Nationalist Revolutions Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the WestSweep the West

Ch 24Ch 24

1789-19001789-1900

Latin AmericaLatin America SocietySociety 1. 1. PeninsularesPeninsulares

(people born in Spain)(people born in Spain)

2. 2. CreolesCreoles (people born in Latin (people born in Latin America of Spanish descent -America of Spanish descent -they couldn’t hold public office)they couldn’t hold public office)

3. 3. MestizosMestizos (mixed Spanish + (mixed Spanish + Indian)Indian)

4. 4. MulattosMulattos (mixed Spanish + (mixed Spanish + African)African)

5. Africans5. Africans

6. Indians6. Indians

Revolutions in Revolutions in Latin America are Latin America are influenced by:influenced by:

American Rev.American Rev. French Rev.French Rev. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Most people in Latin Most people in Latin

America resent colonial America resent colonial controlcontrol

Haiti’s Haiti’s RevolutionRevolution

French colony known as St. French colony known as St. DomingueDomingue

1791, 100,000 slaves revolted led 1791, 100,000 slaves revolted led by Toussaint L’Ouverture by Toussaint L’Ouverture

By 1801, he had control of the By 1801, he had control of the entire island + had freed the slavesentire island + had freed the slaves

1802, French troops arrive + 1802, French troops arrive + Toussaint agreed to halt revolution Toussaint agreed to halt revolution if French would end slaveryif French would end slavery

He’s sent to the French Alps He’s sent to the French Alps where he later dieswhere he later dies

1804, Toussaint’s lieutenant Jean-1804, Toussaint’s lieutenant Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares the Jacques Dessalines declares the colony to be an independent colony to be an independent country –became Haiticountry –became Haiti

11stst black colony to free itself from black colony to free itself from European controlEuropean control

Gran Gran ColombiaColombia

Creoles lead indep. movement Creoles lead indep. movement Go to Europe to get educated, Go to Europe to get educated,

come back + spread come back + spread Enlightenment ideasEnlightenment ideas

When Napoleon removed Spain’s king When Napoleon removed Spain’s king + put his brother on the throne, + put his brother on the throne, Spain lost the loyalty of many CreolesSpain lost the loyalty of many Creoles

2 brilliant Creole Generals lead rev. in 2 brilliant Creole Generals lead rev. in South AmericaSouth America

1. Simon Bolivar –“Libertador” 1. Simon Bolivar –“Libertador” “George Washington of Latin “George Washington of Latin America”America”

Helped free Colombia + Helped free Colombia + VenezuelaVenezuela

2. Jose de San Martin2. Jose de San Martin Helped Chile gain its indep.Helped Chile gain its indep.

Bolivar + San Martin meet + Bolivar + San Martin meet + combined armies under combined armies under BolivarBolivar

1824, Bolivar defeats Spanish at 1824, Bolivar defeats Spanish at the Battle of Ayacuchothe Battle of Ayacucho

Now Venezuela, Colombia, Now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, + Ecuador were united Panama, + Ecuador were united into a country called Gran into a country called Gran ColombiaColombia

Bolivar envisioned this as a Bolivar envisioned this as a United States of South United States of South AmericaAmerica

MexicoMexico Indians + Mestizos lead indep. Indians + Mestizos lead indep. movementmovement

1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo 1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo spoke to the peasants gathered in spoke to the peasants gathered in his church + issued a call for his church + issued a call for rebellion against the Spanishrebellion against the Spanish

““The Cry of DoloresThe Cry of Dolores”” The next day an army marched The next day an army marched

towards Mexico City towards Mexico City Soon numbered 80,000 menSoon numbered 80,000 men

Army defeated by Spanish + CreolesArmy defeated by Spanish + Creoles Rebels then unite under a priest Rebels then unite under a priest

named Jose Maria Morelos who leads named Jose Maria Morelos who leads for 4 yrs before being defeated in for 4 yrs before being defeated in 1815 by Creole Agustin de Iturbide1815 by Creole Agustin de Iturbide

But in 1820, a revolution in But in 1820, a revolution in SpainSpain puts a more liberal puts a more liberal gov.’t in power. Creoles in gov.’t in power. Creoles in Mexico get worried about a Mexico get worried about a possible loss of privileges, so possible loss of privileges, so they unite against Spain.they unite against Spain.

Led by the same Agustin de Led by the same Agustin de Iturbide who years earlier, Iturbide who years earlier, crushed a rebellion for indep.crushed a rebellion for indep.

He declares himself He declares himself Mexico’s emperor in Mexico’s emperor in 1821 (lasts for 2 yrs)1821 (lasts for 2 yrs)

Countries in Central America Countries in Central America declare their indep. from declare their indep. from MexicoMexico

BrazilBrazil 1807, Napoleon’s army invaded 1807, Napoleon’s army invaded PortugalPortugal

Portuguese Prince John + royal family Portuguese Prince John + royal family flee to Brazil (Portugal’s largest flee to Brazil (Portugal’s largest colony) + rule from there for 14yrscolony) + rule from there for 14yrs

When Napoleon is defeated King John When Napoleon is defeated King John returns to Portugal but son Dom returns to Portugal but son Dom Pedro stays in BrazilPedro stays in Brazil

Brazil was supposed to return to Brazil was supposed to return to colony status, but Brazilians sign a colony status, but Brazilians sign a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule + petition asking Dom Pedro to rule + he agreed.he agreed.

1822, he officially declared indep. 1822, he officially declared indep. after considerably less fighting than after considerably less fighting than what occurred in the Spanish colonieswhat occurred in the Spanish colonies

End Section 1End Section 1

24.224.2

Meanwhile, in Europe…Meanwhile, in Europe… 3 Schools 3 Schools

of Political of Political ThoughtThought

1. Conservatives:1. Conservatives: Usually wealthy property Usually wealthy property

owners + nobilityowners + nobility Favored traditional monarchiesFavored traditional monarchies

2. Liberals:2. Liberals: Mostly middle-class business Mostly middle-class business

leaders + merchantsleaders + merchants Wanted more power for elected Wanted more power for elected

parliaments, but only the parliaments, but only the educated + the landowners educated + the landowners could votecould vote

3. Radicals:3. Radicals: Favored drastic change to Favored drastic change to

extend democracy to all peopleextend democracy to all people

Nationalism Nationalism EmergesEmerges

NationalismNationalism: belief that people’s : belief that people’s loyalty should not be to a king or loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture + who share a common culture + historyhistory

Rise of nationalism is linked w/ Rise of nationalism is linked w/ spread of democratic ideas + spread of democratic ideas + growth of educated middle classgrowth of educated middle class

They want to decide how they They want to decide how they are governedare governed

Rise of Rise of nation-statesnation-states - country w/ - country w/ independent gov.’t + common independent gov.’t + common culture + identityculture + identity (fancy way of (fancy way of saying country)saying country)

Results of NationalismResults of NationalismPositivePositive

Overthrow of Colonial Overthrow of Colonial rulerule

Many democratic Many democratic gov.’ts formgov.’ts form

People w/in a nation People w/in a nation overcoming their overcoming their differences for the differences for the common goodcommon good

Competition among Competition among nations scientific + nations scientific + technological advancestechnological advances

NegativeNegative Forced assimilation of Forced assimilation of

minority cultures into minority cultures into the nation’s majority the nation’s majority cultureculture

Ethnic cleansingsEthnic cleansings Extreme nationalist Extreme nationalist

movements movements (ex. Nazis)(ex. Nazis)

Competition between Competition between nations leading to warnations leading to war

Nationalist Nationalist Movements Movements in Europein Europe

Greeks 1Greeks 1stst

Controlled by Ottoman EmpireControlled by Ottoman Empire Kept alive memory of their ancient Kept alive memory of their ancient

history + culturehistory + culture Rebelled against Ottomans in 1821Rebelled against Ottomans in 1821 Supported around the world despite Supported around the world despite

European gov.’ts opposition to European gov.’ts opposition to rebellionsrebellions

Christian Orthodox connection Christian Orthodox connection to Russiansto Russians

Educated Europeans + Educated Europeans + Americans respected ancient Americans respected ancient Greek cultureGreek culture

Gain indep. in 1830Gain indep. in 1830 Supported by British, French, + Supported by British, French, +

Russian militariesRussian militaries

Many failed nationalist rebellions Many failed nationalist rebellions throughout Europe (Italians, Poles, throughout Europe (Italians, Poles, Czechs, etc…)Czechs, etc…)

France goes back + forth between a France goes back + forth between a strong monarchy + republicstrong monarchy + republic

1848, Louis-Napoleon 1848, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) wins (Napoleon’s nephew) wins presidential election. 4 yrs presidential election. 4 yrs later took title of Emperor later took title of Emperor Napoleon III. France prospers Napoleon III. France prospers + modernizes due to his good + modernizes due to his good policies.policies.

Russian Czar Alexander II frees serfs Russian Czar Alexander II frees serfs in 1861. Later assassinated.in 1861. Later assassinated.

End Section 2End Section 2

24.324.3

Nationalism: 3 typesNationalism: 3 typesTypeType CharacteristicsCharacteristics ExamplesExamples

UnificationUnification Mergers of Mergers of politically divided politically divided but culturally but culturally similar landssimilar lands

-1919thth Century Century GermanyGermany-1919thth Century Italy Century Italy

SeparationSeparation Culturally distinct Culturally distinct group resists group resists being added to a being added to a state or tries to state or tries to break awaybreak away

-Greeks in the -Greeks in the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

- French-speaking - French-speaking CanadiansCanadians

State-State-BuildingBuilding

Culturally distinct Culturally distinct groups form into groups form into a new state bya new state by accepting a single accepting a single cultureculture

-The United -The United StatesStates

-Turkey-Turkey

Break-upsBreak-ups

ItalyItaly

Nationalism – breaks apart Nationalism – breaks apart Austrian, Russian, + Ottoman Austrian, Russian, + Ottoman EmpiresEmpires

Forms from crumbling empiresForms from crumbling empires Sardinia is the largest + most Sardinia is the largest + most

powerful Italian statepowerful Italian state Has a liberal constitutionHas a liberal constitution Unites other Italian states Unites other Italian states

through wars (1858-1870)through wars (1858-1870)

GermanyGermany Starting in 1815, part of Starting in 1815, part of Confederation of 39 German states Confederation of 39 German states dominated by Austriadominated by Austria

(established at Congress of (established at Congress of Vienna)Vienna)

Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime appoints Otto von Bismarck prime ministerminister

Bismarck was a master at Bismarck was a master at realpolitikrealpolitik – “the politics of reality” power – “the politics of reality” power politics w/ no idealismpolitics w/ no idealism

He declares (w/ king’s approval) He declares (w/ king’s approval) that he would rule w/o consent that he would rule w/o consent of parliament + w/o a legal of parliament + w/o a legal budget budget

Violates their constitutionViolates their constitution

Prussia would unite various German Prussia would unite various German states through wars stirred up by states through wars stirred up by Bismarck to gain territoryBismarck to gain territory

During Franco-Prussian War (1867) During Franco-Prussian War (1867) Prussia fights w/ FrancePrussia fights w/ France

Capture Napoleon IIICapture Napoleon III Final stage of German Final stage of German

unificationunification King Wilhelm I of Prussia King Wilhelm I of Prussia

crowned crowned KaiserKaiser (German (German emperor)emperor)

““22ndnd Reich” (Holy Roman Reich” (Holy Roman Empire was 1Empire was 1stst + Nazis would + Nazis would proclaim theirs the 3proclaim theirs the 3rdrd))

End Section 3End Section 3

24.424.4

Revolutions in the ArtsRevolutions in the Arts RomanticismRomanticism

(End of the (End of the 1700s)1700s)

Movement reflecting deep interest Movement reflecting deep interest in nature and the thoughts + in nature and the thoughts + feelings of individualsfeelings of individuals

Reaction against Enlightenment Reaction against Enlightenment (going away from reason to focus (going away from reason to focus on emotion)on emotion)

Romantics rejected the rigidly Romantics rejected the rigidly ordered world of the middle classordered world of the middle class

Inspired by nationalismInspired by nationalism Poetry was the highest form of Poetry was the highest form of

expressionexpression Ex: Mary Shelley’s Ex: Mary Shelley’s FrankensteinFrankenstein

Victor Hugo’s Victor Hugo’s Les MiserablesLes Miserables

Grimm Brothers’ fairy talesGrimm Brothers’ fairy tales

Ideas of Ideas of RomanticismRomanticism

1. Emphasized feelings + 1. Emphasized feelings + imaginationimagination

2. Focused on the mysterious, 2. Focused on the mysterious, supernatural, exotic, supernatural, exotic, grotesquegrotesque

3. Loved beauty of 3. Loved beauty of untamed natureuntamed nature

4. Idealized the past as a simpler 4. Idealized the past as a simpler + nobler time+ nobler time

5. Glorified heroes5. Glorified heroes6. Valued common people + the 6. Valued common people + the

individualindividual7. Promoted radical change + 7. Promoted radical change +

democracydemocracy

RealismRealism(1850s)(1850s)

CharlesCharlesDickensDickens

Movement in which artists + writers Movement in which artists + writers tried to show life as it was, not as tried to show life as it was, not as they thought it should bethey thought it should be

Started due to rapid industrialization Started due to rapid industrialization – made dreams of romantics seem – made dreams of romantics seem pointlesspointless

Reflected the political importance Reflected the political importance of the working classof the working class

11stst camera invented – showed grim camera invented – showed grim realityreality

Ex. Works of Charles Dickens +Ex. Works of Charles Dickens +French author Honore de French author Honore de

Balzac Balzac wrote a series of almost wrote a series of almost 100 100 novels describing in detail novels describing in detail the the brutal struggle for wealth brutal struggle for wealth + + power, exposed miseries of power, exposed miseries of

workers, + led to reforms in workers, + led to reforms in labor labor lawslaws

ImpressionismImpressionism

(1860s)(1860s)

Movement in painting + music Movement in painting + music in which artists tried to convey in which artists tried to convey their impressions of subjects or their impressions of subjects or moments in timemoments in time

Reaction against realismReaction against realism Showed a more positive view of Showed a more positive view of

the new urban society in the new urban society in western Europewestern Europe

Ex. Instead of showing abused Ex. Instead of showing abused workers, they’d show workers, they’d show

workers enjoying workers enjoying themselves in themselves in cafes or dancingcafes or dancing Ex. Claude MonetEx. Claude Monet

End Section 4End Section 4