By. Janine Hepler

NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP

THE WEST, 1789-1900

LATIN AMERICA

1800s: colonial people in Latin America followed the example of the French Revolution—spurred by discontent & Enlightenment ideas

Latin Americans fought for freedom & equality

Latin American society was divided into 6 classes of people

LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE

LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Africans

Natives

Spanish born

Spaniards born in Latin America

European & Indian ancestry

European & African ancestry

French colony (aka Saint Dominigue) on island of Hispaniola

Population: mostly all African slaves

1st Latin American colony to win independence

Toussaint L’Ouverture led successful revolt

1804: HAITI

Two leaders pushed most of South America to independence

Simon Bolivar Venezuela & eventually all former

Spanish colonies

Jose de San Martin Argentina Chile

LIBERTADORES END SPANISH RULE

Mestizos & Indians led the fight for independence

1810: Miguel Hidalgo (village priest) called for revolt against Spain Creoles united w/Spain to put down the revolt

1815: Jose Maria Morelos took over leadership of rebels as fighting continued Again Creoles won

1821: Following a revolution in Spain, Creoles & others joined together to win Mexican independence

1821: MEXICO

Brazil became free through a bloodless revolution

8,000 Creoles petitioned the son of Portugal’s king to rule an independent Brazil He agreed

1822: BRAZIL

Hurt societies & economies—turmoil continued in the region

Local leaders disagreed & split new nations into smaller units

EFFECTS OF LATIN AMERICAN WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE

REVOLUTIONS DISRUPT EUROPE

In the first ½ of the 1800s, three forces competed for power within the countries of Europe Liberals Conservatives Radicals

Liberal & nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe

THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER

Conservatives• Wanted to

protect European monarchs that had been in power for centuries

Liberals• Wanted to

increase the power of elected government

• Also wanted to limit voting rights to those w/property & education

Radicals• Wanted to

protect the ideals of the French Revolution

• Wanted to extend universal voting rights & end the rule of monarchs

COMPETING GOALS IN EUROPE

Nationalism: belief that a person’s loyalty should go not to the ruler but to the nation itself

Nationalists believed that people with a common language & culture were a nation Had the right to their

own government

NATIONALISM SPREADS

Idea grew out of the French

Revolution

1st to win self-rule during this period

For centuries Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire

1821: Revolted against Turkish rule

Other nations aided Greece Didn’t like revolts & wanted to

help

1830: Greece wins independence

GREECE

1830: Belgians declare independence from Dutch rule

Nationalists began struggle to unify all of Italy

Poles revolted against Russian rule

1848: Fighting among Hungarians & Czechs

Conservatives put down rebellions forcefully

OTHER REVOLTS

Events differed in France

1830: Riots forced the King to flee & put a new king in his place

1848: Revolt overthrew king & established a republic Victory for the Radicals

FRANCE

Radicals argued over how much France should be changed Social, political, &

economic changes

Forces fought in the streets— France gave up on a radical government

Introduced new government w/legislature & strong president

CHANGES IN FRANCE

Named President of France

Nephew of Napoleon Later named himself

“Emperor of France”

Built railroads & promoted the growth of French industry Economy revived &

more people had jobs

LOUIS-NAPOLEON

Biggest problem in the early 1800s was serfdom

Russia’s rulers feared freeing the serfs Didn’t want to lose the

support of the nobles

1850s: Russian army lost war to take over part of Ottoman Empire

RUSSIA

Believed that Russia needed to modernize its economy

Created many reforms Issued Edict of Emancipation—freed serfs although their debts still tied them to the land

ALEXANDER II

1881: Alexander II assassinated Efforts to change Russia were cut short

Alexander III brought back tight control over Russia

Moved to make the economy more industrial

ALEXANDER III

PATTERNS OF CHANGE:

NATIONALISM

Many factors linked people to one another

NationalityCommon ethnic ancestry

LanguageCultureHistoryReligion

FACTORS OF NATIONALISM

People sharing common traits were thought to have the right to a land they could call their own

Groups with their own governments were called nation-states

Leaders began to use nationalism as a powerful force for uniting people

French Revolution served as a prime example

NATION-STATES

AS UNIFYING IDEAUsed to build

nations

Examples:ItalyGermany

AS A THREATUsed to destroy

long-standing empires

Examples:Austrian EmpireOttoman EmpireRussia

RULERS SEE NATIONALISM DIFFERENTLY

AS A RESULT OF BOTH, THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE

CHANGED

Forced to split into 2 parts Austria Hungary

Nationalism continued to plague rulers for 40 years Kingdoms broke up into several smaller states

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

Harsh rule & a policy of forcing others to adopt Russian ways led to revolution

1917: Russian Revolution Czar overthrown

RUSSIA

Like Russia & the Austrian Empire it also broke apart around the time of World War I

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Austria & Spain controlled large parts of Italy, then…

1848: Nationalists tried to unite the nation Revolts were beaten down

Piedmont-Sardinia Chief Minister to the King, Count Cavour worked to expand control

to the north

Giuseppi Garibaldi led “Red Shirts” to win control of south

Eventually, the north, south, & area around Venice were united Government would continue to have economic problems

ITALY

Had been divided into many different states for many centuries…

German Confederation 39 states belonged to

this league Controlled by Prussia &

Austria-Hungary—over time Prussia became more powerful

GERMANY

Prime Minister of Prussia

Joined with Austria to gain control of new lands Then, quickly turned against

them to gain even more land

Won the loyalty of the remaining German areas

Purposefully angered France so that it would start a war with Prussia

OTTO VON BISMARCK

When Prussia won the war, Bismarck accomplished his goal

The war with France gave the southern German states a nationalistic feeling Joined other states in

naming king of Prussia the head of a united Germany

European balance of power had changed Germany & Britain

were strongest powers France, Austria, Russia,

& Italy were all weaker

UNIFYING GERMANY

REVOLUTIONS IN THE ARTS

Movement In art & ideas

Showed deep interest in nature & the thoughts/feelings of the individual

Turned from reason to emotion & from society to nature

ROMANTICISM

Emphasized inner feelings, emotions, & imagination

Focus on mysterious & supernatural—the odd, exotic, grotesque/horrifying

Beauty of untamed natureIdealized the past as a simpler/nobler timeGlorified heroes & heroic actionsCherished folk traditions, music, & storiesValued common people & the individualPromoted radical change & democracy

THE IDEAS OF ROMANTICISM

The Brothers Grimm Wrote German fairy tales

Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights

Victor Hugo Les Miserables & The

Hunchback of Notre Dame

Ludwig van Beethoven 9th Symphony

Mary Shelley Frankenstein

EXAMPLES OF ROMANTICISM

Shifted away from the ideas of romanticism Caused by rapid

industrialization

Tried to show life as it is—not how it should be Included elements of

suffering

Focused on the working class that lived in dirty, crowded cities

REALISM

Interest in science encouraged realism

The camera recorded objective & precise images

Realist authors observed & reported as precisely & objectively as they could Charles Dickens

REALISTIC APPROACH TO ART & LITERATURE

“Ships at Low Tide”

Movement began in 1860s by group of painters from Paris

Instead of showing “ life as it really is”—they tried to give their impression of a subject or a moment in time

Showed more positive view of society in Western Europe than realist

Claude MonetEdgar DegasPierre-Auguste

Renoir

IMPRESSIONISM