M E T H O D S A D O P T E D B Y G A N D H I I N T H E N A T I O N A L M O V E M E N T [ S A T Y A G R A H A & S W A D E S H I ]

T H E C A U S E S F O R T H E N O N - C O O P E R A T I O N M O V E M E N T

T H E S I G N I F I C A N C E O F T H E N O N - C O O P E R A T I O N M O V E M E N T

S W A R A J I S T S , S I M O N C O M M I S S I O N , N E H R U R E P O R T , L H O R E S E S S I O N , P O O R N A S W A R A J D E M A N D , C I V I L

D I S O B E D I E N C E M O V E M E N T .

NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND MAHATMA GANDHI

CAUSES FOR NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT ✔

ROWLATT ACT ✔

JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE ✔

FAILURE OF BRITISH TO FULFIL WARTIME PROMISES

Non – Cooperation Movement •Gandhi’s plan (sep, 1920, Kolkata Session) •Non- cooperating with the Govt •Till demands are fulfilled

1920 1918

Khilafat Movement •End of WW1 – Turkey Surrendered •Defeat of the Caliph •Ali Brothers – led the Khilafat Committtee •Gandhi’s view – Hindu –Muslim unity •Advised committee – not to cooperate with the govt (boycott) •Significance – sense of national unity

•Feb 1919, Sedition Committee – Justice Rowlatt •Two bills – ‘black bills’ – enormous power to police (arrest without warrant) •No Dalil (plea), No Vakil, No Appeal •Gandhi’s view – destruction of individual elementary rights – urged for Satyagraha (protest without violence •6th April, 1919 – Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act •Remarkable response from mass to Satyagraha – people – fast, pray, hold public meetings, observe hartal

1919

Khilafat Movement

Rowlatt Act Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

10th April, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew deported from Amritsar Unrest in Amritsar 11th April, General Dyer took command of Amritsar 13th April, 1919 – public meeting – Jallianwala Bagh Dyer opened fire without any warning Hundreds died

Non – Cooperation Movement •Gandhi’s plan (sep, 1920, Kolkata Session) •Non- cooperating with the Govt •Till demands are fulfilled

1920 1918

Khilafat Movement •End of WW1 – Turkey Surrendered •Defeat of the Caliph •Ali Brothers – led the Khilafat Committtee •Gandhi’s view – Hindu –Muslim unity •Advised committee – not to cooperate with the govt (boycott) •Significance – sense of national unity

•Feb 1919, Sedition Committee – Justice Rowlatt •Two bills – ‘black bills’ – enormous power to police (arrest without warrant) •No Dalil (plea), No Vakil, No Appeal •Gandhi’s view – destruction of individual elementary rights – urged for Satyagraha (protest without violence •6th April, 1919 – Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act •Remarkable response from mass to Satyagraha – people – fast, pray, hold public meetings, observe hartal

1919

Khilafat Movement

Rowlatt Act Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

10th April, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew deported from Amritsar Unrest in Amritsar 11th April, General Dyer took command of Amritsar 13th April, 1919 – public meeting – Jallianwala Bagh Dyer opened fire without any warning Hundreds died

Objectives of Non – Cooperation Movement •Restoring the old status of Sultan of Turkey •Punishing those guilty of atrocities in Punjab •Attaining ‘ Swaraj’ for India

Programme of Non Cooperation Movement

Two types of programme : negative and positive

Programme of Non Cooperation Movement

Negative aspect of the programme

The boycott of Legislative Councils

The boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers

The boycott of government schools and colleges

The boycott of British goods

Surrender of titles and honorary posts

Positive aspect of the programme

Hindu-Muslim Unity

Removal of untouchability

Promotion of Swadeshi (home-spun and home woven cloth)

Prohibition of intoxicating drinks

WITHDRAWAL/SUSPENSION OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT

GANDHI REALISED THAT PEOPLE WERE NOT READY FOR A NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENT

DIFFICULT TO SUSTAIN A LARGE SCALE MOVEMENT FOR A MUCH LONGER TIME

Impact of the Non-cooperation Movement

CONGRESS BECAME A MASS PARTY - a national base to the Congress Organisation

POWER OF THE BRITISH UNDERMINED – anti British feeling. Loss of faith in the system

LACK OF FEAR OF GOVERNMENT REPRESSION – people – bold and patriotic (PEOPLE WERE READY FOR A MASS MOVEMENT)

GANDHI DETERMINED TO EMANCIPATE THE POOR AND THE OPPRESSED – Removal of untouchability and promotion of Khadi. Spread of ‘Swadeshi’

HINDU – MUSLIM UNITY

The weapons of Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation changed the Character of the Congress overnight. Nehru says “ a peaceful rebellion,, a most civilised form of warfare and yet dangerous to the stability of the state. (NEW

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT - CAUSES

SIMON COMMISSION AND DEATH OF LALA LAJPAT RAI ✔

LAHORE SESSION – POORNA SWARAJ ✔

NEHRU REPORT – GANDHI’S FAVOURING DOMINION STATUS- MOVEMENT TO BE LAUNCHED IF DOMINION STATUS NOT GIVEN WITHIN ONE YEAR

ARREST OF GANDHI

IRWIN STATEMENT

CONGRESS DEMAND FROM FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

GANDHI’S ELEVEN POINTS ULTIMATUM NOT AGREED TO

SIMON COMMISSION 1928

3rd Feb, 1928 – observed as day of strikes (hartal) and hostile demonstrations

Whole country rang with the slogan – ‘Simon Go Back’

Lahore – 30th October, 1928 – Lajpat Rai, brutally assaulted (by Police Officer, Saunders) succumbed to injuries – Nov 17th, passed away.

Saunders later shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru

REACTION TO SIMON COMMISSION 1928

All members were British

Lahore – 30th October, 1928 – Lajpat Rai, brutally assaulted (by Police Officer, Saunders) succumbed to injuries – Nov 17th, passed away.

Saunders later shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru

Simon Commission – February 1928

Nehru Report – August, 1928 – demanded ‘Dominion Status’

Congress Kolkata Session (1928) – plan to launch Non-cooperation Movement (including non-payment of tax), if Nehru Report not accepted

No assurance on Dominion Status, instead British govt announce First Round Table Conference – invites Congress

Lahore Congress Session – Dec, 1929 – passed resolution to boycott Round Table Conference – declared Purna Swaraj – took steps to launch a

programme of Civil Disobedience – 26th January, 1930 celebrated as Purna Swaraj day

12nd March, Dandi March – launched Civil Disobedience Movement

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT – 1930 Dandi March – 12th March, 1930

GANDHI MADE SALT THE CENTRE OF THE MOVEMENT

DANDI MARCH – FROM SABARMATI ASHRAM, AHMEDABAD TO DANDI COAST TO BREAK SALT LAW

Gandhi’s campaign against the salt-laws was signal to disobey the Government laws.

The Programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement

DEFIANCE OF SALT LAWS

BOYCOTT OF LIQUOR AND FOREIGN CLOTHES

REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES

LAWYERS TO GIVE UP PRACTICE

BOYCOTT OF COURT LITIGATION

VIOLATION OF LAWS OF DIFFERENT KINDS

GOVERNMENT SERVANTS TO RESIGN

FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

HELD AT LONDON – EXCEPT CONGRESS ALL OTHER PARTIES SENT REPRESENTATIVES

BRITISH REALISED – NO EFFECTIVE DISCUSSION WITHOUT CONGRESS

GANDHI IRWIN PACT – RELEASE OF GANDHI AND OTHER CONGRESS LEADERS / AGREEMENT TO RELEASE POLITICAL PRISONERS NOT INVOLVED I VIOLENCE / RIGHT TO MAKE SALT ALONG COASTAL AREAS / PEACEFUL BOYCOTT TO BE ALLOWED / EMERGENCY ORDINANCES TO BE WITHDRAWN

GANDHI WITHDRAWS THE MOVEMENT AND AGREES TO GO FOR THE SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE TO DISCUSS ON PROSPECT OF INDEPENDENCE TO INDIA

Gandhi Irwin Pact – Why?

Gandhi and Congress Working Committee members were

released on 26th January, 1931

Gandhi wanted peace but with honour, Government wanted peace but without trouble

Gandhi Irwin Pact

5th March , 1931 – Gandhi – Irwin Pact was signed

• Release all political prisoners except of those guilty of violence • Give back the confiscated properties of Congressmen • Permit peaceful picketing of liquors and foreign cloth shops • Permit people near sea-shores to manufacture salt

Lord Irwin agreed to:

• Suspend Civil Disobedience Movement • Take part in Second Round Table Conference

Mahatma Gandhi agreed to :

Gandhi Irwin Pact – Impact

The Viceroy having to negotiate with Gandhi as ‘an equal’ was

seen as a major achievement of the Congress.

The British Government was forced to recognise the Congress

as a true representative of the Indian people.

Second Round Table Conference

He could not persuade the British Government to grant Freedom or even the Dominion Status to India

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India empty handed.

The question of independence or of setting up of a responsible government receded into background.

Gandhiji was disgusted to find that most leaders seemed concerned only about their vested interests.

The conference devoted most of its time to communal question and the representation of minorities in the legislatures both at the centre and the provinces.

Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the second round table conference.

Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement

People were not silent and subdued. The

Movement caused a tide of patriotic fervor in the

country

Government was convinced that bold

constitutional reforms were now essential

The struggle had a healthy effect upon the life of the exploited, the poor and the oppressed

The Movement brought women in large

numbers out of their homes

Violence as a political weapon ceased to have

much impact on the youth of India because of Gandhi’s preachings

of non-violence