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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Steps Toward Unification
• Bismarck’s Plan for Germany
• Quick Facts: Steps to Unification in Germany
• Faces of History: Otto von Bismarck
• Unification and Empire
German Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview, continued
• Map: The Unification of Germany
• The Empire’s Growth and Change
• Quick Facts: Germany’s Economic Growth
German Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Reading Focus
• What steps did Germany take toward unification?
• What was Bismarck’s plan for Germany and how did he hope
to achieve it?
• How did wars lead to the unification of a German Empire?
• In what ways did Germany grow and change after unification?
Main Idea
In the late 1800s, Otto von Bismarck transformed Germany from
a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire.
German Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Click the icon to play
Listen to History
audio.
Click the icon below
to connect to the
Interactive Maps.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity
When Napoleon’s conquests and eventual defeat changed the power structure of the German states,
some Germans began to call for unification. In 1848, liberals demanded German political unity and
offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the throne, which he declined.
1 of 5
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 1: Building a German Nation
Witness History Audio: Blood and Iron
Note Taking Transparency 138
Bismarck Unites Germany
When Otto von Bismarck became chancellor, he united the German states under Prussian rule. He
built up the Prussian army and aggressively won provinces from Denmark and north German states
under the control of Austria. Then Prussia defeated Napoleon III’s forces in the Franco-Prussian War
of 1870.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 1
Color Transparency 131: Events Leading to German
Unification
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Germany was not a unified nation in 1848, although the patchwork of
independent states did have a common language and culture.
• Napoleon nurtured nationalism by
uniting German states into
confederation
• 1815, after Napoleon’s defeat,
Congress of Vienna retained
organization, renamed it German
Confederation
• 39 separate states with common
language, culture poised for
movement to unite
Nurturing Nationalism • 1848, revolution swept through
Europe
• German liberals also took
opportunity to revolt
• Differed over whether to support
constitutional monarchy or
republic
• Agreed that German unity would
promote individual rights, liberal
reforms
Revolution
Steps Toward Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Economic, Cultural Unity
• 1834, Zollverein, customs union, created; removed tariffs on
products traded between German states
• Inspired businesspeople to support unification; encouraged growth of
railroads connecting German states; joined Germans economically
• German economy growing; sense of German culture growing as well
Unkept Promises
• Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian king Frederick
Wilhelm IV promised constitution, other reforms
• End of 1848, went back on promises; constitution never written
• Banned publications, organizations that supported democracy
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Identify
What was the outcome of the revolution of
1848 in Prussia?
Answer(s): failed to bring democratic reform to
Prussia
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• Otto von Bismarck, conservative politician, leading force behind German
unification
• Became prominent in Prussian politics
• 1847, gave strongly conservative speech at National Assembly
• 1862, new Prussian king, Wilhelm I, chose Bismarck as prime minister
• Not liberal like revolutionaries
• Conservative, supported king of
Prussia
• Believed Prussia destined to lead
German people to unification
• Practiced realpolitik, policies
based on interests of Prussia
Bismarck’s Philosophy
• Politics of reality evident in push to
increase Prussian military power
• Speech to Parliament: German
unity not won by speeches, majority
vote but by “blood and iron”
• Built Prussian army into great war
machine
“Blood and Iron”
Bismarck’s Plan for Germany
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• After brief fight, Denmark gave
territory to Austria, Prussia
• Prussia controlled Schleswig,
Austria controlled Holstein
• Austria now held small bit of
territory inside Prussia
• Bismarck knew to unite
Germany, war with Austria
inevitable
Result of War
• Disagreement over two border
states—Schleswig, Holstein—
gave Bismarck opportunity to
begin war with Denmark
• 1864, formed military alliance
with Austria against Denmark
• Believed both Schleswig,
Holstein should be controlled by
German Confederation
Disagreement Leads to War
Bismarck’s First War
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Describe
What was the plan of Bismarck to unite
Germany?
Answer(s): increase the Prussian military, go to
war with Austria
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Bismarck could not increase Prussia’s power as long as Austria was
in the way. But with two short wars, Bismarck moved Austria out of the
way and established a unified German Empire.
• Bismarck worked
behind scenes
• Promised Venetia
to Italy in exchange
for support
• Persuaded
Napoleon III to
keep France
neutral
Preparations • Bismarck sent
Prussian troops
into Austrian state
of Holstein
• Austria declared
war on Prussia
• Holstein skirmish
gained Prussian
support for war
Provocation • In address to
Prussian people,
King Wilhelm I
blamed Austria for
starting war
• Appealed to
peoples’ sense of
nationalism
Nationalism
Unification and Empire
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• Several other northern states
united with Prussia
• Only three southern states
remained outside Prussian
control
• Bismarck, Wilhelm used victory
to rally other German states
around Prussia; war first step
toward German unification
Unification
• War unfolded just as king,
Bismarck planned
• Highly-skilled, well-equipped
Prussian army defeated
Austrians in only seven weeks
• Treaty ending Austro-Prussian
War dissolved German
Confederation, forced Austria to
surrender Holstein
Austro-Prussian War
France and Austria
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Unified Germany
• Despite Austro-Prussian War victory, it would take another war to create
unified Germany
• Southern German states still not included in North German Confederation
Peace Treaty
• Southern states supported Prussia, north German states in war with France
• 1871, Bismarck won Franco-Prussian War
• Peace treaty declared unification of Germany
Nationalism in South
• 1870, conflict brewing with France over disputed Alsace, Lorraine territory
• Provinces had been part of Holy Roman Empire, which included Prussia
• Issue sparked nationalistic feelings in south German states
The Franco-Prussian War
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Birth of the German Empire
William I of Prussia became Kaiser and declared the birth of the Second Reich.
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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 1: Building a German Nation
Color Transparency 131: Event Leading to German Unification
Geography Interactive: Unification of Germany, 1865-1871
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Creating the German Empire
Peace treaty had far-reaching consequences
• Victory established unified German empire
• Representatives of allied German states met at Versailles, near Paris
– Proclaimed Wilhelm I first kaiser—emperor—of German Empire
– Wilhelm appointed Bismarck first chancellor
• German victory changed balance of power in Europe
– Napoleon III gone; France no longer as powerful
– As Germany grew economically, new empire rose in power
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Sequence
How did the Austro-Prussian and the
Franco-Prussian wars lead to German
unification?
Answer(s): The Austro-Prussian War joined
together the north German states. After Prussia
won the Franco-Prussian War, the peace treaty
declared the unification of Germany.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 1
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Steps Toward Unification
• Bismarck’s Plan for Germany
• Quick Facts: Steps to Unification in Germany
• Faces of History: Otto von Bismarck
• Unification and Empire
Germany Strengthens
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview, continued
• Map: The Unification of Germany
• The Empire’s Growth and Change
• Quick Facts: Germany’s Economic Growth
Germany Strengthens
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Reading Focus
• How did Germany become an industrial giant?
• Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor ?
• What were the policies of Kaiser William II?
Main Idea
As the Franco-Prussian war came to an end, the leaders of
Europe gathered at Versailles. The era of French domination
had ended. Germany was now the dominant power in Europe.
Germany Strengthens
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Germany Becomes and Industrial Giant
Unified Germany’s natural resources and educated workforce led to fast industrial development. The
coordination of railroads and reorganization of the banking system improved the economy. Scientists
developed new products for industrial uses.
1 of 5
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 2: Germany Strengthens
Witness History Audio: The New German Empire
Note Taking Transparency 139
The Iron Chancellor
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tried to stifle opposition from within Germany. He wanted
Catholics to put the state above the Church and had laws passed that allowed the state control over
Catholic education and expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, among other things. To keep socialists at
bay, he banned their newspapers and meetings. In the end, both groups rallied enough support to
cause Bismarck to change his ways.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Railroads
• After unification, Germany experienced time of economic growth
• France had paid reparations—money for war damages
• German leaders used some money to build railroads to link German states
Path to Social Reforms
• Industrialization had critics in Germany
• German socialists protested against harsh factory conditions
• Called for state control of all industries
Industrial Growth
• Other funds helped build German businesses
• New empire began to catch up with other industrialized countries of Europe
• Coal mines, steel factories flourished in Germany’s major cities
Economic Growth
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
This struggle between the government and the church was known as
Kulturkampf, which means “the struggle for culture.”
In the years after 1871, Germany prospered. Under the leadership of Wilhelm I
and Bismarck, Germany developed into a strong empire. This period was
known as the Second Reich, or empire, because Germans considered the Holy
Roman Empire to be the First Reich.
• Germany’s 25 separate states
wanted to retain some power
• Government took federalist form;
power shared between state,
national governments, Wilhelm led
government
• Political parties developed
A New Government
The Empire’s Growth and Change
• Bismarck believed Roman Catholic
Church posed threat to government
• Believed government, not church,
should control aspects of culture,
like education
• Worked to restrict influence of
Catholic Church in Germany
Government and the Church
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Legislation
Bismarck tried to destroy socialism
• Blamed socialists for two assassination attempts on
emperor
• Sought to reduce appeal of socialism by enacting own
reforms
• 1880s, pushed through legislation providing benefits for:
– Health
– Accidents
– Old age
– Disability
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Kaiser William II
In a bid for absolute power, the new Kaiser, William II, asked Bismarck to resign. His nationalism and
military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I.
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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 2: Germany Strengthens
Color Transparency 132: The Proclamation of Wilhem as Kaiser of the New German Reich
Witness History Audio: Kaiser William II
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
After Unification
• Bismarck did not want to
expand Germany’s borders
• Believed France remained a
threat, however
Bismarck Out
• 1888, Wilhelm’s grandson
became kaiser
• Wilhelm II fired Bismarck as
prime minister after
disagreement
Alliances
• Bismarck made alliances with
Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia
• Nations agreed to help protect
one another from possible
attack
Wilhelm II
• Early 1900s, continued to make
alliances with other European
nations
• Built up most powerful military
force in Europe
Bismarck and Wilhelm II
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Describe
How did Germany change both
economically and politically in the years
following unification?
Answer(s): vote was given to all men over 25,
political parties developed, economic growth as
Germany caught up with other European industrial
economies, new alliances with other nations,
Kulturkampf limited influence of Catholic Church
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 2
Note Taking Transparency 139
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 2
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview
• Starting Points Map: Europe,1815
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Stirrings of Nationalism
• Quick Facts: Elements of Nationalism
• The Path Toward Unity
• Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
Italian Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview, continued
• Map: The Unification of Italy
• Challenges After Unification
Italian Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Click the icon to play
Listen to History
audio.
Click the icon below
to connect to the
Interactive Maps.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Reading Focus
• How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna?
• What role did Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward
Italian unification?
• How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy?
• What challenges did Italy face after unification?
Main Idea
In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified
as the Kingdom of Italy.
Italian Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Obstacles to Italian Unity
At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a
French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states. Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists wanted
to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language.
1 of 6
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 3: Unifying Italy
Witness History Audio: Stirrings of Nationalism
Note Taking Transparency 140
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Stirrings of Nationalism
Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of
Roman Empire
• Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into
competing states, each with own government
• Napoleon invaded Italy
– United many states under one government
– Unification did not last
– After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states
• Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
National Groups Ignored
• Congress had ignored national groups, placing them under control of large
empires; some empires included different ethnic groups
• Italians split into three groups—much of northern Italy under Austrian rule,
other states under Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler
• Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions
After Congress of Vienna
• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old
Europe, old relationships
• 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair
• 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at
Congress of Vienna
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe
Mazzini, launched nationalist
group called Young Italy to fight
for unification of Italian states
• Mazzini had been exiled but
smuggled patriotic pamphlets
into Italy
• Young Italy attracted tens of
thousands of Italians to cause
of unification
Young Italy
• Italian artists, writers, thinkers
became interested in
celebrating Italy’s cultural
traditions
• Others formed secret societies
to work for political change,
plotted to overthrow Austrian
government in Italy
Secret Societies
Mazzini and Young Italy
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Define
What is nationalism?
Answer(s): devotion to one's national group
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
The Struggle for Italy
Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia wanted to enlarge his kingdom. His prime minister, Count Camillo
Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour provoked
the war. France helped Sardinia defeat Austria and annex the province of Lombardy. Other provinces
soon also joined Sardinia and with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist leader in the Kingdom
of the Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy.
2 of 6
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 3: Unifying Italy
Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions.
Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy.
• 1848, nationalist-inspired
revolutions spread throughout
Europe
• In some Italian states, citizens
rebelled against Austrian rule
– Piedmont declared war
against Austria, fought for
year, was defeated
– Others seized Rome, 1849;
French troops helped pope
regain control
Uprisings, Revolutions • Only successful revolt was in
Sardinia
• Rulers forced to grant new
constitution; Sardinia remained
independent
• One of most important leaders of
Italian unification emerged,
Camillo di Cavour
• Founded nationalist newspaper, Il
Risorgimento—“resurgence” or
“rebirth”
Cavour and Sardinia
The Path Toward Unity
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Kingdom of Sardinia
• 1852, Cavour became prime
minister of independent
Kingdom of Sardinia
• Believed thriving economy
important for Italy to be reborn
Ally
• Cavour in position to cultivate
powerful ally
• Supported France in war with
Russia; gave France provinces
of Savoy, Nice
Economy
• Cavour worked to build
Sardinian economy
• Believed Italy should be reborn
as monarchy
France’s Support
• France agreed to support
Sardinia in war against Austria
• 1860, northern Italian states
liberated from control of
Austrian Empire
Sardinia and Italy
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Identify Cause and Effect
How did Cavour help Sardinia break free
from the Austrian Empire?
Answer(s): He cultivated an alliance with the
French.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Sword of Italy
• Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart”
• Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy
• Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833
Return
• 1854, Garibaldi returned for good
• Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria
• After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia
Exile
• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice
• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America
• Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• 1861, territories held elections, all
agreed to unification
• Holdouts were Venetia, still
belonging to Austria; Papal States,
under French troops supporting
pope
• 1866, Prussia defeated Austria,
gave Venetia to Italy
• 1870, Prussia forced French to
withdraw from Rome
• Italian troops entered Rome,
completed unification under King
Victor Emmanuel
Unification
• Followers known as Red Shirts
because of colorful uniforms
• By July 1860, using guerilla
warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts
gained control of island of Sicily
• September, Garibaldi, Sardinian
troops conquered Naples
• Red Shirts now controlled southern
part Italian peninsula
• Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two
Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor
Emmanuel
The Red Shirts
Control and Elections
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 3
Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last
5 of 6
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Find the Main Idea
What actions led Garibaldi to be called the
“sword” of Italian unification?
Answer(s): He used guerilla tactics to gain control
of the southern Italian states.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Challenges Facing the New Nation
Italy’s unification was not a smooth process. The industrial north and the agricultural south were
difficult to bring together. The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the government
that did away with the Papal States. Leftist radicals also fought against what they saw as a
government that was too conservative.
3 of 6
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 3: Unifying Italy
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
History Interactive: Unifying Italy
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges.
Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social
and economic problems.
• Strong regional
differences led to lack
of unity
• Southern Italians
resented being
governed by Rome
• Catholic Church did
not recognize Italy as
legitimate nation
Social, Economic
Problems
• Poverty serious
problem, caused
many to emigrate
• 1880s, large numbers
left Italy, many for
Americas
• Unemployment, rising
taxes led to rioting,
violence
Poverty, Emigration
• Voting reform a major
priority
• 1870, only wealthiest
Italian men could vote
• By late 1800s most
adult male taxpayers
could vote
Reforms
Challenges After Unification
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed
reforms including laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor
• Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to
improve cities, encourage industry
• 1882, Italy formed military alliance
with Austria-Hungary, Germany
• Agreed to defend each other
against any possible attack
• Arrangement known as Triple
Alliance; this, other alliances,
brought Europe to war in 1914
A New Foreign Policy
• Italy tried to build empire
• Tried to gain control over Ethiopia
• Failed after being defeated by
larger Ethiopian army, 1896
• 1911, Italy declared war on
Ottoman Empire; gained territory in
Africa
Empire Building
Reforms and Empire
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Summarize
What problems did Italy face after
unification?
Answer(s): Regional differences kept the nation
from being truly united; pope did not recognize
Italy as a legitimate nation; widespread poverty
caused many Italians to emigrate.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 3
Note Taking Transparency 140
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 3
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Austrian Empire
• The Dual Monarchy
• Map: Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary
• The Ottoman Empire
• Map: The Ottoman Empire
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Reading Focus
• In what ways did the Austrian Empire struggle with nationalism
in 1848 and beyond?
• What was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and why was
it created?
• How did nationalism create conflict in the Ottoman Empire?
Main Idea
Nationalism broke down two old European empires—the
Austrian Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
The Hapsburg Empire Declines
The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to
coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become independent.
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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism
Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg
Note Taking Transparency 141
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a
separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and Hungary.
This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states.
Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe, 1800-1914
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the
region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain
intact through the remainder of the 1800s.
• Austrian emperor,
Foreign Minister
Metternich tried to
maintain power of
monarchy, empire
• Metternich accused
universities of
creating
revolutionaries
Resistance to
Change
• Metternich called
meeting of
Confederation,
passed Carlsbad
Decrees
• Prohibited any
reforms that
conflicted with
absolute monarchy
Carlsbad Decrees
• Decrees
established
censorship of
newspapers
• Created secret
police to spy on
students suspected
of revolutionary
activities
Other Prohibitions
The Austrian Empire
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Resistance to Change
Metternich not only created restrictive laws for
empire
• Formed alliances with other European powers
trying to prevent nationalist revolutions
• Congress of Troppau, 1820
– Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers
– Leaders agreed to provide military
intervention to support governments against
internal revolution
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Revolution
• Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna
• Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign
• Metternich fled Austria
• 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I
Turmoil in Europe, Austria
• Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years
• Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him
• Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian
Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Resistance to Change
During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over
unstable empire
• 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
– Almost won independence
– Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria
crush revolt
• Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could
not stamp out nationalism
• Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Court Ball at the Hofburg
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Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Find the Main Idea
What was the purpose of the Congress of
Troppau?
Answer(s): to unite European powers in trying to
prevent nationalist revolutions
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement.
Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.
• As nationalist movement
continued in Europe, Austria lost
Lombardy to Italy, 1859
• 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia
brought new demands from
Hungarians
• Franz Josef I, Hungarian
nationalist movement leaders
reached agreement, Compromise
of 1867
Forming a New Government
• Created dual monarchy of Austria-
Hungary
• Austria, Hungary became two
separate, equal states with one
ruler, Franz Josef I
• Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria,
king of Hungary
• Each had own parliament, shared
ministries of war, finance, foreign
affairs
Compromise of 1867
The Dual Monarchy
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• Unrest in empire did not go
away; divisions remained
among various nationalities
• Austrian Germans, Hungarian
Magyars did not speak same
language
• Ethnic minorities received little
benefit from Dual Monarchy,
continued to seek self-
government
Unrest
• Dual Monarchy lasted about 50
years, until 1918
• Eased pressure for nationalism;
also had economic advantages
• Rural, agricultural Hungary
could provide raw materials,
food
• Industrialized Austria could
provide industrial products
Rural and Industrial
An Uneven Solution
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Describe
What was the basic structure of the
government in Austria-Hungary?
Answer(s): two separate, equal states under one
ruler, with separate parliaments but some shared
government ministries, as well as a joint
government
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries
seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions was
the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I.
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast
multiethnic territory
• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians,
Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s
• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could
not defend self against
independence movement, external
threats
• 1830, Greece had gained
independence; Russia controlled
Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled
Empire in Decline
• Situation created “Eastern
Question”—what would happen if
Ottoman Empire collapsed?
• Russia wanted Constantinople,
access to Mediterranean
• French, British aided Ottoman
Empire, held Russia off
The Eastern Question
The Ottoman Empire
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Holy Land
• Ottomans, Europeans had dispute
over Holy Land
• Ottomans gave Roman Catholics
control of Palestine holy places
Great Britain, France
• Great Britain saw Russia as
potential threat to India interest
• Allied with France
• Both joined Ottoman Empire in war
against Russia
Russian Invasion
• Ottomans denied Orthodox
Christians same rights
• Russians invaded Ottoman
territories
Stalemate
• Crimean War ended in stalemate,
caused half million deaths
• Nurse Florence Nightingale saved
many lives during war
The Crimea
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Hot Spot
• Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire
• Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—
Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence
Route to Mediterranean
• Russians saw Balkans as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain
• Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with
Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans
Conflicts and Wars
• Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of
conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s
• Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans
The Balkans
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Balkan Wars
• Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups
• At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe
• Balkan issues far from settled
Congress of Berlin
• Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans
• Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic,
national ties; led to conflicts for years to come
Constantinople
• With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers
became alarmed
• 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation
National Ties
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• Young Turks devoted to
restoring constitution
• Revolution helped ensure more
representative, liberal
government
• Education improved,
government took steps to
provide individual liberties
Representative Government
• 1908, nationalist group Young
Turks began revolution
• Young Turks fighting against
absolute power of sultan, ruler
of Ottoman Empire
Conflict
Political Reform
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Recall
How were European nations involved in the
affairs of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer(s): became involved in wars to protect
their own territorial interests and the overall
balance of power
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Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Government and Society
• Reform and Repression
• Quick Facts: Last Czars of Russia
• War and Revolution
• Quick Facts: Russian Revolution of 1905
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video: The Impact of Nationalism
Unrest in Russia
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Reading Focus
• What was government and society like in Russia in the first
half of the 1800s?
• What were some examples of reform and repression in
Russia?
• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?
Main Idea
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the
absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.
Unrest in Russia
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Conditions in Russia
Russia was the largest nation in Europe. Its social structure gave much power to landowning nobles,
who did nothing to improve industry. Most Russians were serfs, who served the landowners.
Landowners actions were governed only by the Tsar, who ruled with absolute power.
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Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction
Witness History Audio: Plight of the Serfs
Color Transparency 136: Gambling with the Lives of Serfs
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• To govern large, diverse
empire, Russian monarchs
ruled with absolute power
• Called czars, controlled most
aspects of Russian life
• Believed in autocracy,
government by one leader with
unlimited powers
Absolute Power
• Russia one of great powers of
Europe, first half 1800s
• Troops helped defeat
Napoleon; leaders helped
reorganize Europe after his fall
• Russia very different from other
European powers
• Empire huge, stretched
eastward far into Asia, included
many different ethnic groups
Huge Empire
Government and Society
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Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution
After losing the Crimean War, Russian leader Alexander II was forced to free the serfs. Many serfs
moved to cities to work in industry. The tsar also allowed some forms of localized government and
introduced legal reforms. When the tsar moved back toward policies of repression, he was
assassinated by terrorists. His son then brought more harshness to the throne—increasing the
power of the secret police and suppressing non-Russian cultures. Many peoples were persecuted,
especially the Jews.
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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction
The Drive to Industrialize
The revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from the discontent of workers as industrialization
took hold. Peasants who moved to cities found dangerous jobs, low pay, and slums.
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Agricultural Society
• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural
• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized
• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked
Societal Problem
• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords
• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms
• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society
Serfs
• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land
• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery
• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked
Serfdom
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Gambling with the Lives of Serfs
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Summarize
What was Russian government and society
like in the first half of the 1800s?
Answer(s): autocratic government led by czar,
country's population mainly peasants, many
peasants were serfs
Nationalism in Europe Section 1
Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars
were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.
• Secret societies formed to fight
against czar’s rule
• Saw opportunity for change with
death of Alexander I, 1825
• One group called Decembrists
– Included military officers
– 3,000 soldiers assembled
near Winter Palace
– Refused to declare allegiance
to new czar, Nicholas I
The Decembrist Revolt • Nicholas responded by crushing
rebellion
• Many Decembrists captured, sent
to Siberia, isolated region in far
eastern Russia
• Five Decembrists executed
• Decembrist revolt failed, but
began revolutionary movement in
Russia destined to grow in years
ahead
Nicholas’s Response
Reform and Repression
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Russia Lagging Behind
• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War
• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe
• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military
Economy
• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy
• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from
landowner, usually with government help
Reforms
• Alexander II began program of reforms
• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune
• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion
Reforms of Alexander II
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Reform and Repression
Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia
• Set up new judicial system
• Allowed some local self-government
• Reorganized army, navy
• Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes
• 1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II
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• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar
• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past,
ended father’s reforms
• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups
suspected of plotting against government
• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing
them, destroying property
• Attacks known as pogroms; first
wave began after Alexander II
assassinated
• Some wrongly blamed Jews
• Government did not stop attacks
Different Form of Unrest
• 1894, Nicholas II crowned
• Autocratic ruler, developed industry
• 1890s, Russia began building
Trans-Siberian Railroad to link
western Russia with Siberia
• Expansion east would lead to war
Industrialization under Nicholas
Unrest Under Alexander II
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Identify
What were some key reforms in Russia
during the 1800s?
Answer(s): freeing of serfs; system whereby
peasants could buy the land they worked;
reformed judicial system and some local self-
government
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Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution
Military disasters in a war with Japan drove workers to strike and protesters to fill the streets. When
the tsar’s troops fired on peaceful protestors, the revolution of 1905 gained power. Tsar Nicholas II
agreed to summon a Duma to approve all laws. He quickly dissolved the Duma, however, after its
leaders criticized his rule. Nicholas then appointed conservative Peter Stolypin as prime minister. He
was assassinated in 1911.
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Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction
Witness History Video: Crisis and Revolution in Russia
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
QuickTake Chapter Test
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Expansion East
• Russia expanded east
• Came into conflict with another
imperial power—Japan
• At same time, revolution
brewing
Growing Unrest
• Defeat shocked many
Russians, added to unrest
• One group calling for change,
Marxists—followed communist
theories of Karl Marx
War With Japan
• Early 1900s, Japan building
empire, viewed Russia as threat
• 1904, Japanese forces
attacked, defeated Russia in
Russo-Japanese War
Marxist Ideas
• Wanted to create socialist
republic—no private property,
state to own, distribute goods
• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for
revolution to overthrow czar
War and Revolution
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Revolution Begins
• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against
czar; rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed
• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets
• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through
• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets
The Revolution of 1905
• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar
• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar
at Winter Palace, listing number of demands
• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday
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In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the
October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more
democratic government.
• Manifesto promised
constitution
• Individual liberties
to all, including
freedom of speech,
assembly
• Many gained right
to vote
Provisions
• Voters would elect
representatives to
the Duma,
assembly to
approve all laws
• Czar continue to
rule, but not pass
laws without
approval of Duma
Duma
• Nicholas II hoped
Manifesto would
end revolution
• Did not achieve
balance between
own power,
democracy
• People still wanted
reform
End Revolution
The October Manifesto
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Cause and Effect
What were some causes of the Russian
Revolution of 1905?
Answer(s): growing unrest, pogroms, crack down
on revolutionary movements, defeat in Russo-
Japanese War led to discontent, Bloody Sunday
inspired rebellions against czar
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Video
The Impact of Nationalism
Click above to play the video.
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