Nationalism and Revolutions : and Revolutions : early to mid 1800’searly to mid 1800’s

VocabVocab• Conservative – wealthy property owners and nobility.

Favored traditional monarchies• Liberal – middle-class business leaders and

merchants. Wanted more power to elected parliament. Only educated and landowners would vote

• Radical – favored drastic change – democracy for all people. Ideals of French Rev – liberty, equality, brotherhood

• Nationalism – Belief that a people’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history – not a king or empire.

• Nation-State – A nation with its own independent government. Defends the nation’s territory and way of life and represents the nation to the rest of the world.

• In 1815 only France, England, and Spain were nation-states

• 1815 – Congress of Vienna established 5 great powers – Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

• All nearly equal in strength.

• Forces of change – liberalism and nationalism – began to break through the conservative domination of Europe

•Poland – revolution crushed by Russian troops

•Belgium – rebels against the Dutch Republic and becomes an independent state

•Greece - revolted against the Ottoman Empire and gained independence

RussiaRussiaStill under a feudal system, serfs bound to the nobles who had almost unlimited power over them.•By 1820’s many believed that serfdom must end – it was morally wrong and prevented Russia from entering the modern industrialized world and advancing economically.• Czar Nicholas I – brutally crushes any revolt and rules

Russia with an iron fist. He has a secret police force whose job is to hunt down all potential revolutionaries

•It’s not until his son, Alexander II rules that there is a move toward modernization and social change.•All serf were free by 1861.

FranceFrance• Once again revolution in France is the spark for other

revolutionso Over fifty revolts in the first four months of 1848

• First revolt – King Louis-Philippe became increasingly repressive, economic problems o The monarchy is overthrown and a temporary gov’t

established – parliament and a strong president elected by the people

The Third Republic is created and the people elect as the new president Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon. 4 years later takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III. No one really cared – wanted stability of a strong leader. France experienced real prosperity

Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire• The Austrian Empire was a multinational state = a

collection of different peoples - Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italianso Germans, who are ¼ of the population, govern the empireo The other nationalities want independence and their own gov’t

• Demonstrators in Vienna take over the city• Hungarian Magyars rebel against Austrian rule, along

with Czech rebels at Prague and Italians in their states• Austria eventually reestablishes control over their

empire, thanks to help from Czar Nicholas Io Use military force to crush the rebelso All the revolutions failed, but the Austrian Empire has been

weakened

Italian StatesItalian States• a group called Young Italy led by Guiseppe

Mazzini started a revolution that was crushed by Austrian troops

• Revolts break out throughout the Italian states against Austrian ruleoRevolutionaries even seize Rome, although the

pope was able to gain control again thanks to French troops

• These Italian revolutionaries want to create a constitution and a unified Italyo Fails – Austria puts down the revolts

German StatesGerman States

• People revolt in the German states and German rulers promise constitutions, free press, and jury trialso Go back on their promises once the revolts are crushed

• All-German parliament, called the Frankfurt Parliament, was held to draft a constitution and a plan to unite Germanyo The Frankfurt Parliament offers the throne to the king

of Prussia, who rejects a “crown picked from the gutter”

• Revolts fail – drafted a constitution, but had no way of forcing the German rulers to accept ito No unification and Austria helps put down revolts

Great BritainGreat Britain• Does not have a revolution • Britain is the most stable nation in Europe, Parliament

gives people what they wanto Slowly granting suffrage to citizens

ConclusionConclusion

• By 1871 Britain and Germany were the most powerful,

• Austria and Russia were the least • France was in the middle• The balance of power in Europe had broken down.

Country Reason for Revolution Successful?

France

ItalianStates

GermanStates

AustrianEmpire