Nationalism:Then & Now

Unification - THEN

Germany

Germany• 1815 Germany had 39 states

called the German Confederation (controlled by Austria)

• Prussia leads unification– German population– Nationalistic movement– Stronger Army– Wilhelm I appoints Bismarck to

orchestrate unification

Unification - THEN

Italy

Italy• Mazzini: “The Soul”• Garibaldi: “The Sword”• Cavour: “The Brain”• Create a plan to unite Northern

Italy and Southern Italy into new nation state of Italy (Rome capital city)

Unification - NOW• May 22, 1990 - North and South

Yemen merged to form a unified Yemen

• October 3, 1990 - East Germany and West Germany merged to form a unified Germany (again!) after the fall of the Iron Curtain

Unification - NOW• Will South Korea ever reunite

with North Korea?

Unification - NOW

• Will Northern Ireland ever reunite with the Republic of Ireland?

Separation - THEN

Austrian Empire

Separation - THEN• Hungarians, Germans, Czechs,

Poles, Slovaks, Serbs, etc.• Lost Northern Land to Prussia

(smaller/weaker)• Pressure from Hungarians

causes split, becomes Austria-Hungary

• After WWI, breaks into several nation-states

Separation - THEN

Russian Empire

Separation - THEN• Ruled by Romanov Dynasty –

Czars!• Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians,

Latvians, Estonians, etc.• Each had own culture• Russification – forced Russian

culture on all ethnic groups BUT nationalism grows

• WWI & Communist Revolution lead to break up of Empire in 1917

Separation - THEN

Ottoman Empire

Separation - THEN• Ruled by Turks

• Controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians

• Under pressure from British/French, granted equal citizenship to all people under their rule

• BUT this angered conservative Turks • Armenian Nationalist Movement

grows, Turks respond by massacring & deporting thousands from 1894-1896 & 1915

Separation - NOW• Fifteen new countries became independent

with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991

• Yugoslavia dissolved in the early 1990s into five independent countries

• January 1, 1993 - The Czech Republic and Slovakia became independent nations when Czechoslovakia dissolved

• May 25, 1993 - Eritrea was a part of Ethiopia but seceded and gained independence

Separation - NOW• June 3, 2006 - Montenegro was part of

Serbia and Montenegro (also known as Yugoslavia) but gained independence after a referendum

• June 5, 2006 - Serbia became its own entity after Montenegro split

• February 17, 2008 - Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia

• July 9, 2011 - South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan

Separation - NOW• Will Quebec separate from

Canada?

Separation - NOW• Will Chechnya separate from

Russia?

Separation - NOW• Will Scotland separate from the

UK?