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Nationalism in Europe Section 1

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Page 1: Nationalism in Europe Section 1 - Amazon S3 · Nationalism in Europe Section 1 ... around Prussia; ... military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I. 2 of 5 Nationalism

Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Page 2: Nationalism in Europe Section 1 - Amazon S3 · Nationalism in Europe Section 1 ... around Prussia; ... military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I. 2 of 5 Nationalism

Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Preview

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Steps Toward Unification

• Bismarck’s Plan for Germany

• Quick Facts: Steps to Unification in Germany

• Faces of History: Otto von Bismarck

• Unification and Empire

German Unification

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Preview, continued

• Map: The Unification of Germany

• The Empire’s Growth and Change

• Quick Facts: Germany’s Economic Growth

German Unification

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Reading Focus

• What steps did Germany take toward unification?

• What was Bismarck’s plan for Germany and how did he hope

to achieve it?

• How did wars lead to the unification of a German Empire?

• In what ways did Germany grow and change after unification?

Main Idea

In the late 1800s, Otto von Bismarck transformed Germany from

a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire.

German Unification

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Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Click the icon to play

Listen to History

audio.

Click the icon below

to connect to the

Interactive Maps.

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Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity

When Napoleon’s conquests and eventual defeat changed the power structure of the German states,

some Germans began to call for unification. In 1848, liberals demanded German political unity and

offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the throne, which he declined.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 1: Building a German Nation

Witness History Audio: Blood and Iron

Note Taking Transparency 138

Bismarck Unites Germany

When Otto von Bismarck became chancellor, he united the German states under Prussian rule. He

built up the Prussian army and aggressively won provinces from Denmark and north German states

under the control of Austria. Then Prussia defeated Napoleon III’s forces in the Franco-Prussian War

of 1870.

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 1

Color Transparency 131: Events Leading to German

Unification

4 of 5

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Germany was not a unified nation in 1848, although the patchwork of

independent states did have a common language and culture.

• Napoleon nurtured nationalism by

uniting German states into

confederation

• 1815, after Napoleon’s defeat,

Congress of Vienna retained

organization, renamed it German

Confederation

• 39 separate states with common

language, culture poised for

movement to unite

Nurturing Nationalism • 1848, revolution swept through

Europe

• German liberals also took

opportunity to revolt

• Differed over whether to support

constitutional monarchy or

republic

• Agreed that German unity would

promote individual rights, liberal

reforms

Revolution

Steps Toward Unification

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Economic, Cultural Unity

• 1834, Zollverein, customs union, created; removed tariffs on

products traded between German states

• Inspired businesspeople to support unification; encouraged growth of

railroads connecting German states; joined Germans economically

• German economy growing; sense of German culture growing as well

Unkept Promises

• Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian king Frederick

Wilhelm IV promised constitution, other reforms

• End of 1848, went back on promises; constitution never written

• Banned publications, organizations that supported democracy

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Identify

What was the outcome of the revolution of

1848 in Prussia?

Answer(s): failed to bring democratic reform to

Prussia

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• Otto von Bismarck, conservative politician, leading force behind German

unification

• Became prominent in Prussian politics

• 1847, gave strongly conservative speech at National Assembly

• 1862, new Prussian king, Wilhelm I, chose Bismarck as prime minister

• Not liberal like revolutionaries

• Conservative, supported king of

Prussia

• Believed Prussia destined to lead

German people to unification

• Practiced realpolitik, policies

based on interests of Prussia

Bismarck’s Philosophy

• Politics of reality evident in push to

increase Prussian military power

• Speech to Parliament: German

unity not won by speeches, majority

vote but by “blood and iron”

• Built Prussian army into great war

machine

“Blood and Iron”

Bismarck’s Plan for Germany

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• After brief fight, Denmark gave

territory to Austria, Prussia

• Prussia controlled Schleswig,

Austria controlled Holstein

• Austria now held small bit of

territory inside Prussia

• Bismarck knew to unite

Germany, war with Austria

inevitable

Result of War

• Disagreement over two border

states—Schleswig, Holstein—

gave Bismarck opportunity to

begin war with Denmark

• 1864, formed military alliance

with Austria against Denmark

• Believed both Schleswig,

Holstein should be controlled by

German Confederation

Disagreement Leads to War

Bismarck’s First War

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Describe

What was the plan of Bismarck to unite

Germany?

Answer(s): increase the Prussian military, go to

war with Austria

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Bismarck could not increase Prussia’s power as long as Austria was

in the way. But with two short wars, Bismarck moved Austria out of the

way and established a unified German Empire.

• Bismarck worked

behind scenes

• Promised Venetia

to Italy in exchange

for support

• Persuaded

Napoleon III to

keep France

neutral

Preparations • Bismarck sent

Prussian troops

into Austrian state

of Holstein

• Austria declared

war on Prussia

• Holstein skirmish

gained Prussian

support for war

Provocation • In address to

Prussian people,

King Wilhelm I

blamed Austria for

starting war

• Appealed to

peoples’ sense of

nationalism

Nationalism

Unification and Empire

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• Several other northern states

united with Prussia

• Only three southern states

remained outside Prussian

control

• Bismarck, Wilhelm used victory

to rally other German states

around Prussia; war first step

toward German unification

Unification

• War unfolded just as king,

Bismarck planned

• Highly-skilled, well-equipped

Prussian army defeated

Austrians in only seven weeks

• Treaty ending Austro-Prussian

War dissolved German

Confederation, forced Austria to

surrender Holstein

Austro-Prussian War

France and Austria

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Unified Germany

• Despite Austro-Prussian War victory, it would take another war to create

unified Germany

• Southern German states still not included in North German Confederation

Peace Treaty

• Southern states supported Prussia, north German states in war with France

• 1871, Bismarck won Franco-Prussian War

• Peace treaty declared unification of Germany

Nationalism in South

• 1870, conflict brewing with France over disputed Alsace, Lorraine territory

• Provinces had been part of Holy Roman Empire, which included Prussia

• Issue sparked nationalistic feelings in south German states

The Franco-Prussian War

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Birth of the German Empire

William I of Prussia became Kaiser and declared the birth of the Second Reich.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 1: Building a German Nation

Color Transparency 131: Event Leading to German Unification

Geography Interactive: Unification of Germany, 1865-1871

QuickTake Section Quiz

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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Creating the German Empire

Peace treaty had far-reaching consequences

• Victory established unified German empire

• Representatives of allied German states met at Versailles, near Paris

– Proclaimed Wilhelm I first kaiser—emperor—of German Empire

– Wilhelm appointed Bismarck first chancellor

• German victory changed balance of power in Europe

– Napoleon III gone; France no longer as powerful

– As Germany grew economically, new empire rose in power

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Sequence

How did the Austro-Prussian and the

Franco-Prussian wars lead to German

unification?

Answer(s): The Austro-Prussian War joined

together the north German states. After Prussia

won the Franco-Prussian War, the peace treaty

declared the unification of Germany.

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 1

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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Preview

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Steps Toward Unification

• Bismarck’s Plan for Germany

• Quick Facts: Steps to Unification in Germany

• Faces of History: Otto von Bismarck

• Unification and Empire

Germany Strengthens

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Preview, continued

• Map: The Unification of Germany

• The Empire’s Growth and Change

• Quick Facts: Germany’s Economic Growth

Germany Strengthens

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Reading Focus

• How did Germany become an industrial giant?

• Why was Bismarck called the Iron Chancellor ?

• What were the policies of Kaiser William II?

Main Idea

As the Franco-Prussian war came to an end, the leaders of

Europe gathered at Versailles. The era of French domination

had ended. Germany was now the dominant power in Europe.

Germany Strengthens

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Germany Becomes and Industrial Giant

Unified Germany’s natural resources and educated workforce led to fast industrial development. The

coordination of railroads and reorganization of the banking system improved the economy. Scientists

developed new products for industrial uses.

1 of 5

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 2: Germany Strengthens

Witness History Audio: The New German Empire

Note Taking Transparency 139

The Iron Chancellor

German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tried to stifle opposition from within Germany. He wanted

Catholics to put the state above the Church and had laws passed that allowed the state control over

Catholic education and expelled the Jesuits from Prussia, among other things. To keep socialists at

bay, he banned their newspapers and meetings. In the end, both groups rallied enough support to

cause Bismarck to change his ways.

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Railroads

• After unification, Germany experienced time of economic growth

• France had paid reparations—money for war damages

• German leaders used some money to build railroads to link German states

Path to Social Reforms

• Industrialization had critics in Germany

• German socialists protested against harsh factory conditions

• Called for state control of all industries

Industrial Growth

• Other funds helped build German businesses

• New empire began to catch up with other industrialized countries of Europe

• Coal mines, steel factories flourished in Germany’s major cities

Economic Growth

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This struggle between the government and the church was known as

Kulturkampf, which means “the struggle for culture.”

In the years after 1871, Germany prospered. Under the leadership of Wilhelm I

and Bismarck, Germany developed into a strong empire. This period was

known as the Second Reich, or empire, because Germans considered the Holy

Roman Empire to be the First Reich.

• Germany’s 25 separate states

wanted to retain some power

• Government took federalist form;

power shared between state,

national governments, Wilhelm led

government

• Political parties developed

A New Government

The Empire’s Growth and Change

• Bismarck believed Roman Catholic

Church posed threat to government

• Believed government, not church,

should control aspects of culture,

like education

• Worked to restrict influence of

Catholic Church in Germany

Government and the Church

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Legislation

Bismarck tried to destroy socialism

• Blamed socialists for two assassination attempts on

emperor

• Sought to reduce appeal of socialism by enacting own

reforms

• 1880s, pushed through legislation providing benefits for:

– Health

– Accidents

– Old age

– Disability

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Kaiser William II

In a bid for absolute power, the new Kaiser, William II, asked Bismarck to resign. His nationalism and

military buildup increased the tensions that led to World War I.

2 of 5

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 2: Germany Strengthens

Color Transparency 132: The Proclamation of Wilhem as Kaiser of the New German Reich

Witness History Audio: Kaiser William II

QuickTake Section Quiz

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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After Unification

• Bismarck did not want to

expand Germany’s borders

• Believed France remained a

threat, however

Bismarck Out

• 1888, Wilhelm’s grandson

became kaiser

• Wilhelm II fired Bismarck as

prime minister after

disagreement

Alliances

• Bismarck made alliances with

Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia

• Nations agreed to help protect

one another from possible

attack

Wilhelm II

• Early 1900s, continued to make

alliances with other European

nations

• Built up most powerful military

force in Europe

Bismarck and Wilhelm II

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Describe

How did Germany change both

economically and politically in the years

following unification?

Answer(s): vote was given to all men over 25,

political parties developed, economic growth as

Germany caught up with other European industrial

economies, new alliances with other nations,

Kulturkampf limited influence of Catholic Church

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 2

Note Taking Transparency 139

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 2

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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Preview

• Starting Points Map: Europe,1815

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Stirrings of Nationalism

• Quick Facts: Elements of Nationalism

• The Path Toward Unity

• Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

Italian Unification

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Preview, continued

• Map: The Unification of Italy

• Challenges After Unification

Italian Unification

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Click the icon to play

Listen to History

audio.

Click the icon below

to connect to the

Interactive Maps.

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Reading Focus

• How did nationalism stir in Italy after the Congress of Vienna?

• What role did Cavour and Sardinia play in the path toward

Italian unification?

• How did Garibaldi and the Red Shirts help unite Italy?

• What challenges did Italy face after unification?

Main Idea

In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified

as the Kingdom of Italy.

Italian Unification

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Obstacles to Italian Unity

At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a

French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states. Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists wanted

to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 3: Unifying Italy

Witness History Audio: Stirrings of Nationalism

Note Taking Transparency 140

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Stirrings of Nationalism

Italian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of

Roman Empire

• Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into

competing states, each with own government

• Napoleon invaded Italy

– United many states under one government

– Unification did not last

– After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states

• Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe

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National Groups Ignored

• Congress had ignored national groups, placing them under control of large

empires; some empires included different ethnic groups

• Italians split into three groups—much of northern Italy under Austrian rule,

other states under Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler

• Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these conditions

After Congress of Vienna

• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of Vienna to maintain old

Europe, old relationships

• 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed beyond repair

• 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe, fostered by decisions made at

Congress of Vienna

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• 1831, popular writer, Giuseppe

Mazzini, launched nationalist

group called Young Italy to fight

for unification of Italian states

• Mazzini had been exiled but

smuggled patriotic pamphlets

into Italy

• Young Italy attracted tens of

thousands of Italians to cause

of unification

Young Italy

• Italian artists, writers, thinkers

became interested in

celebrating Italy’s cultural

traditions

• Others formed secret societies

to work for political change,

plotted to overthrow Austrian

government in Italy

Secret Societies

Mazzini and Young Italy

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Define

What is nationalism?

Answer(s): devotion to one's national group

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The Struggle for Italy

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia wanted to enlarge his kingdom. His prime minister, Count Camillo

Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour provoked

the war. France helped Sardinia defeat Austria and annex the province of Lombardy. Other provinces

soon also joined Sardinia and with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist leader in the Kingdom

of the Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 3: Unifying Italy

Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last

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As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions.

Then two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy.

• 1848, nationalist-inspired

revolutions spread throughout

Europe

• In some Italian states, citizens

rebelled against Austrian rule

– Piedmont declared war

against Austria, fought for

year, was defeated

– Others seized Rome, 1849;

French troops helped pope

regain control

Uprisings, Revolutions • Only successful revolt was in

Sardinia

• Rulers forced to grant new

constitution; Sardinia remained

independent

• One of most important leaders of

Italian unification emerged,

Camillo di Cavour

• Founded nationalist newspaper, Il

Risorgimento—“resurgence” or

“rebirth”

Cavour and Sardinia

The Path Toward Unity

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Kingdom of Sardinia

• 1852, Cavour became prime

minister of independent

Kingdom of Sardinia

• Believed thriving economy

important for Italy to be reborn

Ally

• Cavour in position to cultivate

powerful ally

• Supported France in war with

Russia; gave France provinces

of Savoy, Nice

Economy

• Cavour worked to build

Sardinian economy

• Believed Italy should be reborn

as monarchy

France’s Support

• France agreed to support

Sardinia in war against Austria

• 1860, northern Italian states

liberated from control of

Austrian Empire

Sardinia and Italy

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Identify Cause and Effect

How did Cavour help Sardinia break free

from the Austrian Empire?

Answer(s): He cultivated an alliance with the

French.

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Sword of Italy

• Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart”

• Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy

• Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833

Return

• 1854, Garibaldi returned for good

• Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria

• After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

Exile

• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice

• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America

• Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

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• 1861, territories held elections, all

agreed to unification

• Holdouts were Venetia, still

belonging to Austria; Papal States,

under French troops supporting

pope

• 1866, Prussia defeated Austria,

gave Venetia to Italy

• 1870, Prussia forced French to

withdraw from Rome

• Italian troops entered Rome,

completed unification under King

Victor Emmanuel

Unification

• Followers known as Red Shirts

because of colorful uniforms

• By July 1860, using guerilla

warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts

gained control of island of Sicily

• September, Garibaldi, Sardinian

troops conquered Naples

• Red Shirts now controlled southern

part Italian peninsula

• Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two

Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor

Emmanuel

The Red Shirts

Control and Elections

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 3

Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last

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Find the Main Idea

What actions led Garibaldi to be called the

“sword” of Italian unification?

Answer(s): He used guerilla tactics to gain control

of the southern Italian states.

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Challenges Facing the New Nation

Italy’s unification was not a smooth process. The industrial north and the agricultural south were

difficult to bring together. The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the government

that did away with the Papal States. Leftist radicals also fought against what they saw as a

government that was too conservative.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 3: Unifying Italy

QuickTake Section Quiz

Progress Monitoring Transparency

History Interactive: Unifying Italy

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In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges.

Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social

and economic problems.

• Strong regional

differences led to lack

of unity

• Southern Italians

resented being

governed by Rome

• Catholic Church did

not recognize Italy as

legitimate nation

Social, Economic

Problems

• Poverty serious

problem, caused

many to emigrate

• 1880s, large numbers

left Italy, many for

Americas

• Unemployment, rising

taxes led to rioting,

violence

Poverty, Emigration

• Voting reform a major

priority

• 1870, only wealthiest

Italian men could vote

• By late 1800s most

adult male taxpayers

could vote

Reforms

Challenges After Unification

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• As Italy industrialized, particularly in north, government passed

reforms including laws limiting work hours, prohibiting child labor

• Government encouraged building transportation, water systems to

improve cities, encourage industry

• 1882, Italy formed military alliance

with Austria-Hungary, Germany

• Agreed to defend each other

against any possible attack

• Arrangement known as Triple

Alliance; this, other alliances,

brought Europe to war in 1914

A New Foreign Policy

• Italy tried to build empire

• Tried to gain control over Ethiopia

• Failed after being defeated by

larger Ethiopian army, 1896

• 1911, Italy declared war on

Ottoman Empire; gained territory in

Africa

Empire Building

Reforms and Empire

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Summarize

What problems did Italy face after

unification?

Answer(s): Regional differences kept the nation

from being truly united; pope did not recognize

Italy as a legitimate nation; widespread poverty

caused many Italians to emigrate.

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 3

Note Taking Transparency 140

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 3

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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Preview

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• The Austrian Empire

• The Dual Monarchy

• Map: Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary

• The Ottoman Empire

• Map: The Ottoman Empire

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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Reading Focus

• In what ways did the Austrian Empire struggle with nationalism

in 1848 and beyond?

• What was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and why was

it created?

• How did nationalism create conflict in the Ottoman Empire?

Main Idea

Nationalism broke down two old European empires—the

Austrian Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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The Hapsburg Empire Declines

The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to

coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become independent.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism

Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg

Note Taking Transparency 141

Formation of the Dual Monarchy

Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a

separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and Hungary.

This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states.

Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe, 1800-1914

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At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the

region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain

intact through the remainder of the 1800s.

• Austrian emperor,

Foreign Minister

Metternich tried to

maintain power of

monarchy, empire

• Metternich accused

universities of

creating

revolutionaries

Resistance to

Change

• Metternich called

meeting of

Confederation,

passed Carlsbad

Decrees

• Prohibited any

reforms that

conflicted with

absolute monarchy

Carlsbad Decrees

• Decrees

established

censorship of

newspapers

• Created secret

police to spy on

students suspected

of revolutionary

activities

Other Prohibitions

The Austrian Empire

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Resistance to Change

Metternich not only created restrictive laws for

empire

• Formed alliances with other European powers

trying to prevent nationalist revolutions

• Congress of Troppau, 1820

– Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers

– Leaders agreed to provide military

intervention to support governments against

internal revolution

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Revolution

• Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna

• Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign

• Metternich fled Austria

• 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

Turmoil in Europe, Austria

• Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years

• Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him

• Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian

Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence

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Resistance to Change

During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over

unstable empire

• 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule

– Almost won independence

– Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria

crush revolt

• Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could

not stamp out nationalism

• Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily

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Court Ball at the Hofburg

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Find the Main Idea

What was the purpose of the Congress of

Troppau?

Answer(s): to unite European powers in trying to

prevent nationalist revolutions

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Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement.

Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.

• As nationalist movement

continued in Europe, Austria lost

Lombardy to Italy, 1859

• 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia

brought new demands from

Hungarians

• Franz Josef I, Hungarian

nationalist movement leaders

reached agreement, Compromise

of 1867

Forming a New Government

• Created dual monarchy of Austria-

Hungary

• Austria, Hungary became two

separate, equal states with one

ruler, Franz Josef I

• Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria,

king of Hungary

• Each had own parliament, shared

ministries of war, finance, foreign

affairs

Compromise of 1867

The Dual Monarchy

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• Unrest in empire did not go

away; divisions remained

among various nationalities

• Austrian Germans, Hungarian

Magyars did not speak same

language

• Ethnic minorities received little

benefit from Dual Monarchy,

continued to seek self-

government

Unrest

• Dual Monarchy lasted about 50

years, until 1918

• Eased pressure for nationalism;

also had economic advantages

• Rural, agricultural Hungary

could provide raw materials,

food

• Industrialized Austria could

provide industrial products

Rural and Industrial

An Uneven Solution

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Describe

What was the basic structure of the

government in Austria-Hungary?

Answer(s): two separate, equal states under one

ruler, with separate parliaments but some shared

government ministries, as well as a joint

government

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Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914

The Ottoman Empire Collapses

During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries

seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions was

the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I.

QuickTake Section Quiz

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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• Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast

multiethnic territory

• Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians,

Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews

• Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

• Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could

not defend self against

independence movement, external

threats

• 1830, Greece had gained

independence; Russia controlled

Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled

Empire in Decline

• Situation created “Eastern

Question”—what would happen if

Ottoman Empire collapsed?

• Russia wanted Constantinople,

access to Mediterranean

• French, British aided Ottoman

Empire, held Russia off

The Eastern Question

The Ottoman Empire

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Holy Land

• Ottomans, Europeans had dispute

over Holy Land

• Ottomans gave Roman Catholics

control of Palestine holy places

Great Britain, France

• Great Britain saw Russia as

potential threat to India interest

• Allied with France

• Both joined Ottoman Empire in war

against Russia

Russian Invasion

• Ottomans denied Orthodox

Christians same rights

• Russians invaded Ottoman

territories

Stalemate

• Crimean War ended in stalemate,

caused half million deaths

• Nurse Florence Nightingale saved

many lives during war

The Crimea

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Hot Spot

• Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire

• Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—

Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence

Route to Mediterranean

• Russians saw Balkans as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain

• Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with

Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

Conflicts and Wars

• Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of

conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s

• Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans

The Balkans

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Balkan Wars

• Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups

• At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe

• Balkan issues far from settled

Congress of Berlin

• Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans

• Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic,

national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

Constantinople

• With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers

became alarmed

• 1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation

National Ties

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• Young Turks devoted to

restoring constitution

• Revolution helped ensure more

representative, liberal

government

• Education improved,

government took steps to

provide individual liberties

Representative Government

• 1908, nationalist group Young

Turks began revolution

• Young Turks fighting against

absolute power of sultan, ruler

of Ottoman Empire

Conflict

Political Reform

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914

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Recall

How were European nations involved in the

affairs of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer(s): became involved in wars to protect

their own territorial interests and the overall

balance of power

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

Note Taking Transparency 141

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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Preview

• Main Idea / Reading Focus

• Government and Society

• Reform and Repression

• Quick Facts: Last Czars of Russia

• War and Revolution

• Quick Facts: Russian Revolution of 1905

• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts

• Video: The Impact of Nationalism

Unrest in Russia

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Reading Focus

• What was government and society like in Russia in the first

half of the 1800s?

• What were some examples of reform and repression in

Russia?

• How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?

Main Idea

In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the

absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.

Unrest in Russia

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Conditions in Russia

Russia was the largest nation in Europe. Its social structure gave much power to landowning nobles,

who did nothing to improve industry. Most Russians were serfs, who served the landowners.

Landowners actions were governed only by the Tsar, who ruled with absolute power.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction

Witness History Audio: Plight of the Serfs

Color Transparency 136: Gambling with the Lives of Serfs

Note Taking Transparency 142

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• To govern large, diverse

empire, Russian monarchs

ruled with absolute power

• Called czars, controlled most

aspects of Russian life

• Believed in autocracy,

government by one leader with

unlimited powers

Absolute Power

• Russia one of great powers of

Europe, first half 1800s

• Troops helped defeat

Napoleon; leaders helped

reorganize Europe after his fall

• Russia very different from other

European powers

• Empire huge, stretched

eastward far into Asia, included

many different ethnic groups

Huge Empire

Government and Society

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Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

After losing the Crimean War, Russian leader Alexander II was forced to free the serfs. Many serfs

moved to cities to work in industry. The tsar also allowed some forms of localized government and

introduced legal reforms. When the tsar moved back toward policies of repression, he was

assassinated by terrorists. His son then brought more harshness to the throne—increasing the

power of the secret police and suppressing non-Russian cultures. Many peoples were persecuted,

especially the Jews.

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Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction

The Drive to Industrialize

The revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from the discontent of workers as industrialization

took hold. Peasants who moved to cities found dangerous jobs, low pay, and slums.

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Agricultural Society

• Russian society under czars mostly agricultural

• Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized

• Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked

Societal Problem

• Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords

• Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms

• Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

Serfs

• Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land

• Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery

• Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked

Serfdom

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Gambling with the Lives of Serfs

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Summarize

What was Russian government and society

like in the first half of the 1800s?

Answer(s): autocratic government led by czar,

country's population mainly peasants, many

peasants were serfs

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Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars

were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.

• Secret societies formed to fight

against czar’s rule

• Saw opportunity for change with

death of Alexander I, 1825

• One group called Decembrists

– Included military officers

– 3,000 soldiers assembled

near Winter Palace

– Refused to declare allegiance

to new czar, Nicholas I

The Decembrist Revolt • Nicholas responded by crushing

rebellion

• Many Decembrists captured, sent

to Siberia, isolated region in far

eastern Russia

• Five Decembrists executed

• Decembrist revolt failed, but

began revolutionary movement in

Russia destined to grow in years

ahead

Nicholas’s Response

Reform and Repression

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Russia Lagging Behind

• Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War

• Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe

• Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military

Economy

• Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy

• Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from

landowner, usually with government help

Reforms

• Alexander II began program of reforms

• 1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune

• Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion

Reforms of Alexander II

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Reform and Repression

Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia

• Set up new judicial system

• Allowed some local self-government

• Reorganized army, navy

• Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes

• 1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

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• Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar

• Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past,

ended father’s reforms

• Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups

suspected of plotting against government

• Mobs began attacking Jews, killing

them, destroying property

• Attacks known as pogroms; first

wave began after Alexander II

assassinated

• Some wrongly blamed Jews

• Government did not stop attacks

Different Form of Unrest

• 1894, Nicholas II crowned

• Autocratic ruler, developed industry

• 1890s, Russia began building

Trans-Siberian Railroad to link

western Russia with Siberia

• Expansion east would lead to war

Industrialization under Nicholas

Unrest Under Alexander II

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Identify

What were some key reforms in Russia

during the 1800s?

Answer(s): freeing of serfs; system whereby

peasants could buy the land they worked;

reformed judicial system and some local self-

government

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Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

Military disasters in a war with Japan drove workers to strike and protesters to fill the streets. When

the tsar’s troops fired on peaceful protestors, the revolution of 1905 gained power. Tsar Nicholas II

agreed to summon a Duma to approve all laws. He quickly dissolved the Duma, however, after its

leaders criticized his rule. Nicholas then appointed conservative Peter Stolypin as prime minister. He

was assassinated in 1911.

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction

Witness History Video: Crisis and Revolution in Russia

QuickTake Section Quiz

Progress Monitoring Transparency

QuickTake Chapter Test

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Expansion East

• Russia expanded east

• Came into conflict with another

imperial power—Japan

• At same time, revolution

brewing

Growing Unrest

• Defeat shocked many

Russians, added to unrest

• One group calling for change,

Marxists—followed communist

theories of Karl Marx

War With Japan

• Early 1900s, Japan building

empire, viewed Russia as threat

• 1904, Japanese forces

attacked, defeated Russia in

Russo-Japanese War

Marxist Ideas

• Wanted to create socialist

republic—no private property,

state to own, distribute goods

• 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for

revolution to overthrow czar

War and Revolution

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Revolution Begins

• Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against

czar; rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed

• Workers went on strike, students protested in streets

• Czar promised reform, but did not follow through

• Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

The Revolution of 1905

• 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar

• January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar

at Winter Palace, listing number of demands

• Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday

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Nationalism in Europe Section 1

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Nationalism in Europe Section 1

In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the

October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more

democratic government.

• Manifesto promised

constitution

• Individual liberties

to all, including

freedom of speech,

assembly

• Many gained right

to vote

Provisions

• Voters would elect

representatives to

the Duma,

assembly to

approve all laws

• Czar continue to

rule, but not pass

laws without

approval of Duma

Duma

• Nicholas II hoped

Manifesto would

end revolution

• Did not achieve

balance between

own power,

democracy

• People still wanted

reform

End Revolution

The October Manifesto

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Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Cause and Effect

What were some causes of the Russian

Revolution of 1905?

Answer(s): growing unrest, pogroms, crack down

on revolutionary movements, defeat in Russo-

Japanese War led to discontent, Bloody Sunday

inspired rebellions against czar

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Video

The Impact of Nationalism

Click above to play the video.

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 5

Note Taking Transparency 142

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Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 5

Progress Monitoring Transparency

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