycles of women and men, such as: policies on employment, in the field of pensions, of healthcare, of long-term care etc.

Although life expectancy decreases with age, the differences by gender remain higher for women throughout life. In older ages, the differences by gender are shrinking.

Health expectancy

The Romanian population lives longer, though not healthier. The healthy life years indicator has been developed to examine whether an increase in life expectancy is accompanied by an increase in good health condition. The indicator combines information on the prevalence by age of the state of health and disease, with data on mortality by age.

In Romania, the healthy life years at birth was 59.0 years in 2014, with no differences between women and men. At EU level, the gap between men and women is 0.4 years, in favour of the female population, where healthy life years at birth is 61.8 years.

Tab.3.1 Difference between women and men in life expectancy at certain ages (years)

Age 2008 2012 2014 2015p) 0 7.06 6.96 6.91 6.95

10 6.91 6.83 6.83 6.83 20 6.77 6.73 6.72 6.73 30 6.52 6.50 6.50 6.51 40 6.19 6.20 6.23 4.26 50 5.36 5.50 5.60 5.63 60 3.86 4.05 4.22 4.29 70 2.12 2.32 2.46 2.47 80 0.74 0.80 0.91 0.97


Note: Life expectancy at certain ages has been calculated on the basis of population by permanent residence and the number of deceased persons with permanent or usual residence in Romania.


Fig.3.2 Healthy life years at birth and at 65 years, by gender (years)

57.6

59.0

60.0 59.8

57.3

62.9

61.7

57.5 57.7

59.0

7.27.9

5.9 5.9 5.9

8.0

7.1

5.75.15.1

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

2008 2009 2010 2012 2014

at birth

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

at 65 years

Source: EUROSTAT

Men Women


3


3.2 Health status

Self-perceived health status

The data on the population state of health, mainly the state of health as perceived by the population, are estimated on the basis of data provided by the Health Interview Survey, which was carried out by the National Institute of Statistics in 2014. In Romania, 40% of the usual resident population considers their health as being very good, 37% good, 17% consider that their state of health is fair and 6% of the total population perceive the health status as bad and very bad. Differences between women and men are obvious in terms of the self-perceived health. Thus, the share of men who feel that they have a very good health condition (44.2%) is higher than that of women (36.5%).

Lifestyle

The lifestyles adopted by a person has an important impact on its health status, given the characteristics of the nutrition, risky behaviour (consumption of alcohol, tobacco, etc.), physical activity, leisure time and limiting the stress, but also through diseases prevention behaviour. All these aspects of general health of the individual have an impact on the general condition of the society wellbeing, on the quality of employment and have an impact on the social and economic development at national level. A relevant indicator for the assessment of the health status, which reflects the ideal weight for a healthy life, is the body mass index. A stressful life, lot of unhealthy food, made obesity to become a major public health challenge all over the world, with a growing prevalence at all ages and both sexes. In Romania, out of all persons of 18 years and over, less than half (43.0%) have a normal body weight, 46.4% are overweight and 9.3% are obese.

Fig.3.4 Distribution of the usual resident population of 18 years and over according to the body mass index, by gender, in 2014 (%)

Source: NIS, Health interview survey

Fig.3.3 Usual resident population by the self-perceived health status, by gender, in 2014 (%)

14.5

19.836.5

44.2 36.7

36.1

3.8

6.1

0.8

1.5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Men

Women

Very good Good Fair Bad Very bad


Underweightpersons

Men

Women

Overweightpersons

Normal weight

persons

9.0

9.7

49.2

54.1

39.2

0.7

1.9

Obesepersons

36.2


3


Males are more likely to weight outside the normal range, so that 54.1% of men are overweight, compared to 39.2% of women. However, the share of obesity among men (9.0%) is slightly lower than among women (9.7%).

Among the young persons aged 18-24 years it can be noted that 20.5% are overweight, the phenomenon being much more evident for boys (26.2%, compared with 14.6% for girls).

The consumption of alcoholic drinks and the tobacco consumption represent, together with unhealthy nutrition, important risk factors which can lead to certain diseases and can damage the health of the individual. In general, men consume alcohol in a much higher share than women (72.6% compared with 42.8%). Moreover, out of female population aged 15 years and over, only 5.5% are frequent consumers of alcoholic beverages (at least once a week), while among men the share is much higher (33.1%).

Most of alcohol drinkers in our country are men aged between 45 and 54 years (83.8%). With regard to smoking, in our country one quarter of the population aged 15 years and over is smoking and 19.6% are daily smokers. Both men and women with ages between 25 and 54 years, who smoke daily, hold the highest shares among smokers.

Individual morbidity

In a classical way, the assessment of the health status of the population makes use of morbidity (incidence and prevalence of diseases). The impact of a disease on the individual is conditional upon a series of characteristics, such as: sex, age, educational level, occupation, etc. Chronic diseases lead to decreasing quality of life of those affected, as well as having a major impact on health, pensions and social protection systems. In Romania, one out of four persons is suffering from at least one chronic disease or a long-standing health problem, with women suffering from chronic diseases in a higher percentage than men (29.9% compared to

Fig.3.5 Structure of the usual resident population aged 18 years and over according to the body mass index, by gender and age group, in 2014 (%)

Men

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

18-24 years

25-34 years

35-44 years

45-54 years

55-64 years

65-74 years

75 years and over

Underweight persons

Overweight persons

Normal weight persons Women

0%20%40%60%80%100%

18-24 years

25-34 years

35-44 years

45-54 years

55-64 years

65-74 years

75 years and over


Obese persons


3


21.8%). The population in our country most frequently suffer of four chronic diseases: high blood pressure (found in 17 out of 100 persons), low back disorders (11 out of 100 persons), cervical area disorders (6 out of 100 persons) and diabetes mellitus (5 out of 100 persons). The number of women suffering from high blood pressure is 1.6 times higher than men. Elderly people, both women and men, are more affected by chronic diseases, the prevalence of chronic diseases rapidly increasing after 55 years. For example, if two out of 100 women aged 45-54 years are suffering from high blood pressure, those in the higher age groups have higher levels of prevalence (6 women out of 100, for both those in the age groups 55-64 years and 65-74 years, respectively 7 out of 100 women over 75 years).

Used to alleviate the symptoms of disease or for the prevention of illnesses, medicines, or more precisely their consumption among the population, reveal the health status of a nation. In 2014, of the total usual resident population of Romania, 20.3% have used the medicines prescribed by a doctor and 14.8% have used non-prescribed medicines. The consumption of medicines, both prescribed and non-prescribed, increases with the age. Thus, 2.5% of young people aged 15-24 years have used prescribed medicines and 9.8% of them used non-prescribed medicines, while 68.2% of persons of 75 years and over have used prescribed medicines and 21.5% of them used non-prescribed medicines. The share of women who have consumed medicines prescribed by a doctor is higher than that of men (24.1% women, respectively 16.4% men).

Fig.3.6 Distribution of the usual resident population aged 35 years and over acording to the existence of certain chronic diseases, by gender and age group, in 2014 (%)

Men

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 +

Diabetes mellitus

Cervical area disorders

Low back disorders or other chronic conditions of the low back High blood pressure

%

Women

01234567

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 +

Note: The age groups 15-24 and 25-34 years were not taken into account because the data are insignificant.



3


3.3 Mortality

The mortality pattern is shaped by the impact of some causes of death. For 2015, compared to 2008, the mortality rate increased slightly in both men (from 13.5‰ in 2008 to 14.0‰ in 2015) and women (from 11.1‰ in 2008 to 12.3‰ in 2015). The gender gap in the year 2008, in relation to mortality levels, has decreased in 2015, the male over-mortality values, of 108.3 male deaths to 100 female deaths, recording a decrease compared to 2008 when there were 115.1 male deaths per 100 female deaths. The diseases of the circulatory system (ischaemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases) and neoplasm have continued to be the main causes of death for both women and men. In 2015, the share of deaths due to these two causes was 78.7% of total deaths (74.9% for men, 82.8% for women). In 2015, the same with the other years, specific mortality rates by main causes of death have continued to have different values for men and for women. Female mortality had

higher values than for male in case of diseases of the circulatory system and of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases. For the other causes of death a “male over-mortality” was found, more marked in the case of injury, poisoning and other consequences of external causes, mental and behavioural disorders, infectious and parasitic diseases.

Fig.3.7 Share of main causes of death by gender, in 2015 (%)

Note: Semi-final data.


Tab.3.2 Mortality by the main causes of death and by gender (rates per 100000 inhabitants)

2008 2014 2015p) Men Women Men Women Men Women

Total 1347.5 1110.6 1364.4 1192.9 1396.0 1231.4Diseases of the circulatory system 725.9 756.0 707.9 786.7 733.2 813.0Neoplasm 275.7 177.3 309.3 200.9 312.1 206.4Diseases of the respiratory system 78.6 41.6 85.5 49.7 94.1 57.6Diseases of the digestive system 92.9 57.9 89.3 57.5 89.2 56.2Infectious and parasitic diseases 18.3 6.2 17.2 9.8 17.9 9.8Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases 10.4 11.6 11.6 12.6 12.9 13.9Mental and behavioural disorders 4.5 1.3 2.8 0.9 2.5 0.8Injury, poisoning and other consequences of external causes 98.8 27.3 79.4 21.5 77.2 21.9


Note: The data for 2008 do not include deaths produced abroad and for the years 2014 and 2015 the number of deceased persons with usual residence in Romania was taken into account. For the period 2008-2014, the rates were calculated with the usual resident population on July 1st of each year. For the year 2015 the rates were calculated with the usual resident population on January 1st, 2015, estimated in terms of comparability with the final results of the Population and Housing Census 2011.


Other causes

Men

Diseasesof the

respiratorysystem

Diseases ofthe digestive

system

Injury, poisoning and other

consequences of external causes

Neoplasm

Diseases of the

circulatory system

52.56.7

6.4

22.4

5.56.5

66.0

1.8 6.1

16.8

4.6

Women4.7

Gender dimension in education

School population

Gender differences in terms of success in education

Academic staff

4

Structural indicators of population's education level


School population

Gender differences in terms of success in education

Academic staff

4

Structural indicators of population's education level


4


Gender equality in education involves the valorisation of aspirations, needs and individual behaviours through equal access to all forms of education, irrespective of individuals’ gender, nationality, religion or social ad family environment. Through education, society is seeking to eliminate or to alleviate the social conventions’ impact relating to gender discrepancies having strong lifelong influences, but also affecting the development of society as a whole. Education in Romania is guaranteed by law, educational establishments having the obligation to ensure the access to education and lifelong learning, as well as the equality within both the education process and the acquired knowledge assessment. Statistical data confirms that our country is not facing any gender gaps in education. Disparities appear on other dimensions, as the phenomenon is due to the inequality in the income of families the children are coming from, to the area of residence, but also to the geographical and regional economic development.

4.1 School population

The latest available data at EU Member States level reveal that, in the 2014/2015 academic year, school population in the EU amounted to 100.5 million persons.1) The share of the female population in total school population of the EU was 49.9%. Romania’s school population represented 3.7% of the total school enrolment at EU level.2) The continuing decrease in our country’s population during the last two decades has also impacted the school population size.

1) The data refer at all educational levels, with the exception ofearly childhood education and do not include the school population from Greece, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Source: EUROSTAT. 2) Source: NIS, Education statistics

In the 2015/2016 school year, school population in Romania amounted to 3642.6 people, 16.5% less than it was ten years ago.3) The decline was most intense for the female school population (-17.1%) than for male population (-15.9%).

In general, school population is approximately balanced by gender, for all educational levels. In pre-university education, female population is about the same as the male population, the weight of girls exceeding 49%. In tertiary education, however, the situation is different. For example, in the 2015/2016 academic year, 53.3% of the students enrolled in Bachelor programmes, respectively 55.9% of those enrolled in Master’s degrees, postgraduate and doctoral courses were women.

3) Students enrolled in Master’s degree, doctoral, postgraduateand post-doctoral programmes included.

Fig.4.1 School population by level of education (thousand persons)

Source: NIS, Education statistics

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2008

-200

9

201

0-20

11

201

2-20

13

2013

-201

4

2014

-201

5

2015

-201

6

TotalPre-primaryPre-universityTertiary (Bachelor Degree programmes)


4


Enrolment rates

In the 2014/2015 school year, the net enrolment rate was 63.7%.4) The indicator registered a higher value for girls (65.8%), compared with that of boys (61.7%). The provisional data for the school year 2015/2016 show a decrease in the net enrolment rate down to 62.5% (64.3% for girls and 60.7% for boys). The most obvious disparities in education are among the development regions and the areas of residence. Although Bucharest Municipality is characterised by the highest net enrolment rate in Romania (90.8% in the school year 2014/2015), it also registers the highest gender disparity in the net enrolment rate (9.9 percentage points in favour of girls).

4) As of the 2014/2015 school year, this indicator also includesthe number of children in crèches (early childhood education).

The lowest net enrolment rate is to be found in Ilfov county, for both sexes (38.9% for girls, 40.2% for boys) and in the rural areas of Cluj county (34.2%). The gross enrolment rate was 73.7% in the 2014/2015 school year. This indicator also registered different values by gender (75.5% for girls and 72.1% for boys).

Fig.4.2 Net enrolment rate by education level, in the school year 2014/2015 (%)

82.1

2.8

83.1

85.4

73.7

40.4

63.7

0 20 40 60 80 100

Early childhood (0 - 2 years)

Pre-primary (3 - 5 years)

Primary (6 - 10 years)

Lower secondary (11 - 14 years)

Upper secondary and vocational (15 - 18 years)

Post-secondary and tertiary

(19 - 23 years)

Total (0 - 23 years)

%



4


School dropout

Another relevant indicator in relation to the participation in education, or more correctly, which reflects the non-participation, is the school dropout rate. In Romania, dropping out of school is much more common for boys than for girls. In the 2014/2015 school year, the school dropout rate recorded a higher value for the male school population, both in primary and lower secondary education, but also in upper secondary education (high-school and vocational education), as well as in post-secondary education.

4.2 Gender differences in terms of success in education

In recent years, the educational system in Romania faced an unfavourable phenomenon: the decrease in the rate of success in the Baccalaureate examination. At individual level, the phenomenon has a strong influence on students already in this situation, but it is also transmitted across the society and the national economy through the impact it has on the labour market. In the 2014/2015 school year, only 58% of all students who have graduated the final grades of upper secondary school (grades XII and XIII) in that year failed to obtain theBaccalaureate diploma. Situation is different by gender; namely, the success rate in the

Baccalaureate examination is higher for girls (65.9%), as compared to boys (49.6%). The low success rate is also influenced by the fact that a large number of students graduating upper secondary school did not participate in the Baccalaureate exam in the year of graduation. For the 2014/2015 school year graduates, the share of students who obtained the Baccalaureate diploma in the total of those who attended the exam was 72.1%. As for vocational and post-secondary education success rates, they recorded high values (93.8% and 89.9%, respectively); greater differences by gender were registered only in post-secondary education (5.1 percentage points in favour of girls). In tertiary education, almost all Bachelor’s degree programmes graduates obtain the diploma. In the 2014/2015 academic year, the success rate in tertiary education for the Bachelor’s degree programmes was 98.1%.

Tab.4.1 Dropout rate, by level of education and gender, in the 2014/2015 school yearp) (%)

Total Male Female Primary and lower secondary

2.0 2.1 1.8

- Primary 1.8 2.0 1.6 - Lower secondary 2.1 2.4 1.9 Upper secondary and vocational

3.5 4.2 2.8

Post-secondary 10.7 12.4 9.8



Tab.4.2 Number of students who participated in the Baccalaureate examinationand succeeded to obtain the Baccalaureate diploma, by gender, in the academic year 2014/2015

Participants Degree Graduates

Total Current year

graduates Total

Current year graduates

Sector

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleTotal 82941 94050 69297 83415 50295 68018 45720 64391Theoretical track 36807 53180 33013 49734 29282 45402 27773 43903Technological track 38772 34309 29866 27540 15933 17151 13354 15221Vocational track 7362 6561 6418 6141 5080 5465 4593 5267



4


Girls’ disposition to continue the studies programmes of the national educational system is also present in tertiary education. 57.7% of the total number of students completing Bachelor’s degree study programmes in the 2014/2015 academic year are females. The situation by gender is the same also by ownership of the tertiary education institutions; as such, girls represent 58.3% of public institutions’ Bachelor’s degree graduates, and, 55.1% of the private units’ Bachelor’s degree graduates. In the case of Master’s degree and post-graduate studies, male graduates are fewer than girls, which are by 20.0% more. As for the doctoral and post-doctoral programmes, the situation is more balanced by gender (52.2% of the graduates are women).

4.3 Academic staff

In Romania, as in almost all European countries, the profession of teacher in pre-university education is mostly held by women (76.5%). As the level of education increases, the share of female teachers decreases. Thus, in early childhood and pre-school education, the share of women was 99.6% in the 2015/2016 school year, 79.3% in primary and lower secondary education, and 70.4% for upper secondary education Tertiary education shows a right balance by gender in terms of teaching staff (50%). In the academic year 2014/2015, the management positions in pre-university education are occupied to a high extent by women (63.7%). The share of women in the total teaching staff of tertiary education decreases with the advancement in rank in the academic career. Although this aspect can be partly explained by the fact that, in many cases, women do not choose academic careers, the “barrier” raised against women’s advancement is also the partial result of the

dominant male culture which has been perpetuated in the academic world. Tertiary education in our country is managed mostly by men. Of the total management teaching staff in tertiary education, only 38.7% were women in the 2015/2016 academic year.

4.4 Structural indicators of population’s education level

Population’s education level is an important factor for the country’s economic and social development, a link that has already been confirmed by the economic situation in different European countries. Although a strong development of the tertiary education system was registered in recent years, contributing to significant increases in the share of people with tertiary educational attainment in total population, this was not sufficient for Romania to leave the last place it was occupying among the EU Member States. In 2015, in our country, 17.2% of people aged between 25 and 64 had graduated tertiary

Fig.4.3 Share of female teaching staff by level of education, in the academic year 2015/2016 (%)

99.6

79.3

70.4

62.0

50.0

78.3

76.9

0 20 40 60 80 100

Total

Tertiary education

Post -secondaryeducation

Vocationaleducation

Upper secondaryeducation

Primary and lowersecondary education

Early childhood and pre-primary

%

Source: NIS, Statistics education


4


education, at great distance from the EU average (30.1%). Therefore, Romania remains a country with a population who had mostly attained an upper secondary level of education. The situation is becoming more unfavourable, as in recent years the number of students was halved (in the academic year 2014/2015, the number of students was 45.3% of the level for 2007/2008). From the point of view of gender gaps, there are differences between male and female adult population (aged 25-64) with regard to the structure by level of education, especially for the lower levels. While men who have successfully completed secondary education record a higher share than women (61.2%, compared to 54.5%), in the case of persons who have at most attained a lower secondary level of education, women record a higher frequency. Based on data derived from the Household Labour Force Survey, a number of other indicators are calculated, reflecting population’s level of education. For example, the rate of early school leavers (aged 18-24) was 19.1% in 2015, slightly increasing as compared to the values recorded during the last three years. With regard to school dropout, young female population is less affected than males (18.5%, compared to 19.5%). In 2015, another indicator, namely the level of education for people aged 20-24, was 79.7%, but in recent years it shows a declining trend. Indicator’s values differ by gender; young women (aged 20-24) are placed on a favourable position (80.2%), as compared to young men (79.3%).

Fig.4.4 Structure of adults (aged 25-64) by level of education and gender, in 2015 (%)

Note: Education level: -low: lower secondary, primary, no graduated studies; -secondary: upper secondary, step I, vocational, specialised post-secondary or foremen technical education; -tertiary: short and long cycle university studies, including Master’s degree, doctorate, post-doctoral and postgraduate studies.

Source: NIS, Household Labour Force Survey (AMIGO)

Fig.4.5 Level of education of young people aged 20-24, by gender (%)

77

78

79

80

81

82

2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

% Men WomenTotal


Women

Tertiary

Men

Secondary

22.4 Low17.9 27.6

54.5

61.2

16.4

Labour force

Gender gaps in employment and unemployment

Underemployment and potential additional labour force

NEET - young people neither in employment nor in education or training

5

Labour force

Gender gaps in employment and unemployment

Underemployment and potential additional labour force


5

Labour force

5


The main employment target of the Europe 2020 Strategy requires that 75% of the population aged between 20 and 64 years old should be employed by 2020. For Romania, the target is 70%. Since the average employment rate among women is lower than that of men, that objective can be achieved only if all Member States endeavour themselves to increase women’s participation in the labour market. The gender gap between employment rates is explained by the fact that women are often in the situation of choosing between developing a professional career or committing themselves - for a certain period of time - to families and children. The existence of child care, of more flexible employment contracts, but also the reduction of suborn gender stereotypes in terms of getting the right balance in housekeeping activities, could lead to an increase in employment among women.

5.1 Gender gaps in employment and unemployment

In Romania, although the structure by gender of the population aged 15 years and over is characterised by a slight prevalence of women (1065 women per 1000 men), the gender gap on the participation in the labour market is high, in favour of men.

Employment

In 2015, at the EU-28 level, the employment rate for people aged 20-64 years was 70.0% (75.8% for men and 64.2% for women). For men, the lowest employment rate was recorded in Greece (64.0%) and the highest in the Czech Republic (83.0%). For women, the employment rate was ranging between 46.0% (Greece) and 78.3% (Sweden).

In Romania, in 2015, the employment rate of people aged 20-64 was 66.0%, with a higher value for the male employed persons (74.7%, compared to 57.2% for female employed persons). In the total population aged 15 years and over, 54.5% made up the economically active population (employed and unemployed persons), the rest being economically inactive persons. In 2015, the employment amounted to 8535 thousand persons, while the employment rate for the population aged between 15 and 64 years was 61.4%. Out of the total employed population, 43.2% were women. The employment rate for men (15-64 years) was 69.5%, with 16.3 percentage points higher than that for women. The highest employment rate was recorded for men in the age group 35-44 years (88.7%). The employment rate of persons belonging to the age group 55-64 years was 41.1% and was higher for men (51.2%, compared to 32.1% for women). Employment among young people (15-24 years) is much lower compared to the share of the working age population (15-64 years) and gender disparities are more blurred. For example, employment rates for the age group 15-24 years have been in 2015 of 29.4% for men and 19.3% for women.

Fig.5.1 Employment rate of population aged 15-64 years, by gender (%)

69.568.7

67.667.667.9

70.9

53.253.352.652.852.5

54.3

50

55

60

65

70

75

2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

% Men Women


Labour force

5


In 2015, the distribution of employment by employment status shows that the share of employees (71.0%) was the highest in the total employed population (43.9% were women). Women remain the main persons with precarious professional status. For example, unpaid family workers accounted for 9.6% of the employed population, but women prevail (67.4% of all unpaid family workers). The largest gender gap is found among employers, the number of women in this category being 2.9 times lower than that of men. In our country, as in most EU Member States, there are occupations specific to women and men. Women are working, in general, in economic sectors and occupations where jobs are compatible with their family responsibilities. Among the activities of the national economy where women dominate the labour market the following are worth mentioning: health and social assistance (79.0%), education (75.8%), financial intermediation (65.1%), hotels and restaurants (59.9%), professional activities (55.7%) and trade (54.7%). Among the persons who worked, in 2015, in the agricultural sectors (25.6% of total

employment), 43.2% were women. In the non-agricultural sectors, women accounted for 43.2% as well. The distribution of the employed population by groups of occupations highlights that, in 2015, larger shares in the total employed persons were recorded for women working as administrative clerks (62.1%), workers in services (60.6%) or specialists in various fields of activity (56.2%). It should be noted that, in the group of members of the legislative body, of the executives of the senior managers in public administration and the leaders and senior officials, the number of men was 2.2 times higher than that of women.

Fig.5.2 Distribution of the economically active population aged 15 years and over, by gender and age group, in 2015 (thousand persons)

Men

0 400 800 1200 1600

15-24 years

25-34 years

35-44 years

45-54 years

55-64 years

65 years andover

Employed persons Women

040080012001600

15-24 years

25-34 years

35-44 years

45-54 years

55-64 years

65 years andover


Unemployed

Labour force

5


Unemployment

The EU-28 unemployment rate was 9.4% in 2015 (9.3% for men and 9.5% for women). For men, the unemployment rate ranged between 4.2% in the Czech Republic and 21.8% in Greece. For women, the lowest unemployment rate was recorded in Germany (4.2%) and the highest in Greece (28.9%). In Romania the unemployment rate in 2015 was 6.8% (7.5% for men, 5.8% for women). In the case of young people (15-24 years), the unemployment rate was 21.7%, being however higher for women (23.4%). The number of ILO1) unemployed, in 2015, was 624 thousand people, decreasing by 5 thousand compared to the previous year. Gender distribution of unemployed persons shows that men prevail in total unemployment (63.3%). The weight of young unemployed in total young people was, in 2015, of 6.8%. The level of this indicator has been higher for men (7.6%, compared to 5.9% for women). Education plays an important role in acquiring the knowledge necessary to facilitate the insertion in the labour market, to find a decent job, properly remunerated and better working conditions. A higher level of education ensures higher qualification and/or specialisation and, therefore, more stable jobs, less exposed to the risk of unemployment. In 2015, the highest shares in total unemployment were held by unemployed persons with secondary education (42.6%), while the graduates of tertiary education held a share of 11.8%. In total unemployment with tertiary education, women accounted for 53.7%. The highest unemployment rate was recorded for male, with low level of education (9.6%) and the lowest (3.9%) for male with a higher level of education.

1) According to the criteria of the International Labour Office.

The gender gap in the unemployment rate (expressed as the difference between the employment rate for men and the employment rate for women) reveals that the unemployment rate for men was higher than for women in all the eight development regions. The biggest differences between the two rates (men to women) were recorded in the regions South-West Oltenia (5.8 percentage points) and Bucharest-Ilfov (2.0 percentage points), while the lowest in North

Fig.5.3 Unemployment rate (15-24 years), by gender (%)

15

17

19

21

23

25

2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

% Men WomenTotal


Tab.5.1 Unemployment rate by level of education and gender, in 2015 (%)

Total Men Women Total 6.8 7.5 5.8Tertiary (university short and long cycle, including the master’s degree, doctorate, post-doctoral and postgraduate studies)

4.1 3.9 4.4

Secondary (specialised post-secondary, high-school and vocational, complementary or apprenticeship education)

7.2 7.8 6.4

Low (gymnasium, primary and without school)

8.1 9.6 6.1


Labour force

5


West (0.3 percentage points) and the North-East and West (both with 0.6 percentage points). Long-term unemployment rate (the weight of people in unemployment for 12 months and over in the economically active population) was 3.0%. By gender, this indicator recorded values of 3.3% for men and 2.6% for women.

5.2 Underemployment and potential additional labour force

In the broad sense, underemployment means the non-full use of the available labour resources. In a narrower sense, underemployment comprises persons who are employed but work fewer hours than the average duration of the working week, or are not using their full skills, education and professional experience in relation to the current job; furthermore, they do not have the ability to change jobs, in occupations requiring a higher level of education and vocational training. According to the Eurostat definition2), underemployment covers people working part-time who are willing and are available to work more hours than they currently do. Romania is a country with a high potential for working time, which, however, is not fully used. Thus, in 2015, 268 thousand persons were considered as underemployed. This group accounted for 2.9% of the economically active population, respectively 3.1% of the employed population. Out of total underemployed persons, 67.0% were men and 52.0% were aged between 25 and 44 years. More than half (54.6%) of the underemployed persons had low level of education and other 44.2% had secondary level of education.

2) Underemployed part-time workers,http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Underemployment_and_potential_additional_labour_force_statistics

The majority of those employed part-time who are willing and are available to work more hours than at present are working in agriculture (80.5%). The incidence of underemployment (the share of underemployed persons in total employment of the same category) had a higher value in agriculture, forestry and fishing (9.9%) and in construction (3.5%). In the year 2015, there were underemployed 12.8% of the unpaid family workers, 9.5% of the self-employed workers and only 0.2% of the employees.

Fig.5.4 Distribution of underemployed persons, by gender and age group, in 2015 (%)

66.5

64.3

62.4

65.4

66.9

75.0

82.0

33.5

35.7

37.6

34.6

33.1

25.0

18.0

69.4

69.0

69.0

68.6

31.0

30.6

31.4

31.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

Men Women


Labour force

5


A distinct category of persons, who currently are among the economically inactive people, is the so-called potential additional labour force, representing “inactive persons seeking for a job but not available to start work” and “inactive people not seeking for a job but available to start work”. Potential additional labour force accounted for 361 thousand persons, in 2015. Out of them, 55.0% were women. It is noted that women prevail, in particular, between the ages of 35-49 years, when their employment potential is high.

In the total potential additional labour force, 357 thousand persons were available to work but were not seeking for a job. Only an insignificant number of individuals, who were members of the potential additional labour force, although seeking for a job, were not available to start work. More than half (50.7%) of the persons who make up the potential additional labour force had secondary educational attainment, and other 43.7% had low level of education.

Fig.5.5 Distribution of potential additional labour force by gender and age group, in 2015 (%)

36.4

35.6

36.5

47.9

48.9

65.8

75.1

63.6

64.4

63.5

52.1

51.1

34.2

24.9

51.1

62.3

41.0

43.4

37.7

48.9

56.6

59.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

Men Women


Labour force

5


5.3 NEET - young people neither in employment nor in education or training

A major concern in respect to employment at the European community level is represented by young people aged between 15 and 24, who are neither in employment nor in education and training, a concept known as the abbreviation of the English language, NEET. This population segment is a specific category of economically inactive persons. NEET rate indicates difficulties in the transition from the educational system to the labour market and problems related to employment for young people, not enrolled in the educational system.

In 2015, almost 12.0% of the people aged between 15 and 24 years in the European Union were not enrolled in any form of education and training and were not employed on the labour market (12.3% of women and 11.8% of men). The situation is critical for some states, such as Italy, Bulgaria and Croatia, where the NEET rate is well higher than the EU average. In Romania, in 2015, 18.1% of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 years were neither in employment nor in education or training. The NEET rate is higher for women (21.4% against 15.0% for men). At territorial level, the rate of young people neither in employment nor in education and training showed wide variations between development regions. In 2015, the highest value of the indicator was recorded in the Centre region (28.2%), followed by the South-East (25.4%) and the South-Muntenia (23.5%) regions. At the other end of the scale are the regions North-East (10.4%), Bucharest-Ilfov (12.6%) and West (12.7%).

Tab.5.2 Rate of young people aged 15-34 years neither in employment nor in education or training, by gender, in 2015 (%)

Total Men Women Total persons aged 15-34 years

21.1 15.2 27.4

15-24 years 18.1 15.0 21.4 15-19 years 12.0 10.8 13.2 20-24 years 24.1 19.0 29.5 25-29 years 25.3 17.7 33.6 30-34 years 21.6 13.0 30.8


Fig.5.6 Differences between women and men of NEET rates in the EU Member States, in 2015 (p.p.)


under -2.0 p.p.

-2.0 - 0.0 p.p.

0.1 - 2.0 p.p.

over 2.0 p.p.

Income

Earnings - equal pay for equal work?

Pensions - same job, same pension?

Household income

6

Income

Earnings - equal pay for equal work?

Pensions - same job, same pension?

Household income

6

Income

6 6


Gender equality cannot be achieved without equality at income level. Differences in income, in particular the income from employment, primarily affect women, based on complex and interlinked causes, as women traditionally work in less remunerated economic activities. Even in those sectors dominated by women, they are poorly represented in leadership positions, in particular at the top level. These situations have a negative impact on the chances in professional career, vocational training opportunities and pension and other social insurance rights. The principle of equal pay for same work or for work to which equal value is attributed was incorporated into the European Commission Directive 54/2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation. The European Commission has published in 2014 a recommendation proposing measures for the Member States to facilitate wage transparency in companies. In Romania, it is not possible to speak of discrimination on grounds of sex in any field of economic activity, the causes of gender disparities in earnings being of indirect nature. For example, women’s skills and competences are often undervalued, especially in occupations where they are in the majority. There are also situations in which women’s earnings are affected by various factors that reduce the capacity of their remuneration or limit the access to complementary means of rewarding work. For example, the working time of women is lower, on average, than that of men. Among the main causes of the reduction of the economic activity of women, maternity or parental leaves up to 2 years are the most frequent. On the other hand, men work more than the standard working week, making use of flexible working hours or overtime.1) Out of

1) In 2015, 39.8 hours per week, according to Household LabourForce Survey (AMIGO).

total employment, which has worked more than the standard working week, 64.5% were males.

6.1 Earnings - equal pay for equal work?

In 2015, in our country, the average monthly gross earnings was 2555 RON and the net one 1859 RON, having an upward evolution for the 2008-2015 period, both for women and men. The gender pay gap related to the average monthly gross and net earnings remains in men’s favour. In 2015, men had an higher average monthly gross earnings than that of women, with 193 RON and a net one with 145 RON.

Fig.6.1 Average monthly gross and net earnings, by gender (RON/person)

Gross

2412

2646

1814

2163

2453

2234

1948

1700

0 900 1800 2700

2008

2012

2014

2015

Men Women

Net

1761

1928

1348

1581

1783

1627

1424

1264

0 900 1800 2700

2008

2012

2014

2015

Source: NIS, Labour cost survey

Income

6


In Romania, there are gender pay gaps, by activities of the national economy, due to the different level of qualification, the hierarchical position at work or the exercised occupation. As a general rule, for most activities of the national economy, gender gaps in earnings (gross and net) are in men’s favour. The data show that women employed in certain economic activities, considered “men’s only” earned more than men, but the share of women employed in these activities is low. For example, in construction, men’s gross monthly

average earnings was with 404 RON lower than that of women, while for the net one, with 289 RON/month. In the administrative and support service activities, women earned on average a gross salary with 399 RON higher than the one of men, while the pay gap by net was of 284 RON. Another example is in mining and quarrying, where women earned on average a monthly gross earnings with 337 RON higher than the one of men, and their net earnings were with 234 RON/month higher.

Fig.6.2 Average monthly gross and net earnings, by activities of national economy and gender, in 2015 (RON)

A Agriculture, forestry and fishing K Financial and insurance activities B Mining and quarrying L Real estate activities C Manufacturing M Professional, scientific and technical activities D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply N Administrative and support service activities

E Water supply; sewerage, waste management andremediation activities O Public administration *

F Construction P Education

G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehiclesand motorcycles Q Human health and social work activities

H Transportation and storage R Arts, entertainment and recreation I Accommodation and food service activities S Other service activities J Information and communication

Source: NIS, Labour cost survey * except armed forces and related.

01000200030004000500060007000

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

TOTAL

Women

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

TOTAL

Men Gross Net

Income

6 6


However, there are also huge pay gaps in men’s favour. For example, in financial and insurance activities, women had a gross average monthly earnings with 1994 RON lower than that of men, and with 1475 RON for net. Another aspect of the earnings pattern for the labour market in our country is that women earns less than men in almost all the major group of occupations. By gender, in 2014, the biggest gaps in terms of average annual gross earnings are recorded for professionals - MG2, the pay gap in 2014 being higher (7417 RON/year).2) In 2010, the occupations in which women earned, annually, on average, more than men (with 2374 RON/year) were those from major group 1 (managers). In 2014, men also had a higher annual gross earnings compared with the one of women in almost all occupations (except for the major group 9, where the pay gap was with 57 RON/year in women’s favour). The gender gaps for the average gross annual earnings increase for the upper age groups. For example, in the case of qualified workers, the average gross annual earnings made by men in age group 55-64 years was with 6001 RON higher than those achieved by women in the same age group. Nevertheless, the largest gender pay gap was recorded for age group 25-54 years for professionals (MG2).

2) Achieved in enterprises with 10 employees and more.

Fig.6.3 Gender pay gap in the annual average gross earnings, by major group of occupations*), in 2010 and 2014 (RON/year)

-4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000

MG1

MG2

MG3

MG4

MG5

MG6

MG7

MG8

MG9

2010 2014

MG 1: Managers MG 2: Professionals MG 3: Technicians and associate professionals MG 4: Clerical support workers MG 5: Service and sales workers MG 6: Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery

workers MG 7: Craft and related trades workers MG 8: Plant and machine operators and

assemblers MG 9: Elementary occupations

*) Major groups according to the Classification of Occupations in Romania (COR 2008)

Source: NIS, Structure of earnings survey in 2010 and 2014

Income

6


The annual average gross earnings is in a direct proportional relation with the employees level of education but, regardless of their educational training, men earns on average more than women, and the gender pay gaps deepens as the level of education becomes higher. In 2014, women who have completed post-graduate programmes, in-depth studies, have a doctoral degree or post-doctoral studies earned on average 19.1% less than men.

Fig.6.4 Annual average gross earnings, by gender and education level, in 2014 (RON/year)

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Without any education

Pr imary (primary-school)

Lower secondary (gymnasium)

Upper secondary - high-school

Upper secondary - vocational (vocational, complementary or apprentice education)

Post secondary (post-high school, foremen)

Short-cycle tertiar y (colleges)

Bachelor or equivalent (university studies 4 years duration, Bologna degree 3-4 years duration)

Master or equivalent (university studies 5 -6 years duration, master, Bologna master)

Doctoral or equivalent (post-university studies, doctorate degree and post-doctoral programmes)

Men Women

Source: NIS, Structure of earnings survey in 2014

Income

6 6


6.2 Pensions - same job, same pension?

The most important form of income for persons over 65 years of age is the old-age pension. The impact of the gender pay gap throughout working life propagated over time, with consequences for the greater risk of poverty faced by women in the older age. Women’s average pension level in 2015 was less than the average pension of men, for all categories of pension scheme. The category of old-age pension has registered the largest gap between the amounts of pension for women and men (RON 465), the smallest gap occurring for the category of disability pension (RON 107). The gender gap in old-age pension follows an upward trend, in 2015 being 1.6 times higher than the level recorded in 2008.

6.3 Household income

An analysis of household income level is particularly important, as it provides information on the level of socio-economic development of the country, as well as the population living standard. In our country, the gap between the income of households headed by women and those headed by men was and still remains high. In 2015, the average monthly income of Romanian households amounted to RON 2686.8, their level in households headed by men being 1.6 times higher than that for households in which women are the representatives. The largest share of household income is monetary income, for both sexes (87.8% for men, 88.2% for women), but for this category of income as well there are major disparities between women and men. The monthly average income obtained in the households headed by women was 64.2% of that recorded in households headed by men.

Fig.6.6 Gender gap in old-age pension (RON)

465450

434430

353

287

200

300

400

500

2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: NIS, Statistical survey on pensions

Fig.6.5 Average monthly social insurance pension, by pension category and gender, in 2015 (RON)

1154

1276

632

691

811

1028

582

525

0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Old-age

Early

Partially early

Invalidity

Men Women


Income

6


An important share of household income in Romania is held by the income in kind (12.1%), which are mainly revenues resulting from the equivalent value of agri-food products from own resources (88.7%). In the case of income in kind, there are no big differences between households headed by men (12.2%) and those headed by women (11.8%). In 2015, the income from social benefits have been, on average, lower for women (with RON 18 per month), although the main component is represented by pensions (89.7%), which are higher in households headed by women (with RON 13,3 per month). A small part of the amounts available for consumption, at the level of households in Romania, is for borrowings, loans taken and amounts withdrawn from banks and other similar institutions. In general, households headed by men rely

more on debt. In 2015, the ratio of the average level of loans for households headed by the two groups of the population (male/female) was 1.3.

Fig.6.7 Structure of total population income by category of households, in 2015 (%)

Source: NIS, Family budget survey

Tab.6.1 Income and other financial resources, for households headed by men and women, in 2015 (monthly averages per household, RON)

Men Women TOTAL INCOME (A + B) 2986.8 1910.0A. Monetary income 2623.7 1684.6Gross wages and salaries 1729.7 888.3Income from agriculture 93.7 34.3Income from independent non-agricultural activity 76.3 37.2Income from social benefits 647.2 629.2Property income 4.4 1.9Income from the sale of assets of the household patrimony 33.6 24.2Other income 38.8 69.5B. Income in kind 363.1 225.5Equivalent value of income in kind obtained by employees and recipients of social benefits 39.9 28.9Equivalent value of the consumption of agri-food products from own resources 323.3 196.6


Fig.6.8 Loans, credits taken, amounts withdrawn by households from banks and similar institutions, by gender, in 2015 (RON monthly per household)

12.4

10.4

8.58.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Amounts withdrawn frombanks and s imilar

institutions

Loans and credits taken

Men Women


Other income

Men

Income in kind

Income fromsocial benefits

Income from independent

non-agricultural activity Income from

agriculture

Gross wages and other salary

57.9 rights

2.6

12.2

21.7

2.53.1

46.5

5.011.8

32.9

2.01.8

Women

Annexes

A


A1. People structure by computer use, by gender

-% in total persons aged 16-74 years- out of whom, by the period of

computer use1): Year

Persons who never used a

computer

Persons who use or have ever used a computer

during the last 3

months

3 months - 1 year ago

more than 1 year ago

2008 59.6 40.4 89.0 7.5 3.52012 43.4 56.6 85.4 8.6 6.0

TOTAL

2013 39.7 60.3 85.6 8.9 5.52014 36.8 63.2 87.7 6.9 5.42015 29.9 70.1 81.7 8.7 9.62008 57.4 42.6 89.2 7.7 3.12012 41.9 58.1 86.1 8.5 5.4

Male

2013 38.2 61.8 86.3 8.9 4.82014 34.7 65.3 88.0 7.3 4.72015 27.9 72.1 83.1 8.5 8.42008 61.7 38.3 88.8 7.3 3.92012 44.8 55.2 84.6 8.7 6.7

Female

2013 41.2 58.8 85.0 9.0 6.02014 38.9 61.1 87.4 6.6 6.0 2015 31.8 68.2 80.3 8.9 10.8

1) Previous to data recording period.Note: Beginning with 2014, data were estimated based on usual resident population on January 1st and are

not comparable with data series published for previous periods.


A2. Share of persons who used a computer during the last 3 months1), by status in employment, age group and gender

-% in total persons aged 16-74 years, males or females, in each category-2008 2012 2013 2014 2015

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

TOTAL 89.2 88.8 86.1 84.6 86.3 85.0 88.0 87.4 83.1 80.3

Status in employment Employee 89.0 90.4 87.9 89.7 89.1 91.5 90.7 92.9 85.8 85.4Employer 96.2 93.4 97.2 97.8 92.0 100.0 98.4 96.0 96.0 92.0Self-employed 72.7 66.5 75.9 70.2 74.7 65.6 72.3 67.0 70.5 65.7 Unemployed 80.9 70.6 82.9 82.8 81.8 85.7 86.3 92.0 86.6 90.9Pensioner 68.2 58.4 52.8 48.4 63.7 72.6 71.6 66.8 60.3 52.8Pupil, student 98.0 97.6 98.7 98.9 98.5 99.5 98.2 98.4 97.9 98.6Other inactive person 75.2 77.9 91.4 75.8 73.8 73.4 82.2 79.3 80.3 73.6

Age group 16-24 years 93.2 93.5 93.9 94.4 93.6 94.8 93.0 93.3 94.8 84.925-34 years 87.5 87.4 89.0 86.6 88.6 88.0 89.9 91.8 89.0 85.035-44 years 88.6 87.8 85.9 88.6 86.9 86.7 89.8 89.6 84.7 81.745-54 years 88.5 89.0 83.7 80.2 81.9 83.0 86.4 86.7 76.1 77.255-64 years 84.3 71.9 70.4 62.6 74.6 67.8 78.2 71.3 68.8 65.065-74 years 33.3 50.0 37.5 39.8 65.5 45.6 63.6 63.3 57.9 44.5

1) Previous to data recording period.Note: Beginning with 2014, data were estimated based on usual resident population on January 1st and are



Annexes

A


A3. People structure by Internet use, by gender

-% in total persons aged 16-74 years- out of whom, by the period of Internet

use1):

Year

Persons who never used a

computer

Persons who use or have ever used a computer

during the last 3

months

3 months - 1 year ago

more than 1 year ago

2008 65.9 34.1 85.8 11.1 3.12012 47.3 52.7 87.8 7.5 4.72013 42.1 57.9 86.4 8.8 4.82014 38.4 61.6 88.1 7.5 4.4

TOTAL

2015 31.5 68.5 81.7 8.7 9.62008 64.0 36.0 86.1 10.9 3.02012 45.6 54.4 88.2 7.5 4.32013 40.3 59.7 87.0 8.5 4.52014 36.2 63.8 88.7 7.5 3.8

Male

2015 29.4 70.6 83.0 8.5 8.52008 67.8 32.2 85.6 11.3 3.12012 49.0 51.0 87.4 7.5 5.12013 43.8 56.2 85.9 9.0 5.12014 40.6 59.4 87.4 7.6 5.0

Female

2015 33.7 66.3 80.5 8.8 10.71) Previous to data recording period. Note: Beginning with 2014, data were estimated based on usual resident population on January 1st and are



A4. Share of persons who used the Internet during the last 3 months1), by status in employment, age group and gender

-% in total persons aged 16-74 years, males or females, in each category-

2008 2012 2013 2014 2015

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

TOTAL 86.1 85.6 88.2 87.4 87.0 85.9 88.7 87.4 83.0 80.5

Status in employment Employee 86.1 87.7 88.4 90.1 89.1 90.5 90.1 91.7 85.6 84.6Employer 92.2 79.1 97.2 100.0 91.9 100.0 98.4 96.0 92.1 91.8Self-employed 66.1 57.2 79.8 73.1 74.9 70.2 76.4 70.6 70.7 66.2Unemployed 72.3 61.2 86.8 86.4 81.5 88.2 87.0 85.2 85.7 89.3Pensioner 55.1 48.1 65.1 61.1 68.4 62.3 76.8 70.6 61.1 55.6Pupil, student 94.4 94.0 98.3 98.7 98.2 99.3 98.9 97.9 97.5 98.1Other inactive person 58.4 65.5 89.4 78.8 78.0 72.8 79.2 80.2 74.5 73.7

Age group 16-24 years 89.4 89.6 93.6 95.3 92.3 94.6 93.5 91.6 94.4 94.725-34 years 85.4 85.3 89.8 87.2 89.0 88.0 90.7 91.7 89.0 84.835-44 years 86.7 83.5 87.0 87.7 87.3 86.7 90.1 88.7 83.9 81.445-54 years 84.0 85.7 86.1 85.2 82.4 82.6 85.2 86.1 74.8 75.355-64 years 76.0 63.7 77.6 72.2 78.8 72.5 80.3 75.8 69.7 66.865-74 years 32.3 56.5 52.5 57.8 68.5 52.1 70.7 64.2 58.7 47.3

1) Previous to data recording period. Note: Beginning with 2014, data were estimated based on usual resident population on January 1st and are



Annexes

A


A5. Usually resident population on January 1st, by gender and residence area

Total Male Female Urban Rural2008 20635460 10049194 10586266 11194399 94410612009 20440290 9951873 10488417 11011171 94291192010 20294683 9880409 10414274 10942040 93526432011 20199059 9832949 10366110 10902302 92967572012 20095996 9777107 10318889 10853728 92422682013 20020074 9761480 10258594 10790541 92295332014r) 19953089 9748979 10204110 10752617 92004722015 19870647 9707074 10163573 10699039 9171608

2016p) 19759968 9652657 10107311 10633572 9126396r) Revised data; p) Provisional data.


A6. Masculinity ratio of elderly usually resident population

-men to 100 women-

65-69 years 70-74 years 75-79 years 80-84 years 85 years and

over 2008 79.1 71.2 65.0 57.8 49.72012 79.0 70.0 64.0 58.3 49.42013 79.5 70.2 63.5 58.3 50.12014r) 79.6 70.7 62.9 58.2 50.52015 79.8 71.3 62.5 57.7 50.9

2016p) 79.8 71.4 62.3 57.5 51.0r) Revised data; p) Provisional data.


A7. Life expectancy at birth, by gender

-years- Total Male Female

2008 73.47 69.99 77.052010 73.90 70.27 77.642012 74.69 71.24 78.202013r) 75.15 71.73 78.602014 75.44 72.00 78.91

2015p) 75.41 71.96 78.91r) Revised data; p) Provisional data.

Note: Life expectancy at birth was calculated based on permanent resident population and on deceased persons with either usual or permanent residence in Romania.


Annexes

A


A8. Healthy life years at birth in the European Union (EU-28) and in Romania

-years-

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 EU-28

Male : : 61.8 61.7 61.5 61.4 61.4 Female : : 62.6 62.1 62.1 61.5 61.8

Romania Male 60.0 59.8 57.3 57.4 57.6 58.6 59.0 Female 62.9 61.7 57.5 57.0 57.7 57.9 59.0

: Data not available.


A9. Healthy life years at 65 years in the European Union (EU-28) and in Romania

-years-

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 EU-28

Male : : 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.6 Female : : 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6

Romania Male 7.9 7.2 5.9 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.9 Female 8.0 7.1 5.1 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.7

: Data not available.


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A10. Usual resident population by self-perceived health status, by gender and age group

Persons by self-perceived health status (%): Gender Age group

Total persons Very good Good Fair Bad Very bad

TOTAL 19904887 40.2 36.4 17.2 5.0 1.2 0-14 years 3069095 81.6 16.6 1.1 0.3 0.415-24 years 2248207 77.6 20.6 1.2 0.4 0.225-34 years 2762440 58.6 37.5 2.6 1.2 0.135-44 years 3118938 41.4 50.9 5.9 1.3 0.545-54 years 2616610 22.3 59.7 14.0 3.1 0.955-64 years 2751979 7.7 49.3 34.3 7.4 1.365-74 years 1790868 2.0 29.6 54.0 11.6 2.875 years and over 1546750 1.2 13.0 53.7 26.4 5.7

MALE 9718518 44.2 36.7 14.5 3.8 0.8 0-14 years 1576641 80.9 16.7 1.7 0.4 0.415-24 years 1159113 81.2 17.4 1.2 0.1 0.125-34 years 1426032 62.0 34.3 2.1 1.5 0.135-44 years 1595125 44.4 48.5 4.9 1.8 0.345-54 years 1324201 25.5 59.5 11.9 2.5 0.755-64 years 1294067 9.1 53.1 30.1 6.2 1.465-74 years 771522 2.4 35.0 51.1 8.6 2.975 years and over 571817 1.4 16.5 55.0 22.8 4.3

FEMALE 10186369 36.5 36.1 19.8 6.1 1.5 0-14 years 1492454 82.3 16.5 0.5 0.3 0.415-24 years 1089094 73.8 24.0 1.3 0.7 0.225-34 years 1336408 55.0 40.9 3.1 0.9 0.135-44 years 1523813 38.3 53.4 7.0 0.8 0.445-54 years 1292409 19.1 59.9 16.1 3.8 1.155-64 years 1457912 6.5 45.9 38.0 8.4 1.265-74 years 1019346 1.6 25.5 56.3 13.9 2.775 years and over 974933 1.1 11.0 52.9 28.4 6.6

Source: NIS, Health interview survey - publication ”Health Status of Romanian Population - 2015 edition”

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A11. Usual resident population aged 18 years and over by Body Mass Index, by gender and age group

Persons, by Body Mass Index (BMI) (%):

Obese Under-weight

Normal weight

Over-weight Of which, persons with BMI:

Gender Age group

Total persons

aged 18 years and over

Under 18,5

kg/m2

18,51-24,99 kg/m2

25,00-29,99 kg/m2

Total obese

persons 30.00-34.99

kg/m2 35.00-39.99

kg/m2 Over 40 kg/m2

Persons for whom BMI cannot be

computed1)

(%)

TOTAL 16158345 1.3 43.0 46.4 9.3 8.1 1.0 0.3 0.118-24 years 1570760 4.4 73.8 20.5 1.2 1.2 - - -25-34 years 2762440 2.4 58.5 34.3 4.7 4.5 0.2 - 0.135-44 years 3118938 0.6 45.1 47.2 7.1 6.0 0.6 0.5 -45-54 years 2616610 0.6 31.9 57.3 10.3 8.5 1.2 0.5 -55-64 years 2751979 0.8 28.3 56.0 14.8 12.8 1.8 0.3 0.165-74 years 1790868 0.3 28.5 55.2 15.9 13.2 2.3 0.4 0.175 years and over 1546750 0.8 41.2 46.5 11.3 10.3 0.9 0.2 0.1 MALE 7784342 0.7 36.2 54.1 9.0 7.9 0.8 0.3 *18-24 years 801578 2.5 69.9 26.2 1.4 1.4 - - -25-34 years 1426032 1.1 47.8 45.2 5.9 5.6 0.2 - 0.235-44 years 1595125 0.1 34.5 57.0 8.4 7.1 0.7 0.7 -45-54 years 1324201 0.4 23.1 66.9 9.6 8.3 1.1 0.3 -55-64 years 1294067 0.6 23.3 62.1 14.0 12.9 1.1 0.1 -65-74 years 771522 0.2 25.8 59.9 14.0 11.4 1.8 0.8 0.175 years and over 571817 0.8 38.3 51.3 9.5 8.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 FEMALE 8374003 1.9 49.2 39.2 9.7 8.2 1.2 0.3 0.118-24 years 769182 6.5 78.0 14.6 1.0 1.0 - - -25-34 years 1336408 3.8 69.9 22.8 3.5 3.4 0.1 - -35-44 years 1523813 1.1 56.2 37.0 5.8 4.9 0.6 0.2 -45-54 years 1292409 0.8 40.8 47.4 11.0 8.8 1.4 0.7 -55-64 years 1457912 1.0 32.7 50.6 15.6 12.7 2.4 0.5 0.265-74 years 1019346 0.3 30.6 51.6 17.4 14.5 2.7 0.2 0.175 years and over 974933 0.9 42.8 43.7 12.4 11.1 1.0 0.3 0.2

1) Persons who did not declared their height or weight.


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A12. Usual resident population by use of medicines prescribed by a physician during the last 2 weeks previous to the interview, by gender and age group

Gender Age group

Total persons

Persons who used medicines

prescribed by a physician (%)

Persons who did not use medicines prescribed by a

physician (%)

TOTAL 19904887 20.3 79.7 0-14 years 3069095 7.1 92.915-24 years 2248207 2.5 97.525-34 years 2762440 3.9 96.135-44 years 3118938 5.4 94.645-54 years 2616610 16.3 83.755-64 years 2751979 37.4 62.665-74 years 1790868 55.2 44.875 years and over 1546750 68.2 31.8

MALE 9718518 16.4 83.6 0-14 years 1576641 6.9 93.115-24 years 1159113 1.7 98.325-34 years 1426032 3.1 96.935-44 years 1595125 5.0 95.045-54 years 1324201 11.9 88.155-64 years 1294067 32.2 67.865-74 years 771522 51.2 48.875 years and over 571817 65.6 34.4

FEMALE 10186369 24.1 75.9 0-14 years 1492454 7.2 92.815-24 years 1089094 3.3 96.725-34 years 1336408 4.9 95.135-44 years 1523813 5.9 94.145-54 years 1292409 20.9 79.155-64 years 1457912 42.0 58.065-74 years 1019346 58.3 41.775 years and over 974933 69.6 30.4


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A13. General mortality by area and gender

-deaths per 1000 inhabitants- Total

Both genders Male Female

Urban Rural

2008 12.3 13.5 11.1 10.2 14.7 2010 12.7 13.9 11.6 10.6 15.2 2012 12.6 13.6 11.8 10.8 14.9 2013r) 12.4 13.2 11.6 10.6 14.4 2014 12.8 13.6 11.9 11.0 14.9

2015p) 13.1 14.0 12.3 11.3 15.2 r) Revised data; p) Provisional data.

Note: Data for the years 2012-2013 do not include deaths occurred abroad, while for the years 2014 and 2015 only deceased persons having their usual residence in Romania are included. For the period 2008-2014, the rates were calculated based on usual resident population on July 1st of each year. For 2015 the rates were calculated based on usual resident population on January 1st, 2015, estimated under comparability conditions with the final results of the Population and Housing Census 2011.


A14. School-aged population by educational level

-persons-

2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016TOTAL 4532082 4228067 3887891 3796404 3735552 3642632

FEMALE (%) 50.7 50.3 49.7 49.8 49.7 49.7Early childhood education : : : : 18612 18811

FEMALE (%) : : : : 46.6 47.0Pre-primary education 652855 673736 581144 568659 559565 534742

FEMALE (%) 48.9 48.8 48.8 48.7 48.7 48.7Primary and lower secondary education 1752335 1691441 1744192 1743254 1732305 1712088

FEMALE (%) 48.4 48.3 48.2 48.2 48.2 48.2Upper secondary education 784361 866543 831810 776616 727072 673615

FEMALE (%) 51.5 49.1 49.0 49.6 50.6 51.0Vocational education 189254 54538 19734 26493 50788 68682

FEMALE (%) 37.2 35.4 24.1 22.5 26.1 28.8Post-secondary and foremen education 55089 69967 92854 102677 105557 99476

FEMALE (%) 71.5 72.2 68.6 66.7 65.9 65.9Tertiary education 1098188 871842 618157 578705 541653 535218

FEMALE (%) 56.3 56.0 53.9 53.8 53.7 53.9 - of which: Bachelor’s degree 891098 673001 464592 433234 411229 410697

FEMALE (%) 55.3 54.8 52.8 52.9 53.0 53.3

: Missing data. Starting with the school year 2014-2015, data on early childhood education (nurseries) are collected.


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A15. Net enrolment rate, by educational level and gender -percentage-

2014-2015TOTAL 63.7 Early childhood education 2.8 Pre-primary education 82.1 Primary education 85.4 Lower secondary education 83.1 Upper secondary and vocational education 73.7 Post-secondary and tertiary education 40.4

MALE 61.7 Early childhood education 2.9 Pre-primary education 81.7 Primary education 85.7 Lower secondary education 83.3 Upper secondary and vocational education 72.6 Post-secondary and tertiary education 32.2

FEMALE 65.8 Early childhood education 2.7 Pre-primary education 82.4 Primary education 85.1 Lower secondary education 83.0 Upper secondary and vocational education 74.8 Post-secondary and tertiary education 49.1


A16. Teaching staff, by educational level -persons-

2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 TOTAL 275426 252953 245174 248016 244551 237443

FEMALE 200730 187112 184217 186996 186663 182528as % 72.9 74.0 75.1 75.4 76.3 76.9

Early childhood and pre-primary education1) 38253 37353 35071 35433 35605 35084

FEMALE 38155 37218 34961 35306 35479 34940as % 99.7 99.6 99.7 99.6 99.6 99.6

Primary and lower secondary education 138560 125005 123640 125454 123144 117829FEMALE 104088 94554 95250 97102 96700 93484

as % 75.1 75.6 77.0 77.4 78.5 79.3Upper secondary education 60647 59609 57080 56843 55913 55409

FEMALE 40827 40590 39322 39306 39139 38984as % 67.3 68.1 68.9 69.1 70.0 70.4

Vocational education 5129 116 150 142 251 376FEMALE 2938 59 79 90 163 233

as % 57.3 50.9 52.7 63.4 64.9 62.0Post-secondary and foremen education 864 1124 1678 1933 1866 1796

FEMALE 604 786 1254 1477 1452 1407as % 69.9 69.9 74.7 76.4 77.8 78.3

Tertiary education 31973 29746 27555 28211 27772 26949FEMALE 14118 13905 13351 13715 13730 13480

as % 44.2 46.7 48.5 48.6 49.4 50.01) Starting with the school year 2014/2015, including the teaching staff in early childhood education.


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A17. Structural indicators on the educational level, by gender

-%- 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rate of early school leavers (18-24 years) TOTAL 18.3 19.3 17.8 17.3 18.1 19.1 MALE 18.8 19.5 18.5 18.7 19.5 19.5 FEMALE 17.7 19.0 16.9 15.9 16.7 18.5

Structure of adults (25-64 years) by educational level

TOTAL - low 25.5 26.2 24.6 24.3 27.2 25.0 - secondary 61.5 60.2 60.1 60.1 56.9 57.8 - tertiary 13.0 13.6 15.3 15.6 15.9 17.2

MALE - low 20.6 21.6 20.7 20.7 24.5 22.4 - secondary 66.0 64.7 64.3 64.3 60.2 61.2 - tertiary 13.4 13.7 15.0 15.0 15.3 16.4

FEMALE - low 30.3 30.6 28.5 27.9 30.0 27.6 - secondary 57.2 55.9 55.9 56.0 53.6 54.5 - tertiary 12.5 13.5 15.6 16.1 16.4 17.9

Educational attainment of young people aged 20-24

TOTAL 78.5 78.4 79.8 80.3 79.7 79.7 MALE 78.2 78.4 79.0 79.5 78.4 79.3 FEMALE 78.8 78.5 80.7 81.1 81.1 80.2

Educational level: - low: lower secondary, primary, no graduated school; - secondary: upper secondary, first cycle, vocational, specialised post-secondary or technical foremen education; - tertiary: short and long cycle university studies, including Master’s degree, doctorate, post-doctoral and post-university studies.


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A18. Population aged 15 years and over by participation in employment, by gender

-thousand persons- Economically active population

TotalTotal Employed Unemployed

Economically inactive

population 2008

TOTAL 17252 9808 9259 549 7444MALE 8314 5561 5199 362 2753FEMALE 8938 4247 4060 187 4691

2010 TOTAL 17067 9365 8713 652 7702MALE 8223 5280 4881 399 2943FEMALE 8844 4085 3832 253 4759






A19. Activity rate by gender and age group

-%- Age group Gender 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

TOTAL 66.5 64.9 64.8 64.9 65.7 66.1 15 - 64 years MALE 76.1 73.7 73.2 73.4 74.3 75.3

FEMALE 57.0 56.2 56.4 56.3 56.9 56.7 TOTAL 34.3 31.2 30.5 30.1 29.6 31.3

15 - 24 years MALE 41.4 36.5 35.3 35.1 34.8 37.0 FEMALE 26.7 25.6 25.5 24.7 24.0 25.2 TOTAL 83.3 81.9 81.5 81.5 82.1 82.5

25 - 54 years MALE 93.1 90.9 89.9 90.0 90.5 91.6 FEMALE 73.4 72.7 72.9 72.7 73.3 72.9 TOTAL 43.4 42.1 43.0 43.4 44.6 42.7

55 - 64 years MALE 54.1 52.3 53.6 53.9 55.4 53.8 FEMALE 34.0 33.1 33.7 34.1 35.0 32.8


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A20. Employment rate by gender and age group

-%- Age group Gender 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

TOTAL 62.6 60.2 60.2 60.1 61.0 61.4 15 - 64 years MALE 70.9 67.9 67.6 67.6 68.7 69.5 FEMALE 54.3 52.5 52.8 52.6 53.3 53.2 TOTAL 28.2 24.3 23.7 22.9 22.5 24.5 15 - 24 years MALE 34.1 28.5 27.5 27.0 26.6 29.4 FEMALE 22.1 19.9 19.6 18.6 18.0 19.3 TOTAL 79.2 76.8 76.6 76.3 77.1 77.4 25 - 54 years MALE 87.8 84.8 84.1 83.8 84.6 85.2 FEMALE 70.6 68.6 68.9 68.6 69.3 69.2 TOTAL 42.4 40.7 41.6 41.8 43.1 41.1 55 - 64 years MALE 52.2 49.9 51.2 51.4 53.2 51.2

FEMALE 33.8 32.6 33.1 33.2 34.2 32.1


A21. ILO*) unemployment rate by gender and age group

-%-

Total 15-24 years 25 years and over

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 2008 5.6 6.5 4.4 17.6 17.7 17.3 4.3 5.2 3.2 2010 7.0 7.6 6.2 22.1 22.1 22.1 5.6 6.1 4.9 2012 6.8 7.4 6.1 22.6 22.2 23.0 5.4 6.0 4.7 2013 7.1 7.7 6.3 23.7 23.2 24.6 5.7 6.3 4.9 2014 6.8 7.3 6.1 24.0 23.6 24.7 5.5 6.0 4.8 2015 6.8 7.5 5.8 21.7 20.6 23.4 5.6 6.4 4.6

*) According to the International Labour Office criteria.


A22. Long term ILO*) unemployment rate by gender and age group

-%- Total 15-24 years 25 years and over

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

2008 2.3 2.8 1.7 9.8 9.8 9.9 1.7 2.2 1.2 2010 2.4 2.8 1.9 12.7 13.5 11.5 2.0 2.3 1.6 2012 3.0 3.3 2.7 13.6 13.9 13.1 2.4 2.7 2.2 2013 3.2 3.4 3.0 13.8 13.7 14.0 2.7 2.9 2.4 2014 2.8 3.1 2.4 14.3 14.2 14.6 2.3 2.6 2.0 2015 3.0 3.3 2.6 13.1 12.6 14.0 2.6 2.9 2.2



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A23. Incidence of long term ILO*) unemployment rate by gender and age group

-%- Total 15-24 years 25 years and over

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 2008 40.9 42.3 38.3 55.9 55.2 57.2 40.2 41.7 37.0 2010 34.5 36.7 31.1 57.5 61.2 51.9 35.2 36.8 32.7 2012 44.2 44.2 44.1 60.1 62.5 56.6 45.2 44.5 46.3 2013 45.2 44.1 46.8 58.3 59.1 57.1 47.7 46.5 49.6 2014 41.1 41.8 40.0 59.7 60.0 59.2 42.7 43.0 42.3 2015 43.9 43.8 44.1 60.6 61.2 59.9 46.0 45.1 47.7



A24. Weight of young ILO*) unemployed (15-24 years) in total young persons, by gender

-%- Total Male Female

2008 6.0 7.3 4.62010 6.9 8.1 5.72012 6.9 7.9 5.92013 7.1 8.1 6.12014 7.1 8.2 5.92015 6.8 7.6 5.9



A25. Employment by gender and main activities of national economy

-thousand persons- 2014 2015

CANE-Rev.2 Male Female Male Female

Total 4844 3770 4848 3687 of which:

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1337 1104 1241 943 Mining and quarrying 67 8 61 12 Manufacturing 917 679 906 645Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 75 18 69 14 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 66 24 64 21Construction 589 50 592 45Wholesale and retail; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 508 604 520 629 Transportation and storage 358 74 399 77 Hotels and restaurants 67 114 75 111 Information and communications 94 54 102 71 Financial intermediations and insurance 38 75 37 68 Real estate activities 13 8 13 10 Professional, scientific and technical activities 89 104 82 103 Administrative and support service activities 138 46 150 54 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 250 141 281 161 Education 77 234 86 269Health and social assistance 72 297 81 307 Arts, entertainment and recreation 26 29 29 27


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A26. Employment by gender and activity sectors of national economy

-thousand persons- Gender Activity sectors1)

2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

TOTAL 9259 8713 8605 8549 8614 8535 Agriculture 2746 2702 2557 2501 2442 2184 Industry and construction 2888 2467 2427 2418 2492 2429 Services 3625 3544 3621 3630 3680 3922

MALE 5199 4881 4800 4791 4844 4848 Agriculture 1473 1462 1377 1361 1338 1241 Industry and construction 1939 1705 1667 1664 1713 1692 Services 1787 1714 1756 1766 1793 1915

FEMALE 4060 3832 3805 3758 3770 3687 Agriculture 1273 1240 1180 1140 1104 943 Industry and construction 949 762 760 754 779 737Services 1838 1830 1865 1864 1887 2007

1) CANE Rev.2


A27. Employment by gender and status in employment

Gender Status in employment

2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

TOTAL – thousand persons 9259 8713 8605 8549 8614 8535Employee - thousand persons 6150 5649 5734 5744 5850 6062Employer - thousand persons 127 115 107 108 99 96Self-employed1) – thousand persons 1863 1854 1717 1691 1670 1560Unpaid family worker - thousand persons 1119 1095 1047 1006 995 817Share of employees in total employment - % 66.4 64.8 66.6 67.2 67.9 71.0

MALE – thousand persons 5199 4881 4800 4791 4844 4848Employee - thousand persons 3442 3134 3200 3214 3277 3398Employer - thousand persons 99 88 77 79 72 72Self-employed1) – thousand persons 1335 1340 1214 1197 1189 1111Unpaid family worker - thousand persons 323 319 309 301 306 267Share of employees in total employment - % 66.2 64.2 66.7 67.1 67.7 70.1

FEMALE – thousand persons 4060 3832 3805 3758 3770 3687Employee - thousand persons 2708 2515 2534 2529 2573 2664Employer - thousand persons 28 27 30 30 27 24Self-employed1) – thousand persons 528 514 503 494 481 449Unpaid family worker - thousand persons 796 776 738 705 689 550Share of employees in total employment - % 66.7 65.6 66.6 67.3 68.2 72.2

1) Including members of agricultural holdings or non-agricultural cooperative.


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A28. Employment by gender and occupation groups (COR 2008*))

-thousand persons- Gender Occupation groups

2012 2014 2015

TOTAL 8605 8614 8535Legislators, chief executives, high officials, managing

directors or senior civil servants 193 176 187 Professionals 1154 1164 1261Technicians and associate professionals 552 509 492 Civil servants 352 365 373 Workers in services 1108 1166 1242 Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers 2059 2010 1823 Craft and related trades workers 1326 1365 1354 Other category of occupations 1861 1859 1803

of which: elementary occupations 920 878 819MALE 4800 4844 4848Legislators, chief executives, high officials, managing


of which: elementary occupations 518 498 468FEMALE 3805 3770 3687Legislators, chief executives, high officials, managing


of which: elementary occupations 402 380 351

*) The Classification of Occupations in Romania COR 2008 was used.


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A29. Average monthly gross and net earnings, by activity of national economy (CANE Rev.2) and gender

-RON/person-

Economic activity 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 (CANE Rev.2) Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net

Male TOTAL 1814 1348 2007 1466 2163 1581 2246 1640 2412 1761 2646 1928Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1210 919 1395 1029 1508 1105 1629 1190 1764 1279 1899 1377Industry total 1799 1343 2119 1549 2365 1722 2453 1783 2637 1917 2786 2018 Mining and quarrying 3098 2282 3374 2427 3868 2756 4082 2909 4527 3235 4773 3415 Manufacturing 1563 1174 1869 1373 2123 1554 2236 1633 2409 1758 2590 1882 Electricity, gas, steam

and air conditioning supply

3322

2429 3754 2700 4072 2925 4109 2950 4329 3120 4333 3098

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

1547

1166 1698 1255 1900 1389 1899 1384 2055 1496 2160 1566

Construction 1530 1139 1501 1105 1592 1165 1582 1158 1651 1204 1904 1385Wholesale and retail; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 1519 1128 1832 1334 1978 1447 1912 1398 2123 1547 2413 1755Transportation and storage 1967 1454 2152 1562 2210 1606 2218 1606 2315 1676 2526 1834Hotels and restaurants 1063 800 1124 832 1233 911 1301 960 1377 1014 1548 1134Information and communications 2953 2174 3842 2834 4192 3119 4296 3233 4666 3514 5350 4070Financial intermediations and insurance activities 5132 3741 5348 3844 5839 4292 6161 4488 6342 4653 6916 5035Real estate activities 1750 1290 1647 1206 1723 1256 1852 1356 1846 1343 2142 1554Professional, scientific and technical activities 2392 1755 2710 1957 3122 2268 3349 2434 3455 2510 3854 2793Administrative and support service activities

1025

779 1182 880 1273 946 1407 1044 1585 1162 1823 1331

Public administration *) 3038 2250 2518 1848 2763 2021 3186 2321 3555 2603 3802 2770Education 2375 1740 2090 1511 2071 1500 2344 1701 2544 1851 2742 1978Health and social assistance 1850 1375 1815 1338 1970 1446 2230 1627 2269 1655 2473 1794Arts, entertainment and recreation 1669 1237 1536 1125 1655 1216 1762 1290 1815 1326 2060 1498Other services 1186 887 1294 951 1457 1065 1580 1158 1784 1300 2038 1483

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A29. Average monthly gross and net earnings, by activity of national economy (CANE Rev.2) and gender - continued

-RON/person- Economic activity 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

(CANE Rev.2) Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net

Female TOTAL 1700 1264 1786 1308 1948 1424 2070 1509 2234 1627 2453 1783Agriculture, forestry and fishing 1192 897 1370 1010 1443 1055 1564 1141 1707 1240 1867 1353Industry total 1301 989 1579 1170 1771 1300 1867 1370 2002 1462 2166 1580 Mining and quarrying 3160 2315 3460 2480 4142 2946 4365 3113 4765 3390 5110 3649 Manufacturing 1198 915 1458 1085 1646 1212 1743 1283 1883 1378 2061 1506 Electricity, gas, steam

and air conditioning supply 3088 2273 3560 2576 3911 2836 3891 2816 4197 3007 4201 3010

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 1493 1122 1711 1260 1901 1386 2128 1548 2119 1544 2202 1600

Construction 1797 1325 1703 1250 1872 1374 1920 1398 2031 1473 2308 1674Wholesale and retail; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 1277 952 1387 1017 1599 1176 1625 1192 1772 1294 1962 1432Transportation and storage 1955 1453 2122 1546 2310 1677 2347 1700 2495 1805 2694 1954Hotels and restaurants 1002 757 1021 759 1093 811 1159 857 1252 923 1426 1045Information and communications 2790 2033 3361 2465 3785 2799 3797 2815 4173 3117 4597 3439Financial intermediations and insurance activities 4050 2966 4035 2907 4483 3263 4489 3257 4543 3292 4922 3560Real estate activities 1685 1244 1568 1154 1694 1238 1841 1341 1849 1345 2032 1472Professional, scientific and technical activities 2383 1742 2589 1869 2981 2156 3115 2255 3268 2363 3726 2698Administrative and support service activities 1282 962 1469 1074 1662 1222 1811 1326 2010 1464 2222 1615Public administration *) 3458 2542 2864 2069 2999 2163 3461 2494 3956 2865 4131 2983Education 1987 1448 1823 1319 1817 1314 2028 1461 2330 1684 2575 1848Health and social assistance 1665 1238 1619 1197 1753 1281 1946 1414 2001 1456 2237 1622Arts, entertainment and recreation 1566 1163 1487 1085 1505 1099 1592 1163 1637 1197 1793 1306Other services 929 699 965 715 1108 819 1165 861 1391 1017 1579 1153*) Excluding armed forces and assimilated.

Source: NIS, Labour cost survey

Annexes

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A30. Average number of social insurance pensioners, by category of pension and by gender

-thousand persons-

2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female A. Old age 1775 2171 1723 2228 1704 2232 1688 2237 1680 2236 1682 2238-complete contribution scheme 1303 1085 1432 1427 1392 1425 1345 1395 1337 1411 1349 1449-incomplete contribution scheme 472 1086 291 801 312 807 343 842 343 825 333 789B. Early retirement 3 7 3 6 4 7 6 8 7 12 9 14C. Partial early retirement 39 74 49 76 46 68 43 59 42 54 39 47D. Disability 463 449 450 397 423 364 405 337 392 321 376 303-grade I 27 15 27 13 26 13 27 12 29 14 30 16-grade II 284 284 243 211 211 175 195 154 185 141 174 128-grade III 152 150 180 173 186 176 183 171 178 166 172 159


A31. Average monthly social insurance pension, by category of pension and by gender

-RON-

2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female A. Old age 808 521 1082 681 1121 691 1159 725 1214 764 1276 811-complete contribution scheme 918 683 1190 853 1227 850 1265 875 1315 911 1369 952-incomplete contribution scheme 506 360 547 375 647 410 746 475 823 514 898 553B. Early retirement 835 786 1013 941 987 907 1048 943 1122 1004 1154 1028C. Partial early retirement 613 533 745 642 692 603 680 591 694 595 691 582D. Disability 485 422 607 513 606 508 620 520 630 526 632 525-grade I 474 404 590 491 594 494 606 504 583 465 553 424-grade II 490 424 615 515 617 516 630 530 638 536 639 535-grade III 475 422 598 512 595 502 612 511 629 522 639 527


Annexes

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A32. Income and other financial resources, by household category, in 2015

-monthly averages per household, RON- Household head gender:

Total

households Male Female I. TOTAL INCOME (A+B) 2686.77 2986.82 1910.01

A. Monetary income (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) 2361.99 2623.68 1684.55

1. Gross wages and salaries 1495.24 1729.70 888.28

2. Income from agriculture 77.17 93.74 34.27of which:- income from sale of agri-food products,

animals and poultry 56.27 70.74 18.83 - income from agricultural works 20.82 22.91 15.40

3. Income from non-agricultural independent activities 65.41 76.29 37.24 - income from trade 7.83 10.02 2.18 - income from services rendering 15.44 17.52 10.03 - income from crafts 34.03 39.61 19.57 - income from liberal professions, Intellectual property rights 8.11 9.14 5.46

4. Income from social benefits 642.15 647.17 629.16

Pensions 554.43 550.72 564.05 of which: - for old age (including early retirement

and partial early retirement) 450.31 463.49 416.17

Other income assimilated to pensions 0.88 0.66 1.44 Allowances for temporary disability, maternal leave, child care 14.90 17.61 7.88 Benefits from unemployment fund 7.27 7.48 6.73 Family allowances 42.84 49.53 25.51 - children allowances 41.90 48.66 24.39 - pupils and students scholarships 0.94 0.87 1.12 Social assistance and other benefits 21.83 21.17 23.55 of which: - special allowances for disabled persons 11.15 10.08 13.93 - social aids granted by municipalities 8.08 8.53 6.90

5. Property income 3.74 4.44 1.92

6. Income from sale ofhouseholds’ assets 30.95 33.57 24.18

7. Other income 47.33 38.77 69.50

B. Income in kind (1+2) 324.78 363.14 225.46

1. The equivalent value of income in kind achievedby employees and recipients of social benefits 36.82 39.89 28.88

2. The equivalent value of agri-food productsfrom own resources 287.96 323.25 196.58

Annexes

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A32. Income and other financial resources, by household category, in 2015 - continued

-monthly averages per household, RON- Household head gender:

Total

households Male Female II. LOANS AND CREDITS, AMOUNTS

WITHDRAWN FROM C.E.C. BANK,OTHER BANKS AND SIMILAR INSTITUTIONS 22.70 24.43 18.26

of which: - amounts withdrawn from CEC Bank, other banks and similar institutions 11.32 12.40 8.53 - loans and credits 9.89 10.43 8.49

III. CASH BALANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THEPERIOD 261.24 286.62 195.52

GRAND TOTAL (I+II+III) 2970.71 3297.87 2123.79

Source: NIS, Family Budget Survey (FBS), 2015

Glossary

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Glossary

HRST - Human Resources in Science and Technology

Human resources in science and technology (HRST) are individuals who meet one of the following

conditions:

(a) successfully completed education at the third level;

(b) not formally qualified as above, but employed in an S&T occupation where the above

qualifications are normally required.

The compilation of the indicators on HRST by occupation considered the International Standard

Classification of Occupations ISCO-COM (88) for the period 2005-2010 and ISCO-08 for the period

2011-2015.

Usually resident population

The usually resident population means all persons with Romanian citizenship, foreigners and

people without citizenship, who have their usual residence on the territory of Romania. Usual

resident population on January 1st was determined according to the relevant methodology and

international regulations.

Usual residence

Usual residence represents the place where one person normally spends the daily rest period,

without having in view temporary absences for purposes of recreation, holidays, visits to friends

and relatives, business, medical treatment or religious pilgrimages. There are considered as

having their usual residence in a specific geographical zone only persons who lived at that usual

residence for 12 months continuous period at least before the reference moment. Usual residence

can be the same with the permanent residence or can be different, in the case of persons who

choose to settle their usual residence in another locality than that of the permanent residence in

the country or abroad.

Sex ratio

The sex ratio represents the average number of women to 100 men.

Population ageing index

The population-ageing index represents the number of elderly people (aged 65 and over) to

100 young people (under 15 years of age).

Glossary

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Mean age

The mean age of the population is the mean of a population ages, age being that continuous

demographic variable expressing the time lapsed since the date of birth of a person up to a certain

moment of observation.

Median age

Median age is an indicator that divides the population of a country, considered either in ascending

or descending order by age, in two equal parts, the median age being the middle value.

Live-birth

The live-birth is the product of conception completely expelled or extracted from its mother’s body,

irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which, after such separation, shows an evidence of

life - breath, beating of the heart pulsation of the umbilical chord or definitive movement of

voluntary muscles.

Birth rate

The birth rate is the ratio between the number of live-births in a year and population at the

1st of July from the current statistics of the respective year, and is expressed by the number of live

births per 1000 inhabitants.

Natural increase of the population

Natural increase of the population is the balance between the number of live-births and the number

of deaths in the reference year.

Marriage

Marriage is a union between a man and a woman, freely consented, concluded according to

legislation.

Divorce

Divorce is the dissolution of a legally concluded marriage, according to a final decision of the court,

civil status officer or notary. Data are referring only to dissolutions of marriage admitted.

Glossary

G


Marriage rate

The marriage rate is the ratio between the number of marriages in a year to the population at

1st of July from the current statistics of the respective year and it is expressed by the number of

marriages per 1000 inhabitants.

Divorce rate

Divorce rate is the ratio between the number of divorces in a year in relation and the population at

1st of July from the current statistics of the respective year and is expressed by the number of

divorces per 1000 inhabitants.

International migration

International migration consists of two components: emigration and immigration. From a statistical

point of view, taking into account the provisions laid down in Regulation (EC) nr.862/2007, we

define the components of international migration as follows:

- Emigration means the action by which a person who had the previous usual residence on

the territory of Romania ceases to have his/her usual place of residence in Romania for a

period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months;

- Immigration means the action by which a person establishes his or her usual residence

in Romania for a period that is, or is expected to be, of at least 12 months, previously

having usual residence in another country (EU Member State or not).

International migration could be also classified according to the type of residence on the territory of

Romania or of another state (permanent or usual residence), in the following categories:

- International migration by change of permanent residence - persons who changed

their permanent place of residence from and to Romania;

- International migration by change of usual residence - persons who changed their

usual residence from and to Romania for a period of at least 12 months.

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years an infant would live, if he/she lived all

his/her life under the conditions of mortality by age corresponding to the life table.

Glossary

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Self-perceived health status

Self-perceived health status is the subjective assessment made by each individual regarding their

own health. This was determined based on the answers to the question “In general, how do you

consider your current health status: very good, good, fair, bad or very bad?” In the case of children,

one of the parents assessed the perceived health.

Body mass index (BMI)

Body mass index is the relationship between a person’s weight and height. It is a rough estimate of

the body fat content. Because of the easy measurement and calculation, this instrument is used to

diagnose obesity. It is calculated only for persons aged 18 years and over, as follows: BMI = G/I2

(G - weight in kg; I - height in metres). Using the BMI, persons can be divided into: underweight

(BMI ≤ 18.50 kg/m²); normal weight (18.51 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.99 kg/m²); overweight (25.00 ≤ BMI

≤ 29.99 kg/m²); obese class I 30.00 ≤ BMI ≤ 34.99 kg/m²); obese class II 35.00 ≤ BMI ≤ 39.99 and

persons with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40kg/m²).

Chronic disease

Chronic disease or longstanding illness has been defined as the illness or health problem that

lasted or is expected to last for 6 months or more.

Prescribed medicine

The prescribed medicine is the product used to alleviate symptoms, to prevent illness or to improve

the health status, and which is usually purchased from a pharmacy (including from the hospital

pharmacy, outside of the episode of hospitalisation) and for which the doctor has issued a medical

prescription (regardless of whether or not it is reimbursed by health insurance). Medicines that

have been prescribed by a doctor in the past and for which the patient has not renewed the

medical prescription are also included.

General mortality rate

The general mortality rate is the ratio between the number of deaths in a year and the population at

the 1st of July from the current statistics of the respective year, and is expressed by the number of

deaths per 1000 inhabitants.

Glossary

G


Educational system

The educational system represents all educational units and institutions of different types, levels

and forms of education and training, that ensure the educational process of the school population

in all levels of education, aiming at their vocational training.

Educational level

The educational level is a step in the education where basic, secondary or higher training are

provided, in accordance with educational curricula.

Early childhood and pre-primary education

The early childhood and pre-primary education is the first stage of organised education and

training, corresponding to level 0 of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED

2011).

Primary education

Primary education is that corresponding to level 1 of ISCED 2011, whose primary function is to

ensure the basic elements of education.

Lower secondary, upper secondary and vocational education (secondary)

Secondary education is covers the lower secondary education of level 2 (ISCED 2011), based on

at least 4 years’ education and the upper secondary and vocational education of level 3 (ISCED

2011) providing general and/or specialised education.

Post-secondary education (foremen included) and tertiary education

Post-secondary and tertiary education is that corresponding to levels 4, respectively 6, 7 and 8 of

ISCED 2011, where the condition for admission is the successful completion of secondary

education.

School population

The school population is the sum of children, pupils and students in training and education process

of a school/academic year regardless of the attended forms of education (day, evening, part-time

and open - distance) and age.

Glossary

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School-aged population

The school-aged population represent the people whose age is within the limits of official education

ages of each educational level.

Gross enrolment rate

The gross enrolment rate is the total number of children/pupils/students in pre-school/primary/lower

secondary/upper secondary and vocational, post-secondary and higher education and training,

regardless of age, as a percentage expression of the total population of the official ages

corresponding to each level of education in a given school year.

In accordance with the legislation in force (Law on Education nr.1/2011), the age groups for the

school age population are: 0-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-14 years, 15-18 years, 19-23 years

and over.

Net enrolment rate

The net enrolment rate represents the number of children/pupils/students of the official age

corresponding to each level of education, included in these levels of education, calculated as a

percentage of the usual resident population belonging to the same official age group.

In accordance with the legislation in force (Law on Education nr.1/2011), age groups for the school

age population are: 0-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-14 years, 15-18 years, 19-23 years and

over. Starting from the 2014/2015 school year within the framework of this indicator is also

included the number of children in crèches, forming a new age group for children of 0 to 2 years. In

tertiary education, in addition to the Bachelor’s degree students, those enrolled in Master’s degree,

doctorate, post-graduate and post-doctoral programmes are also included.

Dropout rate

The dropout rate is the difference between the number of pupils enrolled at the beginning of the

school year and that recorded at the end of the same school year, expressed as a percentage of

the number of pupils enrolled at the beginning of the school year. The dropout rate for primary and

lower secondary education is calculated without including the number of pupils in special

education.

The dropout include pupils who leaved the educational system due to marriages, material

deprivation, retention for farming or housekeeping activities; were enrolled at the beginning of the

school year, yet they have not attended any courses; have submitted a written request of

withdrawal from school; are deferred for medical reasons, involved in sporting competitions,

established abroad, deceased, expelled, other situations.

Glossary

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Success rate

The success rate is the number of graduates with a diploma from a given level of education,

expressed as a percentage of the total persons who successfully completed the last year of study

in that level of education.

Graduation rate

Graduation rate is the number of graduates of a given level of education, expressed as a

percentage of the total population at the official age of completion for that level of education.

Educational level of adults (aged 25-64)

The educational level of adults (25-64 years) shows the structure of the population aged 25-64 by

graduated level of education: low, medium, high. It is calculated as the ratio of population aged

25-64 years in each category, corresponding to the level of education and the total population of

the same age group.

Rate of participation in education or training of persons aged 25-64

The rate of participation in education or training of persons aged 25-64 is determined as the ratio of

population aged 25-64 attending some form of training in the last four weeks preceding the

interview, to the population of 25-64 years.

Educational attainment of young persons aged 20-24

Educational attainment of young persons aged 20-24 is the weight of young people aged 20-24,

graduates of at least medium educational level, in total young people aged 20-24.

Rate of early school leavers (aged 18-24)

The rate of early school leavers (aged 18-24) represents the share of the population aged 18-24

having attained elementary education (low level), and who are not attending any education (formal

and non-formal), in the total population aged 18-24.

Economically active population

Economically active population includes employment and unemployed.

Economically inactive population

The economically inactive population comprises all persons who neither have worked at least one

hour nor were unemployed in the reference period, being in one of the following situations:

Glossary

G


- pupils or students;

- pensioners (of all categories);

- housewives (engaged only in domestic home care);

- persons upheld by other persons or by State, or having other supporting income (rents,

interests, annuities, etc.).

Employment

Employment covers all persons of 15 years and older who have performed an economic activity

producing goods or services for at least one hour1 during the reference period (one week), with a

view to achieve certain income in form of salaries, payment in kind or other benefits.

1 At least 15 hours for self-employed and unpaid family workers from agriculture - prior to

2011.

Working time of the employed person

The working time of the employed person is defined as being full-time or part-time as stated by

them. In general, for employees is considered as “full-time” the working program as defined by the

collective employment labour contract and “part-time” the working program whose duration set out

in the individual employment contract is significantly shorter than the normal period.

Status in employment

The status in employment is the situation of an employed person, depending on the way of

achieving income from the activity carried out, namely:

- Employee - the person who exercise his/her activity on the basis of an employment

contract in an economic or social unit - irrespective of its ownership type - or for private

individuals, in return for remuneration in the form of a salary, in cash or in kind, in the form

of a commission etc.; “employment contract” includes any other type of labour agreement

(written or verbal), other than an employment contract/agreement;

- Employer - the person who exercise his/her occupation (profession) in its own unit

(company, agency, office, shop, workshop, farm etc.), for whose activity employs one or

more persons;

- Self-employed - the person who exercise his/her activity on their own premises or in an

individual business, without thereby incurring any employee, being assisted or not by

unpaid family members;

Glossary

G


- Unpaid family worker - the person who exercise his/her activity in a family economic unit

headed by a family member or a relative, for which it receives no remuneration in the form

of wages or payment in kind;

- Member of an agricultural holding or a cooperative - a person who has worked as owner

of agricultural land in an agricultural holding set up according to the law or as a member of

a craft, consumer or credit cooperative.

ILO unemployed

The unemployed as defined by the International Labour Office (ILO) are people aged 15-74 years

who, during the reference period:

- have no job and do not carry out an activity in view to achieve income;

- are seeking for a job, using in the last 4 weeks (including the reference week) different

active methods to find it;

- are available to start work within the next two weeks, if they immediately find a job.

Activity rate

Activity rate represents the weight of economically active population aged x in the total population

of the same age group x.

Employment rate

Employment rate represents the weight of employed persons aged x in the total population of the

same age group x.

ILO unemployment rate

Unemployment rate means the share of ILO unemployed (according to the International Labour

Office criteria) in the economically active population.

Long-term ILO unemployment rate

Long-term unemployment rate is the share of persons unemployed for 12 months and over in the

economically active population.

Long-term ILO unemployment rate for young people

The long-term unemployment rate for young people is the share of unemployed young people

(15-24 years) who are unemployed for 6 months and over in the economically active population of

15-24 years.

Glossary

G


Incidence of long-term ILO unemployment

The incidence of long-term unemployment means the weight of the number of long-term

unemployed (12 months and more) in total unemployed.

Incidence of long-term ILO unemployment for young people

The incidence of long-term unemployment for young people is the weight of unemployed young

people (15-24 years) on long-term (6 months and over) in total unemployed young people (15-24

years).

Share of ILO unemployed young persons in total young persons

The share of young unemployed in total young persons is determined as a ratio between the

number of unemployed young people (15-24 years) and the total population of 15 to 24 years.

Registered unemployed

Registered unemployed are persons who, according to Law no. 76/2002, fulfil cumulatively the

following conditions:

- are looking for a job from the minimum age of 16 years till retirement;

- their health and physical and psychical capacities make them able to;

- have no job, did not get income or did obtain income from activities authorized according

to the law, but lower income as compared to the value of reference social indicator of

unemployment insurance and employment stimulations;

- are available to start work in the following period if they find a job;

- are registered at the National Agency for Employment.

Persons assimilated to unemployed

Persons assimilated to unemployed are graduates of educational institutions minimum aged 16

years old, who in a period of 60 days since graduation did not succeed to get a job according to

their professional training, as well as graduates of special schools for disabled persons of minimum

aged 16 years old who did not succeed to get a job according to professional training.

Underemployed persons

Underemployed persons are employed persons working part-time, who are willing and available to

work more hours than currently.

Glossary

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Economically inactive persons seeking for a job, but not available to start work

Economically inactive persons seeking for a job, but not available to start work are persons aged

15-74 years, neither employed nor unemployed (non-active persons) who have been seeking for a

job in the 4 weeks preceding the interview, but are not available to start work in the next 2 weeks.

In this category are included:

- persons who, during the 4 weeks preceding the interview, were actively seeking for a job

but are not available to start work in the next 2 weeks;

- persons who have found a job to start in less than 3 months, but are not available to start

work in the next 2 weeks;

- persons who have found a job to start work within 3 months or more;

- persons who had sought for a job, using exclusively passive methods, in the 4 weeks

preceding the interview, even if they are available to start work.

Economically inactive persons available to start work, but not seeking for a job

Economically inactive persons available to start work, but not seeking for a job are persons aged

15-74 years, neither employed nor unemployed (non-active persons) willing to work, are available

to start work in the next 2 weeks, but did not seek for a job in the 4 weeks preceding the interview.

Potential additional labour force

Potential additional labour force is the sum of two categories: “economically inactive persons

seeking for a job, but not available to start work” and “economically inactive persons not seeking

for a job, but available to start work” and is part of the economically inactive population.


NEET represent the number of young people aged 15-24 years, who are neither employed nor in

education or training.

NEET rate

NEET rate is the share of young people who were not enrolled in any kind of training - formal or

non-formal - and were not working, in total young people in the same age group.

The average gross earnings

The average gross earnings represents the gross amounts paid by the employer from the salary

fund (seasonal and annual bonuses included), the sums paid from net profit and other funds, on

average, per month to an employee.

Glossary

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The average net earnings

The average net earnings represent the monthly net income obtained by an employee, calculated

on the basis of average gross earnings by subtracting the tax on income, the individual contribution

of employees to the unemployment social insurance budget, the state social insurance and the

employees' contribution to health social insurance system.

Gender pay gap

The gender pay gap expresses the difference between men’s and women’s average gross

earnings as a percentage of men’s average gross earnings.

Total income

Total income comprise:

Monetary income - all monetary income from different sources for which there is no

requirement of refund (excluding withdrawals from CEC bank, other banks and similar

institutions, loans and credits received).

Income in kind (assessed in RON) include:

- the equivalent value of human and animals’ consumption of food and non-food goods

from own resources of households (from production, stocks, labour, received as a gift,

etc.). The assessment in RON is done at the average purchase prices of products in the

reference month, by development region;

- the equivalent value of income in kind received by employees and recipients of social

benefits (assessed at the selling price in a given day).

Income from salaries

Income from salaries and other salary rights means all monetary and in-kind income (evaluated in

RON at the sale price of the unit) represented by salaries, bonuses and allowances as a

percentage or lump amount for the particular conditions of employment (provided for by law or by

individual or collective employment agreements), both for the time actually worked in normal

working hours or additional time, as well as for the paid not worked time, premiums and benefits of

the net profit, other income assimilated to wages actually received in the reference month,

regardless for what period is entitled, as well as deductions made (taxes, contributions, instalments

for goods and loans, etc.).

Glossary

G


Income from agriculture

Agricultural income represent all the cash receipts from companies and agricultural holdings, from

sales of agri-food products, livestock and birds (poultry and pets) and of the provision of farm work.

Income from independent non-agricultural activity

Income from independent non-agricultural activity represents total cash receipts from trading,

services rendering, practicing a craft, liberal professions and intellectual property rights.

Income from social benefits

Income from social benefits means all cash receipts of social protection benefits.

Property income

Property income represents total cash receipts from rental, as consequence of holding shares in

closed/open investment funds, for the deposits with the CEC bank, other banks and similar

institutions (leases, rents, dividends and interests).

Income from the sale of households’ assets

Income from the sale of assets from the household patrimony means all cash receipts from the

transfer of ownership of securities and shares, from the sale of foreign currency, lands, buildings

and other assets, either new or old, which are not from own production.

List of charts and tables

L

Women and men: work and life partnership_____________________________________________ 101

List of charts

1.1 Share of households with a computer, according to the activity status of the household head, in 2015.........................................................................................................10

1.2 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having used a computer in the last 12 months ..............10 1.3 Share of households with a computer and of those connected to the Internet .......................11 1.4 Share of persons aged 16-74 years who have used the Internet, by gender and

education level in 2015 ...........................................................................................................12 1.5 Share of persons aged 16-74 years who use or have ever used the Internet,

by area, in 2014 and 2015 ......................................................................................................13 1.6 Share of persons aged 16-74 years who use or have ever used the Internet,

by region, in 2015....................................................................................................................13 1.7 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having used the Internet in the last 3 months,

for personal reasons, for communication purpose, by age group and gender, in 2015 ....................................................................................................................................14

1.8 Structure of persons aged 16-74 years having used the Internet in the last 12 months, by reason why they had not bought/ordered goods or services over the Internet for personal purpose, by gender, 2015 ................................................................15

1.9 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having carried out actvities related to computer or other mobile device, in the last 12 months, by gender and level of education in 2015................................................................................................................16

1.10 Evolution of HRST by education, by age group ......................................................................18 1.11 Evolution of HRST by occupation, by age group ....................................................................19 1.12 Evolution of HRST with scientific and engineering occupations, by age group ......................19 1.13 Human resources in science and technology (by education and/or occupation),

by gender and age group, in 2015 ..........................................................................................20 1.14 Structure by gender of the HRST with scientific and engineering occupations

(15-74 years)...........................................................................................................................20 1.15 Structure by gender of the HRST with scientific and engineering occupations

(25-34 and 35-44 years)..........................................................................................................21 1.16 Share of persons aged 16-74 years in EU Member States, having used

a computer in the last 12 months, in 2015 ..............................................................................22 1.17 Share of persons aged 16-74 years in the Member States of the EU, which have

used a computer in the last 12 months, by gender, 2015 .......................................................23 1.18 Share of HRST in the total active population in the EU Member States in 2015 ....................24 2.1 Differences on structure by gender of usual resident population in the EU Member

States in 2015 .........................................................................................................................28 2.2 Usual resident population by gender and age, on January 1st, 2008 and 2016 ......................29 2.3 Women per 100 men on January 1st, 2016 .............................................................................30 2.4 Average age of the usual resident population by gender........................................................30 2.5 Median age of the usual resident population by gender .........................................................30 2.6 Number of live births with usual residence in Romania, by gender ........................................31 2.7 Natural increase of usual resident population, by gender .......................................................31 2.8 Mean age at first marriage, by gender ....................................................................................32 2.9 Mean age at divorce, by gender..............................................................................................33


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102 ____________________________________________ Women and men: work and life partnership

3.1 Life expectancy at birth in EU Member States, in 2014 ..........................................................36 3.2 Healthy life years at birth and at 65 years, by gender.............................................................37 3.3 Usual resident population by the self-perceived health status, by gender, in 2014 ................38 3.4 Distribution of the usual resident population of 18 years and over according to

the body mass index, by gender, in 2014 ...............................................................................38 3.5 Structure of the usual resident population aged 18 years and over according to

the body mass index, by gender and age group, in 2014 .......................................................39 3.6 Distribution of the usual resident population aged 35 years and over acording to

the existence of certain chronic diseases, by gender and age group, in 2014 .......................40 3.7 Share of main causes of death by gender, in 2015.................................................................41 4.1 School population by level of education..................................................................................44 4.2 Net enrolment rate by education level, in the school year 2014/2015 ....................................45 4.3 Share of female teaching staff by level of education, in the academic year

2015/2016 ...............................................................................................................................47 4.4 Structure of adults (aged 25-64) by level of education and gender, in 2015...........................48 4.5 Level of education of young people aged 20-24, by gender ...................................................48 5.1 Employment rate of population aged 15-64 years, by gender ................................................52 5.2 Distribution of the economically active population aged 15 years and over,

by gender and age group, in 2015 ..........................................................................................53 5.3 Unemployment rate (15-24 years), by gender ........................................................................54 5.4 Distribution of underemployed persons, by gender and age group, in 2015...........................55 5.5 Distribution of potential additional labour force by gender and age group, in 2015 ................56 5.6 Differences between women and men of NEET rates in the EU Member States,

in 2015 ....................................................................................................................................57 6.1 Average monthly gross and net earnings, by gender..............................................................60 6.2 Average monthly gross and net earnings, by activities of national economy and

gender, in 2015 .......................................................................................................................61 6.3 Gender pay gap in the annual average gross earnings, by major group of

occupations, in 2010 and 2014 ...............................................................................................62 6.4 Annual average gross earnings, by gender and education level, in 2014...............................63 6.5 Average monthly social insurance pension, by pension category and gender,

in 2015 ....................................................................................................................................64 6.6 Gender gap in old-age pension...............................................................................................64 6.7 Structure of total population income by category of households, in 2015...............................65 6.8 Loans, credits taken, amounts withdrawn by households from banks and

similar institutions, by gender, in 2015 ....................................................................................65


L


List of tables

1.1 Structure of households with a computer at home, by age group and gender of the household head, in 2015.....................................................................................................9

1.2 Structure of persons aged 16-74 years by use of the Internet, by area, in 2014 and 2015 ....................................................................................................................13

1.3 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having used the Internet in the last 3 months, for personal reasons, by purpose, by age group and gender, 2015 .......................................14

1.4 Share of persons aged 16-74 years having carried out activities related to the software on the Internet, in the past 12 months, by gender, in 2015 ................................16

1.5 Evolution of HRST...................................................................................................................18 2.1 Usual resident population by gender, on January 1st ..............................................................29 2.2 Main indicators of natality........................................................................................................31 2.3 Natural increase of usual resident population, by area of residence and

by gender, in 2015 ..................................................................................................................32 2.4 Main indicators of the marriage...............................................................................................32 2.5 Main indicators of the divorce .................................................................................................33 3.1 Difference between women and men in life expectancy at certain ages ................................37 3.2 Mortality by the main causes of death and by gender.............................................................41 4.1 Dropout rate, by level of education and gender, in the 2014/2015 school year ......................46 4.2 Number of students who participated in the Baccalaureate examinationand

succeeded to obtain the Baccalaureate diploma, by gender, in the academic year 2014/2015 .......................................................................................................................46

5.1 Unemployment rate by level of education and gender, in 2015 ..............................................54 5.2 Rate of young people aged 15-34 years neither in employment nor in education

or training, by gender, in 2015 ................................................................................................57 6.1 Income and other financial resources, for households headed by men and

women, in 2015.......................................................................................................................65

A1. People structure by computer use, by gender.........................................................................67 A2. Share of persons who used a computer during the last 3 months, by status in

employment, age group and gender .......................................................................................67 A3. People structure by Internet use, by gender ...........................................................................68 A4. Share of persons who used the Internet during the last 3 months, by status in

employment, age group and gender .......................................................................................68 A5. Usually resident population on January 1st, by gender and residence area............................69 A6. Masculinity ratio of elderly usually resident population ...........................................................69 A7. Life expectancy at birth, by gender .........................................................................................69 A8. Healthy life years at birth in the European Union (EU-28) and in Romania ............................70 A9. Healthy life years at 65 years in the European Union (EU-28) and in Romania .....................70

A10. Usual resident population by self-perceived health status, by gender and age group ................................................................................................................................71


L

104 ____________________________________________ Women and men: work and life partnership

A11. Usual resident population aged 18 years and over by Body Mass Index, by gender and age group ........................................................................................................72

A12. Usual resident population by use of medicines prescribed by a physician during the last 2 weeks previous to the interview, by gender and age group.....................................73

A13. General mortality by area and gender.....................................................................................74 A14. School-aged population by educational level ..........................................................................74 A15. Net enrolment rate, by educational level and gender..............................................................75 A16. Teaching staff, by educational level ........................................................................................75 A17. Structural indicators on the educational level, by gender........................................................76 A18. Population aged 15 years and over by participation in employment, by gender .....................77 A19. Activity rate by gender and age group.....................................................................................77 A20. Employment rate by gender and age group ............................................................................78 A21. ILO unemployment rate by gender and age group..................................................................78 A22. Long term ILO unemployment rate by gender and age group ................................................78 A23. Incidence of long term ILO unemployment rate by gender and age group .............................79 A24. Weight of young ILO unemployed (15-24 years) in total young persons, by gender...............79 A25. Employment by gender and main activities of national economy............................................79 A26. Employment by gender and activity sectors of national economy...........................................80 A27. Employment by gender and status in employment .................................................................80 A28. Employment by gender and occupation groups (COR 2008)..................................................81 A29. Average monthly gross and net earnings, by activity of national economy

(CANE Rev.2) and gender ......................................................................................................82 A30. Average number of social insurance pensioners, by category of pension and

by gender ................................................................................................................................84 A31. Average monthly social insurance pension, by category of pension and by gender ...............84 A32. Income and other financial resources, by household category, in 2015..................................85

Bibliography and online resources

B


Bibliography

Celbis, M.G., Turkeli, S., 2014, Does too much work hamper innovation? Evidence for diminishing returns of work hours for patent grants

Busch A., Holst E., 2011, Gender-Specific Occupational Segregation, Glass Ceiling Effects and Earnings in Managerial Positions: Results of a Fixed Effects Model, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung

Fagerberg, J., Srholec, M., Verspagen, B., 2009, Innovation and Economic Development, MERIT Working Papers 032, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT)

Martin, B., Nightingale, P., 2012, Science and technology studies: Exploring the knowledge base, Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(7), pages 1182-1204

Pisică, S. (coord.), Moldoveanu, R., 2016, Labour force in Romania: Employment and unemployment in 2015, National Institute of Statistics

Schultz, T. P., 2002, Why Governments Should Invest More to Educate Girls, World Development 30 (2): 207-225

Sen, A., 1992, Missing Women, British Medical Journal Vol 304: 587-588

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Eurofound, 2015, First findings: Sixth European Working Conditions Survey.

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catd=89&newsId=2380&furtherNews=yes&preview=cHJldkVtcGxQb3J0YWwhMjAxMjAyMTVwcmV2aWV3

http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/document/files/parental_leave_report_final_en.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/other-institutions/goodpractices/review seminars/seminars_2015/lone_parents_en.htm.

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