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Nationalism and Sectionalism
Unit Three:
Chapter 7
Let’s Review! Past and future Presidents
Significant Events
What sort of issues did we have before the war: after the war:
Establishing a gov’t
Staying neutralB/t GB & FR
Debt
Growth…more land
Taxes/Revenue
War
Finding our place among other nations
Industrial growth
Transportation
Opening the west
Population growth
Growing pains…
Good feelings – how?
Internal improvementsBuilding roads, canals, transportation
Protective Tariff (tax on imports)Tariff of 1816:
Raise revenue for internal improvements and protect American businesses from cheap British goods by placing high import taxes on them
Good feelings, continued.
Established 2nd National Bank in 1816
Elections:Federalist Party (gone after 1812)
Dominant party – Republican 1808 & 1812: James Madison
1816 & 1820: James Monroe
A growing and young nation
1780 – 2.7 million people in US, 13 states
1830 – 12 million people in US, 24 states
Causes:Not immigration, for now
More children born to each family1800-1840, usually 5 kids per family
High infant mortality rate
Low median ageMost of population was young (in 1820, most under 17 – today’s is 33).
Young couples dreamed of working hard to make a good future for their families.
The place to make their dream come true was the Trans-Appalachia (west of App Mtns).
A Transportation Revolution
A Transportation Revolution
Steam PowerJames Watt – used steam engine to make textiles
Robert Fulton – used steam power for a ship
The ClermontFulton’s ship that traveled upriver, against the current
By 1820’s, 69 steamboats were on the rivers of America’s West.
A Transportation Revolution: Roads
RoadsUsed to move goods, migrate west, communicate, & run their gov’t.
Federal/National Rd.Built to last, financed by Fed Gov’t.Maryland to Ohio, today called US Route 40.
Turnpike – Highways where a toll must be paidCorduroy Rd – Whole logs used to surface the roadPlank Rd – planks used on roads
A Transportation Revolution:Canals
CanalsWaterways – cheapest way to carry goods, but they don’t go everywhere.
So, Americans built artificial waterways (canals).
Mostly built in NortheastErie Canal (1825) – connected Hudson River and Lake Erie.
– Increased rate of settlement & development of all Great Lakes Region
A Transportation Revolution: Railroads
While better roads aided transportation, RR proved far more durable and efficient for moving goods and people.
Used Watt’s steam technology to develop a steam locomotive.
In 1828, construction began on the first American RR in Baltimore, MD.
Baltimore and Ohio (B & O) line.
By 1840, the nation had over 3,300 miles of track on several different lines…more than any other country in the world!
We are a new “MOBILE” society!
Increased availability of goods & flow of info
Women no longer needed help of whole family to produce household necessities – good & bad
Women were alone in housework
White Americans could pack up and move!
Head west
Effects of our new mobile society
Slaves moved west with owners.
Major cause of death among Native Americans – still disease from white settlers
Life in the West!
Life in the West: Crossing the Appalachians
In 1828, James Hall wrote Letters from the West.
This captured the mood of the nation on the move.
He said, “the innumerable caravans of adventurers who are daily crowding to the West in search of homes…produce a constant succession of visitors of every class and of almost every nation.”
Pioneers move west
Pioneers move west!By 1830’s, hundreds of thousands of people living north of Ohio River Valley.
New states: Ohio, Indiana, and IllinoisJourney was long and difficult.
Settlers moved as familiesYoung men traveled alone
“Old America seems to be breaking up and moving westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track towards the Ohio, of family groups behind and before us, some [intending to go] to a particular spot, close to a brother perhaps, or [to] a friend who has gone before and reported well of the country.”
Pioneers arrive on their new land!
Once they settled, they faced a heavy burden of work.
Must clear the land, plant a crop, build a house.
With hand tools and good ole’ muscle
Used fire to clear some undergrowth
Planted corn
The Legend – Daniel Boone
In 1775, he was employed by Transylvania Co.Supposed to cut the Wilderness Rd
Became main road to Trans-Appalachia
Member of KY state legislatureFamous form being a bold and tough pioneer
African American PioneersAn estimated 98,000 slaves moved west with their owners from 1790-1810.Another 338,000 came from Africa.North of the Ohio River, slavery was forbidden (free slaves could live there).
Not supported as white Americans didn’t want to compete with African Americans for jobs/land.Some laws required African Americans to pay $1,000 to move to Illinois, while white people paid nothing.
Native Americans forced west
Most Indians were forced to move during this time.
Lost land to US Gov’t thru unfair treaties.
Diseases brought by white settlers were the main reason for population dwindling.While many fought to keep their culture, the Cherokee decided to adapt.
Cherokee chose to adapt!Under a leader, John Ross, the Cherokee created a legal system and gov’t that blended Indian and European traditions.No more common-owning property
No have private property
They practiced slavery and had 1,300 African slaves.They became farmers and used a newspaper.A leader Sequoyah, invented an alphabet they used.In 1827, they declared themselves and independent nation!Worked for a little while, but white settlers were too hungry for land.
The Industrial Revolution!!!
The Industrial Revolution (cont.)Americans pursued profit with the same energy that they pursued self-improvement and virtue.
How to make a profit?Use new inventions
Produce materials faster and cheaper
Industrial RevolutionEffort to increase production by using machines powered by sources other than animals & humans.
How it all started…Began in Britain.With improvement in textiles (cloth).
James WattsInvented: Steam Engine
GB guarded its secretsIf you knew about inventions, you couldn’t emigrate (move out of GB).
Samuel Slater ruined it!Brought textile mills to US
Industrial Innovation in America – Eli WhitneyEli Whitney
In 1796, told Gov’t he would make 10,000 guns in 2 yrs.
Then, had to make individual parts & then make them fit together.Whitney thought, what if all the parts were made exactly alike and could be used on any gun…He never did it, but he came up w/ the idea of…
Interchangeable PartsWhere all parts are made to an exact standard.
Eli Whitney’s – Cotton Gin
In 1793, he noticed the time and effort it took to clean cotton seeds from cotton fibers.
1793 – 1 lb. cotton/day
Invented: Cotton GinMachine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers.Gin = machine/engineNow, worker could clean 1,000 lbs cotton/day
Cotton Gin’s Important Effects1.) Profit/lb of cotton skyrockets & more cotton planted for harvest.
Exports rose 6,000% b/t 1790-1815
2.) Many Southern planters began to depend on cotton as their only major crop, b/c it was so profitable.
3.) Planters looked for new land where they could grow more cotton (mostly in AL, MS, LA, & TX).
4.) More African slaves to keep up w/ work on larger plantations.
Slave population up to 1.5 million in 1820.
Cotton Gin – in a nutshell
The cotton gin helped keep the southern states a land of slavery and of farming, while the northern states became a land of free labor and of industry.
These fundamental differences will cause friction…
Civil war anyone?
Famous Inventors & their creationsDate Inventor and Invention/Innovation
1787 John Fitch, 1st American Steamboat
1790 Samuel Slater, water-powered cotton-processor
1793 Eli Whitney, cotton gin
1795 Robert Fulton, steam shovel (for digging canals)
1798 Eli Whitney, mass produces muskets w/ standard measures and interchangeable parts
1807 Robert Fulton, launches Clermont (1st commercially successful steamboat)
1814 Frances C. Lowell, opens 1st completely mechanized cotton mill
1820 William Underwood, opens canning factory
1826 Samuel Morey, patents an internal combustion engine
1828 Joseph Henry, electromagnet
5th Pres: James Monroe
1817-1825
Missouri Compromise is made during his administration.
We will look at his administration more in detail next chapter!
Important cabinet member:John Quincy Adams
Secretary of StateHmmm…. Why is this job special?
Son of John Adams
Going to be next President
Guru of foreign affairs:Adams-Onis Treaty
Oregon
Monroe Doctorine
A little background first…Expansion into Florida
AL, LA, and Miss were getting crowded.US acquired FL in 1795 through thePinckney Treaty
Named for American diplomatic creator Thomas Pinckney
It accomplished:1.) The Southern boundary of the US was set at 31’N latitude, leaving FL firmly in Spanish hands.2.) US citizens would be allowed free use of the Miss River thru Spanish territory.3.) Spain and US agreed to control the Indians living within each country’s territories and to prevent them from attacking the other country’s territory.
Expansion into Florida (cont.)
In the 1810’s Spain dealt with rebellions in its South American colonies.
Paid little attention to Florida.Allowed Seminoles, Indians in FL, to attack Southern Georgia.
Americans didn’t like Seminoles b/c they let escaped slaves live with them.
General in charge of protecting US settlers was Andrew Jackson.
Told Pres Monroe, “that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished.”Pres Monroe did not openly encourage him, but Jackson still invaded Florida.
He succeeded and Americans applauded him (Spain didn’t)
Florida is all ours… bwah-ha-ha!
Monroe (and his Sec of State, John Quincy Adams) tried to make the best of Jackson’s actions.
Adams accused Spain of breaking the Pinckney Treaty by failing to control the Seminoles.
Adams-Onis TreatyB/t Adams & Spain’s rep Onis y GonzalesSpain agreed to cede (give up) FL to US
Spain also gave up claim to Pacific NorthwestNow, for the 1st time, the US stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Set boundary b/t LA Purchase and Spanish Territory
In fact, US ceded large amount of modern day Texas.
Problems for Monroe:Battle with GB over Great Lakes and boundary of Canada
Settlements:GB ended asst with natives
Rush-Bagot TreatyUS & GB removed all warships from Great Lakes, demilitarized entire 3000 mile border
Convention of 1818US ships could fish in Canadian waters
Set N boundary of LA purchase (49th parallel) and gave join occupation of Oregon for 10 years
More problems:Spanish Florida – boundary dispute
Seminole & Creek attacks against GA
A. Jackson chased Seminole into FL and seized Pensacola
Settlement:Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain cedes FL to USA; set boundary of LA territory
Russia – claimed Alaska south to OregonRussians agreed to withdraw from Oregon – had too much land to govern
Monroe Doctrine – Go JQA!Supposed to solve problems with:
Latin AmericaSpanish colonies declare indep.
– USA feels need to protect them
Quadruple AllianceSet up in Europe to suppress ideas of FR Rev.
– Worried actions might spread to US
Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia
Pacific Coast of North AmericaRussia in Oregon
USA Statement: you mess with Latin America, you mess with us!
Monroe Doctrine:Monroe Doctrine:1.) The U.S. would not get involved in any internal affairs of European countries, nor would it take sides in wars among them.2.) The U.S. recognized the existing colonies and states in the W.H. and would not interfere with them.3.) The U.S. would not permit any further colonization of the W.H.4.) Any attempt by any European power to control any nation in the W.H. would be viewed as a hostile action toward the U.S.
Post-War Boom & Post-War Boom & PanicPanic
Economic prosperity in 1815.
Republican party dominated politics, Federalists faded out of existence.
Creation of Second Bank of the United States.
Panic of 1819:First Great Depression
Economic downturn
The Missouri The Missouri CompromiseCompromise
Admission of the state of Missouri.
Basic issue of slavery at stake.Missouri Compromise of 1820
Slavery would be permitted in Missouri.
Maine would come into the union as a Free State.
As the U.S. expanded westward, states north of 36° 30‘ latitude would be free states.
Avoid confronting the issue of slavery for the time being!
Missouri Compromise
Important info for nationalism:Important info for nationalism:Chief Justice John Marshall, builds the power of the federal gov’t.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Congress had authority to est. a national bank.
Dartmouth vs. Woodward
Limits states power to interfere with business.
Gibbons vs. OgdenFed gov’t must regulate trade on interstate waterways.
The Election of 1824:First election where no candidate was a leader during the Revolution.John Quincy Adams defeated John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and the popular Andrew Jackson of Tennessee.
A Controversial Race:
Calhoun withdraws and runs for V.P.Adams faces the “Passionate Orator” & the “Man of the People”.
The Corrupt BargainJackson wins most popular votes.Feb. 1825 Congress is required to decide election.Clay swings Kentucky’s votes to Adams, days later Adams names Clay his Secretary of State.
President John Quincy AdamsFirst son to follow father’s footstepsPresident only one term; 1825-1829He wrote in his diary daily between the ages of 29-49.He wrote many times about the weaknesses of others, but here is how he described himself, “I am a man of reserved, cold, austere, and forbidding manners.”
J.Q. Adams From the beginning of his administration he was challenged by the “Jacksonians” in Congress.
Very few things got accomplished while he was President.
Tariff of Abomination:Trying to embarrass Adams, the Jacksonians in Congress proposed a tariff bill that raised rates across the board, on raw materials as well as on imported goods.
Adam’s home region of New England welcomed the higher import tariffs, but not raw materials because of their industrialized economy would lose profits.
J.Q. Adams
No one expected the tariff to pass, so when it did the South became very angry b/c they wanted less expensive imports.
The south called this the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS. (one nail in the coffin toward secession)
One important event during his administration was in 1827, New Orleans held its first Mardi Gras !
Election of 1828
Adams vs. Jackson
Economic issues forcing politicians to choose sides.
Adams / Clay = National Republicans / Whigs
Jackson = Democrats (Jacksonian Dem.)
Twice as many men voted in ’28 than ’24.
Jackson trounces Adams 178 ecv’s to 83.
National Republicans / National Republicans /
WhigsWhigs
Jacksonian DemocratsJacksonian Democrats
Federal government should take a leadership role.
Federal government should remain as inactive as possible.
Federal govt. should support internal improvements, such as roads and bridges
The individual states should be responsible for internal improvements.
In favor of the national bank. Against the national bank.
Tended to be middle-class or well-established Protestants.
Tended to be slaveholders, small farmers, non-Protestants, and working class.
The Age of JacksonJackson as President
Signaled several changes in politics.
First President from west of the Appalachians.Start of a new era in American democracy = popular support.
Jacksonian DemocracySupport for new, less-wealthy voters.Repeal of state laws requiring voters to own land; all white males could vote.Voters rather than legislatures chose Presidential candidates.
The Spoils SystemPatronage: practice of giving jobs to friends and supporters.Jackson dismissed more than 200 previous appointees and 2,000 other office holders and replaced them with his Jacksonian Democrats. Replaced less than 20%.This was known as the “Spoils System” under Jackson.“Rotation in Office” would prevent a small group of wealthy people from controlling the gov.“Champion of the Common Man.”
Belief in Limited Gov’t
Feared the power of a strong National Govt.Attacked politicians he thought corrupt and laws that would limit the people’s liberties.
Used Veto power on more acts of Congress than the six previous Presidents combined.Ex. = Fed money for a state road in KY.
The Tariff Crisis!
Tariff of 1828Congress passed prior to Jackson taking office.Benefited the industrial north, forced southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods.
“Tariff of Abominations”
More crisis!!!Secede: withdrawal was threatened by South Carolina
South Carolina declared the tariffs “null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.”
1833 Force Bill = required South Carolina to collect the tariffs.
Jackson threatened to send 50,000 troops to SC.Henry Clay, the “Great Compromiser”, reduce some of the import duties and SC cancelled the nullification act, thus nullified the Force Bill at the same time.
Indian RelocationIndian Removal Act: 1830 encouraged by Jackson, authorized him to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the east.
Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of five tribes.
32 million prairie acres in Oklahoma for 100 million acres in the east. (That seems fair…… NOT!)
Cherokee nation took up farming and adapted more to the white culture than any other nation.
Sequoyah = writing system, literacy.
The Cherokee Govt. was modeled after the U.S.
Indian Removal Continued1829 gold discovered on Cherokee lands in Georgia.(Dahlonega)
Cherokees sued in court
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that they had no legal standing in American courts because they were not U.S. citizens nor from a foreign country.
“We wish to remain on the land of our fathers. We have a perfect and original right to remain without interruption. . . It cannot be that the community we are addressing, remarkable for its intelligence and religious sensibilities, and preeminent [unmatched] for its devotion to the rights of man, will lay aside this appeal.”
» --- Cherokee public appeal, July 17, 1830
1832 Worcester v. Georgia; Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority over Cherokee territory. Georgia ignored the ruling.
“All preceding experiments for the improvement of the Indians have failed. It seems now to be an established fact that they can not live in contact with a civilized community and prosper. . . .No one can doubt the moral duty of the Government of the United States to protect and if possible to preserve and perpetuate the scattered remnants of this race which are left within our borders.”
--- President Jackson, annual address to
Congress December 7, 1835
Trail of Tears: 1838, U.S. army rounded up more than 15,000 Cherokees into camps. 116 days they were forced to march westward in groups of about 1,000.
Poorly organized and undersupplied in the fall and winter months. 1 out of 4 Cherokees died of cold or disease as troops refused to let them rest. Cost was $6 million, this money was subtracted from the $9 million payment for the lands given up.
Jackson’s Successors
Chose not to run in ’36.
Martin Van Buren becomes next President, supported by Jackson.
Panic of 1837, severe depression in Van Buren’s first year in office. Dragged into the ’40’s.
William Henry Harrison defeats Van Buren in 1840, dies after one month in office from pneumonia. VP John Tyler takes over.
Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs.
