NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL

IDENTITIES IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND

LATIN AMERICAChapter 35

Asian Paths to Autonomy

India’s Quest for Home Rule

Indian National Congress

Mohandas K. Gandhi The India Act

• Against British rule• Hindu & Muslim supporters• Muslim League- worriedAbout Hindu aggression andSubjugation• During war support, but afterWar a scarcity of food and goods• British held down any revoltsAgainst their regime creating A wave of violence and disorder

• Charismatic Indian Leader• Moral philosophy ofAhisma (tolerance & non-Violence)• Satyagraha-passive Resistance• Renounced material Possessions• Active in Indian politics• Eradicate injustice of casteSystem• Non-Cooperation Movement• Civil Disobedience Movement• Boycott British goods & institutions

• Political Compromise• Gov’t of India Act-Institutions of self-Governing state• Bicarmel legislature• Executive under British Control• Unworkable: Prince refusedTo cooperate, Muslims fearedHindus in gov’t• Ali Jinnah- Head of MuslimLeague, proposed two states• India & Pakistan “land of the Pure”

China’s Search for Order

The Republic &Chinese Nationalism Sun Yatsen Civil War

• A revolution in 1911Doesn’t est. stable gov’t• Previously oustedgenerals gain power(warlords)• Contribute to Deterioration• Relationships strainedBetween foreign powers& native authority• After war nationalismDevelops• Hoped for an end to Treaty systems but Gave more power to Japan• May Fourth Movement• Become interested inMarxist thought• Start Chinese CommunistParty

• Against communist Enthusiasm for dictator ship• Three Principles of the People- 1)elimination of Foreigner’s privileges, 2)Nat’l reunification, 3) Economic development, 4)Demo-republican gov’t basedOn universal suffrage• Nationalist People’s PartyOr Guomindang• Soviet organizers advisedBothe the Guomindang and Chinese Communist Party

• Sun Yatsen dies leadershipGoes to Jiang Jieshi• Northern Expedition-Political & military offensiveTo unify China under Guomindang• Turns against CCP in 1927• Following year occupiesBeijing, sets gov’t in Nanjing,Declares Guamindang officialGov’t• 3 problems of Guamindang: 1)

only controlledPart of China, 2) Communist revoStill a threat, 3)faced increasingJapanese aggression• Permission to ward off CCP• Long March leads to

supporters• Mao Zedong , communist

leader

Imperial and Imperialist Japan

Imperial and Imperialist Japan The Mukden Incident

• Accept int’l status quo as major power• Joined League of Nations as part of “Big Five”• Agreed to limit naval development• Respect China’s territorial integrity• Kellogg-Brian Pact- renounced war asAn instrument of nat’l policy• Economic challenges post war• By 1930s public blamed gov’t for economicProblems• Called for end to party rule• Manchuria usu. With China now a sphereOf influence for Japan• 1931 Japan’s military asserts control over region

• Japanese built South ManchuriaRailway north of Mukden• Accused Chinese of attacking theRailway, “Mukden Incident”• Pretext for war between Japan and China• 1932 Japan controls all of ManchuriaEst. Machukuo• Jiang Jieshi goes to League of NationsTo complain, League sides with him, tellsJapan to return Manchuria• Japan leaves the League of Nations

Africa under Colonial Domination

Africa and the Great War

War in Africa Challenges to European Authority

• Allies invaded German Colonies in Africa• Anticipated the victor’s spoils after the war• German attempt a stronghold in AfricaWith little success• 1 million Africans participated in WWI onThe front lines• Raised recruits 3 ways: voluntary, leviesBy African chiefs and impressed personnel, andFormal conscription

• Africans challenged European authorities• European commercials and administrationBegan to leave Africa• This led to attempts at uprisings and revolts• Inspiration for revolts came from a hatred And resentment that came from mandatoryConscription• Colonial forces suppressed any opposition

The Colonial Economy

Infrastructure Farming and Mining Labor Practices

• Economic integrationCame by investing in Infrastructure• Creation of port facilities,Roads, railways & telegraphWires.• Linked agricultural and Mineral wealth to the outsideWorth

• Colonial taxation drove Africans into the labor market• African farmers had to Become cash crop farmers orSeek wage labor• Oversees agricultural Commodities stayed with theWhite settlers

• Outright forced labor• Almost slavery• Construction oftenBrought about forced labor

African Nationalism

Africa’s New Elite Forms of Nationalism

• “new elite”- employed and educated usuallyStudy abroad • Jomo Kenyatta- articulate nationalist helped Lead Kenya to independence• Africans who spoke and understood the Language and world of the colonizer• Outward European inward African• Used European concepts of nationalism w/Africans

• Looking for national identity by Going to pre-colonial times• Two ways in establishing a state:1) Based on ethnicity, religion race and Language or 2) geography

Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

The Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression

Reorientation of PoliticalAnd Nationalist Ideals

University Protests& Communist Parties

Diego Rivera and RadicalArtistic Visions

• New political possibilitiesIn L. America• Enlightenment ideals noLonger served as the onlyPolitical ideologies

• Capitalism by the U.S. Was under attack• Universities were the First to attack this• Universities became theTrain ground for politicalLeaders• Political parties supportedCommunism and other formsOf radical change• Alianza Popular RevolucionariaAmericana (APRA)- advocatedIndigenous rights and anti-imperialism

• Mexican Artist• Influenced by RenaissanceArtists and cubists• Artistic and political visionsShown in murals in the masses• Celebrated Pre-ColombianFolk traditions, Mexican artAnd radical and political ideas

The Evolution of Economic Imperialism

The U.S. EconomicDomination

Dollar Diplomacy Economic Depression andExperimentation

• Export-oriented economiesBeen tied to global finance And subject to foreign investorControl• Neo-colonialism—growing Foreign involvement in economicAffairs

• Taft: “Dollars for Bullets”In foreign policy• Foreign markets throughPeaceful commerce• Military intervention Should be avoided• This new vision of expansionAbroad was known as “DollarDiplomacy”

• Great Depression showedHow much L. America was Involved in the world economy• Halted 50 years of economicGrowth• Decline in L. America’s exportsNo foreign capital in L. America,Led to raised tariffs on foreign Products• Took alternative paths to Economic development• Industrialization (iron & steel)

Conflicts with a “Good Neighbor”

The “Good Neighbor Policy”

Nicaragua and theGuarda Nacional

• Reassessment of U.S. Foreign PolicyIn L. America • Institutions of policy makers to betterImplement “Dollar Diplomacy”• Creation of “Sweetheart Treaties”- U.S.Financial control (Caribbean), sent militaryForces to train indigenous in order to keepAnd peace and maintain law and order• This idea spread into L. America creatingThe “Good Neighbor Policy”

• U.S. financial interest in Nicaragua gave Reasons for them to intervene in NicaraguanAffairs• Augusto Cesar Sandino-nationalist & liberalGeneral, refused to accept peace settlement That left U.S. military forces on the ground• Began the Guarda Nacional-to remove U.S. military forces and was successful• Officers from the National Guard murder SandinoAnd Pro-U.S. ,Anastacio Somoza becomes president

Conflicts with a “Good Neighbor”

Cardenas Mexico Neighborly Cultural Exchanges

• More conciliatory approach to L. American relations.• “Convention on the Rights and Duties “- no state has the right to Intervene in the internal or externalAffairs of another• Lazaro Cardenas- Mexican president(1895-1970)-nationalized oil industry• Brits and U.S. upset (they will get Less profit)

• The U.S. wanted to cultivate L. American Markets for exports and distance itself from the Militarism of Asia and European Imperial powers• Struggle of L. American migrants coming intoU.S. • Hollywood attempted to reconcile thisrelationship by promoting more positive LatinAmerican images