Nationalist Revolutions

Sweep the West

Ch 24

1789-1900

Latin America Society 1. Peninsulares

(people born in Spain)

2. Creoles (people born in Latin America of Spanish descent -they couldn’t hold public office)

3. Mestizos (mixed Spanish + Indian)

4. Mulattos (mixed Spanish + African)

5. Africans

6. Indians

Revolutions in Latin America are influenced by:

American Rev.

French Rev.

The Enlightenment

Most people in Latin America resent colonial control

Haiti’s Revolution

French colony known as St. Domingue

1791, 100,000 slaves revolted led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

By 1801, he had control of the entire island + had freed the slaves

1802, French troops arrive + Toussaint agreed to halt revolution if French would end slavery

He’s sent to the French Alps where he later dies

1804, Toussaint’s lieutenant Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares the colony to be an independent country –became Haiti

1st black colony to free itself from European control

Gran Colombia

Creoles lead indep. movement

Go to Europe to get educated, come back + spread Enlightenment ideas

When Napoleon removed Spain’s king + put his brother on the throne, Spain lost the loyalty of many Creoles

2 brilliant Creole Generals lead rev. in South America

1. Simon Bolivar –“Libertador” “George Washington of Latin America”

Helped free Colombia + Venezuela

2. Jose de San Martin

Helped Chile gain its indep.

Bolivar + San Martin meet + combined armies under Bolivar

1824, Bolivar defeats Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho

Now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, + Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia

Bolivar envisioned this as a United States of South America

Mexico Indians + Mestizos lead indep. movement

1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo spoke to the peasants gathered in his church + issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish

“The Cry of Dolores”

The next day an army marched towards Mexico City

Soon numbered 80,000 men

Army defeated by Spanish + Creoles

Rebels then unite under a priest named Jose Maria Morelos who leads for 4 yrs before being defeated in 1815 by Creole Agustin de Iturbide

But in 1820, a revolution in Spain puts a more liberal gov.’t in power. Creoles in Mexico get worried about a possible loss of privileges, so they unite against Spain.

Led by the same Agustin de Iturbide who years earlier, crushed a rebellion for indep.

He declares himself Mexico’s emperor in 1821 (lasts for 2 yrs)

Countries in Central America declare their indep. from Mexico

Brazil 1807, Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal

Portuguese Prince John + royal family flee to Brazil (Portugal’s largest colony) + rule from there for 14yrs

When Napoleon is defeated King John returns to Portugal but son Dom Pedro stays in Brazil

Brazil was supposed to return to colony status, but Brazilians sign a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule + he agreed.

1822, he officially declared indep. after considerably less fighting than what occurred in the Spanish colonies End Section 1

Quickwrite:

In ½ page: Do you think South America would have

been better off if Bolivar’s dream of a “United States of South America” had come true?

Consider this: is it better to have one so-so leader over a large area, or many leaders over smaller areas, some good and some bad.

Meanwhile, in Europe… 3 Schools

of Political Thought

1. Conservatives:

Usually wealthy property owners + nobility

Favored traditional monarchies

2. Liberals:

Mostly middle-class business leaders + merchants

Wanted more power for elected parliaments, but only the educated + the landowners could vote

3. Radicals:

Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

Nationalism Emerges

Nationalism: belief that people’s loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture + history

Rise of nationalism is linked w/ spread of democratic ideas + growth of educated middle class

They want to decide how they are governed

Rise of nation-states - country w/ independent gov.’t + common

culture + identity (fancy way of

saying country)

Results of Nationalism

Positive

Overthrow of Colonial rule

Many democratic gov.’ts form

People w/in a nation overcoming their differences for the common good

Competition among nations scientific + technological advances

Negative

Forced assimilation of minority cultures into the nation’s majority culture

Ethnic cleansings

Extreme nationalist movements

(ex. Nazis)

Competition between nations leading to war

Nationalist Movements in Europe

Greeks 1st

Controlled by Ottoman Empire

Kept alive memory of their ancient history + culture

Rebelled against Ottomans in 1821

Supported around the world despite European gov.’ts opposition to rebellions

Christian Orthodox connection to Russians

Educated Europeans + Americans respected ancient Greek culture

Gain indep. in 1830

Supported by British, French, + Russian militaries

Many failed nationalist rebellions throughout Europe (Italians, Poles, Czechs, etc…)

France goes back + forth between a strong monarchy + republic

1848, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) wins presidential election. 4 yrs later took title of Emperor Napoleon III. France prospers + modernizes due to his good policies.

Russian Czar Alexander II frees serfs in 1861. Later assassinated.

End Section 2

Nationalism: 3 typesType Characteristics Examples

Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands

-19th Century Germany

-19th Century Italy

Separation Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away

-Greeks in the Ottoman Empire

- French-speaking Canadians

State-Building

Culturally distinct groups form into a new state byaccepting a single culture

-The United States

-Turkey

Break-ups

Italy

Nationalism – breaks apart Austrian, Russian, + Ottoman Empires

Forms from crumbling empires

Sardinia is the largest + most powerful Italian state

Has a liberal constitution

Unites other Italian states through wars (1858-1870)

Germany Starting in 1815, part of Confederation of 39 German states dominated by Austria

(established at Congress of Vienna)

Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister

Bismarck was a master at realpolitik– “the politics of reality” power politics w/ no idealism

He declares (w/ king’s approval) that he would rule w/o consent of parliament + w/o a legal budget

Violates their constitution

Prussia would unite various German states through wars stirred up by Bismarck to gain territory

During Franco-Prussian War (1867) Prussia fights w/ France

Capture Napoleon III

Final stage of German unification

King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser (German emperor)

“2nd Reich” (Holy Roman Empire was 1st + Nazis would proclaim theirs the 3rd)

End Section 3

Revolutions in the Arts Romanticism

(End of the 1700s)

Movement reflecting deep interest in nature and the thoughts + feelings of individuals

Reaction against Enlightenment (going away from reason to focus on emotion)

Romantics rejected the rigidly ordered world of the middle class

Inspired by nationalism

Poetry was the highest form of expression

Ex: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables

Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales

Ideas of Romanticism

1. Emphasized feelings + imagination

2. Focused on the mysterious, supernatural, exotic, grotesque

3. Loved beauty of

untamed nature

4. Idealized the past as a simpler + nobler time

5. Glorified heroes

6. Valued common people + the individual

7. Promoted radical change + democracy

Realism

(1850s)

Charles

Dickens

Movement in which artists + writers tried to show life as it was, not as they thought it should be

Started due to rapid industrialization – made dreams of romantics seem pointless

Reflected the political importance of the working class

1st camera invented – showed grim reality

Ex. Works of Charles Dickens +

French author Honore de Balzac wrote a series of almost 100 novels describing in detail the brutal struggle for wealth + power, exposed miseries of workers, + led to reforms in labor laws

Impressionism

(1860s)

Movement in painting + music in which artists tried to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time

Reaction against realism

Showed a more positive view of the new urban society in western Europe

Ex. Instead of showing abused

workers, they’d show workers enjoying themselves in

cafes or dancing

Ex. Claude Monet

End Section 4