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National Nuclear Security Administration Update
Presented to:NAS Meeting of the Board on
Physics and Astronomy
By:Dr. Christopher J. Keane
Assistant Deputy Administrator for Inertial Confinement Fusion and the NIF Project
National Nuclear Security Administration
April 27, 2007
2
Summary points
• The nuclear weapon complex is undergoing major changes (Complex 2030)
• Inertial fusion and high energy density physics is a key elementof stockpile stewardship- HEDLP experiments provide integrated test of advanced simulation codes
• Highest priority for ICF is NIF completion and execution of ignition experiments starting in FY2010
• Program is entering a scientific “golden age” with completion of ZR (2007), OMEGA EP (2008), and NIF (2009)
• NNSA/SC Joint Program in Laboratory High Energy Density Plasmas created to steward HEDLP within DOE
• NNSA is in process of implementing policy to run major facilities as “user facilities”
3
ICF and High Yield CampaignStrategic Objectives
1. Achieve ignition in the laboratory and develop it as a scientific tool for stockpile stewardship.
2. Execute high energy density weapons physics experiments in support of stockpile stewardship in collaboration with other NNSA campaigns.
3. Develop advanced concepts that support the long-term needs of stockpile stewardship.
4. Steward the field of high energy density laboratory plasma physics (via joint program with DOE Office of Science).
4
The National Ignition Facility concentratesthe energy in a football stadium-sized
facility into a cubic millimeter
5
The plan for use of NIF calls for first ignition experiments in FY 2010
(IR) (UV)
Cluster 3 Complete energy 900kJ 01/07
7
NIF is meeting its Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) Production and Installation Schedule
3,182 Line Replaceable Units (51%) were installed by December 31, 2006
Fiscal year
Line Replaceable
Units installed
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Cumulative Planned Units Installed
Cumulative Actual Units Installed
FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09
8
National Ignition Campaign: Progress towards an integrated ignition target
• Complete Be shell capsule characterization capability
• Demonstrate scientific prototype ignition capsules (Be and plastic)
Uniform micro-structure NIC Be shell
Hohlraum thermomechanical assembly
Ice meetsroughnessspec.
Ice roughness0.5 µm
DT layer, plastic shell ,OMEGA
Backup Slide 61
9
Recent Progresson the Z Refurbishment Project
December 2006July 2006 September 2006
January 15, 2007
(dismantlement completed)(last shot)
(tank modifications completed)
(tank painting completed)
• Z has been dismantled
• Major tank modifications are complete
• Component installation began in January 2007
10
OMEGA EP Laser Bay photo shows recent beamline progress
11
Previous Reports on HEDP
A number of reports sponsored by the Federal government in recent years have presented
– Technical advances relevant to HEDP,
– Emerging scientific opportunities, and
– Recommendations for enabling further progress.
12
2004 Davidson report provided the starting point for the HEDP Interagency Task Force
The interagency Task Force on HEDP (TF-HEDP) was chartered by the Interagency Working Group on the Physics of the Universe (IWG-POU) under the Committee on Science in the National Science and Technology Council to
– respond to a community-based report (Frontiers for Discovery in HEDP) previously commissioned by the IWG-POU, and
– recommend specific steps needed to move forward on the scientific opportunities identified in HEDP.
13
Interagency Task Force on HEDP: Chair/Members
Co-Chairs: C. Keane (DOE/NNSA- ICF/NIF)D. Kovar (DOE/SC/Nuclear Physics)
Exec. Secretary: F. Thio (DOE/SC/Office of Fusion Energy Sciences)
Members: OSTP (R. Dimeo, J. Morse, K. Beers)DOD (S. Ossakow)DOE/NNSA (R. Schneider, C. Deeney, A. Hauer)DOE/SC/Basic Energy Sciences (E. Rolfing, M. Casassa)DOE/SC/Nuclear Physics (J. Simon-Gillo)DOE/SC/High Energy Physics (R. Staffin, L.K. Len)NASA (M. Salamon)NIST (J. Gillaspy, T. Lucatorto)NSF (J. Dehmer)
14
Davidson 2004 report defined 15 “scientific thrust areas”
• Thrust areas touch upon many well-established fields of science, such as atomic physics, nuclear physics, plasma physics, high energy physics, astrophysics, materials science, and laser science.
Inertial fusion fast ignition:15
Compact high energy particle acceleration:14
Ultrafast, high peak-power x-rays:13
Attosecond physics:12
Laser excitation of matter at the relativistic extreme:
11
Inertial confinement fusion:10
Radiative hydrodynamics:9
Compressible dynamics:8
Materials properties:7
Characterization of quark-gluon plasmas:6
HED physics with ultrarelativistic electron beams:5
Heavy ion driven HEDP and fusion:4
Laboratory astrophysics:3
Fundamental physics of HED astrophysical phenomena:
2
Astrophysical phenomena:1
15
Davidson research thrusts may beplaced into 4 categories
11. Laser excitation of matter at the relativistic extreme12. Attosecond physics13. Ultrafast, high peak-power x-rays14. Compact high energy particle acceleration
Ultrafast, Ultraintense Laser Science
3. Laboratory astrophysics4. Heavy ion driven HEDP and fusion5. HED physics with ultrarelativistic electron beams7. Materials properties8. Compressible dynamics9. Radiative hydrodynamics10. Inertial confinement fusion15. Inertial fusion fast ignition
High Energy Density Laboratory Plasmas
6. Characterization of quark-gluon plasmasHigh Energy Density Nuclear Physics
1. Astrophysical phenomena2. Fundamental physics of HED astrophysical phenomena
Astrophysics
Research thrust area(s) from the Frontiers for Discovery in HEDP reportFederal Research Category
16
Key DOE finding: stewardship of HEDLP needs to be improved
• Compelling scientific questions are clearly identified and prioritized (workshop process)
• Solicitations exist with adequate funding from clearly defined agency leads
• User facilities are established with program advisory committee process used to allocate time
• Facility user groups are active• Federal advisory committees or other groups set
strategic direction and build technical consensus on opportunities and priorities
• Scientific excitement is publicly visible
What characterizes a “well-stewarded” area of science?
17
DOE has taken action to improve stewardship of HEDLP
• Joint Program in Laboratory HEDP announced 2/5/07 (FY08 Congressional budget submission)
• Oversight of HEDLP now a joint NNSA/SC responsibility
• Key actions– Workshops– Joint solicitations– Establishment of federal advisory committee– Implementation of facility user programs– Strategic plan for HEDP
18
Joint Program in High Energy Density Laboratory Plasmas
• NNSA and Office of Science (OFES) have established a joint program in high energy density laboratory plasmas
• Purpose is to steward effectively this emerging field within DOE while maintaining the interdisciplinary nature of this area of science
• Program includes individual investigators, research centers activities, and user programs (National Laser User Facility program)
• Other agencies may join in the future (NSF, NASA)
NNSA
1,613
10,743
Office of Science (OFES)2,840
1,255
8,186
Total 24,637Heavy Ion Science
High Mach Number Plasma Jets / Dense Plasmas in Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields
Dollars in Thousands
User Facility Programs (fund via ICF Campaign)
Individual Investigators, Center Research, Grants & Fellowships
(fund via Science & ICF Campaigns)
Fast Ignition
12,356
12,281
19
Laser heated diamond anvil cell
Terascale simulations and experiments have discovered “superionic” (non-molecular) water
Pressures of 500 kbarand temperatures
of 1500 K were achieved.
Pressures of 500 kbarand temperatures
of 1500 K were achieved.
Raman spectroscopy First principles molecular dynamics
ProbeLaser Heating
Gasket
Sample
CouplerAl2O3 plates Raman Shift (cm-1)
-1000 0 1000 2000 3000
Ram
an In
tens
ity (a
rb. u
nits
)
1200 K
850 K
300 K
28 GPa
(a) H2O
Phonon
Stokes
O-H stretch
Antistokes
We found a loss of molecular character with
increasing pressure.
We found a loss of molecular character with
increasing pressure.
Simulations predict a non-molecular phase
over 40 GPa, in agreementwith experiment.
Simulations predict a non-molecular phase
over 40 GPa, in agreementwith experiment.
Goncharov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 125508(2005).Goldman, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 217801(2005).
20
NIF will be able to create and characterize a wide range of high - (P, ρ) states of matter found in the interiors of planets
Fundamental questions in planetary formation models can be addressed on NIF
21
[Saumon et al., ApSS 298, 135 (2005); Collins et al., Science 281, 1178 (1998); Knudson et al., PRL 90, 035505 (2003)]
Experiments on the EOS of shocked hydrogen at ~ 1 Mbar pressures start to replicate the extreme
conditions found in the interiors of Jupiter and SaturnP
ress
ure
(M
bar
)
• Models of hydrogen EOS are tested against shock data at 0.1-2 Mbar pressures• When applied to the Jupiter adiabat, there are large differences in compression at 3-20 Mbar
Novalaser
Z
Gas gun
HE
Compression, ρ/ρ0 Log P (Mbar)
Lo
g ρ
(g/c
m3 )
∆ lo
g ρ
(g/c
m3 )
P vs. ρ/ρ0 for singly shocked D2
ρ, ∆ρ/ρ of hydrogen along the Jupiter adiabat
Differences in compression
2
1.5
1
0.5
02 4 6
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4-6 -4 -2 0 2
0.1
0
-0.1
22
When the various models of the EOS of hydrogen are applied to the interiors of Jupiter
and Saturn, surprising results occur
• Based on the uncertainties, Jupiter and Saturn could be formed by different processes!• The hydrogen EOS is the largest source of uncertainty in the interior models of Jupiter• Need to have EOS measurements closer to the Jupiter adiabat at pressures of 3-20 Mbar • NIF could play a key role in making these high pressure, nearly adiabatic msmts of D2 EOS
[Saumon & Guillot, Ap.J. 609, 1170 (2004)]
Jupiter interior Saturn interior
Disk instability model? Core accretion model?
20
15
10
5
00 10 20 30 40
30
25
20
15
10
5
00 2 4 6 8 10 12
Mc
ore
/ME
arth
Mc
ore
/ME
arth
MZ/MEarth MZ/MEarth
23
1990 2000 20100.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100
1000
Peak
Ter
aflo
psWeapons Physics Simulations
Evolution of Dimensionality and Programming Model
Leg
acy
Sim
ulat
ion
ASC
Ear
ly
Sim
ulat
ion
3D R
outin
e Si
mul
atio
ns3D
Ent
ry L
evel
Sim
ulat
ion
ASCI
Moore’s Law Increase
(Historical)
Red @ SNL
MassivelyParallelVector
Blue Mountain @ LANL
Blue Pacific @ LLNL
White @ LLNL
Q @ LANL
Purple @ LLNL
ASC
24
Simulation of Effects of Multi-junctions on the Strength of Crystalline Materials
• Parallel Dislocation Simulator (ParaDiS) analysis tool allows prediction of strength of materials under dynamic loading conditions.
• Promises to close the computational performance gap that prevents scientists from understanding the fundamental nature of material strengthening (or hardening).
• Simulation of molybdenum crystal under strain shows formation of dislocation junctions (white lines) which grow into larger sub-networks which ultimately raise the overall rate of strain hardening.
• Existence of multi-junctions was first discovered using ParaDiS and later verified by transmission electron microscopy.
Code team: A. Arsenlis, V. Bulatov, W. Cai, M. Hiratani, G. Hommes, T. Oppelstrup, T. Pierce, M. Rhee, M. TangVisualization: R. Cook and M. Tang.