*FM 3-5FMFM 11-10

ARMY FIELD MANUAL 3-5FLEET MARINE FORCEMANUAL NO. 11-10

HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSWashington, DC, 17 November 1993

NBC Decontamination

Contents

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution is authorized to US government agencies only to protect technical or operational infor-mation from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or b other means. This determination was madeon 29 March 1993. Other requests for this manual will be referred to Commandant, US Army Chemical School, ATZN-CM-FNB, FortMcClellan, AL 36205-5020.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

*This publication supersedes FM 3-5, 24 June 1985

MARINE CORPS: PCN 139 001195 00i

FM 3-5

i i

FM 3-5

PREFACE

FM 3-5 provides the doctrinal approach for NBC decontamination (decon).This manual integrates NBC fundamentals published in FM 3-100, NBC Defense, Chemical Warfare, Smoke and Flame

Operations.This manual implements STANAG 2426 NATO Contamination Control Policy for NATO Forces. Name changes in

the levels/types of decon will standardize decon terminology throughout NATO.These NBC fundamentals are integrated into the decon doctrinal concepts. The extent and timing of decon depends

on the tactical situation, the mission, the extent of contamination, and the decon resources available. Reducing the effectof any chemical threat and survivability is the ultimate goal of FM 3-5. This manual provides detailed guidance on con-ducting decon operations for chemical and nonchemical personnel. Individual soldiers and leaders must be familiarwith the basic procedures and concepts in FM 3-5.

Chapters 1 and 2, “Decon Concepts” and “Immediate Decon,” focus on the basic knowledge required to apply thedecon concepts. Information focuses on how the contamination will hamper their mission, and how application of deconpractices will increase survivability.

Chapters 3 and 4, “Operational Decon” and “Thorough Decon,” provide a series of options forimproved use of unit assets. These options increase the output and speed up the decon process. Throughput isdetermined by resources and personnel availability. Chapter 5, “Special Decon Operations,” covers decon on freed sites,key terrain, and urban areas.

Chapter 6, “Effects of Environmental Conditions: discusses how natural elements and weather affect equipment anddecon operations. Chapter 7, “Aviation,” includes decon techniques for all the aircraft in the U.S. Army inventory. Chap-ter 8, “Maintenance,” discusses repair problems and direct and general support maintenance. Chapter 9, “Patient Decon-tamination,” covers detailed decon procedures for nonmedical and nonchemical personnel used to evacuate chemicalcasualties. Chapter 10, “Logistics.,” provides information to assist the chemical unit as well as the supported unit in plan-ning their logistical needs.

The appendixes of this manual contain a collection of reference data. If you understand the basics given in Chapters 1through 10, you can use the material in the appendixes to make the basics work for you. When standard decon techni-ques are not possible or standard decon materials are not available, go to the appendixes for nonstandard techniquesand field expedients.

The proponent of this publication is the U.S. Army Chemical School. Submit changes forimproving this publication on DA Form 2028 and forward to Commandant, U.S. ArmyChemical School, ATTN ATZN-CM-FNB, Fort McClellan, AL 36205-5020.

iii

FM 3-5

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The presence of contamination generally reduces the tamination can better direct our efforts in taking counter-effectiveness of our combat power. Contamination for- measures to avoid or reduce the nuclear, biological, andces us into protective equipment that degrades our ability chemical hazard. Considering these factors will assist theto perform individual and collective tasks. Further, un- individual soldier, planner, and leader in the integrationderstanding the behavior and characteristics of con- of NBC defense measures in tactical operations.

Forms of ContaminationSuccessful decon requires that you understand the tion can be made thick, like syrup or gelatin. It sticks to

forms of contamination and what makes it dangerous. what it touches and evaporates slowly. Low vapor pres-The different origins and forms of contamination cause sure and high viscosity make it difficult to decontaminate.different hazards. A brief discussion on the major forms Chemical, biological, and nuclear contamination can alland origins of contamination will clarify the meaning of mix with rain and contaminate large areas. When thiscontamination as it is used in this FM. “washout” evaporates, the solid or liquid contamination

may remain for some time.Solids

Chemical agents, biological agents, and radiological Gasescontamination can all take solid forms. In most cases, Chemical contaminants give off vapors. Toxic chemi-these appear as a fine dust. The dust could take the form cal agents, delivered as a gas cloud, are employed eitherof radioactive dirt (fallout), a frozen chemical mist, or directly on the target or upwind of the target. Dependingpollenoated with biological toxins and/or biological on the weather conditions, wind currents can spreadspores, or a powder coated with chemical/biological toxic gas clouds over a large area. Most toxic gasesagents (for example, dusty mustard). disperse or evaporate quite readily. However, liquid

chemical agents contaminating surfaces may give offLiquid toxic gases for days.

Liquid contamination is generally delivered in a mist,vapor, or rain that falls to the ground. Liquid contamina-

Types of Contamination HazardsIf you understand the contamination hazards (trans-

fer, spread, vapor, resorption, and radiation), you willunderstand contamination characteristics and howdecon will help you successfully complete your missionunder NBC conditions.

TransferAnything that touches a surface covered with liquid or

solid contamination will tend to pickup that contamina-tion, and move it from one surface to another. You musteliminate or limit contamination transfer into cleanareas. For example, troops climbing in and out of acontaminated tank will transfer agent to the inside of thevehicle onto navigation, communication, and/or com-puter instruments, or any other compartment in the tank.This will result in two hazards: (1) inhaling the gas givenoff by the agent brought into the tank and (2) coming incontact with the agent brought into the tank.

SpreadTouching a surface covered with liquid chemical agent

can spread contamination on the same surface, thereby,increasing the size of the contaminated area. This willrequire more decon kits or decontaminants, more effort,and more time spent for decon. Limit the spread of agentand keep contamination from being spread to a cleansurface by decontaminating with designated and/or ap-propriate equipment.

VaporThe vapor hazard includes any contamination you can

breathe, no matter what form it takes – dust in the air,atomized liquids (aerosols), or true gases. Generally,vapors in an open/outdoor area disperse rapidly so youdo not need to decontaminate them. Some agent vapors,however (such as atomized blister), create a transferhazard because they settle from the air and coat thesurfaces they touch. As long as solid or liquid contamina-tion remains on a surface, it can continually generate newvapors. Liquid contamination mixed with dust can result

iv

FM 3-5

in a vapor hazard due to wind or movement of vehicles.Generally, when a transfer or spread hazard exists, avapor hazard could also exists.

DesorptionLiquid chemical contamination quickly absorbs into

porous surfaces. Once absorbed, it begins to desorb orgive off gas; that is, low levels of vapor pass out of thecontaminated surface into the air and can be transferredto any surface that contacts it, including bare skin. Forexample, if you were operating a vehicle that was desorb-ing a nerve agent, you should protect yourself by wearing,as a minimum, your protective mask and gloves. Ex-posure to the desorbing nerve agent might blur yourvision or interfere with your ability to think clearly. Han-dling a steering wheel bare-handed when it is desorbingnerve agent may also cause acute nerve agent poisoning.

Prevent resorption by decontaminating quickly, beforeany agent can be absorbed into the surface. Surfacesprotected with chemical agent resistant coating(CARC), which is made of polyurethane paint coating,prevent agent absorption. The surface can be easilydecontaminated with soap and hot water or DS2.

RadiationThe penetrating energy of radiation does not directly

fall into any of the previous categories. Radiation is givenoff by radioactive dust or dirt, most of which appears asfallout. For decon purposes, radiation can be thought ofas a solid. Radioactive contamination can usually beremoved by brushing, wiping, or shaking. Decontaminatequickly to decrease the cumulative effects of radiation.Otherwise, small but frequent exposure to radiation maycause radiation sickness.

PersistencyThe length of time a hazard remains depends on the

persistency of the contamination. A full discussion ofdetection and hazard prediction for all types of con-tamination is given in FM 3-3 and FM 3-3-1, but somegeneral guidance is given here.

ChemicalNonpersistent contamination generally requires no

decon. However, the duration and effectiveness ofchemical agents employed on the battlefield will dependon a series of factors that affect agent persistency:

Type of contamination.Contamination density and droplet size.Temperature.Wind speed.Sunlight.Humidity and rain.Composition of the contaminated surface.Type of soil and terrain.

Any contamination found on your skin must be decon-taminated immediately, regardless of persistency, Somecontamination hazards can affect you within minutesafter touching your skin (an agent like CX will affectwithin seconds). After you conduct skin decon, usedetection equipment to determine the type of contamina-tion in order to determine whether additional deconand/or treatment is required.

The physical behavior of chemical agents changesbased on weather conditions. For example, in coldweather, nonpersistent agents tend to become semi-per-sistent, lasting from two to ten days. See FM 3-6, FieldBehavior of NBC Agents, for further information.

BiologicalThe many variables involved in estimating persistency

of biological hazards require separate consideration foreach instance of contamination. Specially trained medi-cal personnel at division level and higher will considerspecific treatment regimens only after the contaminationhas been specifically identified. For example, biologicalagents will persist longer in cold weather. Temperatureinversions (stable conditions) that exist over snowfieldsalso tend to prolong the stay of an aerosolized biologicalcloud.

RadiologicalYou can gain a general idea of the persistency of

radiological hazards by taking radiation dose rate read-ings. Use FM 3-3-1 standard decay nomograms topredict the decay rate for radiological hazards. It as-sumes typical fallout will decrease in intensity accordingto a standard decay constant (n = 1.2). For operationalpurposes you can use the “7-10 rule of thumb” to estimatefuture radiation levels. This rule provides a general es-timate and should be used for planning only. The rate ofradioactive decay is proportional overtime. The 7-10 rulemeans that for every seven multiples of time after theburst, the radiation intensity will decrease by a factor often. For example, if two hours after the burst your readingis 100 cGy (rad) per hour, then fourteen hours after theburst (7 times 2 hours) you can expect a reading of about10 cGy (100 cGy divided by 10). Radiation contaminationis not affected by climatic conditions or other variablesthat affect chemical contamination. FM 3-3-1 describesradiation decay rates in detail.

v

FM 3-5

Negligible RiskYou must consider decon if the levels of contamination away from the surface. For example, a one bar reading

exceed negligible risk levels. displayed on the chemical agent monitor (CAM) indi-cates a reduced hazard level that should be considered

Chemical as a negligible risk level.Negligible risk levels for biological and chemical con-

tamination are those that will cause mild incapacitation Radiologicalamong no more than 5 percent of unprotected soldiers Negligible risk levels for radiological contaminationwho operate for 12 continuous hours within 1 meter of are measurements of 0.33 centigray (cGy) or less. Thiscontaminated surfaces. Measurements that determine level of radiation will cause no more than 2.5 percent mildsafe levels are made with detection equipment held 1 inch incapacitation to unprotected soldiers.

Contamination CombinationsSimultaneous enemy NBC attacks will probably be

part of the enemy’s strategy. Risk assessments includeconsideration that the enemy may use combinations ofnuclear, biological, and chemical weapons or may use anyof these combined with conventional fire. Once NBCweapons have been introduced on the battlefield, theenemy may try to deceive you regarding the type ofhazard.

The thermal effects of a nuclear blast might destroythe effects of any chemical or biological weapons used atthe same time. However, chemical or biological weaponseffectiveness could probably be increased if used follow-ing a nuclear attack. Nuclear blast casualties andpsychologically stressed soldiers are vulnerable to a CBagent attack. Agents could enter collective protectiveshelters, communications facilities, and vehiclesdamaged by the nuclear detonation.

When NBC contamination hazards exist, decon-taminate the chemical agents first. Chemical agents arenormally the most lethal and fastest-acting type of con-tamination. The decon methods for chemical agents arealso effective for neutralizing or removing biological andradiological contamination. The reverse is not true.

To cause multiple types of contamination, the enemymay use a mixture of agents in their munitions. Suchmixtures could be used to achieve various purposes:

Lower the freezing point of the agents and increaseagent persistency (such as mustard-lewisite mixture).

Create both percutaneous (through the skin) andinhalation hazards (such as thickened GD and GB).

Complicate agent identification of mixed agents,making treatment of casualties more difficult.

Combine agents with both immediate and long-termpersistency such as anthrax with an incubation period of1 to 5 days, and histoplasmosis (pulmonary infectiondisease) with an incubation period of 5 to 18 days.

There is no field detecting system capable of detectingor identifying biological agents. Therefore, combinationsof biological and chemical contaminants present a dif-ferent challenge. This challenge can be dealt with ifstandard chemical decon measures are followed at once.Use standard chemical decontaminants when combina-tions are known or suspected to exist. They can be usedfor toxins and biological agents as well as chemicalagents. See Appendix A for a description of field ex-pedient chemical decontaminants for use against thesehazards.

Do not base decon measures solely upon the frosthazard identified. Make sure you check thoroughly toidentify all agent hazards. When specific agents aredetected, take appropriate decon measures. Otherwise,use standard decontaminants and procedures.

vi

FM 3-5

Chapter 1

D e c o n C o n c e p t s

This chapter establishes the doctrinal concepts thatdetermine when, where, and how much to decon-taminate. You must have a good idea of the reasons fordecon and the types/techniques of decon. You mustassess your tactical situation, consider your deconresources within the context of mission, enemy, terrain,troops, and time available (METT-T), know the prin-ciples of decon, and know how decon affects your combatpower. Protective clothing and equipment (MOPP gear)

and collective protection shelters offer only a temporarysolution. Decon is a more permanent solution. It is theremoval, destruction, or neutralization of contamination.When you have become contaminated, there are practi-cal reasons why at least some decon must occur as soonas possible. You must use these decon concepts to guideyour decision as to what action will best help accomplishyour mission.

Making The Decision to DeconDecon should be considered within the context of

METT-T and resources available. These four factorsmust be addressed before you decide to decontaminate.

Lethality.Performance degradation.Equipment limitations.Transfer and spread.

LethalitySome kinds of contamination are so toxic they can kill

or incapacitate if they contact exposed skin for a fewminutes. If your skin becomes contaminated, you muststop breathing, mask, give the alarm, and decontaminateyour skin immediately. Periodically, observe for nerveagent symptoms, if agent type is unknown.

Performance DegradationMOPP (mission-oriented protective posture) gear

provides protection but also degrades performance. Thelonger you are in MOPP4, the lower your efficiency.Using tools and weapons while wearing the protectivegloves is awkward. The mask reduces your field of view,making it difficult to use some optical sights and night-vision devices. Extended operations in MOPP gear tireand discourage soldiers. Troops cannot eat while wear-ing a mask. Urinating and defecating are potentiallydangerous in a contaminated area. Even resting andsleeping are difficult because it is hard to breathe throughthe mask. Hot or humid climates compound theseproblems because the mask makes breathing more dif-ficult. For further information on heat injury preventionand water consumption of personnel in MOPP4, refer toFM 3-4.

Equipment LimitationsMOPP gear will provide protection from chemical and

biological agent attacks, but some limitations can reduce

its effectiveness. Agents can gradually penetrate themask hood. However, the protective qualities of the hoodcan be extended many hours if the chemical agent isremoved or decontaminated quickly before it penetratesthe hood. For protective masks, see FM 3-4 for informa-tion on mask filter change criteria and when to exchangeMOPP gear.

Leaders know that once the battle dress overgarment(BDO) is contaminated with a liquid chemical agent, itis capable of providing adequate protection for a maxi-mum of 24 hours. If chemical liquid contaminationremains after 24 hours, MOPP gear exchange must beconducted as soon as possible. The chemical protectiveovergarment can protect up to 6 hours against liquidcontamination. Other serviceability requirements for theBDO and CPOG are found in FM 3-4. Further, soldiersperformance will decrease over time while they are in fullMOPP, and risk assessment must be conducted beforeexecuting the task or mission. For example, leaders knowthat these critical areas or tasks are degraded:

Navigation and terrain orientation.Target acquisition.The decision-making process (leader fatigue).Communications.Fire support coordination.Maneuver formations/convoy operations.

Unit leaders conducting extended operations in fullMOPP gear weigh the risk of whether or not to conductdecon. The leader must consider his soldiers’ capabilitiesand limitations while performing in MOPP during dif-ferent types of conditions (high temperatures, humidity,work rate, for example.

The longer the soldiers are in full MOPP, the greaterthe degradation in performing their primary task (SeeFM 3-4, BDO risk assessment). As soldier skills and unitperformance become degraded, survivability and mis-sion successfulness will decrease respectively.

1-1

FM 3-5

The contamination hazard will be reduced by conduct-ing hasty decon and exchange of the MOPP gear. Thiswill also provide temporary relief from MOPP and thereduction of risk during combat operations. The com-mander considers the time and resources needed toconduct decon versus the degradation caused by operat-ing in full MOPP gear. The leader also understands thatbefore ordering removal of protective masks, he mustmove his unit to a clean area and conduct unmaskingprocedures. After hasty decon, (MOPP gear exchangeand vehicle washdown), the soldiers’ risk is reduced by:

Decreasing the time personnel are exposed tochemical agents.

Providing temporary relief from full MOPP. Thisaids in increasing units’ survivability on the battlefieldbecause the MOPP encapsulation causes limitations thatmay result in conventional casualties (for example, heatstress in combat).

Decreasing the risk of transfer and spreading ofcontamination.

MOPP gear provides little direct protection from thehazards of radiological (rad) contamination, such as theradiation from fallout. But commanders may oftendecide to use MOPP gear for its indirect advantages.MOPP4 can prevent the inhalation of radioactive par-ticles, keep contamination off skin, and greatly simplifydecon. Although the danger from fallout is not immedi-ate, the radiation may gradually build up to a dangerouslevel.

Therefore, the contamination must be removed assoon as the mission allows. The protective mask falterelements will need to be replaced because of buildup ofradioactive particles.

Transfer and SpreadYou must avoid contamination as much as possible.

Once a unit becomes contaminated with a chemicalagent, quick or rapid decon is critical to prevent furtherspread or transfer of contamination onto a clean area orsurface. This action may allow the unit to be in the lowestMOPP level possible and preserve its combat power.

Principles of DecontaminationThe resources of manpower, time, and material are

critical for the commander’s decision on how to sustaincombat operations. The commander must apply two con-cepts — the use of these resources and his ability to sus-tain combat operations. He must know when, where,what and how to perform decon by following these fourprinciples below:

First, decontaminate as soon as possible. This is themost important principle of the four. Consider this prin-ciple before you consider any other.

Contamination hazards force you into higher levels ofMOPP and immediately begin to degrade your combatpower. The sooner the contamination is removed, thesooner you can reduce MOPP levels and begin restoringcombat power.

Second, decontaminate only what is necessary. Tosurvive and win on the contaminated battlefield, youcannot waste precious resources decontaminating every-thing. Decontaminate only what is necessary to continueyour mission. This will help sustain your combat power.Consider the following factors when you decide whetherdecon will interfere with the mission or help you continuethe mission:

Mission – “tempo of battle.”Time available.Degree of contamination.Length of time you have been in MOPP4.Decon assets available.

Third, decontaminate as far forward as possible(limit spread). Do not transport contaminated person-nel and equipment away from your operational area ifyou can bring decon assets forward safely. This will keepyour equipment on location, where it is needed, allowdecon to begin earlier, and limit the spread of contamina-tion to other areas.

Fourth, decontaminate by priority. Clean importantitems of equipment first and less important items ofequipment last. For instance, howitzers of an artillerybattery get decontaminated before the ammunition car-riers. Unit commanders decide which of their vehiclesare most important to the unit’s mission. Battalion andbrigade commanders decide which elements to first pull“off line” to decontaminate and/or decon during thereconstitution process. Division and corps commandersmust set priorities and concentrate decon assets to bestsupport the battle.

Levels of DecontaminationThere are three levels of decon: immediate, operation- immediate decon techniques: skin decon, personal

al, and thorough (see table 1-1). wipedown, and operator’s spraydown.Immediate Decon: The aim of immediate decon is to Operational Decon: The aim of operational decon is

minimize casualties, save lives and limit the spread of to sustain operations, reduce the contact hazard and limitcontamination. Immediate decon is carried out by in- the spread of contamination to eliminate the necessity ordividuals upon becoming contaminated. There are three reduce the duration of wearing MOPP gear. Operational

decon is carried by individuals and/or units. It is

1-2

restricted to specific parts of operationally essentialequipment/material and/or working areas, in order tominimize contact and transfer hazards and to sustainoperations. Further decon may be required to reducecontamination to negligible risk levels. There are twooperational decon techniques: vehicle washdown andMOPP gear exchange.

Thorough Decon: The aim of thorough decon is toreduce or eliminate the need for individual protectiveclothing. Thorough decon is carried out by units withassistance from chemical units to reduce contaminationon personnel, equipment/material, and/or working areasto the lowest possible level (negligible risk) to permit thereduction or removal of individual protective equipmentand maintain operations with minimal degradation. Thismay include decontamination of terrain as required.There are three thorough decon techniques: detailedtroop decon, detailed equipment decon, and detailedaircraft decon.

The three levels of decon – immediate, operational, andthorough– are presented as part of this chapter to ex-plain the seven standard decon techniques used for mostdecon operations (See Figure 1-1). Your chemical officeror NCO advises on efficient ways to conduct hasty ordeliberate decon operations. For example, conductingdecon operations might require the use of one or acombination of the seven decon techniques.

Immediate DeconImmediate decon decon includes skin decon, personal

wipedown, and operator’s spraydown.Skin Decon is a basic soldier survival skill. When

chemical and toxic agents get on bare skin, you have anemergency. Some of these agents can kill if they remainon the skin for longer than a minute. The best techniquefor removing or neutralizing these agents is to use theM291 or M258A1 skin decon kit. Observe a soldier forsymptoms after skin decon is conducted. Commanders

FM 3-5

must ensure soldiers are trained to execute this techniqueautomatically, without waiting for orders. The CAM orM8 paper may be used initially to identify nerve or blister(H or G) type of agents (see TC 3-4-1).

Personal Wipedown should begin immediately afterskin exposure to liquid contamination or when exposureto liquid contamination is suspected. The wipedownremoves or neutralizes contamination on the hood, mask,gloves, and personal weapon. For chemical and biologi-cal contamination, soldiers use skin decon kits. Using theCAM and M8/M9 paper (as described in equipmentmonitoring) allows you to decon only what is necessaryand conserves decon resources and time. For radiologi-cal contamination, soldiers wipe the contamination offwith a cloth or simply brush or shake it away.

Operator’s Spraydown should begin right after finish-ing the personal wipedown. The spraydown removes orneutralizes contamination on the surfaces of the equip-ment that operators must frequently touch to performtheir mission. For chemical and biological contamina-tion, operators use onboard decon apparatuses like theM11 or M13. Operating the CAM or using M8/M9 paperwill assist in determining what is contaminated. Again,conserve time and needed resources. For radiologicalcontamination, brush or scrape the contamination awaywith whatever is at hand or flush with water and wipe.

OperationalOperational decon includes vehicle washdown and

MOPP gear exchange. Operational decon allows a forceto fight longer and sustain its mission while con-taminated. It limits the transfer hazard by removing mostof the gross contamination on equipment, and nearly allthe contamination on soldiers. This speeds the weather-ing process and allows clean areas (people, equipment,and terrain) to stay clean.

These techniques (see Chapter 3) do not guaranteeconditions to safely allow unmasking on or near equip-

1-3

FM 3-5

These techniques (see Chapter 3) do not guarantee. .conditions to safely allow unmasking on or near equip-ment. But, soldiers may move upwind of “vapor dirty”equipment into a clean area or collective protectionshelter. When soldiers have small concentrations ofvapor hazards on themselves, they may move into hazard-free areas for temporarily unmasking however, unmask-ing procedures must be done before proceeding to arelief posture.

Vehicle washdown can be executed using the conceptof supported or unsupported operational decon. Vehiclewashdown unsupported is executed by the contaminatedunit (battalion or task force), using its own decon equip-ment and personnel. This process uses no external sup-port or resources. Vehicle washdown supported isperformed by the unit with support from a chemicalcompany. The chemical company mission supportpriorities will be established by applicable operationorders (OPORD). The use of assets from a chemical unitto support hasty decon may occur when:

The contaminated unit’s decon equipment andresources are unable to process their large number ofcontaminated vehicles in a timely manner.

If the mission of the maneuver unit is critical andlimited by time, the operational supported concept willspeed the decon process.

The contaminated unit does not have the equipmentor their equipment is not serviceable.

More information about this concept will be discussedin Chapter 4.

MOPP gear exchange involves soldiers changing theircontaminated MOPP gear for a clean set at the opera-tional decon site. The squad or platoon is responsible forsupervising and conducting its own MOPP gear ex-change during hasty decon or when the unit commanderauthorizes it. After MOPP gear exchange, leaders mustcheck for contamination and should continue monitoringwhen in a hazard-free area. Proper unmasking proce-dures must be followed after verifying the area is clean.

Vehicle washdown involves soldiers of a contaminatedunit using the M12A1 power driven decon apparatus(PDDA) or the M17 lightweight decon system (LDS) toconduct vehicle washdown. If decon assets are availableand mission allows, it is most effective to conduct thevehicle washdown technique within one hour. However,if mission does not allow decon within one hour of ex-posure, the washdown will still be effective in removinggross contamination and limiting spread. However,soldiers’ degradation has to be considered when con-ducting operational decon after more than one hour ofexposure.

Operational decon maintains the unit’s survivabilitywhen the time or circumstances are critical for the overalltactical situation. Operational decon should be done assoon as it is practical. Operational decon —

Prolongs the combat capability of the unit.

1-4

FM 3-5

Assists contaminated unit during the conduct ofpassage of line.

Limits the spread and transfer of contaminationduring rearming, refueling and resupplying operations.

Prolongs the effectiveness of combat crews.Increases maneuverability of the unit.Allows the soldiers to move into a clear area and

conduct unmasking procedures for temporary relief.The longer you wait to remove or neutralize con-

tamination, the harder it will be to do so. Also, the longeryou wait, the greater the opportunity for the chemicalagents to spread and make contamination problemsworse.

ThoroughThorough decon includes detailed troop decon and

detailed equipment/aircraft decon.Detailed troop decon (DTD) is the process of decon-

taminating individual fighting equipment to negligiblerisk levels. Soldiers will remove contaminated MOPPgear to include their protective masks. Protective maskswill be decontaminated and personal equipment will bemonitored for decon effectiveness. This reduces MOPPlevels for extended periods. The contaminated unit con-ducts deliberate troop decon with some technical assis-tance from the chemical unit or unit chemical personnel.

Detailed equipment/aircraft decon (DED/DAD) isthe process of removing or neutralizing contamination oninterior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment to negli-gible risk levels to allow MOPP level reduction for ex-tended periods. The chemical unit performs thoroughequipment decon with assistance from the contaminatedunit.

Thorough decon operations reduce contamination tonegligible risk levels (See Negligible Risk, Introduction).They restore combat power by removing nearly all con-tamination from unit and individual equipment so troopscan operate equipment safely for extended periods atreduced MOPP levels. A small risk from residual con-tamination remains, so periodic contamination checksmust be made after this operation.

Thorough decon could occur:After combat operation.During reconstitution.After a passage of lines.

These three situations present different considerationfor management of supplies, resources, and planning ofdecon operations.

Thorough decon after combat operations: Considerthis situation: A mission capable unit (for example,maneuver battalion) has been contaminated but needs allits available combat power for an upcoming high prioritymission. However, the contamination does not allow theunit to perform at 100 percent of its capability becauseof MOPP degradation.

At this point, the decision is made to support thecontaminated unit with thorough decon to restore thecombat power by lowering the contamination to a negli-gible risk. Such operations will not require extensivesupport from other combat support (CS) or combatservice support (CSS) units. The decision to support thisunit/battalion with thorough decon operations, in thissituation, will probably be made at division level (forexample, division owns the needed combat supportasset – chemical company). Theater/Corps chemicalunits may also assist a divisional chemical company, uponrequest, if the tactical situation allows it. Considerationmay be given to decontaminating only the combat sys-tems, if time is critical. See combat operations deconprocess (Table 4-1). Once the contaminated unit’s con-tamination is reduced to a negligible risk, the unit canproceed to combat operations without transferring orspreading contamination.

Planners (see Table 4-1, page 4-4), determine theamount of time and resources needed to execute deconoperations. Planners factor the time required for deconinto the time a unit will need to prepare for either anoffensive or defensive operation.

Thorough decon during reconstitution Reconstitu-tion consists of reorganization, assessment and regenera-tion. Thorough decon operations are conducted duringthe reorganization and/or regeneration process. Opera-tions that support regeneration of combat power mayinvolve support to units that are contaminated. The con-taminated units may not be capable of providing unitpersonnel to the detailed equipment decon line becauseof combat losses. To minimize the transfer or spread ofcontamination, thorough decon will occur before thesustainment activities (that is, manning, suppling, main-taining).

Additional personnel should be provided as needed toman decon lines and operate vehicles to accomplishthorough decon. This decon process will occur forwardfrom the designated assembly area before the con-taminated unit go through the large scale replacement ofpersonnel, equipment, and supplies. Corps chemicalunits, assisted by division chemical units, will supportreconstitution operations.

Thorough decon after passage of lines: Consider forthis situation a passage of lines by a combat unit underenemy pressure that has encountered contaminationduring its movement. The principles “decon as far for-ward as possible” and “decontaminate as soon as pos-sible” apply in this case. The division (or higher) makesthe decision to support the unit with operational deconforward to limit the spread of contamination and to limitunit degradation. The contaminated unit identifies whatequipment is contaminated and sends those vehicles to apredesignated passage point. Support is made availableat that location for the unit to go through operationaldecon to remove gross contamination.

1-5

FM 3-5

Once this operation is completed, the contaminated through a thorough decon. Corps chemical units mayunit proceeds to thorough decon operations without support operational and thorough decon operations, andspreading contamination. Prior to arrival at the tactical divisional and regimental chemical companies assist inassembly area, the contaminated unit will proceed the operational or thorough decon missions.

Decontamination in CombatWhen a force is contaminated, its combat power drops

(as shown in Figure 1-2). The most significant reason forthis drop is the performance degradation caused byoperating in higher levels of MOPP. Decon can neutral-ize the contamination and restore the combat power. Tosurvive, individual soldiers must be the first to react tocontamination. The decon techniques that they can useare extremely important because they must be appliedwithin minutes of contamination. To sustain their combatpower and to continue their mission, elements of thecontaminated unit should follow up on the decon doneby individual soldiers with operational decon operations.For some contaminants, this may be all that is requiredto restore combat power. Finally, for persistent agentcontamination combat power is restored using thoroughdecon operations. Operational and thorough decon aremanaged at unit level and require detailed planning inmuch the same way as a hasty or deliberate attack or rivercrossing.

Figure 1-2 shows how the drop in combat power isslowed by a series of decon actions. First, soldiers useimmediate decon to survive the attack and stop agentfrom penetrating the surfaces that must be constantlytouched. But, this does not affect the slower reduction ofcombat potential caused by the performance degrada-tion of MOPP4. By attacking the contamination early, thedecon is very effective.

Next, elements of the unit use operational deconoperations to reduce the overall levels of contaminationand limit its spread. Areas free of contamination areidentified and protected. Soldiers may begin to brieflyrestore their combat power because they can move toclean areas, rest, and eat in reduced MOPP levels, Insome cases, this operational decon may be effectiveenough that after some weathering, MOPP levels can bereduced for extended periods without further decon.

Thorough decon operations remove sufficientamounts of contamination to allow soldiers to safelyoperate the equipment at reduced MOPP levels for ex-tended periods. It requires that the unit be taken out ofbattle temporarily, but when it is finished decontaminat-ing, the unit’s combat power is restored. Generally, it willno longer need to operate in full MOPP4.

This progression of decon techniques will often bemore effective. It uses fewest resources at proper timesto be effective and provides long-term benefits that canallow soldiers to lower MOPP levels much earlier.

Here is an example of how a self-propelled artillerybattery might decontaminate while continuing its firesupport mission.

You command a 155mm self-propelled howitzer bat-tery that has just been hit with rocket-delivered persistentnerve agent. Your personnel take good defensivemeasures during the attack. They go to MOPP4 and takecover; only a few personnel and pieces of equipment areunprotected. Most of the contamination is on the outsideof the guns and vehicles. Only a few soldiers need toconduct skin decon.

You quickly try to continue your mission and neutral-ize or destroy the enemy. Your soldiers are well-trained,and at their first opportunity they begin personalwipedown and operator’s spraydown (principle 1 –decontaminate as soon as possible). They conduct per-sonal wipedown and use their onboard deconapparatuses to spray down control surfaces or equip-ment that must be touched. This takes just a few minutes.You continue providing fire support in MOPP4 andmove when necessary.

The temperature is 55° Fahrenheit (13° Celsius) andhumidity is low. Your soldiers stay in MOPP4 for severalhours. Their fighting capability is growing weaker, butthere have not been any heat casualties yet. Yourrigorous training in MOPP gear during the past 12months is paying off. However, the response times fromreceipt of fire mission to rounds leaving the tubes isgetting longer. Your soldiers have not eaten in more than12 hours. You know your combat power will continue todrop the longer you stay in MOPP4. You decide to domore decon so that you can get temporary relief fromMOPP4. You want to sustain your power and continueyour fire support mission.

You request decon support from your battalion. Thebattalion directs you to conduct operational decon enroute to your alternate position (principles 2 and 3 –decontaminate only what is necessary and decon-taminate as far forward as possible). You have 2-1/2hours to complete this and be at your next position readyto fire. Your alternate position is a 20-minute road marchaway. The decon site, en route to your position, is 10minutes away.

You immediately send an advance party to the opera-tional decon site. They meet the battalion decon crewwith the battalion PDDE crew and set up the site. ThePDDE crew sets up and runs the vehicle washdown areaand the PDDE. The advance party assists the PDDEcrew and prepares the MOPP gear exchange area. A

1-6

FM 3-5

battery supply vehicle meets the advance party at thedecon sites.

You rotate one firing platoon at a time through thedecon site so most of the battery can maintain fire sup-port. The guns are the first vehicles to be washed downand their crews are the first to go through the MOPP gearexchange because they are the most important elementsin the battery (principle 4 — decontaminate by priority).You finish operational decon and are in position, readyto fire-within the directed times. Of course, your soldiersare still masked because there is still a vapor hazard fromthe contamination left on the guns and vehicles.

Your advance party has checked your new positionand found it clear of contamination. As you move into theposition, you receive orders from battalion to conductammunition resupply. Your sections begin improvingtheir positions.

You direct gun crews one and two to leave just onesoldier on each gun and send the rest of the two crews 20

meters upwind of the guns. This area is checked againand found clear of contamination. Because your batteryconducted a good MOPP gear exchange, there is little, ifany, contamination on the soldiers. The senior soldierdirects unmasking procedures on two of the crew mem-bers and has one soldier to monitor those soldiers foragent poisoning signs. The two gun crews can now eatand get relief from the mask for short periods of time.The senior soldier ensures that the wind direction isconstantly checked so that the unmasked soldiers remainupwind of their “vapor dirty” guns and equipment. Sol-diers remaining on the guns and in the vehicles staymasked because the equipment is still contaminated andposes a vapor hazard. Consequently, the soldiers in sec-tions one and two remask before they return to their guns.The soldiers in the other sections are rotated through thetemporary relief area in the same way. Ammunitionresupply and position improvement continue.

1-7

FM 3-5

Chapter 2

I m m e d i a t e D e c o n

Immediate decon techniques are initiated by the in- additional M291/M258A1 Kit. Use these items fordividual soldier, without command, once he is aware he chemical and biological contamination removal only.has contamination on his bare skin. The individual sol- Radiological contamination hazards affect you dif-dier uses his personal M291 or M258A1 skin decon kit to ferently, but the principle is the same. Remove radiologi-decontaminate exposed skin. Next, he must decon- cal contamination from equipment and personnel bytaminate his hood, mask, gloves, and weapon, using the brushing and/or using soap and water, respectively.M280 DKIE (decon kit, individual equipment) or with an

Skin DecontaminationIf chemical agents contact your skin, you must take

immediate action to decontaminate yourself. Start theskin decon technique within 1 minute of becoming con-taminated because some toxic chemical agents, especial-ly nerve agents, are rapidly absorbed by the skin and cankill in minutes.

ChemicalIndividual decon kits (IDK), M291 or M258A1 (see

Figure 2-1) provide the best means of skin decon. In-structions and procedures are in four areas on the out-side of the kit itself, on the individual packet within thekit, in the Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks (STP 21-1SMCT), and in Soldier’s Manual (STP 3-54B10).

The solutions in the M258A1 kit are caustic. Keepthem out of eyes, nose, wounds, and mouth. Use water towash toxic agent or decon solution out of eyes or woundsand seek medical treatment. Familiarize yourself with theoperating instructions for both kits because of the dif-

ferences in the M258A1 and M291 Kits. The M258A1uses a moist towelette with a decon solution, whereas theM291 uses a powder. Although you cannot see liquidcontamination in the dark, you must be prepared todecontaminate during darkness. The M258A1 wipe 1packet has an identifying tab that you can feel in the dark.

Warning

Solution in the M258A1 decon kit are flamable andunstable in storage at temperature above 110°F (43°C)or for long periods in sunlight. Also, protect fromfreezing temperatures. Used at 32°F (0°C) or below, thesolution may cause frostbite.

If you do not have a skin decon kit, chemical con-tamination may be pinch-blotted from the skin with acloth and the area flushed with water from your canteen.Pinch-blotting is better than rubbing because it limits the

2-0

FM 3-5

spread of the contamination. Soap, if available, can alsobe used to wash the agent from the skin. Washing withsoap and water (or hot water) is the next best method fortoxic agent decon if M291 or M258A1 decon kits are notavailable, but this method is not as effective as using thedecon kits.

NOTE: The M291 skin decon kit replaces the M258A1skin decon kit.

However, there will still be a period of time when thetwo kits are available in the field.

BiologicalCurrently, no means exists of detecting biological

agents. You probably will not know immediately whenyou have become contaminated. Most biological agents,except toxins, pose their primary threat through inhala-tion or ingestion. The skin is an effective barrier againstmost biological agents — if it has no cuts or scratches.

Unit surgeons know the types and levels of naturalinfection for the area of operations. They monitor theselevels. If a given disease reaches a high level, they decidewhether or not a deliberate biological attack has oc-curred.

The best biological defense is to take action before youare attacked. Keep immunizations up to date, observebasic sanitary precautions, and keep skin breaks covered.Treat minor cuts or abrasions by ordinary first aidmeasures (iodine, Zephiran, or Merthiolate). Washingwith soap and water removes nearly all biological agentsfrom the skin. If possible, frequent showering or bathinglessens chances of infection and disease. A 0.5 percentsodium hypochlorite (household bleach) solution is alsoan effective biological decontaminant. Appendix F tellshow to make this solution.

RadiologicalBecause no immediate life-threatening hazard is

caused by radiological contamination, no immediate skindecon is required. However, wash exposed areas of yourskin when possible. If your skin is contaminated byradiological contamination, use operational decon tech-niques as soon as possible. (See MOPP gear exchange,Chapter 3, for a detailed discussion on reducing radia-tion levels from radiological contamination.)

Personal WipedownThe personal wipedown technique is most effective

when done within 15 minutes of being contaminated.Every soldier wipes down his mask, hood, gloves, and

other essential gear. (An exception is when thickenedagent is globbed on the overgarment.) For chemical andbiological decon, soldiers use their skin decon kits.Radiological contamination may be brushed away.

Do not attempt to remove chemical contaminationfrom your protective overgarment. The garment’s specialprotective properties minimize hazards from chemicalagents. However, brush off radiological, biological, orfrozen chemical agents contamination from your over-garment. See FM 3-4 for detailed information on yourovergarment’s protective qualities.

If radiological contamination is not removed, yourradiation exposure will increase over time.

ChemicalThere are two main primary types of chemical protec-

tive overgarments in use at this time, with differentprotection times. The first is chemical protective over-garment. It provides at least 6 hours of protection fromliquid contamination. The second type of overgarment isthe battledress overgarment (BDO). It provides protec-tion for 24 hours after becoming contaminated with liq-uid chemical agents. For further information, see FM 3-4.

The stocks and handgrips of individual weapons alsotend to absorb chemicals agents. Once absorbed, theymay present a vapor hazard for days. To reduce thispenetration and vapor hazard, decontaminate individualequipment using the M291 and/or M258A1 kits. You

must decontaminate gloves, hood and mask, helmet, andweapon if they are contaminated. Perform personal andequipment wipedown within 15 minutes after being ex-posed to liquid contamination. Additionally, wearingyour kevlar helmet protective cover will prevent orreduce the absorption of any liquid chemical agent.

If agent is globbed on your overgarment, you mayscrape it off with a stick or other object. Otherwise, donot attempt to decontaminate chemical agents on yourovergarment. This will provide little, if any, extra protec-tion and you probably will not have enough M291 andM258A1 decon wipes to do so.

Decon wipe 1 works better against G-type nerveagents, but can burn your skin. Decon wipe 2 works betteragainst VX-type nerve agents and blister agents. Addi-tionally, decon wipe 2 is not as caustic to skin and shouldhelp to neutralize some of the caustic compounds in wipe1. When M291 and M258A1 decon wipes are not avail-able, field expedient methods, such as, washing withsoap, water, and bleach solution, are partially effective(see Appendix F).

BiologicalIf you know or suspect toxins or other biological agents

are present, remove the contamination with soap andwater. If water is not available, use M258A1 decon wipesin the same manner as described for chemical agentdecon.

2-1

FM 3-5

RadiologicalRadiological contamination can readily be detected

and located with monitoring equipment. Remove thecontamination and you reduce the hazard. Brush the dustoff your load-bearing equipment and mask carrier. If youare contaminated with a dry contaminant, such as fallout,shake your clothing and gear. Wash exposed areas ofyour skin. Use M258A1 decon wipes if soap and waterare not available. Pay particular attention to your hairand fingernails. Avoid breathing the dust you shake off

Operator’sAfter you have decontaminated yourself and your per-

sonal equipment, you may need to decon other missionessential portions of your equipment before continuingyour mission. This can occur if you are operating avehicle, a crew-served weapon, or some other piece ofequipment. To ensure you do not pickup contaminationfrom these items, decontaminate those surfaces you oryour crew must touch while operating the equipment.This decon is called the operator’s spraydown and is mosteffective when done within 15 minutes after personalwipedown. Starting this technique later is not as effective;contamination, especially chemical agents, will probablyhave spread and then will be more difficult to remove bythis technique.

ChemicalDecontaminate those surfaces you must touch to do

your job. Use an onboard portable decon apparatus(such as M11 or M13) (see Figure 2-2). Spray DS2 ontothose surfaces you must touch to do your mission.

Scrub the DS2 into the surface with brushes. Wait 30minutes, then wash off. If a decon apparatus is not avail-able, use field expedient resources available to apply DS2or supertropical bleach (STB) from bulk containers. If

by wearing a piece of cloth over your face. If you werecontaminated by a wet radiological contaminant, youmust conduct a MOPP gear exchange (See Chapter 3) assoon as possible because brushing or shaking will notremove the contamination or its hazard. Wipe off yourmask, hood, helmet, gloves, footwear covers, and otherpersonal equipment with warm, soapy water. If warm,soapy water is unavailable, use rags or damp papertowels. Ensure contamination is not spread to cleanareas.

Spraydownnecessary, use nonstandard decontaminants discussed inAppendix F.

BiologicalA bleach solution is the preferred decontaminant for

biological contamination; however, if bleach is not avail-able, use hot, soapy water. Apply with brushes and scrubthe surface well. Rinse surface after scrubbing (30-minute wait is not required). DS2 or STB is also effectiveagainst most known biological contamination, but be-cause of their caustic nature are not preferred. Othernonstandard biological decontaminants are described inAppendix F.

Warning

Use extreme caution at all times when handling DS2. DOnot mix DS2 and STB because it will cause a fire. Do notallow DS2 to spray on personnel or protective clothing.DS2 is a combustible solution. Severe chemical burnscan result if personnel fail to observe all safetyprecautions. DS2 can severely injure eyes and skin and,if inhaled, can cause illness. DS2 can damage the NBCprotective overgarment. Long-term contact with DS2 candamage the NBC protective gloves, hood, and overboots.

2-2

FM 3-5

RadiologicalIf you are contaminated by fallout, rain-out, neutron-

induced contamination, or any type of radiological agent,use your monitoring equipment to help locate con-tamination. Then decontaminate as required. If detec-tion equipment is not available and you suspect you arecontaminated — decontaminate.

Radiological contamination can usually be removed bybrushing or scraping (use brooms or tree branches).

Water is effective for flushing away radiological con-tamination. Control the runoff by using drainage ditchesthat flow into a sump. Remember, you have not destroyedthe contamination, just moved it. The runoff will still behazardous. If you have time, brushing or scooping awaythe top inch of soil from your fighting position will alsolower the amount of radiological contamination hazardaffecting you.

2-3

FM 3-5

Chapter 3

O p e r a t i o n a l D e c o n

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first partdiscusses planning considerations before and during ex-ecution of an operational decon mission (see Table 3-1).The second part focuses on the methods available toselect the best hasty decon procedure according to thefactors of METT-T.

Operational decon generally follows immediate sol-dier skills decon. The objective is to reduce the level ofcontamination to regenerate needed combat power.Therefore, the unit is able to sustain its mission in acontaminated environment. Operational decon will fur-ther reduce the risk of contamination transfer, the spreadof contamination, and speed the weathering process byremoving much of the gross contamination.

Decontaminate only what is necessary by conductingimmediate soldier skills equipment decon before opera-tional decon. Once operational decon is completed, thecontamination hazard on the parts of equipment thatpersonnel have contact with is neutralized. So, operator’sspraydown combined with operational decon increasesthe opportunities to conduct unmasking procedures.Operational decon is accomplished primarily by the con-

taminated unit, using assets such as the M12 power-driven decon apparatus, M17 LDS, or fiefighter equip-ment and 65-GPM pumps. Vehicles within thecontaminated unit must be identified as contaminated ornoncontaminated before arriving at any operationaldecon station. If the contamination found on the vehicleor equipment is such that it can be neutralized withimmediate decon procedures, decontaminate andproceed with the mission. To be most effective, opera-tional decon should be accomplished as soon as possible.

In conjunction with the vehicle washdown, soldiersconduct MOPP gear exchange. The unit, using organicpersonnel, establishes a MOPP gear exchange site, up-wind of the vehicle wash area. Here unit soldiers canremove contaminated MOPP gear and put on the reserveset of MOPP gear carried by the unit. The exchange isnormally accomplished by squad-size elements. Un-masking may or may not be possible during this exchange(see FM 3-4). A well-practiced unit standing operatingprocedure (SOP) will greatly simplify and ease the im-plementation of operational decon procedures.

PlanningOperational decon requires prior planning for its ex-

ecution. Several factors need to be considered by thecontaminated unit before mission execution. Chapter 1of this manual establishes operating guidelines for opera-tional decon.

Chemical contamination is usually the most dangerousform of contamination, and it is the most difficult toremove. Procedures used to decontaminate such con-tamination can also be used for biological contamination,but the decontaminants used to remove chemical con-tamination are caustic. For radiological, however, onlyhot, soapy water is required.

These decontaminants are generally useful in reducingthe hazards of biological or radiological contamination.The CAM can detect concentrations of nerve (G) andblister (H) agents on equipment surfaces and personnel.If monitoring reveals high concentrations of contamina-tion on equipment and personnel, conduct operationaldecon to reduce the concentration level to provide tem-porary relief. Depending on the type and level of con-tamination, a CAM reading between O and 1 bars isconsidered negligible risk. The M256 Series chemicaldetector kit will detect chemical agent vapors. Methodsand materials for biological and radiological decon are

summarized at the end of each discussion on decontechniques.

When you perform radiological decon, check on theeffectiveness of your efforts by using your AN/PDR27radiacmeter or AN/VDR2, and determine specificallyhow much radiological contamination remains. Monitordecontaminated equipment one inch from the surface,and determine if contamination levels are low enough topresent only negligible risk (0.33 cGyph [rad per hour]).For chemical contamination, use M8/M9 paper, M256A1kit, and/or CAM to check for effectiveness of deconand/or level of contamination remaining. If only negli-gible risk levels exist, no further decon is required.MOPP levels can then be lowered for extended periods(if no chemical or biological hazards exist in the area).

Operational decon makes use of two decon techni-ques: MOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown. Thevehicle washdown technique uses a unit’s own assets(unsupported) or with external support (supported).

Operational decon techniques usually are done in aunit’s area of operation with support from the battalionlevel PDDE crew or from the chemical company deconplatoon. Operational decon limits liquid or particle con-tamination spread. This protects uncontaminated areasso they can be used for possible temporary MOPP-level

3-0

FM 3-5

reduction. Operational decon supports the need for bat-tlefield mobility; its small operational area (about 100square meters on site) is easy to conceal in forward areas,and the lower water requirements do away with theabsolute need to conduct decon near a water source.

Usually, squad-size elements use these two operation-al decon techniques: vehicle washdown and MOPP gearexchange. Platoons or companies rotate contaminatedsquad-size elements through the operational decon siteone at a time.

ResponsibilitiesThe Contaminated Unit

Squad-size elements and occasionally platoon-sizeelements conduct operational decon (see Table 3-l). Thecontaminated unit is responsible for the decon of itssoldiers and equipment. The battalion PDDE crewdecontaminates equipment with assistance from the con-taminated unit.

The Battalion Tactical Operations CenterThe tactical operation center (TOC) coordinates

operational decon operations. If the battalion has nodecon assets or more assets are required, submit requeststo the next higher headquarters for needed support.Decon assets may then be made available from higher oradjacent units.

The Battalion PDDE CrewThe PDDE crew comes from personnel and equip-

ment within the battalion’s resources. The PDDE ismoved, supplied, and operated by the battalion crew.

Although the battalion decon crew provides the expertiseand does most of the work for the vehicle washdown, theywork under the direction of the contaminated unit’s com-mander or designated representative. Chapter 10 discus-ses planning factors to determine battalion basic loadrequirements.

Chemical Company Decon PlatoonChemical companies can support the efforts of a

battalion PDDE crew by sending one decon platoon orplatoon (-) to assist in operational decon. The preferredmethod is to use supporting decon squads to set upseparate operational decon sites rather than use multiplePDDEs at one site. This preserves the advantage of small,decentralized operations.

Preparation PhaseThe preparation stage, as its name implies, includes all

of the things that must be done before any operationaldecon can take place.

RequestThe contaminated unit commander decides to con-

duct operational decon, and calls the battalion TOC torequest support.

CoordinationThe TOC directs the battalion decon crew where to

meet the contaminated unit. The contaminated unitchooses the location. Decon sites can be preselected andidentified in the operation plan/operation order(OPLAN/OPORD). Linkup points are established in theplan or orders, and are revised based on the situation.

3-1

FM 3-5

Battalion assets may not be available to provide opera-tional decon support. If not, the battalion coordinateswith the division (or brigade) for decon support. Thecontaminated unit generally communicates with thedecon crew via liaison personnel for communications, orlandline (unit tactical SOP should state which means isused to communicate with decon crew).

Site SelectionThe contaminated unit chooses an operational decon

site (a place where little preparation is required) incoordination with its battalion. Generally, the con-taminated unit has the most complete knowledge of localconditions and is best qualified to select the decon site.Consider the following factors when selecting a deconsite:

Good overhead concealment.Good drainage.Off the main route, but with easy access for vehicles.Wind direction.Large enough area to handle vehicle washdown and

MOPP gear exchange for a squad-size element (100square meters per site).

A water source. Make maximum use of existingfacilities, such as car washes and swimming pools. Planfor about 100 to 150 gallons of water for each vehicle (forexample, armored personnel carrier). Of course, largeror dirtier vehicles need more water (see Table 10-3,Chapter 10). NOTE: The M12A1 PDDA can carry 450gallons to a decon site; the M17 LDS (with collapsiblebladder) can hold 1,500 gallons, but must be setup andfilled up at the decon site.

RendezvousThe contaminated unit meets the battalion decon crew

at the decon site. The contaminated unit’s companysupply section brings replacement MOPP gear, decon-taminants, and skin decon kits to the rendezvous loca-tion. This location could be near enemy territory, and thedecon crews and company supply section have little, ifany, organic security. So, local field SOPs shoulddescribe the security and rendezvous procedure for allparties involved to avoid confusion, delay, or confronta-tion with enemy forces.

Site SetupThe battalion decon crew will set up a the vehicle

washdown area. An operational decon site implies min-imal setup and preparation. Site setup requires position-ing the PDDE along the roadway, ready to dispense hot,soapy water. The vehicle washdown process basicallyconsists of contaminated vehicles moving forward into asite to be washed down (removing gross contamination)and then moving out. The company supply sectionprovides needed supplies and returns to the companyarea. Additionally, two soldiers from the contaminated

unit set up a MOPP gear exchange site. Prepare MOPPgear exchange at a clean site 50 meters upwind of vehiclewashdown. The commander may also decide to conductMOPP gear exchange after the completion of the mission(see FM 3-4). Both the vehicle washdown and MOPPgear exchange operations should operate concurrently.If water for the M12A1 PDDA has been preheated,preparation for vehicle washdown should take no morethan ten minutes (this is a guideline).

Preparation for vehicle washdown using the M17 LDSwill take more time if the water bladder must be filled.(NOTE If METT-T allows, vehicle crew/operators mayremove any vegetation used as camouflage from thevehicle and use shovels or similar equipment to removelarge amounts of mud. This could be done before thevehicle enters the washdown lane at the hasty decon site).

Execution PhaseThis phase is the actual conduct of the two operational

decon techniques: MOPP gear exchange and the vehiclewashdown.

Site Control and SecurityVehicle commanders maintain proper intervals as they

move their vehicles through the site. Vehicle operatorsmaintain visual contact with one another to know whento move from concealment to the washdown area. Thereis only one station in the vehicle washdown technique.The PDDE operator gives a signal when vehicles arerequired to move into position. All personnel in armoredvehicles should stay buttoned up within their vehicleswhile waiting in the marshaling area. Personnel inwheeled vehicles should dismount before washdown toavoid getting wet. Units will provide their own security asMOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown is inprogress.

ProcessingEach vehicle receives a two- to three-minute vehicle

washdown with hot, soapy water from the PDDE. Fol-lowing this, the vehicle moves to the MOPP gear ex-change area, if elected by the unit commander. Soldiersdismount and conduct MOPP gear exchange as a squador combat vehicle crew.

This technique is done by squads or crews so thatleaders can control the rate of overgarment exchange,and ensure adequate stocks of overgarments at companylevel are maintained and accounted. Two soldiers canwork as a buddy team, or a soldier can do the techniqueby himself. However, when squad leaders supervise, theycan prevent unnecessary exchanges of MOPP gear byusing the CAM (see TC 3-4-l).

When finished, soldiers mount their vehicles and moveto their new battle positions. For planning purposes, thevehicle washdown site will process one vehicle every 2 to3 minutes; and MOPP gear exchange will take ap-

3-2

FM 3-5

proximately 30 minutes. For a squad-size element, es-timate 45 to 60 minutes for vehicle washdown and MOPPgear exchange, if both operations are executed concur-rently. Using the supported operational decon method,output could increase up to six times the amount ofvehicles normally processed.

Vehicle WashdownOperational decon sustains the contaminated force by

limiting transfer and spread of contamination. This mayallow temporary MOPP reduction. The decon optionused will depend on METT-T.

Soldiers use the PDDE to conduct vehicle washdown.If decon assets are available and the mission permits, itis most effective to conduct vehicle washdown betweenone to six hours after contamination. This action is inconsideration of the physical and psychological degrada-tion of the soldier/crew to perform a mission (see Chap-ter 1, Equipment Limitations). For further informationsee FM 3-4. Operational decon should be done as soonas it is practical. The longer you wait to remove orneutralize contamination, the harder it will be to do so.Also, the longer you wait, the more opportunity there willbe for agent to spread and make contamination problemsworse. Generally, sufficient decon assets may not beimmediately available for operational decon becausethey may be committed elsewhere on the battlefield.Even if vehicle washdown is delayed, conductingoperator spraydown and removing gross contaminationwill speed weathering and limit the transfer and spreadof contamination.

The options for vehicle washdown technique are: sup-ported and unsupported (See Chapter 1).

Operational decon is usually done at forward positionsnormally near the contaminated squad, platoon, or at alocation between alternate fighting positions. The siterequires little, if any, preparation. At that location, abattalion-level PDDE crew or platoon (-) from a chemi-cal unit moves forward to decontaminate the vehicles ofa contaminated squad or platoon.

MOPP Gear ExchangeDuring the MOPP gear exchange, soldiers change

their contaminated MOPP gear for new, uncon-taminated gear. The squad or platoon is responsible forconducting its own MOPP gear exchange at assemblyarea of the operational decon site. Decontaminants andchemical suit replacements are provided by the con-taminated unit supply vehicle near the decon site or itsforward support battalion elements.

MOPP gear exchange removes nearly all liquid or solidcontamination from soldiers and their individual equip-ment. When soldiers have little, if any, vapor hazards onthemselves, they may use hazard-free areas to temporari-ly unmask to eat, drink, and rest. Before unmasking andlowering of MOPP levels for temporary relief, conduct

unmasking procedures using the CAM or M256-serieschemical detector kit (see TC 3-4-1, STP 21-24, or FM3-4 for unmasking procedures).

These techniques do not guarantee conditions to safelyallow unmasking on or near equipment. However, sol-diers may move upwind of vapor dirty equipment into aclean area or collective protection shelter, check forcontamination, and then briefly unmask. Conduct con-tinuous contamination checks and monitoring to ensureyou stay in clean areas. Use M256 kit and check every 15to 20 minutes. Use CAM every 5 minutes. Use the CAMand M256-series kit in conjunction with unmasking pro-cedures.

Every type of unit (combat, combat support, and com-bat service support) must develop its own SOP for ob-taining temporary relief from MOPP4, based on its ownequipment and missions. Standardize those methodswhen possible and publish them in unit field standingoperating procedures (FSOPs). Even when methodshave been standardized, every operation is unique. Youmust do the following:

Recognize and understand contamination hazardsand avoid contamination when possible.

Protect yourself and your equipment when con-taminated.

Know the capabilities and limitation of your MOPPgear.

Know how to neutralize or remove the contamina-tion hazards.

Do only as much decon as you need to continue yourmission.

For operational and logistical purposes, units shouldplan to conduct vehicle washdown and MOPP gear ex-change concurrently between one to six hours of becom-ing contaminated. This reduces degradation andimproves a unit’s ability to perform its mission. Decon-taminants and replacement MOPP gear are provided bya company supply vehicle near the decon site.

MOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown are bestemployed by squad-sized or platoon-sized elements.When larger elements try to process through a operation-al decon site, they lose many of the benefits of a smalldecentralized operation. Benefits of a squad- or platoon-sized decon operation include:

Tailored decon operations are flexible and respon-sive to small unit needs.

Small, speedy operations are more easily concealedin one location near the forward area.

A water source may not be needed at the decon sitebecause most PDDEs have a water-carrying capability tosupport squad-sized elements.

Units may divide into squad-sized elements for opera-tional decon, but additional decon support still may berequired. Decon platoons from a chemical company canprovide this additional support. They can reinforce theefforts of a battalion PDDE crew. See Figure 3-5.

3-3

FM 3-5

Site Clearance PhaseAlthough the operational decon operation is done

rapidly with little site preparation, these areas will becontaminated when the operation is completed. Thiscould be a hazard to friendly forces reoccupying the area.

CleanupMETT-T will dictate the cleanup requirements in the

vehicle washdown area. The battalion PDDE crew cleanup the MOPP gear exchange area. They bury or burn thecontaminated refuse and retrieve any unused decon-taminants. Burning will cause a downwind vapor hazard.Burying is the preferred method of disposal of con-taminated waste. If you burn it, notify the battalion head-quarter they should notify any units that may be affectedby the vapor hazard. If time and resources permit, bootsand gloves can be recycled in accordance with Station 4of DTD (Chapter 4).

Prepare a downwind vapor hazard prediction andnotify affected units before burning. The PDDE crewmust control contamination runoff during the executionof operational decon. The PDDE crew should move thePDDE a few meters away from the vehicle washdownarea and wash the decon equipment, including hoses,after the operation is completed. Wet weather gear orTAP aprons should be decontaminated with STB slurryand retained for future use. If MOPP gear exchange isdone at a different location, the contaminated unit willbe required to clean up after itself.

Marking and ReportingThe battalion PDDE crew marks the operational

decon site with standard NBC warning markers andreports the contaminated area using the NBC 5 report.Thus, friendly forces can avoid the area.

Operational Decon ChecklistThe following sample checklist (Figure 3-1) can be

used by battalion chemical personnel for planning opera-tional decon operations:

MethodsIt is important to remember that performing operator tional decon uses chemical company assets to support a

spraydown prior to hasty decon will decrease the con- contaminated unit to speed up the decon process.lamination transfer and increase the survivability of thecrew. Operational decon can be conducted using unsup- Unsupported Operational Deconported or supported methods. Unsupported operational Units use their organic equipment and personnel todecon uses the unit’s own resources. Supported opera- operate vehicle washdown. Equipment used should have

3-4

FM 3-5

water pressure equal to or greater than 60 to 120 poundsper square inch (PSI). This amount of water pressure canremove most gross contamination within the providedtime (two to three minutes per vehicle).

Before vehicle washdown, contaminated units conductoperator spraydown to increase decon effectiveness. Acombination of equipment may be used to conductoperational decon. For example, M12A1 PDDA, M17LDS, and/or firefighting equipment could be used. En-sure that water pressure will range from 60 to 120 PSI,the pressure rate at which most gross contamination canbe removed. The siphon injector nozzle should be usedfor operational decon– it increases the water pressure,has a larger area coverage, and allows for the use of soap.

Depending on the availability of equipment, METT-T,and the tactical situation, units have the option to selectone of the following for vehicle washdown:

One-lane washdown.Two-lane washdown.

One-lane washdownVehicle washdown is conducted as far forward as

possible, and is done by the battalion decon crew (seeTable 3-2 and Figure 3-2, on the next two pages). Vehiclewashdown is most effective if started within one hourafter contamination. Wash each vehicle with hot, soapywater for two to three minutes. Because speed is impor-tant and detection is difficult, do not check vehicle forcontamination after vehicle washdown. Remove onlygross contamination.

Two-lane washdownThis process is conducted as far forward as possible

and is done by the battalion decon crew. Vehicle wash-down is most effective if started within one hour aftercontamination. When using two M17 LDS or other com-binations of decon equipment, two-lane operationaldecon speeds up the process (see Table 3-3 and Figures3-3 and 3-4). Vehicles are washed with hot, soapy water

for two to three minutes. Do not check vehicles forcontamination after vehicle washdown. Remove onlygross contamination. Set the two washdown points aminimum of 50 meters apart. Each washdown point willbe considered a separate lane. A control point may berequired to control traffic through both lanes.

Supported Operational Decon.For supported operational decon, the decon platoon

or platoon (-) will support the mission. As with unsup-ported operational decon, different types or combina-tions of equipment may be used to support vehiclewashdown. When this method is employed, the chemicalplatoon leader/platoon sergeant must consider METT-Tand the tactical situation. Coordination with the sup-ported unit is required for the placement of separate,dispersed operational decon sites within a small area. Aseries of options are available to the contaminated unitbased on resources available to conduct decon and thecurrent tactical situation. Support can be furnished usingtwo methods:

Two-lane washdown.Dispersed operational decon.

Two-lane washdownThe chemical platoon supports the mission as far for-

ward as possible. Two-lane washdown must use disper-sion to avoid a large concentration of troops in one area.Vehicle washdown is most effective if completed withinone to six hours after contamination. If washdown is notcompleted within this time, the unit would do better toperform thorough decon. The vehicles are washed withhot, soapy water for two to three minutes (see Chapter10, Table 10-3, for estimated water consumption). Do notcheck vehicles for contamination after vehicle wash-down, and remove only gross contamination (see Table3-4).

3-5

FM 3-5

3-6

FM 3-5

3-7

FM 3-5

3-8

FM 3-5

3-9

FM 3-5

3-10

FM 3-5

3-11

FM 3-5

Dispersed operational decon operation. Dispersed operational decon could decon sixDispersed operational decon requires a large area. vehicles every three minutes; however, if the commander

Three dual lane decon points are dispersed over an area also decides to conduct MOPP gear exchange, planningsufficient in size to minimize vulnerability (see Figure for three assembly areas will be required. One decon3-5). Any method of operational decon previously platoon is capable of operating three operational decondescribed can be used. The resources and unit operations at one time.capabilities to obtain water are critical for this kind of

MOPP Gear Exchange, BDOThere are three types of procedures for MOPP gear

exchange during operational decon: buddy team, triplebuddy system, and individual MOPP gear exchange.

Unit commanders decide whether or not to conductMOPP gear exchange during operational decon. How-ever, the rate of degradation of personnel peaks aboutsix hours after being in full MOPP (see Chapter 1). Thisfactor should be considered before continuing the mis-sion without MOPP gear exchange. Before MOPP gearexchange, soldiers will be checked, using the CAM, todetermine who needs to exchange overgarments (see TC

3-4-1 for use and procedures for CAM). This will preventan unnecessary use of overgarments stock and speed upthe MOPP gear exchange.

Buddy Team MethodMOPP gear exchange using the buddy team method is

best managed with squad-sized elements. Two soldierscan do this technique, but squad leader supervision isrecommended. MOPP gear exchange does not beginuntil replacement overgarments are available.

3-12

FM 3-5

Individual fighting equipment is decontaminated, andthe squad members pick up their replacement overgar-ments. The squad forms a circle around a lead team.Typically the lead team is comprised of the squad leaderand another soldier. The soldiers are paired into buddyteams. The buddy teams are spaced around the circle,with 1 to 3 meters between teams. Control contaminationspread by putting contaminated overgarments and dis-carded decon towelettes in one pile.

The soldiers in each buddy team alternate as they gothrough step 1. At step 2, one team member proceedsthrough step 8 before alternating. This will ensure thereis no spread of contamination onto skin or undergar-

ments. See Table 3-5 for detailed instructions on thismethod.

If at any time during the procedure you suspect youhave spread contamination onto your skin or undergar-ments, stop. Decontaminate immediately the suspectedarea with your skin decon kit. After the area is decon-taminated, proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.

All contaminated waste is properly disposed of. Ifpossible, place the waste in a hole, spread STB over thewaste before covering with earth. Mark the area using thecorrect warning sign. At a minimum, place the waste indouble trash bags. Seal the bags with tape or othermaterial. Mark the area.

3-13

FM 3-5

3-14

FM 3-5

3-15

FM 3-5

3-16

FM 3-5

3-17

FM 3-5

Reverse roles. Repeat steps 2 through 8.This time have your buddy help you through the steps.

3-18

FM 3-5

Triple Buddy Method. hose to prevent the transference of contamination to theThis method is used by soldiers equipped with the soldier undergoing procedure. This method reduces the

tankers or aviators mask. A different procedure is re- risk of transferring contamination onto skin or undergar-quired because of the hose attached to the filter canister. ments. See Table 3-6 for detailed instructions on thisA third soldier is needed to hold the filter canister and method.

3-19

FM 3-5

3-20

FM 3-5

3-21

FM 3-5

3-22

FM 3-5

Reverse roles. Repeat steps 2 through 8.This time have your buddy help you through the steps.

Individual (Emergency) Method assist. This method is only used in extreme emergenciesIt may be necessary for a single soldier to exchange since there is a high risk of transferring contamination

MOPP gear when no one can assist. The contaminated from the overgarment to skin or undergarments. Seesoldier may be alone or his buddy wounded or unable to Table 3-7 for detailed instructions on this method.

3-23

FM 3-5

3-24

FM 3-5

3-25

FM 3-5

3-26

FM 3-5

3-27

FM 3-5

3-28

FM 3-5

MOPP Gear Exchange (Chemical Protective Undergarment)This method of MOPP gear exchange is performed for Control contamination spread by putting contaminated

units issued the chemical protective undergarment undergarments and discarded towelettes in one pile.(CPU). The CPU is worn under the combat vehicle If at any time during the technique you suspect youcrewman uniform system (CVCS) or the battle dress have spread contamination onto your skin or undergar-uniform (BDU). There are three types of procedures for ments, stop. Decontaminate immediately with the skinMOPP gear exchange when wearing the CPU during decon kit, then proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.operational decon: buddy team, triple buddy team, and MOPP gear exchange begins when a company supplyindividual emergency MOPP gear exchange. vehicle unloads replacement undergarments and decon-

taminants. The squad decontaminates individual fightingBuddy Team Method equipment at this point and picks up new MOPP gear.

MOPP gear exchange using the buddy team method is The squad members pair up, forming a circle around abest managed with squad-size elements. Two soldiers lead team. The soldiers in each buddy team alternate ascan do this exchange, but squad leader supervision is they go through step 1. At step 2, the soldier and buddyrecommended. A lead team composed of the squad no longer alternate between steps. The first soldier goesleader and another soldier directs the exchange from all the way through steps 2 through 9 before alternating.center of the circle as they go through it themselves. (See Now the soldiers reverse roles. This ensures no con-Table 3-8). lamination is spread onto skin or undergarments.

Pair soldiers into buddy (two-man) teams. Space theteams around a circle, with 1 to 3 meters between teams.

3-29

FM 3-5

3-30

FM 3-5

3-31

FM 3-5

3-32

FM 3-5

3-33

FM 3-5

3-34

FM 3-5

Triple Buddy Method of three persons. Space the team around a circle, with 2This method is used by soldiers equipped with the to 4 meters between teams. The squad members pair up

tankers or aviators mask (see Table 3-9). The triple in triple buddy teams, forming a circle around a leadbuddy method uses a third soldier for MOPP gear ex- team. The soldiers in each triple buddy team alternate aschange. This soldier holds the cannister and hose, keep- they go through step 1. At step 2, the soldier and buddiesing it from transferring liquid contamination to the no longer alternate between steps. The first soldier goesundergarments. The risk of transfer of contamination is all the way through steps 2 through 9 before alternating.increased because of the contaminated protective mask, Now the three soldiers alternate roles. This ensures nohose, and filter. This MOPP gear exchange technique contamination is spread onto skin or undergarments.reduces the risk of contamination transfer. Teams consist

3-35

FM 3-5

3-36

FM 3-5

3-37

FM 3-5

3-38

FM 3-5

Individual (Emergency) MethodThis method of MOPP gear exchange is performed by

units issued the chemical protective undergarment.MOPP exchange using the individual (emergency)method is performed only in extreme emergenciesand/or life-threatening situations. Using this method in-creases the risk of transferring contamination to yourbattledress uniform or your skin. It increases the pos-sibility of casualties. See Table 3-10 for a description ofthe procedure for individual (emergency) MOPP gearexchange. Do this method only when:

You are in a chemical contaminated environment byyourself and MOPP gear exchange is required.

Your buddy is wounded or unable to assist in theMOPP gear exchange.

The commander authorizes MOPP gear exchangebecause of the tactical situation. (If the subordinate is cutoff from the commander or meets any other conditionsthat warrant risking this, authorization can be given bythe OIC or NCOIC.)

If at any time during the technique you suspect youhave spread contamination onto your skin or undergar-ments, stop. Decontaminate immediately with the skindecon kit, then proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.

3-39

FM 3-5

3-40

FM 3-5

3-41

FM 3-5

3-42

FM 3-5

3-43

FM 3-5

3-44

FM 3-5

3-45

FM 3-5

3-46

FM 3-5

Chapter 4.

Thorough Decontamination

Thorough decon reduces NBC contamination levels to smoke/decon) can conduct detailed equipment decona negligible risk. There are three thorough decon techni- operations. The exact layout of the thorough decon siteques: detailed troop, detailed equipment, and detailed is determined by METT-T. Conducting decontamina-aircraft. Detailed aircraft decon is discussed in chapter tion at night is another viable alternative for the conduct7. This chapter discusses the planning considerations of decon operations. Therefore, procedures forrequired to conduct thorough decontamination. It also nighttime decon operations are also included.discusses how the various chemical units (decon and

ConsiderationsThorough decon operations reduce contamination to

negligible risk levels. They restore combat power byremoving nearly all contamination from unit and in-dividual equipment so troops can operate equipmentsafely for extended periods at reduced MOPP levels. Asmall risk remains, so periodic checks with the CAM,M8/M9 paper, or M256-series kit must be made aftereach operation. Thorough decon can be done as part ofreconstitution or to support operations throughout thebattlefield. After thorough decon, the unit moves out ofthe decon site into a tactical assembly area. The unit,while in this tactical assembly, may undergo reconstitu-tion or prepare for future operations. Combat servicesupport elements will replenish combat stocks, refitequipment, and replace personnel and equipment asrequired.

PlanningThorough decon is both the most effective type of

decon and is the most resource intensive. Operationaldecon requires less resources, but physically removesonly surface contamination. Weathering causes a sig-nificant reduction of contamination over time, but theimmediate reduction of contamination to negligible risklevels does not normally occur. Weather conditions;agent used, mission requirements; time, troops, and sup-plies available may all combine to make weathering thedecon option of choice. Based on the recommendationof chemical personnel, commanders decide which typeof decon is the most efficient and effective for their unit,given this type of METT-T analysis.

Generally, thorough decon operations are conductedbeyond the range of enemy indirect fire systems. Theforwardmost location suitable for thorough decon opera-tions is typically the brigade rear area. If a contaminatedunit requires thorough decontamination as part ofreconstitution operations, the decon site is establishednear the reconstitution area. Generally, company-sizedunits are reconstituted in their brigade’s rear area, whilebattalion level units are reconstituted in their division’s

rear area. Organizations larger than a battalion will bereconstituted in the corps rear area. Further informationabout reconstitution can be found in FM 100-5, Opera-tions, and FM 100-9, Reconstitution.

All echelons must conduct some planning andpreparation for conducting thorough decon operations.Decon planning is conducted as part of the overall plan-ning process. The commander should provide guidanceon decon to the chemical staff early in the planningprocess. From the commander’s general guidance con-cerning decon, the chemical staff can begin to developthe decon plan. The foundation of the decon plan is thetype of decon to be used during the operation. Thedesignated decon type can vary from phase to phase andunit to unit.

The chemical staff will select possible decon sitesthroughout the unit’s area of operations. The selection ofthe decon sites is based upon the decon type, terrain, themission, the threat, the road network, and the availabilityof water. After the decon sites are selected, link-uppoints are chosen to support each decon site. It is pos-sible that one decon site may have more than one as-sociated link-up point. The selection of the link-up pointsrequires careful consideration. The decon link-up pointsmust be easily recognizable to all parties.

Since the overall decon capability of a unit is typicallylimited, the commander must establish a priority ofdecon support. The priority of support lists the units inthe order they will receive decon support. The priority ofsupport can change from phase to phase during an opera-tion. The chemical staff develops the priority of supportby determining the decon level to be used (operationalor thorough), the threat (what units are likely to becomecontaminated and when), and the likelihood the unit canaccomplish decontamination. To give priority of supportto the lead task force during the assault phase may not bethe best choice since elements of the task force thatbecome contaminated will most likely not stop to ac-complish decon until after the assault is completed. Thechemical staff should establish a priority of work that

4-1

FM 3-5

4-2

FM 3-5

specifies the order vehicles are decontaminated. Apriority of work may look like this: Engineer equipment,Ml, M2, FIST-V. The priority of work may also vary fromphase to phase of the operation.

A limiting factor that must be considered when plan-ning any decontamination operations is the availability ofwater. A typical vehicle will require 500 gallons of waterduring detailed equipment decon. The actual amount ofwater required will vary by vehicle and its condition. Thesupported unit’s chemical staff must develop a waterresupply plan. In a water-scarce environment, such asdeserts, the chemical staff must coordinate a waterresupply plan with the logistics staff. A water resupplyplan can be as simple as selecting a series of link-uppoints along a route where the chemical unit can link upwith a bulk water truck from a logistics activity. Morecomplex water resupply plans include linking up withbulk water trucks, caching water throughout the area ofoperations, coordinating for the movement of waterbladders by aircraft to the decon sites, and the identifica-tion of water sources in the unit’s area of operation. Theuse of nonpotable, salt, and brackish waters should beconsidered.

PreparationSubordinate units review their higher headquarters

decon plan to determine if the plan will support theirunit’s mission. If additional decon sites or assets arerequired, the subordinate chemical staff will forwardthose requirements to their higher headquarters.

The supporting chemical unit leader will conduct aleader’s recon of the designated decon sites. Since thedecon sites are initially selected by map reconnaissance,the actual site may not be suitable. If the selected sitecannot support decon operations, the chemical unitleader will attempt to find another site close to originalsite and notify the supported unit and his higher head-quarters of the change in site selection.

ExecutionThe actual decon operation begins once a unit be-

comes contaminated and requests decon support. Theunit leaders must assess their situation and accuratelyreport it to their headquarters. This situation reportshould include type and extent of contamination, currentlocation, and the commander’s assessment of his abilityto perform their current mission while contaminated andwhen he expects his unit to become combat ineffective.The contaminated unit should perform immediate decontechniques to increase their survivability and to limit thespread of contamination.

The request for decon support must contain severalessential elements of information to assist the chemicalstaff and the decon platoon leader in coordinating thedecon operation. These essential elements of informa-tion are –

Designation of the unit contaminated.Location of the contaminated unit.Time unit became contaminated.Earliest possible time the unit can move/begin

decontamination.Type of contamination.Number of vehicle by type contaminated.Number of personnel contaminated.Special requirements (patient decon station,

recovery assets, unit decon team, and so forth).Supported unit’s frequency and call sign to facilitate

initial linkup.Upon learning of a unit being contaminated, the sup-

ported unit’s chemical staff must begin coordinating thedecon operation. The supporting chemical unit is givena warning order to be ready to conduct a decon opera-tion. Subsequent warning orders provide more detailedinformation to the chemical unit. After receiving therequest for decon support, the supported unit will issuean OPORD/FRAGO to the chemical unit.

The supported unit’s chemical staff must coordinatethe movement of the contaminated unit to the link-uppoint and the decon site. If the contaminated unit movesout of the supported unit’s area of operations, the movemust be coordinated with higher headquarters. Depend-ing on the size and type of the unit contaminated, thechemical staff may issue a warning order to any elementsinvolved in the water resupply plan.

Once the chemical unit is in position and set up, thechemical unit leader moves to the link-up point. The mostdifficult part of the decon operation is the link up be-tween the contaminated unit and the chemical unit ele-ment. It is possible that other elements will provide assetsto support the decon operations. These elements includemedical, engineer, air defense, military police, andothers. These supporting elements should not bedirected to the link-up point unless they are con-taminated. Supporting assets must coordinate with thechemical unit to be met and led into the decon site.

Because of the complex and critical nature of thoroughdecon operations, it is likely that the supported unit willprovide a command and control cell to the decon site tosupervise the decon operation. The senior personpresent assumes control of the decon operation. Formaneuver forces, the battalion or brigade executive of-ficer may assume control of the decon operation. Thisallows the chemical unit leader to concentrate on theoperations of his unit and its mission of providing equip-ment decon support.

After link up is achieved and all support assets are inposition, the actual decontamination operation can com-mence. The chemical unit leader, in conjunction with thecommander of the contaminated unit or the supportedunit’s command and control cell, supervises the deconoperation. The supported unit’s chemical staff must as-

4-3

FM 3-5

sert staff supervision during all phases of the deconoperation.

Thorough Decon SiteThe thorough decon site consists of four main areas:

the predecon staging area, the detailed equipment decon(DED), the detailed troop decon (DTD), and the post-decon assembly area. The chemical unit leader selects allfour areas based on operational guidance, road network,available cover and concealment, and water supply. Thepredecon staging area is used by the contaminated unitto ready themselves for DED and DTD operations. TheDED is the process of removing, neutralizing, or reduc-ing contamination on interior and exterior surfaces ofequipment to negligible risk. The DTD is the process ofdecontaminating individual fighting equipment to negli-gible risk and removing contaminated MOPP gear fromsoldiers. The postdecon assembly area is the location

where vehicle and soldiers exiting the DED and DTD arelinked up prior to their movement from the decon site.

Predecon Staging AreaThe contaminated unit moves to a predecon staging

area approximately 250 to 500 meters downwind of thethorough decon site. The contaminated unit performspredecon actions in this area. Predecon actions aredesigned to prepare the unit for the thorough deconoperation. Predecon actions include-

Segregate contaminated vehicles from uncon-taminated vehicles, if possible.

Allow vehicle crews to dismount and prevent furthertransfer/spread of contamination.

Prepare vehicles for detailed equipment decon.

4-4

FM 3-5

Move contaminated vehicles and troops to thedetailed troop and equipment decon lines.

Segregate VehiclesCheck all vehicles for contamination using detection

equipment. For chemical contamination, use the CAMand M8 detector paper. Also visually check the vehiclesfor contamination using M9 paper. M9 paper affixed tovehicles reveals the presence of contamination andprovides an indication of the level of contamination (seeFigure 4-2). When using the CAM, ensure there is suffi-cient distance between vehicles to prevent chemicalvapors drifting from a contaminated vehicle beingdetected on an uncontaminated vehicle. If the vehiclesare parked too close together, vapor drift from con-taminated vehicles may falsely identify uncontaminatedvehicles as contaminated.

For radiological contamination, use the AN/PDR-27-series or AN/VDR-2 radiac detectors. If the vehicle onlyhas isolated areas of contamination, use an Mll or M13to decontaminate the chemically contaminated area.Vehicles determined to have no contamination are sentto the reconstitution assembly area.

Crews DismountThe vehicle crew, except for drivers, dismount. As the

crews dismount, they remove all equipment from the topof the vehicle. Once the crew has exited the vehicle, theywill not reenter. This prevents further contaminationfrom being spread into the vehicle interior.

Prepare VehiclesThe crews prepare their vehicles for processing

through the DED. Using the pioneer tools from thecontaminated vehicle, the crew removes all heavy mudand debris from the vehicle. The crew concentrates onthe vehicle undercarriage. The undercarriage is the mostlikely place for contamination to collect and is the hard-est place to decontaminate. Once the crew is finishedwith the pioneer tools, they are placed back on thevehicle. Initial removal of mud and debris removes con-tamination both on and in the mud and makes it morelikely that the initial wash will remove any remainingmud.

Seat covers (when applicable), canvas items,camouflage netting, and any other materials that canabsorb liquid contamination are removed. These itemscreate a potential transfer hazard and are not easilydecontaminated. Appendix B provides guidance onhard-to-decon items. Left untreated, absorbed chemicalagents will desorb after being decontaminated and createa vapor hazard. Items that cannot be decontaminated bythe standard methods used in the DTD are also removedand placed at a collection point. Unit chemical personnelwill provide advice concerning the decontamination ordisposal of these items.

It is important that vehicle load plans be designed tominimize the amount of equipment carried on the out-side of the vehicle that cannot be readily decon-taminated. Whenever possible, NBC covers should beused when a chemical attack is expected (see FM 3-4).

4-5

FM 3-5

All NBC covers are removed and disposed of as con-taminated waste during the predecon actions.

Move to DED and DTDIn coordination with the chemical unit leader operat-

ing the decon site, the contaminated unit will begin tosend contaminated vehicles and personnel to the DEDand DTD. The commander of the contaminated unit hasprioritized his vehicles for processing, sending the mostimportant first. Communication is maintained betweenthe predecon staging area and the chemical unit leader-ship. All assistant vehicle drivers are the first individualssent through the DTD to ensure there is a driver ex-change at station 3 of the DED.

Detailed Equipment DecontaminationThe DED process consists of five stations: primary

wash, DS2 application, contact time/interior decon,rinse, and check. The objective of DED is to reducecontamination levels to negligible risk levels. This chap-ter provides a detailed discussion of the DED and howvarious chemical units can set up a DED.

Detailed Troop DecontaminationThe DTD process consists of eight stations individual

gear decon, overboot and hood decon, overgarmentremoval, overboot and glove removal, monitor, maskremoval, mask decon, and reissue. The objective of DTDis to remove contaminated MOPP gear from soldiers andreduce the contamination on individual equipment tonegligible risk levels. This chapter provides a detaileddiscussion of the setup and operation of the DTD. In-dividual actions within the DTD are also discussed.

Postdecon Assembly AreaThe unit assembles in the postdecon assembly area

after completing DTD and DED operations. The unitoccupies the postdecon assembly area prior to moving toa tactical assembly area for preparation for future opera-tions or to a reconstitution location. The chemical unitleader will select the general location. It should be bigenough to hold the entire unit undergoing thoroughdecontamination with proper cover and concealment.The assembly area should be located approximately 1kilometer upwind from the DED and DTD.

Detailed Troop DeconThe major action in detailed troop decon is to remove

contaminated MOPP gear to include the protectivemask. If DTD is not performed, chemical agents mayeventually penetrate the overgarment and contaminateunderclothing or skin. How long the chemical agent willtake to penetrate the clothing depends on the conditionof the MOPP gear and the amount of agent on the gear.If contaminated with radiological contamination, thehazard will remain until removed. Depending on the typeand amount of radiological contamination, soldiers maycontinue to accumulate a radiation dose.

The contaminated unit or their higher headquarters isresponsible for setting up, operating, and closing theDTD in a thorough decon site. The chemical unit leaderdetermines the general location of the DTD within thedecon site. The chemical unit can provide technical ad-vice on the setup, operation, and closure of the DTD. AUsoldiers needed to operate the DTD must be providedby the supported unit. The supervisor of the DTD mustestablish a work/rest cycle in accordance with AppendixI.

The DTD has eight stations. The following pages dis-cuss actions at each station and the resources required.

Station 1, Individual Gear Decon.Actions at this station remove contamination to a neg-

ligible risk level from individual equipment (LCE, maskcarrier, helmet, and weapon).

PreparationThe following equipment and supplies are needed:

Three 30-gallon containers.Two long-handled brushes.Sufficient STB slurry mix.Two ponchos or plastic tarps.

Dig a sump 6 feet square and 4 feet deep. Place three30-gallon cans near the sump (see Figure 4-3). Fill twocans with an STB slurry mixture. The other can is filledwith clean water for the rinse. Place two long-handledbrushes at each can of STB slurry.

To prepare the slurry, mix 100 pounds of STB with 20gallons of hot water. The chemical unit provides the hotwater. Change the mixture after 20 soldiers have decon-taminated their gear. Change rinse water after every 10soldiers or when it appears dirty.

Place a poncho or plastic tarp on the ground at thecheckpoint. Divide the poncho or tarp in half using en-gineer tape. This is the contamination control line. Thecheckpoint will beat a minimum of three meters from allother stations in order to get a true reading on detectionequipment. Place the following chemical detection/iden-tification equipment at the check station for an averagecompany-sized unit:

One CAM.Eight books of M8 chemical detector paper.Four M256-series chemical agent detector kits.One hundred plastic trash bags.

Three soldiers are required to operate this station.One soldier supervises the decontamination of the in-

4-6

FM 3-5

4-7

FM 3-5

dividual gear and takes the decontaminated equipment tothe check station. He also prepares new slurry mixtures asnecessary. One soldier remains at the checkpoint andchecks all gear for completeness of decontamination usingthe detection equipment. One soldier transports thedecontaminated gear to the reissue station.

ExecutionDecontaminate gloves with water or STB slurry mix. If

wearing the M24, M25A1, or M42 mask, use hot, soapywater and sponge or STB dry mix to decontaminate thehose and canister. Decontaminate gear by washing indecontaminant container and scrubbing the gear for sixminutes. Then dip the gear into rinse water for fourminutes. The station attendant will take the gear to theequipment checkpoint. Place the decontaminated gear onthe “dirty” side of the contamination control line. Themonitor checks the gear for contamination using the ap-propriate detection devices. The monitor holds the detec-tion device one inch from the gear and checks for residualcontamination. If the residual contamination exceed negli-gible risks, recycle the gear and decontaminate again. If thegear passes the check, place it on the clean side of thecontamination control line. An attendant carries the equip-ment to the reissue point.

Depending on the time available, more extensive wash-ing and checking procedures may be used. The longer thegear is washed or left out in the air after washing, thefurther the contamination level will be reduced. Theamount of chemical agent vapors desorbing out of the gearwill be reduced. Gear may be put in closed areas or plasticbags and checked for hazardous vapors with the M256chemical detector kit.

NOTE: The preceding paragraph outlines the mini-mum that should be done. Depending on time avail-able, more extensive washing and checkingprocedures may be useful. You may decide to washequipment longer or let it air outside after washing.This further reduces the amount of agent vapordesorbing (or bleeding) out of pistol belt, mask car-riers, helmet covers, and so forth. Equipment can beput in closed areas or plastic bags and checked forhazardous vapors with CAM or M256-series chemi-cal agent detector kit. The CAM will only detectnerve agent (G) and blister agent vapors (H).

RiskIf scrubbing and washing are not done properly, con-

tamination may remain on equipment. The resulting vaporhazard could cause casualties to unmasked personnel, par-ticularly in closed areas (vehicle interiors, for example) orheavily wooded areas where air circulation is poor.

Station 2, Overboot and Hood Decon.Actions at this station neutralize gross contamination on

overboots and lower trouser legs. Gross contamination onthe protective mask and hood is also decontaminated.

PreparationPrepare a shuffle pit by digging a shallow pit about three

feet wide by three feet long by six inches deep. Fill theshuffle pit with an STB dry mix. Prepare the STB dry mixby mixing three parts earth to two parts STB. Add moreSTB to the mix after 10 soldiers have processed throughthe shuffle pit. The chemical unit will provide 10 drums ofSTB to prepare the dry mix.

The following equipment/supplies are needed at thisstation

Cutting tool.One M258A1 or M291 skin decontaminating kit per

person.6 feet by 6 feet piece of plastic.Trash bags (as required).Ten drums of STB.

One soldier is required to operate this station. Theattendant assists the personnel as they decontaminate theiroverboots and hoods.

ExecutionWalk into shuffle pit composed of STB dry mix (three

parts earth, two parts STB). Use gloved/protected handsto rub STB dry mix on boots and lower trousers. Takespecial care to rub the rear of the GVO. Remove or decon-taminate the hood according to one of the two followingprocedures.

Replacement hood available – If a replacement hood isavailable, cut the hood off the mask as follows. Cut off theunderarm straps and neck cord of your buddy’s hood. Pullthe hood inside out over the front of the mask, being carefulnot to touch your buddy’s neck or head. Gather the hoodin one hand. Use scissors or a knife to cut away the hood.

WARNINGIf you pull too hard on the hood, you will break the seal ofthe mask.

Cut as close as possible to the eyelenses, voicemitter, andinlet valve covers. Make sure nothing is left dangling belowthe bottom of the mask. Let your buddy repeat the proce-dure on you.

No replacement hood – If a replacement hood is notavailable, roll the hood as follows. Loosen your buddy'sneck cord and hood straps from under the arms and reat-tach the straps over the shoulders to the Velcro® patcheson the hood. Use the skin decon kit to decontaminate thehood and exposed parts of your buddy’s mask (including

4-8

FM 3-5

the hose and canister of the M24, M25A1, or M42 masks).Use as many skin decon kits as needed. Decontaminatingthe hose and canister of the M24, M25A1, or M42 masksmay be time consuming and require additional skin deconkits. Once the decon of the hose and canister is complete,hold your canister and hose (or have the station attendanthold it) away from your contaminated overgarment toavoid recontamination.

When you have finished decontaminating your buddy’smask, decontaminate your gloves with the skin decon kit inpreparation for rolling your buddy’s hood.

Roll your buddy's hood. Leave the zipper on the hoodclosed. Lift the hood straight up off your buddy’s shouldersby grasping the straps where they connect to the back ofthe hood (do not grasp under the hood). Pull the hood (bythe straps) up and over the head until the bottom of theback of the hood is to the top of the eye lens outsets but notover. Check for liquid contamination on the underside ofthe hood edges and decon if necessary. Put one fold (abouttwo inches) on the forehead then begin rolling (tightly) atboth temples (simultaneously) by tucking in with thethumbs as you roll towards the bottom of the zipper.

M17/M24/M25A1: Make a continuous roll (like a horse-shoe); then roll from the zipper (tightly) to the voicemitter(or the hose of the M24/M25Al).

M40/M42 Hold the mask firmly in place to avoid break-ing the seal. Make the rolls from each side of the hood cometo a point at the bottom of the zipper, forming a V. Put ahalf twist in the V, forming the two sides into a tail. Thenfold the tail between the upper part of the canister and themask (tie tail over and under the hose of the M42). Reverseroles and decontaminate your buddy’s hood. When bothhoods are completed proceed to station 3.

NOTE: Buddies should check each other’s overbootsand overgarment for damage. Any rips, tears, orpunctures in overboots, rubber gloves, or overgar-ment should be reported to the attendant at station5. This will allow the attendant at station 5 to checkyou for chemical, agent symptoms and your clothingfor possible contamination.

RiskIf this step is not done properly, you will risk transferring

contamination to underclothing and combat boots. Youalso risk transferring contamination to the head and neckarea from the hood.

Station 3, Overgarment Removal.Performing this step removes contaminated overgar-

ments before an agent penetrates overgarment materialand touches undergarments or skin.

PreparationThe materials and equipment needed at this station are:

Two 30-gallon garbage cans.One hundred plastic bags (or at least one per soldier).Ten boxes M258A1 or M291 decon kits.

This station requires only one soldier. He supervises theactions of the soldiers processing through the station.

ExecutionBuddy teams will split up and continue the decontamina-

tion process individually. Station attendant assists in theremoval of the overgarment. Cut or remove the M9 paperif it is binding around the wrist. Station attendant unfastensthe Velcro® closure over the jacket zipper, the jacket’swaist cord, and the wrist Velcro® straps first. Then unfas-ten the three back snaps by grasping the outside of thejacket around the snaps (not underneath) and pulling firm-ly. When removing the jacket, the soldier keeps his fingerstogether (like a salute) as the station attendant pulls thewrist straps and each arm comes out. The jacket is dis-carded.

To remove the trousers, first cut or remove the M9 paperif it is binding around the ankles. Unfasten the trouser cuffVelcro® straps and zippers. Then carefully unfasten thefront waist snaps and lower the front zipper. Avoid loosen-ing the side waist tabs if at all possible. Very seldom is itnecessary to loosen the waist tabs to remove the trousers.While squatting in front of and facing the buddy, the atten-dant grasps the trousers near the knees and works thetrousers down below the knees, ensuring that con-taminated parts of the trousers do not fold in and touch theclean uniform. The station attendant will have the soldierlift one leg and point that foot down and bend slightly atthe knees for stability. The attendant then grasps the cuffof the elevated foot with a hand on each side and pulls thecuff in an alternating, jerking motion until the soldier canstep out of the trouser leg. The station attendant cautionsthe soldier not to rub the contaminated boot against hisclean leg. The attendant ensures the soldier steps wideenough so as not to rub his clean leg against the overgar-ment. The process is repeated for the other leg. Thetrousers are discarded. The soldier proceeds to station 4.

RiskIf this step is done improperly, agent may be transferred

to the underclothing or skin.

Station 4, Overboots and GlovesRemoval.

This step removes contaminated overboots (footwearcovers) and gloves to limit the spread of contamination.Overboots and gloves are also decontaminated for reissue.

PreparationThe following equipment and materials are needed

Engineer tape.

4-9

FM 3-5

Cutting tool.Eight 30-gallon containers (garbage cans).One hundred plastic bags (or one per soldier).Two scrub brushes.Two ponchos or large plastic sheets.CAM.M8 paper.10-percent STB/HTH solution.Hot, soapy water.Cold rinse water.

The station will be setup as shown in Figure 4-4. Fiill two30-gallon containers with hot, soapy water. Fill two 30-gal-lon containers with 10-percent STB/HTH solution andplace the two scrub brushes near the containers. Fill two30-gallon containers with cold rinse water.

One soldier is needed to supervise and assist soldiers atthis station. He assists personnel wearing M24, M25A1, orM42 masks. The other two soldiers decontaminate theoverboots and gloves. One person processes the overboots,whale the other person processes the gloves.

Use engineer tape to mark the liquid contaminationcontrol lime on the ground. Place the cutting tool, twocontainers, and the plastic bags on the “dirty” side of theliquid contamination control line (see Figure 4-3, page4-7).

ExecutionThe liquid contamination control line separates the

“dirty” from the "clean" areas. The exception to this “clean”area will be the contaminated gloves. However, no liquidagent should be tracked along the ground after the liquidcontamination control line. The attendant unfastens or cutsthe strings or elastic closures on the GVOs/footcovers. Ifsoldier is wearing the chemical protective footcover, thestation attendant holds the footcover while the soldiersteps out and across the control line. The action is repeatedfor the other footcover. The station attendant discards thefootcovers in the designated container. If the soldier iswearing the GVO, he stands next to and faces the controlline. Have the soldier step back about 12 inches with thefoot of the GVO he wants to remove first. If the soldiersteps back with the right foot, the attendant uses his rightfoot to step on the back of the soldier’s GVO. If the soldiersteps back with the left foot, the attendant uses his left foot,also. The attendant steps on the back of the GVO as thesoldier lifts his heel and works his foot out of the GVO andsteps across the control line. Repeat the process with theother foot. If the GVO cannot be removed by this process,the attendant cuts off the GVO. The station attendantdiscards the GVO in the designated container. The soldierworks the chemical protective gloves loose using the pinch-pull method, and the station attendant pulls the gloves off.The station attendant discards the gloves in a container onthe “dirty” side of the control line. The station attendant

from station 6 meets personnel wearing the M24, M25A1,or M42 protective masks at this station and carries thecanister for that person until the mask is removed. Thestation 4 attendant performs his duty from the dirty side ofthe liquid contamination control line.

The GVOs and chemical protective gloves are decon-taminated in the following process:

Step 1. Submerge the gloves and GVOs into the con-tainer of hot, soapy water. Some of the contamination willbe removed during this step. When the GVOs and glovesare removed from the container, ensure that no waterremains inside of the GVO and gloves. Do not decon anyitem that is unserviceable.

Step 2. Submerge GVOs and gloves in the container ofHTH solution. Thoroughly scrub the items until no visiblecontamination remains. After scrubbing, submerge eachitem once more before moving to the rinse container.

Step 3. Thoroughly rinse the scrubbed items, makingsure that the items are rinsed inside as well as out. Checkall gloves and GVO for holes, tears, or punctures anddiscard any that are found.

Step 4. Dry usable items. Discard into a pile any glove orGVO having punctures, tears, rips, holes, or other damage.Place usable items on the poncho or plastic sheet to air dryand weather.

Step 5. Place the items into plastic trash bags, along withan M256 detector ticket. If the detector ticket shows nocontamination, the items can be reissued or stored for issueat a later time. If the detector ticket shows contaminationremaining, the station attendants can recycle the items ordiscard them.

RiskIf you do not remove overboots, you cannot check for

agent on the combat boots. If overboots are not properlyremoved, you risk contaminating your combat boots andspreading contamination to clean areas. If rubber glovesare not properly removed, you risk contaminating your skinand underclothing at this and following stations.

Station 5, Monitor.Performing this step identifies contamination on person-

nel, provides spot decon capability, and provides medicalaid, as required.

PreparationThe following materials and equipment are needed:

First aid supplies.One CAM.Five packs M8 detector paper per one hundred sol-

diers.One case M258A1/or M291 skin decontaminating kits

per soldier.

4-10

FM 3-5

4-11

FM 3-5

Two soldiers are needed to operate this station. Anaidman should be present to treat any personnel sufferingfrom chemical agents symptoms. If an aidman is unavail-able, a combat lifesaver should be present.

ExecutionThe monitor checks the individuals for contamination.

Administer first aid as required. Liquid agent can bedetected with M8 detector paper. Small quantities of agentvapor can be detected with the CAM. Symptoms of agentpoisoning are the most obvious indication of skin con-tamination. At this step the medic checks each soldier forsymptoms and treats as required. Soidiers should reportany damage to their MOPP gear that was identfied atstations 2, 3, and 4. Any areas identified as contaminatedcan be decontaminated with the M258A1 or M291 decon-taminating kit by the station attendants. Individuals will beremonitored after decon. It is possible that all liquid chemi-cal contamination is absorbed into the clothing. Chemicaldetector paper (M8 and M9) will indicate negative, eventhough there is a hazard.

RiskIf this station is omitted, you risk becoming a casualty.

No other check for contamination or any further decon isdone on the individual. Commanders can choose to con-duct more extensive contamination checks here if moremedical assistance and time are available. This willdecrease the risk of casualties.

Station 6, Mask Removal.Performing this step removes the mask without con-

taminating the soldier. The mask is taken to a mask deconpoint, limiting agent transfer at the site.

PreparationThe following equipment is needed

M8A1 automatic chemical agent alarm.Two soldiers are needed to operate this station. They

remove and carry masks to the mask decon point (station7).

Execution.If hood is still attached to mask, attendant pulls hood

over front of mask, grabs mask by voicemitter cover, andpulls mask off soldier. Soldier holds breath as mask isremoved. If the mask has optical inserts, the attendantholds the mask open so the soldier can remove the insertswithout touching the outside of the mask, The soldier walksupwind 5 meters, crosses the vapor contamination controlline, then resumes breathing. Station attendant brings maskto station 7, mask decon point.

No chemical vapor hazard is expected beyond the vaporhazard contamination control line, if the wind direction

remains constant. Position the M8A1 automatic chemicalagent alarm upwind of the site to warn of vapor hazards.The person getting decontaminated moves straight aheadwhile his or her mask, which may still give offvapors, is heldon the vapor dirty side of the line and taken to station 7where it is decontaminated.

RiskThere is a high probability vapor hazard is still present

from mask and hood. This procedure must be done proper-ly or the soldier could breathe toxic vapors. The stationattendant removes the mask from the soldier. The soldierdoes not touch the outside of the mask because it couldcontaminate his or her bare hands.

Station 7, Mask Decon Point.Performing this step removes all contamination from the

mask.

Preparation.The following material and equipment are needed

Four containers (about 3-gallon capacity).CAM (for chemical only).Hot, soapy water.Rinse water.Mask sanitizing solution.Immersion heater 30-gallon container.Two sponges.One case paper towels per company.

Dig a sump (4 feet wide by 4 feet long by 4 feet deep) inwhich to discard used falters and canisters. Place the equip-ment and materials as shown in Figure 4-3.

Three soldiers are needed to operate this station. Twosoldiers will strip, wash, rinse, sanitize, and dry masks. Theother soldier checks masks and carries them to reissuepoint.

ExecutionDiscard winterization kits, if used. Remove eyelens out-

serts, and hood, if hood was not cutoff at station 2. Removeand discard falters or canisters. Put the items into theproperly marked containers. Wash mask, hood, and out-serts and hoses on M24, M25A1, M42 and M43 masks inhot, soapy water. Rinse in clean water, dip into sanitizingsolution, agitate for five minutes, then rinse in clean wateragain. Add one tube of mask sanitizing solution (calciumhypochlorite) to each quart of water. Wipe with rags untilalmost dry. Discard each gallon of mask sanitizing solutioninto a sump after every 10 masks. The attendant checks forcontamination with an CAM. If the mask is still con-taminated, the attendant recycles it for more decon andthen decontaminates his or her rubber gloves. If the maskis not contaminated, the attendant takes the unassembled

4-12

FM 3-5

mask to the reissue point. The attendant must take care notto contaminate the reissue point or himself.

RiskNot properly performing this step will cause the risk of

contaminating soldiers when reissuing masks at the reissuepoint. Even though the step is done correctly, there is stilla possible danger when many masks are stacked together.Small amounts of residual vapor from each mask can be-come potentially dangerous.

Station 8, Reissue Point.Performing this step will insure that you receive all of

your individual gear and your protective mask with allcomponents.

PreparationYou will need the protective mask PLL parts. The unit

supply sergeant and chemical NCO setup the reissue pointto provide soldiers with replacement parts for all types ofprotective masks and assist in mask maintenance.

ExecutionReissue mask with components to soldier who assembles

mask in the assembly area. Unit chemical NCO will affix

canisters to cleaned M24, M25A1, and M43 hoses. In-dividuals pickup individual gear and move to postdeconassembly area.

RiskNot properly performing this step, can cause the soldier

to be inadequately equipped for future operations.

The supporting chemical unit (decon or smoke/decon)must supply the majority of the equipment and suppliesrequired to operate the DTD. This does not relieve thesupported unit from the requirement to maintain adequatesupplies to conduct detailed troop decon procedures. Thesupported unit provides the supporting chemical unit withreplacement supplies and material at the end of the deconoperations. This shortens the time the chemical unit isnonmission capable following a decon operation. The sup-ported unit must coordinate for the supplies and equip-ment necessary to operate the DTD. Typical nonchemicalunits do not have more than two CAMs per company-sizedunit. However, the DTD requires a minimum of threeCAMs. The supported headquarters may need to provideadditional CAMs. The overall list of supplies and equip-ment to operate a company level DTD is listed in Table 4-2.

4-13

FM 3-5

Detailed Equipment DeconChemical units (decon and smoke/decon platoons) are difficult to reach try to remove as much dirt as possible.

responsible for the setup, operation, and closure of the After scrubbing the vehicle, spray again for two to threeDED portion of the thorough decon operation. The DEDfor chemical and biological contamination is comprised offive stations. For radiological contamination, the DEDuses all but station 2, DS Application. Actions at each ofthe stations are described Abelow.

Station 1, Initial Wash.The objective of this station is to remove the gross con-

tamination and dirt from the vehicle. The vehicle is sprayedfor two to three minutes with hot, soapy water. The vehicleis then scrubbed to help remove caked-on dirt. Themechanical action of scrubbing also helps remove thick-ened chemical agents. Although the undersurfaces are

minutes to remove loosened dirt and contamination. Thisstation will use approximately 250 gallons of water pervehicle. Larger vehicles or vehicles with large quantities ofdirt will use more water. The runoff from this station iscontaminated and must be treated as hazardous. This sta-tion requires high water pressure systems (M12A1 PDDA,M17 LDS) rather than high water volume systems (65-gpmpumps).

The effectiveness of the wash depends upon on the typeof wash (hot soapy water, hot water, cold water, steam).The relative effectiveness rankings of hot soapy water, hotwater, cold water, and steam for agents HD, THD, GD,TGD, and VX are listed in Table 4-4 for selected surfaces.

4-14

FM 3-5

Hot soapy water is water heated to about 120 to 140°F towhich a detergent has been added to reduce its surfacetension. The detergent removes the agent by emulsificationfollowed by mechanical displacement of the suspension.Hot water alone is less effective than hot soapy water.Because of the high temperature, some agents are bestremoved by steam through vaporization. Finally, for somechemical agents cold water exhibits better solvent charac-teristics.

Station 2, DS2 Application.The objective of this station is to apply decontaminant

to the entire vehicle. The vehicle is divided in four partsand a member of the scrubbing team is assigned that partof the vehicle. This limits the workload of each member ofthe scrubbing team and avoids duplication of work. DS2 isapplied starting at the top of the vehicle and workingtowards the undercarriage. Every effort is made to applyDS2 to the undercarriage, especially if the vehicle hascrossed a contaminated area. The mop is the least tiringmethod of applying DS2. Using a mop to apply DS2 createsa large amount of spillage. However, continual use of theM13 DAP requires the scrub team to exert more energy

than using the mop. The M13 DAP can beused to apply DS2 in hard-to-reach areas.

Prior to the start of the decon opera-tion, the scrub team pours 5-gallon cansof DS2 into 30-gallon trash cans if mopsare going to be used instead of M13DAPs. Each member of the scrub teamwill wear TAP aprons or wet weather gearto protect themselves from the DS2.

Water adversely affects DS2’s ability toreact with chemical agents. When waterin DS2 reaches 20 percent by weight, thereaction between DS2 and the chemicalagent stops. If there is excess waterremaining on the vehicle from station 1,there are several options

Wait for the majority of the water toevaporate.

Remove the excess water.Increase the amount of DS2 applied.

There must be sufficient DS2 on theitem being decontaminated for completeneutralization to occur. The DS2-to-agent ratio needs to be 55 to 1 for H agentsand 25 to 1 for G agents. For a vehicle thesize of an M1A1 tank, this corresponds to15 and 7 gallons, respectively.

DS2 should be applied with scrubbing.Scrubbing increases the mixing of the

agent with DS2, especially when thickened chemical agentsare present.

Station 3, Wait /Interior Decon.The objective of this station is to allow the DS2 to

completely neutralize the chemical agent and to decon-taminate the interior of the vehicle. Vehicles are moved toconcealed position. Vehicles will remain in station 3 for noless than 30 minutes. DS2 reacts with most chemical agentswithin 5 minutes. However, by allowing the DS2 to remainon the contaminated surface for 30 minutes the amount ofagent that will later desorb (off gas) will be signicantlyreduced. When there is a 30-minute contact time there willbe no resorption after decon operations for most chemicalagents. However, studies indicate that HD vapor will

4-15

FM 3-5

desorb after decon, even if DS2 is allowed to remain for 30minutes.

While the vehicle is held in this station for the DS2 tocompletely react, the driver inspects the interior of thevehicle for liquid contamination. The driver will be givenM8 detector paper. If the driver identifies chemical con-tamination, he will be given decon supplies to decon-taminate the interior of his vehicle. The best decon solutionfor use in the interior of vehicles is a 5 percent solution ofHTH or STB. The driver wipes all reasonably accessiblesurfaces with a rag or sponge soaked in the HTH solution.Do not attempt to decon areas where these is littlelikelihood of contamination (electrical assemblies,beneath the turret floor, and so forth).

CAUTIONDo not mix HTH or STB with DS2. If mixed, a violentreaction will occur.

Once interior decon is completed, the driver dismountsfrom the vehicle and proceeds to the start of the DTD. Theassistant driver, having completed the DTD, mounts thevehicle and moves it to the next station. Drivers mustexercise caution when entering or exiting the vehicle. ADS2-coated surface is slippery and DS2 may react withchemical protective footwear. Personnel should avoidstepping in DS2 and tracking it into the vehicle.

For radiological contamination, use an AN/PDR27-series or AN/VDR2 radiac meter to determine the extentand location of contamination inside the vehicle. If there iscontamination, determine the intensity of the contamina-tion inside of the vehicle. If the contamination has anintensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), theinterior of vehicle must be decontaminated. Use hot, soapywater to wash the contaminated areas. Use a sponge tomop up the water and the contamination.

Station 4, Rinse.The objective of this station is to remove the DS2 from

the vehicle. The vehicle is sprayed with water from top tobottom. Take care to rinse the undercarriage. This stationuses approximately 200 gallons of water. Failure to remove

all DS2 from the vehicle may cause false positive readingsat station 5. If high water pressure systems (M12A1 PDDA,M17 LDS) are not available, large volume water pumps(65-gpm pumps) should be used at this station.

Station 5, Check.The objective of this station is to check the completeness

of the decon. This station determines whether the vehiclehas a negligible risk or still has significant contaminationremaining. Detection procedures will vary depending onthe type of contamination. If significant contamination isfound on the vehicle, the vehicle will be recycled to station2 for chemical contamination or station 1 for radiologicalcontamination.

ChemicalThe CAM is used to check for the presence of vapor

from residual liquid contamination. A one bar or lowerreading on the CAM indicates a negligible risk. Once theCAM indicates the presence of vapor contamination, M8detector paper is used to verify the presence of liquidcontamination. If it is suspected that both the CAM andM8 paper are producing a false positive, use an M256chemical detector ticket to confirm or deny the presenceof contamination. If the vehicle has significant contamina-tion remaking, recycle it. The commander may modify therecycle criteria, based upon mission requirements, usingthe chemical agent weather tables.

There will be resorption of chemical agents from thesurfaces after decontamination. On CARC-painted sur-faces, the resorption of vapors will stop sooner than alkyd-painted surfaces. Consider this when checkingdecontaminated items for overall decontamination effec-tiveness.

RadiologicalUse the AN/PDR27-series or AN/VDR2 to determine

if any contamination remains. If there is contaminationremaining, determine the intensity of the contaminationinside and outside of the vehicle. If the contamination has

4-16

FM 3-5

an intensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), thevehicle is recycled to station 1.

Recycle CriteriaThe commander, in conjunction with the chemical unit

leader, will establish the recycle criteria before the start ofdecon operations. The recycle criteria determines whichvehicles return to station 1 after contamination is detectedat station 5. If the unit has sufficient time and resources,any vehicle having more contamination than a negligiblerisk should be recycled. However, time and resources areusually limited and not all vehicles can be recycled. Therecycle criteria is based on the weathering effects.

DED ConfigurationsDecon and smoke/decon platoons establish thorough

decon sites differently because of organizational andequipment differences. This section describes the op-timum set-up configuration for each type of platoon. Theoptimum configuration provides the maximum output forplatoons at 100 percent personnel and equipment. Theequipment and personnel requirements for the optimumconfiguration are identified for both the chemical unit andsupported unit augmentation.

Other conifigurations are discussed because it is likelythat all platoons will not be at 100 percent strength. For

each alternate configuration, chemical unit equipment re-quirements are identified. However, personnel require-ments are not identified by chemical unit and supportedunit. The total number of personnel needed are identified,with a minimum number of chemical unit personnel.

Alternate Layout Planning ConsiderationsChemical unit leaders use METT-T to determine the

best possible DED layout to execute their mission. Whendetermining alternate DED layouts, the followingguidelines apply

Retain the ability to spray hot, soapy water or steamunder pressure at station 1.

Station 2 requires the largest number of persons.Experienced and qualified CAM operators are re-

quired at station 5.Water does not have to be hot to rinse off DS2;

however, the lower the water pressure the more waterrequired for the rinse.

Decon PlatoonThe optimum setup of a DED for a M12A1 PDDA-

equipped platoon requires the use of all authorized equip-ment and personnel (Figure 4-5, page 4-20). While thisDED configuration is manpower- and equipment-exten-sive, it provides for the rapid decontamination of vehiclesand equipment (8 vehicles processed per hour). This layoutuses dual lanes at stations 1, 4, and 5 to process two vehiclesat one time. Since the most time and labor-intensive worktakes place at station 3, this station is designed to processthree vehicles at a time. The processing rate of this con-figuration will be affected by any work-rest cycle.

WARNING

Work/rest tables are found in Appendix I. Chemical unitleaders must consider the impact of the work/rest cycle onthe ability of their operation to process vehicles throughthe DED. Failure to initiate a work/rest cycle could result inheat casualties and mission failure.

It may not be possible, for a variety of reasons, for adecon platoon (M12A1 PDDA-equipped) to use the op-timum layout configuration. Limited personnel or equip-ment will affect the layout of the DED. Figure 4-6, page 4-22shows an alternate ED layout configuration.

Smoke/Decon PlatoonSmoke/decon platoons equipped with the M17 LDS will

set up the DED differently from M12A1 PDDA-equippedunits. The optimum setup of a DED for an M17 LDSequipped platoon is shown at Figure 4-7, page 4-24. Whilethis DED configuration is manpower- and equipment-in-tensive, it provides for the rapid decontamination of

4-17

FM 3-5

vehicles and equipment (8 vehicles processed per hour). It may not be possible, for a variety of reasons, for aThis layout uses a dual lane at stations 1, 4, and 5 to process smoke/decon platoon (M17 LDS equipped) to use thetwo vehicles at one time. Since the most time and labor optimum layout configuration. Limited personnel orextensive work takes place at station 3, this station is equipment will affect the layout of the DED. Figure 4-8,designed to process three vehicles at a time. The processing page 4-26 shows an alternates DED layout configuration.rate of this configuration will be affected by any work-restcycle.

Clearing the thorough Decon SiteOnce all vehicles and personnel from the contaminated

unit have processed through the thorough decon site, thesite can be closed. Coordination with the supported unit isnecessary prior to actually closing the site. This is to ensurethat all contaminated elements have been processed.

The chemical unit (decon or smoke/decon platoons)closes the DED first. Once the DED is closed, the chemicalunit processes through the DTD. After the chemical unithas processed through the DTD, the DTD is then closed.Once the DTD is closed, the chemical unit marks the areaas a contaminated area and report its exact location to thesupported unit, using an NBC-4 report.

The exact procedures for closing the DED and DTD aredescribed below.

Closing the Detailed Equipment DeconArea

The DED is closed in sequence, starting at station 1. Allvehicles, equipment, and nonexpendable supplies are in-spected for contamination. If contamination is found, it isdecontaminated. The actions at each station are describedbelow.

Station 1, Initial Wash. Spray all vehicles and equip-ment with hot, soapy water to remove any contaminationthat could have been transferred during initial wash opera-tions. Drain the water billets or fabric tanks of water.Inspect all equipment and vehicles for contamination usingthe appropriate detection equipment. If no contaminationis detected, load the equipment on the vehicles. Spread onecan of STB into each of the sumps and then cover thesumps. Post NBC hazard markers near the covered sumps.

Station 2, DS2 Application. Throw mops and brushesused in applying DS2 into a sump or bury them. Loadunused cans of DS2 and M13 DAPs on a vehicle.

Station 3, Holding Area/Interior Decon. Inspect anyunused supplies and equipment for contamination. If nocontamination is detected, load the equipment and sup-plies on a vehicle. Throw contaminated supplies into thenearest sump.

Station 4, Rinse. Spray all vehicles and equipment withhot, soapy water to remove any contamination that couldhave been transferred during rinse operations. Drain thewater billets or fabric tanks of water. Inspect all equipmentand vehicles for contamination using the appropriate

detection equipment. If no contamination is detected loadthe equipment on the vehicles. Spread one can of STB intoeach of the sumps and then cover the sumps. Post NBChazard markers near the covered sumps.

NOTE: While DS2 destroys the chemical agents,some of the by-products created are also toxic.

Station 5, Monitor. Check all equipment is checkedfor contamination. If it is not contaminated, load it on avehicle. If it is contaminated, decontaminate it in accord-ance with the appropriate TM. Throw contaminated sup-plies into the nearest sump.

Move all vehicles just upwind of station 5 and inspectagain for contamination. If any contamination is detected,the crew will use M11 or M13 DAPs to decontaminate theidentified areas. Once the vehicles are laggered, all person-nel will proceed to the DTD.

Closing the Detailed Troop Decon AreaOnce all personnel from the DED have processed

through the DTD, the DTD may be closed. After the lastperson has exited the DTD –

Pick up all used supplies from station 7 and put themin the station 7 sump. Take up the contamination controlline. If engineer tape was used, dispose of it in station 7sump.

Move all usable supplies and equipment from all thestations to station 1. Discard unusable supplies from sta-tions 5, 4, and 3 into station 1 sump.

Decontaminate all supplies and equipment collectedat station 1 using the decontaminant and rinse water atstation 1. Empty the rinse and decontaminant containersfrom station 1 into the sump.

Mark entire decon area. Remove overgarments usingthe MOPP gear exchange technique and dispose of over-garments in the sump at station 1.

Move any equipment used to fill the sump upwind ofthe decon area. Decontaminate rubber gloves and move allequipment and supplies in station 1 upwind of the deconarea. Keep this equipment and supplies separate from thatused to fill the sump.

Your overboots and gloves may now be contaminated.Remove them. Dig a hole and bury them. Mark the holeand or area.

4-18

FM 3-5

Thorough Decon Under Unusual ConditionsNight Operations

Decon operations are not restricted to daylight hours.The enemy may employ chemical and biological weaponsat night, since weather conditions are usually morefavorable for their employment at that time. Chemicalagents tend to be more persistent at night due to stable airconditions. Biological agents are not subjected to sunlight’sharmful ultraviolet rays. Consequently, NBC contamina-tion encountered at night may require decon beforedaylight. The enemy may also use nuclear weapons againsttargets during nighttime to maximize flash blindness.

Conducting decon operations at night is a challenge.“White light” cannot be used without possibly revealingyour location. However, decon personnel must have il-lumination to perform such essential decon tasks as spray-ing water, applying decontaminants, using detectionequipment, and doffing the MOPP gear.

Use chemical agent detector paper to check for chemi-cal contamination and how well chemical decon was per-formed. If contamination is present, this paper changescolor to red and cannot be seen if red-filtered light is used.The CAM and M256- series detector kit can be used forthe identification and detection of chemical agents, but willrequire a light source in order to obtain a reading.

Several vehicles awaiting or undergoing decon present asignificant infrared “signature” due to hot engines. Entry,exit, and movement within the decon site is difficult underblackout conditions.

Night decon operations are difficult, but can be ac-complished. Whenever possible conduct thorough decon

operations in built-up areas. Use a building for the DTDarea and warehouses for DED operations. This allows forthe use of white light. Soldiers can see what they aredecontaminating, see where they are going, and can readthe color changes of detector paper.

There will be a need for additional soldiers to act asground guides in the DED. The NCOICs of stations 1, 2,and 4 will inspect each vehicle with a flashlight or chemlightbefore the vehicle proceeds to the next station. Thereshould be at least two flashlights at each station in both theDED and DTD.

Desert OperationsThorough decon operations require large amounts of

water. Special arrangements must be made to ensure thereis sufficient water available for decon operations. Desertareas are not always categorized by high temperatures thatenhance the evaporation of chemical agents. Wheneverpossible, consider the effects of evaporation when decidingto conduct decon.

Decon site selection should consider the effect of limitedcover and concealment. It may be necessary to disperse thedecon site over several kilometers to avoid presenting alarge signature. Also the use of camouflage netting isnecessary to minimize enemy acquisition.

NOTE: Chapter 6 provides information andguidance for conducting decontamination opera-tions in cold weather; in urban areas and mountain,jungle, and desert terrains.

4-19

FM 3-5

4-20

FM 3-5

4-21

FM 3-5

4-22

FM 3-5

4-23

FM 3-5

4-24

FM 3-5

4-25

FM 3-5

4-26

FM 3-5

4-27

FM 3-5

Chapter 5

Special Decon Operations

The potential for NBC weapons on the AirLand bat- restore his unit back to an acceptable level of readinesstlefield poses a great challenge for decon efforts. The and effectiveness while conducting the mission.major responsibilities of the fixed site commander is to

Fixed Site DeconDecon of fixed sites must be conducted to sustain

readiness. Examples of fixed sites:Nuclear and chemical delivery system and storage

sites.Command, control, communications, and intel-

ligence (C3I) facilities.Temporary key structure for reserve and large troop

concentration.Supply installations, depots.Pre-positioning of materiel configured to unit sets

(POMCUS), airfields, water terminals, and rail ter-minals.

Medical facilities.Ammunition supply points, and petroleum, oil, and

lubricants (POL) points.Maintenance sites.

Operations of fixed site and support activities can beslowed down or limited (mobility) by the enemy use ofchemical agents. In these circumstances, fixed sites mayget contaminated. Thorough decontamination may berequired because it:

Limits the spread and transfer of contamination.Restores mission essential functions.Opens accessibility for entry and exit to key

facilities.Increases survivability for the mission and troops.

Operational decon may not be practical as a long-termsolution. Operational decon, however, may be used as ashort-term solution to speed up the weathering process.Operational decon will also provide temporary relief andsustainability to the mission and the force. A major con-sideration for either operational or thorough decon willbe the persistency of the chemical agents used during theThreat attack as well as the weather conditions (use theCAM/M256A1 to identify chemical agent). If chemicalagents are identified as nonpersistent agents, decon willnot be required. Weathering and protection from con-tamination will be required.

The decon principles are an important factor to beconsidered when decontaminating fixed sites (FM 3-4-1).

Decontaminate as soon as possible. This is the mostimportant principle because you must remove any con-tamination that forces personnel into a higher MOPP

level. The first steps in restoring site mission effectivenessinclude personnel decontaminating themselves, theirpersonal equipment, and critical, mission-essentialequipment that they operate.

Decontaminate only what is necessary. For fixedsites, decon requires more resources than otherdeliberate decon procedures. The length of time inMOPP4 will be considered as a major constraint. Withthis in mind, the commander must first ensure the deconof the mission-essential equipment. Additionally, equip-ment and/or areas contaminated will be marked ap-propriately. For example, you are loading and unloadingsupplies on a boxcar at a site with railheads. Since thefixed site does not have the manpower or the rightamount of decon equipment to decontaminate the entireboxcar, the boxcar’s door handle, outer side, and lip-edgeare decontaminated. This prevents the spread of con-tamination into the boxcar, onto personnel, and supplies.

Limit spread and transfer of contamination. Deconsupports contamination control by limiting the spread ofcontamination. Through the application of this deconprinciple, we begin to limit the spread and transfer ofcontamination into work areas, rest and relief areas,equipment, and supplies. Next, the commander mustconsider moving the decon effort to contaminated per-sonnel and equipment on the site. The other concern isspreading more contamination to other parts of the site,and possibly personnel and equipment entering and leav-ing the site. For example, if a contaminated entry or exitroute of an ammunition supply point (ASP) cannot beavoided decontaminate the route most needed or traf-ficable.

Decontaminate by priority. Items such as wheeledvehicles, forklifts, and railcars that are critical to the site’soverall mission will be decontaminated first to make mosteffective use of available decon assets. Therefore, thecommander should establish a set of priorities. Thesepriorities may be broken down by functional areas, ifvarious missions are performed at the site, such as main-tenance (light and heavy), ammunition repair and supply,and general supply.

Decon resources are limited and must be employedwisely. The chemical staff at corps, support command,and all levels within the command must monitor and

5-0

FM 3-5

develop a plan to manage those assets. Managing thedecon assets on the battlefield is the solution. Deconequipment can be mobile for the decon of equipment,roads, buildings and any structure used for any type ofoperations. The decon equipment can be used for limited(operational) decon to prevent the spread or transfer ofcontamination to roads, key terrain, or buildings that areconsidered vital for continued operations. Decon assetsare classified as mobile decon teams and permanentdecon teams.

Mobile TeamsThe corps’ chemical staff may designate mobile teams

that can support operational and thorough decon forfixed site operations. These mobile teams will usually bea platoon or a reinforced platoon. Larger teams will beneeded to decontaminate large facilities and key loca-tions. Mobile teams will find it difficult and unrealistic todecontaminate everything at some facilities. The follow-ing are fixed site decon concepts that the mobile teamsshould apply, as required by various situations:

AirfieldIt will not be cost effective to decontaminate an entire

airfield or airstrip. An excessive amount of manpowerwould be required for the conduct of such operations.Decontaminate from the entry through the exit and thearea of operations required to sustain the ongoing opera-tions for support of the mission (see Figure 5-l). Thisconcept is more practical and efficient in employinglimited decon assets. Figures 5-1 and 5-2 illustrate theapplication of STB on the entrance/exit of the air han-gars. Note that the STB application includes 3 meters oneach side of the runway between the entrance and theexit. One technique of application is shown at Figure 5-6,page 5-5. Transfer hazard will remain a problem until allparts of the airfield have weathered. Buildings or hangersentry/exit and doors must be decontaminated according-ly. Figure 5-2 illustrates a field expedient method whichcould be employed at any fixed site to cover the majorentry/exit towards the site. Details of drum emplacementand use are shown in Figure 5-5, page 5-3.

5-1

FM 3-5Helipad

To decon such sites, spray STB on entry/exit approachor on paths in an event that chemical contaminationoccurs (see Figure 5-3).

NOTE: Airborne STB particles can damage sensi-tive aircraft components. The decontaminatedarea should be washed with water before landinghelicopters.For further detail on fixed site decon and protection

see FM 3-4-1.

POMCUS/Motor ParksIn POMCUS sites, decontaminate exit/entry ap-

proaches to limit contamination. Exposed vehicles inmotor parks will get contaminated, but most likely therewill not be enough personnel to drive the vehicles to adecon station. Use an M12 PDDA for spraying STB orhot, soapy water. The M12 PDDA crew will drive aroundthe parked vehicles and perform operational deconmethods (see Figure 5-4). This will accelerate theweathering process of chemical agents.

NOTE: If DS2 is applied, rinse with water after 10minutes (30 minutes if HD is used). For furtherinformation on methods and protection for fixedsites, see FM 3-4-1. This same concept applies toports.

Permanent Decon TeamsService-station type decon sites could be set up to

service a given region. These sites must be evenly spacedacross the support area so contaminated units do nothave far to travel. The soldiers and mobile equipment ata contaminated fixed facility, like an airfield, can bemoved to one of these service stations for decon. Someadvantages of using regional decon sites for corps andhigher support areas are –

Less risk to troops and civilians. Runoff and vaporhazards at the decon site can be easily controlled. Thesites can be put in areas away from troops and civilianpopulations. A possible hazard will be contaminationbuild-up unless sumps are carefully constructed.

5-2

FM 3-5

Better decon sites. The fixed decon site generallyhas a more efficient site layout and operation. It does nothave to be continuously set up, torn down, and moved.

Fewer decon units required. A decon company canbe dedicated to the decon station and service a large partof the corps support area. They can provide extendedequipment and troop decon.

It is important to avoid contamination spread in fixedsites. When contaminated equipment moves to fixed sta-tions, it may spread contamination along its route. Thereare two ways to reduce this problem: maintain enoughdecon service station points to keep travel distancesshort, or conduct a vehicle washdown before the move.For instance, when a mobile team arrives at a con-taminated airfield, it can set up a vehicle washdown justoutside the contaminated area.

The airfield personnel, after running their vehiclesthrough the washdown, then move to the service stationfor thorough decon without spreading significant con-

Terrain

lamination along their way. See Figure 5-5 for a field-ex-pedient setup for fixed sites. This field-expedient proce-dure can be used fixed an airfield or entry/exit of any fixedsite with use of minimum resources. Planning, however,is required for emplacement of the washdown area. Toemplace the 50-pound drum of STB on the ground, youmust ensure that it is directed to the desired coveragearea. The two levels of decon, operational and thorough,must be applied to manage and prioritize the assetsavailable.

The first key point is to reduce the spread and transferhazard by decontaminating selected surfaces of equip-ment, entry/exit of key locations, and buildings. Thesecond key point is to eliminate contamination fromequipment so maintenance can be performed at the sitein a toxic-free environment. Table 5-1 provides a listingof decontaminants and decon kits that can be used forfixed site decon.

Decon

5-3

FM 3-5

Terrain decon has little short-term benefit, but it mayhave some long-term benefits. Generally, you cannotdecontaminate occupied terrain well enough to allow youto reduce your MOPP level right away. At best, all youcan do is speed the weathering process. This may allowyou to reduce your MOPP level a little sooner–forexample, in two days instead of four or five days.

Terrain decon can be so expensive and so ineffectivethat you should seriously consider not doing it at all. Butthere may be times when it is absolutely necessary. Theenemy may strike vital facilities like airfields and ports(see decon for fixed sites, page 5-1).

If you decide on terrain decon, limit the amount youdo. Build a causeway or breach a path through the con-tamination for entry/exit into a major facility. Restrictyour efforts to areas where you must work or move. Nomatter what you do, you will probably have to remain inMOPP; but you can reduce the danger of picking upliquid contamination and spreading it to other areas.

The most effective techniques for terrain decon are thenatural methods. Only a brief mention of these techni-ques is given here. Refer to Chapter 6, this manual, wheremore discussion is given to a technique for spreadingSTB slurry; but remember, using standard decon-taminants for terrain decon should be used as a lastresort. It will quickly exhaust your resources. To deter-mine persistencies of chemicals at various temperatures,refer to Chapter 3, FM 3-9.

WeatheringWeathering is the simplest and easiest form of decon.

Chemical and biological contaminationWarm, windy weather can significantly reduce terrain

contamination. In some eases this occurs in a few hoursor it may take a few days. Many variables affect thepersistency of chemical and biological hazards, so it isimpossible to accurately predict how long it takes such

contamination to weather. Sunlight is especially effectiveagainst most biological agents.

Radiological ContaminationAlthough the term “weathering” is used to describe the

decon process, weather has little effect on radiologicalhazards. Heavy rain and wind may remove some con-tamination, but only time will reduce the radiationemanating from the contamination. The hazard reduc-tions that will occur over time can be roughly predicted.See the discussion on aging in Chapter 6.

FlushingFlushing with large quantities of water removes con-

tamination. A pressurized stream of hot, soapy water canremove significant amounts of agent. Scrubbing removeseven more.

Chemical and Biological ContaminationFlushing is not very effective against some kinds of

agents, especially thickened agents. However, flushingmay speed up the weathering process.

Radiological ContaminationFlushing is very effective for removing loose radioac-

tive contamination such as fallout. Rainout, however, cancoat surfaces with a film that resists flushing. Such filmsmust be scrubbed. Any contamination removed by flush-ing and scrubbing will remain radioactive, so control therunoff.

BurningBurning works well against chemically or biologically

contaminated vegetation, but it is of no value againstradiological contamination.

Chemical and Biological ContaminationFuel or explosives may be used to bum or blow away

green vegetation. Burning also works on dirt surfaces.

5-4

Soak the area with kerosene or diesel fuel and igniteremotely. Do not use gasoline; it burns too quickly. Burn-ing may create a vapor hazard downwind. Area com-manders must warn downwind units of these vaporhazards.

Radiological ContaminationAvoid burning radiologically contaminated surfaces.

Burning Will not destroy radiological contamination or itshazards. It may spread contamination if radioactive par-ticles become suspended in smoke spread by wind.

CoveringCovering contamination does not destroy it, but it does

keep the hazards away from you temporarily.

Chemical and Biological ContaminationUse roofing paper, plastic sheets, wood mats, or earth

to cover contamination. This is a temporary measurebecause the agents may penetrate the covering. When thecontamination penetrates the covering or when thecovering is removed, the hazards will reappear. Thecoverings may also extend the life of the contaminationhazard by reducing their exposure to air and sunlight.

Radiological ContaminationRadiological contamination must be covered by thick

layers of dense material, like earth. Eight centimeters (3inches) of earth will decrease radiation dose rates by halfbecause of the shielding provided by the soil. Thirtycentimeters (12 inches) is more effective. The job will beeasier with earth-moving equipment, but the equipmentand operators probably will have to undergo decon.

ClearingClear passageways by removing contamination layers

covering terrain.

Chemical and Biological ContaminationMost chemical agents will not penetrate the soil more

than 5 centimeters (2 inches) and biological agentspenetrate even less. When contamination is scrapedaside, a passageway will be created that is free of transferhazards. Contamination on either side of the passagewaywill continue to present a vapor hazard.

Radiological ContaminationFallout does not penetrate the top layer of soil unless

it is followed by rain. It can be scraped aside. Movecontaminated soil as far away as possible; the piles tendto concentrate radiation. Immediately below a nuclearblast area, the soil may be radioactive to a depth of 1-1/2meters. In most cases, decon of this much earth is notpractical.

Neutralizing

Dry Mix or BleachDry mix or bleach may be used

FM 3-5

effectively againstchemical or biological contamination, but not radiologi-cal contamination.

Chemical and Biological Contamination. Spread drybleach or STB dry mix on solid surfaces. Rake it into softsurfaces like sand or earth. The decontaminants could beused as a field-expedient decontaminant (See Table 5-1).

Radiological Contamination. Dry mix and bleach haveno effect on radiological contamination or its hazards.

SlurryTerrain can be decontaminated with STB slurry. It

requires trained chemical decon troops and the equip-ment is costly both in time and material.

Chemical and Biological Contamination. Apply STBslurry to terrain by spray hoses attached to an M12A1decon apparatus. Operators wear TAP aprons over theirMOPP gear and sit on the front fenders of the vehicle tospray the slurry. Adjust the vehicle speed according toterrain this normally will be 2 to 4 miles per hour. Thesuited nozzle operators spray a fan pattern 3 to 5 feetahead of the vehicle. The pattern overlaps on the center,and extends past both sides of the vehicle (see Figure5-6).

Radiological Contamination. STB slurry has no effecton radiological contamination or its hazards.

One load of slurry will decontaminate a concrete sur-face approximately 100 meters long by 10 meters wide.Other surfaces may require more decontaminants. Ittakes about an hour to load and mix one load of slurry.See TM 3-4230-209-12 for slurry loading, blending,agitating, and spraying procedures.

Slurry ingredients and amounts required to decon-taminate chemical agents on various surfaces are shownin Table 5-2.

Slurry ingredients and amounts required to decon-taminate biological agents on various surfaces are shownin Table 5-3.

5-5

FM 3-5

VulnerableMost military equipment has not been critically as-

sessed for its ability to withstand decon without adverseeffects. As more testing is done, specific decon instruc-tions will be included in the technical manual for ail typesof equipment. We know that some equipment is extreme-ly vulnerable to damage when subjected to decon.Electronics and optical equipment are especially vul-nerable. Some materials, such as canvas and rubber, tendto absorb chemical agents. As a result, decontaminatingabsorbent surfaces is extremely difficult, if not impos-sible. Most decontaminants are highly corrosive and can-not be used on certain materials. They may also corrodeand render ammunition unserviceable.

Do not subject vulnerable equipment to unnecessarydecon. Radiacmeters may measure low levels of radia-tion that are not dangerous. The commander’s opera-tional exposure guidance determines the maximumpermissible radiation dose rate (usually .33 cGy [rad] perhour). If this dose rate is exceeded, you must decon-taminate.

Once you know that decon is necessary, keep the fourprinciples of decon in mind: decontaminate as soon aspossible, decontaminate only what is necessary, decon-

Equipmenttaminate as far forward as possible, and, decontaminateby priority.

Consider the most practical method of decon for yoursituation and for the materials you have available.Remonitor periodically after each stage of decon todetermine when you reach safe levels. Control runoff.Liquids, rags, and other materials used for deconprobably will be contaminated. Handle DS2 carefully; donot splash it on MOPP gear. If you do, wipe it off imme-diately. Protect your vulnerable equipment from thedangers of decon two ways: First, carefully choose theright technique to use. Second, choose the best decon-taminant for the job.

ElectronicsNonsealed electronic equipment circuitry can be

damaged by moisture, dust, and corrosive deconon-tamination materials. Most field electronic equipment iswatertight for environmental protection. This alsoprovides good protection against NBC contamination.Contamination probably will not penetrate gasket-equipped protective covers and sealed components onelectronic equipment but if exposed, the contaminantsmay be present on the outside of cases containing the

5-6

electronic equipment. Wipe down the outside portionsof the equipment case with a designated decontaminant.After decontaminating the outside, the equipmentshould be wiped down with water or approved solvent toremove traces of decontaminant solutions. If equipmentseals appear damaged or penetration of NBC contamina-tion into the inside of the equipment is suspected, thenthe unit should be treated as if it was nonsealed. Underno circumstances should electronic equipment be im-mersed in a decontaminant solution or subjected to high-pressure application of decontarninant solutions.

For chemical contamination, wipe all metal electroniccases with DS2. If chemical agent is identified as HD,allow 30 minutes contact time. Wipe thoroughly withdamp close, dry, and wipe with a designated oil. (Forother than chemical agents, wait 10 minutes). If DS2 isnot available or the case is of some material other thanmetal, wipe the equipment’s exterior with a cloth and hot,soapy water or use a nonstandard decontaminant (seeAppendix F). If contamination is not extensive, use theM291 or M258A1 decon kit.

Corrosive decontaminants, such as DS2, should neverbe used on nonsealed electronic equipment. This type ofequipment is often found inside shelter assemblies andhelicopters. Refer to the appropriate technical manualsor to Appendix G for acceptable decon procedures fornonsealed electronic equipment.

For radiological contamination, brush, wipe, orvacuum contamination from equipment. The contamina-tion is not destroyed, just moved from one place toanother. So, control the runoff and treat is as a hazardoussubstance.

OpticsOptical systems are extremely vulnerable to decon

materials that might scratch or adversely affect the len-ses. Wipe optical systems with a soft, nonabrasivematerial such as lens-cleaning tissue, cotton wadding, orsoft cloth dipped in hot, soapy water. Wipe the opticalsystem with decontaminants. Do not immerse it.

Hot, soapy water is the preferred decontaminant forchemical and biological contamination. When DS2 isapplied to coated lenses, it causes some damage.Likewise, exposing lenses to STB slurry removes some ofthe magnesium from the coating. Small optical surfacescan be decontaminated with the DKIE, M291, orM258A1 towelettes.

Warning

Do not use DS2 or STB on ammunition. It removes criticalmarkings from ammunition. STB may cause fire when itcomes In contact with blister agent or DS2. it may alsocorrode and render ammunition unserviceable. Do not usenonstandard decontaminants that are corrosive. They alsomay remove critical markings from the ammunition.

FM 3-5

Radiological contamination should be blown off witha stream of air or wiped off with hot, soapy water. Rinseby wiping with a sponge dipped in clean water.

AmmunitionDecontaminate contaminated ammunition with cool,

soapy water. Apply with PDDE or with brushes, mops,rags, or brooms.

Cool, soapy water is the preferred decontaminant forall types of contamination.

Canvas ItemsThese items include load-carrying equipment and web

gear. Decon is difficult. It may be necessary to burn orbury them if they are heavily contaminated with chemicalagent. STB dry mix or slurry may be used. Slurry is moreeffective. In many cases, weathering may be the preferreddecon technique because scrubbing canvas frequentlyimbeds the contamination further and worsens the situa-tion. If the item must be decontaminated boiling for onehour in soapy water is the preferred decontaminant forchemical and biological contamination. Radioactive con-tamination can be removed by brushing, then washing. Itmay also be vacuumed.

The attempt to salvage contaminated canvas will re-quire a great amount of logistic and manpower require-ments. Decon of canvas items presents not only a severestrain on the unit’s available decon resources, but willcost many manhours that could be used for mission-re-lated functions. Other options for disposal of con-taminated canvas should be considered in the overalltactical situation.

Dispose of large canvas items, such as GP tents (ex-cluding shelter halves), vehicle cargo, cab and seat canvasused for protection of supplies and equipment, and worntracked vehicle canvas. The use of available NBC protec-tive covers to protect stocking items keeps the sur-vivability of the unit, but this cover must be disposed afterexposure to contamination. Removing the items andeither burying or destroying them before the unit exitsthe contaminated area is a consideration in this case.

Food and WaterMost Army units cannot test the purity of food or water

even if they can decontaminate it. Food and water deconusually takes special handling by trained technicians. Ifyour water becomes contaminated, contact medical per-sonnel. Quartermaster and medical units test water andapprove it for safe use. Water treatment specialists testand treat the water in an NBC environment. Direct con-taminated food questions to veterinary medicine person-nel at the battalion (or higher) aid station and medicalfacilities. Army food service specialists can avoid foodand water contamination by decontaminating certainsealed items.

5-7

FM 3-5

Food and water decon is difficult, so make every effortto keep food and water in sealed containers and protec-tive packaging. Leave food in wrappers. Keep wrappedfood in boxes, tins, or other containers. Store these con-tainers in closed refrigerators or vans. If you use thesetechniques and your unit becomes contaminated, you stillmay be able to salvage and decontaminate some food orwater. See FM 3-3 for further discussion on avoidingcontamination.

Do not discard large quantities of contaminated foodor potable water. It may be usable. Contaminated foodsupplies should be handled only by personnel trained indecon methods. Contaminated food items should beplaced into three groups for handling

Group I consists of canned and unopened items thathave been exposed only to the vapors of the agents.Generally, the items in this group will be safe for issue topersonnel after a brief period of outdoor airing to removeclinging vapors.

Group II consists of canned and unopened items thathave been contaminated with a liquid chemical agent.Attempts to decon porous packaging materials, such ascardboard or wood, are likely to be unsuccessful and mayresult in spreading the contamination. The best proce-dure in handling such items is to strip off the outercontaminated coverings and examine the inner layer to

determine if agent penetration has occurred. If it has,continue stripping off layers until an uncontaminatedlayer is reached. Items packaged for military operationsare usually packed in boxes, so this procedure is feasible.When the inner uncontaminated package is reached,place it in Group I. If the agent has penetrated to thefood, place it in Group III.

Group III consists of unpackaged or poorly packageditems that have been exposed to an agent in either vaporor liquid form. Foodstuffs in this group should be decon-taminated only when absolutely necessary. Boiling foodin water may be eliminated when the contamination hasbeen only with the vapors of irritant agents. When suchan exposure has been light, airing for a short time may beused for decon. Frying, roasting, or broiling will notremove traces of blister agents from meats. In general,salvaging foods heavily contaminated with droplets ofblister agent, especially the arsenical blister agents, is notpractical.

Operational rations are the primary rations issued anduncontaminated stocks should always be issued first. Thisallows for decon of contaminated stocks without inter-rupting supply support.

If in doubt, throw it out! Do not use or decontaminateitems in Group III without help of veterinary or watertreatment personnel.

Disposal and Decontamination of Chemical RoundsIn combat, chemical munitions may be encountered.

Leaking munitions must be decontaminated, evacuated,and disposed of safely. Soldiers performing this task mustbe well trained and have a thorough knowledge of muni-tions after agents and their effects. Soldiers must useprotective clothing and mask when there is a possibilityof exposure to a toxic chemical agent. The MOPP levelwill be specified by the unit commander. Use detectionequipment (chemical agent monitor, M256A1 detectorkit, M8A1 chemical alarm and M8 or M9 paper) tomonitor chemical munitions during handling, shipmentand storage.

See AR 385-32 and TM 10-277 for additional guidancefor safety.

HandlingHandle chemical projectiles with care. A good rule of

thumb is to handle them as you would a fuzed HE round.Handling procedures for binary and unitary chemicalprojectiles do not differ. Even though the compounds arein separate containers in a binary round, each is hazard-ous in its own right and should be handled with care.Since chemical munitions are a different class of ex-plosive, they should be segregated from other types ofammunition. Chemical munitions should be inspectedperiodically for damage and leaks, especially after the

unit moves. Security and protective measures must matchthose given to conventional ammunition.

Contamination ControlWhenever a chemical projectile is damaged and starts

to leak, the round presents the same hazards to personnelin the area as an enemy chemical attack. Leakersevaporate the agent; they don’t dribble. Only rounds thathave not completely detonated or have been severelydamaged may exude liquid agent if large holes, narrowopenings, or cracks have been created. It is the vaporhazard created when the chemical leakage occurs thatposes the greatest threat to personnel. When a leakingchemical round is discovered take the following hastycontamination control actions.

Protect personnelPersonnel in the local area should mask. Masks alone

are sufficient for those not actually in contact with theprojectile and contaminated equipment because theagent will simply evaporate. Again, the vapor hazard isthe real danger.

NOTE: One exception is agent HD. In high vaporconcentrations, HD can irritate the skin and latercause blisters. The MOPP level should be to coverexposed skin for personnel in the area. Farther

5-8

FM 3-5

away, the vapor hazard is much less. There isprobably no need to put the entire unit in MOPP4.

Liquid agents must come into direct contact with per-sonnel, equipment, or terrain to contaminate them. Onlypersonnel who may physically come in contact with theliquid agent on the projectile or surrounding area needmove to MOPP4.

Seal and package projectileTo keep the liquid from continuing to vaporize, at-

tempt to suppress the leak and seal the projectile fromthe environment.

If the leak on the projectile can be easily located, tiltthe projectile so the point of leakage is up. This shouldstop or slow the leakage. Beyond this measure, a leakinground should not be moved before packaging.

If a hole, puncture, or crack can be found, quicklytry to plug or patch it. Use materials such as a rag,packing material, a wood chip, or putty. Bind the patchin place with adhesive tape, twine, or rope. See Figure5-7.

Keep the leakage point right-up (high). Place theprojectile in a plastic bag. Wrap several layers around it.Seal the bag with adhesive tape, twine, or rope. (A tarpor camouflage net carrier will also work.) Figure 5-8shows a typical method of sealing and packaging a leak-ing round.

Find a suitable, sturdy, sealable container into whichthe projectile may be placed (Figure 5-9). Carefully placethe round into the container. Use packing material tokeep the container from tearing the plastic bag andcausing increased leakage. Seal the container.

Decontaminate the sealed container. Carefullymove the sealed container (again keeping the leakageupright) to the designated area for disposal.

NOTE: Do not use decontaminating agents direct-ly on the projectile. Do not try to decontaminatethe projectile itself or try to submerge the round indecontaminants. This would quickly exhaust thebattery supply and be a waste of decontaminants,which are precious in a war. Save them for deconof friendly equipment.

5-9

FM 3-5

Chapter 6

Effects of Environmental Conditions

US forces may find themselves committed to battleanywhere in the world and in any type of weather.

Weather and terrain conditions will dictate how tofight and what equipment is most effective to support the

NaturalWeather can bean advantage when used as a natural

decontaminant to lessen the hazards of nuclear, biologi-cal, and chemical contamination. However, it could alsobe a disadvantage if you must operate under adverseweather conditions (such as extreme cold), which willrestrict detection and decon operations.

Weathering or AgingWeathering is the easiest method of decon. It acts on

chemical agents through evaporation and decomposi-tion. The effects of weathering on biological and chemi-cal contamination, however, are variable. They dependon the persistency of the agent, climatic conditions, andthe type of surface, so, exercise care within contaminatedareas until all vapor and transfer hazards are gone.

Radiological contamination is not affectedly weather.Its hazards decay at a particular rate depending upon thephysical characteristics of the particles. This process iscalled aging, and it requires almost no labor and reducestroop exposure to radiation. Although the radiationdecreases with time, in certain cases, the contaminationbecomes more firmly fixed to the surface. So, the lack oftime or the nearness of unprotected personnel to thecontamination may require the use of a faster method ofdecon.

EffectsTemperature. High temperature speeds the changing

of liquid to vapor (evaporation) and hastens the disper-sion of chemical agents in the air. The persistency ofliquid chemical agent on the ground decreases as thetemperature increases. Temperature has no effect onradiological contamination.

Wind. Aeration aids in decon. High winds rapidlydisperse chemical agent vapors.

Humidity and rain. Moisture tends to break downchemical agents. However, most chemical agents breakdown very slowly. Heavy rain aids decon by removingcontamination, however, runoff contamination may buildup in drainage areas, creating hazards. Rates at whichmicroorganisms dry out (dehydrate) depend on themoisture content of the air. Although some agents

fighting force under NBC conditions. Conditions likeweather, urban areas, mountains, jungles, and desertseach have a major influence on decon operations.

Elements(spores) possibly are not affected by low humidity,periods of dry weather help reduce most types of biologi-cal contamination within an area. Rain that wets theterrain may prevent the formation of secondary chemicaland biological aerosols. Rainfall may also leach con-tamination into the soil.

Sunlight. Sunlight can act as a decontaminant. Even incold weather, the direct rays of the sun warm surfacesabove the air temperature. This hastens the evaporationand decomposition of chemical agents. The ultravioletand infrared radiation in sunlight will help to destroymost biological agents within one day.

Time. Radiological contamination loses its radiationdanger only with time. The time required depends ondecay rate of the isotope(s) present as contamination.

ProceduresAging or weathering consists of placing or leaving a

contaminated object in an out-of-the-way area, postingthe area with contamination markers, and waiting for thecontamination to drop to an acceptable level. Check theweathering or aging progress periodically by detectionand survey procedures. Consider using aging or weather-ing in situations where manpower is of primary impor-tance.

SoilSoil is a readily available natural decontaminant. The

type of soil affects the persistency of chemical agents.Sandy soil tends to absorb the agent and increases theduration of the vapor hazard. Rocky soil does not absorbthe agent as fast, so it does not increase the persistency.

EffectsSoil with organic matter will seal or cover contamina-

tion and absorb liquid contamination; however, sandysoil will not absorb any.

ProceduresCover an area with about 10 centimeters (4 inches) of

earth. This offers protection against liquid chemical con-tamination as long as the earth is not disturbed and the

6-0

FM 3-5

chemical agent is not exposed. Such an area may becrossed safely, but take care not to disturb the earthcovering. If the layer of earth is broken, both a contactand vapor hazard may result. Extra protection may beobtained by mixing household bleach with the earth. Inthe absence of better absorbants, use earth to removeliquid contamination from materiel. This earth becomescontaminated and must be treated as contaminatedwaste.

Bury expendable materiel contaminated with chemicalor biological agents or with radioactive material. Earth isonly a temporary cover for radiological contamination.Terrain contaminated by radiation, such as drainageditches or collection sumps, can be effectively sealed withat least 30 centimeters (12 inches) of earth which willreduce the dose rate by approximately one half. Useearth-moving devices to collect earth for sealing or bury-ing. Shovels may be used if heavy equipment is not avail-able or if the contaminated area is small.

FireFire is a rapid, simple, and effective means of decon-

taminating chemical and biological agents. Large quan-tities of items that are not mission essential(contaminated covers, canvas, and uniforms) may bedecontaminated and disposed. Ideal conditions for usingfire are during periods of lapse temperature gradientwith a moderate wind speed in a direction away fromfriendly forces – for example, a hot, sunny day withmoderate wind. Such conditions will produce minimumdownwind travel of toxic vapors. Weather, agent con-centration, and the amount of combustible material to beburned determine the downwind hazard. Do not use fireif it will reveal the location of friendly forces to the enemy.

EffectsFire destroys most of the chemical and biological con-

tamination but may also vaporize some chemical agents,and chemical and biological contamination. Somechemical agents are combustible and convert into rela-tively harmless products when burned. Biological agentsare killed or destroyed by fire. Fire will not destroyradioactive contamination. Although the contaminatedmaterial is destroyed by combustion, the radioactivehazard is not affected.

ProceduresBurning operations cause a downwind hazard. Use the

downwind vapor hazard prediction technique given inFM 3-3 to predict how fumes travel from burning chemi-cal agents. When using fire, post sentries wearingMOPP4 to warn personnel to stay out of the area. Getpermission to use fire from the commander who controlsthe area (from the burning site to the maximumdownwind of the hazard). Warn adjacent troops thatburning will take place.

WaterWater removes fallout and biological agents but can-

not remove some chemical agents. Hot water is moreeffective than cold water. Adding soap or detergentmakes it more effective. Water used for decon poses asafety hazard. Take care that runoff water does not con-taminate streams.

Water alone should not be used to decon objectscontaminated with Lewisite-type blistering residue.Scrub the surface with hot, soapy water to remove theresidue or apply an alkaline solution to neutralize it.

EffectsWater flushes contamination from surfaces. It

hydrolyzes some chemical agents. During decon, theforce of the water removes the contamination and thesoluble agents or isotopes in the water. It is not as effec-tive on porous or greasy surfaces because these surfacestend to trap and hold contamination. So, it is always bestto use a detergent water solution.

ProceduresFlushing. Flushing a surface with lots of soapy water

washes away the contamination. Construct a sump tocollect contaminated runoff and to limit the spread ofcontamination. Flushing will not remove contaminationthat has soaked into the surface. The effectiveness offlushing increases when using high pressure, extendingcontact time, raising water temperature, adding soap ordetergent, or scrubbing the surface. If steam is used toflush the surfaces, the heat kills many microorganisms.Flushing with soapy water is the most economical way toflush large, smooth areas such as painted walls, sheetmetal roofs, and walls.

Boiling. Boiling in hot, soapy water is an excellentmethod for biological decon. Boil biologically con-taminated items for a minimum of 15 minutes. Boil drink-ing water for a minimum of 15 minutes. Double this timeat high altitudes. Autoclaving (with a pressure-cookerdevice) at 121°C (250ºF) for 15 minutes or in a low-pres-sure cooker at 109ºC (228ºF) for one hour is recom-mended for biological contamination. Although boilingremoves some radiological contamination by removingthe dirt from the contaminated material, it does notreduce the radioactivity of the contamination.

Disposal. Water used for decon operations becomescontaminated. It must not be disposed of in areas whereit might flow or be washed into streams or other bodiesof water or into areas where it might contaminate groundwater used as a water supply. When selecting a disposalarea, consider its hazard to troops and civilian popula-tions. Disposal areas should be either decontaminated ormarked with standard contamination markers.

Table 6-1 shows the effectiveness of natural decon-taminants on NBC decon.

6-1

FM 3-5

Cold and Arctic WeatherNorthern regions, including the arctic areas, comprise

about 45 percent of the North American continent and65 percent of the Eurasian land mass. Northern regionsare characterized by extreme cold and deep snow duringwinter months. Spring breakup and mud restrictsmobility. Whiteout and greyout cause loss of depth per-ception, making vehicle movement hazardous. Ice fog(clouds of ice crystals) covers troops, vehicles, bivouacareas, and permanent facilities, marking their location.Chemical agents become more persistent in lowtemperatures (see Table 6-2, and Appendix E). As aresult, some normally nonpersistent chemicals becomepersistent (GB nerve agent may remain a transfer hazardfor up to 30 days in arctic climates). Normally persistentagents become more persistent. Although frozen agentsdo not present a significant problem in a solid state, theybecome hazards when they warm. Decon is a problembecause low temperatures also reduce the effect ofdecontaminants.

Such situations present unique problems when youplan and conduct decon operation. These freezing pointsof decontaminants will serve as guidelines for planning.

32°F (0°C) Water freezes0°F (-18ºC) Slurry with antiset freezes.-25°F (-31°C) DS2 freezes

DecontaminantsYou cannot use water as a decontaminant when it

freezes on contact. In such situations, use DS2. DS2 iseffective down to -25°F, but becomes thickened as thetemperature drops. Eventually it will become too dif-ficult to spread or spray. An alternative low temperaturedecontaminant can provide a solution. STB or HTH canbe used as a dry mix (two parts STB to three parts earthor snow) for decon below temperatures where DS2 is nolonger effective. However, these decontaminants arecorrosive to metals and personnel must wear rubbergloves and protective masks to avoid injury and may requireseveral applications of STB or HTH dry mix at lowtemperatures. Methods of applying dry mix range fromshoveling it onto contaminated surfaces to filling

sandbags with the mix and dusting it onto surfaces. Afterdecontaminating, remove residual elements of the drymix by brushing, scraping or using uncontaminated earthor snow to “wash” it off. Further decontaminatingmethods using organic solvents and fuels may be used,but observe fire safety, protect personnel from cor-rosives, and take precaution against super cooling ef-fects. Because of their low freezing points, solvents suchas JP-8, diesel fuel, and kerosene maybe used to physi-cally remove contamination. These solvents only flush theagent from the surfaces similar to the way water flushessand off vehicles in temperate climates. They generallydo not deactivate agents nor do they eliminate agents thatsoak into surfaces. Organic solvents generally are veryflammable and must be handled with care. See AppendixF for specific organic solvents.

Equipment Decon Devices

M258A1/A2 Skin Decon KitThe decon kit must be used when chemical agents

contact the skin, even when there is risk of cold injury.Leader judgement must prevail in training with theM58A1 skin decontaminating kit (trainer), during coldweather operations. Using this alcohol-based trainer onthe skin during cold weather will result in frostbite. Don’tsacrifice safety for realism.

M291 Personal Casualty Decon System SkinDecontamination Kit (PCDS SDK)

The M291 contains a substantial amount of resin todecontaminate the soldier’s hands, face, ears, and neck.The M291 can be operated in different climatic condi-tions. In cold weather the M291 can be operated attemperatures of -50°F.

M11 Decontaminating ApparatusThe apparatus is designed to dispense DS2 at

temperatures as low as -15°F (-26°C). DS2 is effectivedown to -25°F, but becomes thicker as the temperaturedrops. Eventually it becomes too difficult to dispense.Normally one nitrogen cylinder is used to charge theM11. In cold weather, charging the container with a

6-2

FM 3-5

second nitrogen cylinder is permissible if inadequate M13 Decontaminating Apparatus; Portable (DAP)pressure is developed with one cylinder. Never use more The apparatus consists of 3.7 gallons of DS2, a 14-literthan two nitrogen cylinders. When spraying DS2, scrub- container and a long-handled applicator with scrubbing the agent with a brush will assist in removal of brush attached. As the temperature drops, flow of decon-thickened agent. taminants through the hose and wand becomes

degraded.

6-3

FM 3-5

M17 Lightweight Decontaminating System andM12 Decon Apparatus, Power-Driven, SkidMounted

Both apparatuses have problems in the cold similar toany other water pump. Normal engine “cold-soaking”problems that cause starting difficulties and brittle metalparts have been observed. Also, internal pumps and lineswill crack and break when water freezes within this sys-tem. To avoid freeze-up problems, use the shutdownprocedures described in the TMs.

Detection and Warning Devices

M8/9 Detection PaperThe use of M8 detector paper is not specifically limited

in the cold, but only liquids can be detected. If the specificsubstance is thickened or solidified, collect a sample witha stick or scraper and wipe onto a sheet of M8 paper.Place the sample on a heated surface, such as an operat-ing vehicle or a power generator, to stimulate thawing ofthe suspected agent so that identification is expedited.Because of the possibility of off-gassing of the sample, donot do this in a heated vehicle or tent. M9 detector papershould be treated similarly. This paper also will notdifferentiate among the various agents. Collect a sampleof the suspected agent on M8 or M9 paper. Set thissample on a heat source and cover the sample with a boxcan, or similar item. Put a detector sampler (M256A1)inside the box or can. Heat the suspected agent enoughto enable detection and allow the M256A1 sampler todetect and identify the suspected agent.

M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector KitAt temperatures above freezing (0°C, [32ºF]), the

M256A1 chemical agent detector kit is not adverselyaffected. However, as temperatures drop, the M256A1takes longer to give a positive or negative indication.When temperatures reach freezing, guard the liquidcomponents of the kit against freezing by carrying it inthe breast pockets of the chemical protective clothing. Itmay also be necessary to put the test sampler back intothe shipping bag after sampling and place on a heatedsurface to hasten the reaction. The instruction cards forthe M256A1 indicate that the kit will not work attemperatures below -32° Celsius (-25ºF).

Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM)At lower temperatures, most agents become more

persistent or even freeze, and the CAM will have difficul-ty in detecting any agent as organic solvents may give falsereadings. Nevertheless, the CAM can still be quite useful.Contaminated personnel entering a building or collectiveprotection shelter will desorb agents as they warm up.The CAM can be utilized in a vestibule or airlock where

the temperature has been raised to that of the buildingor shelter interior. Likewise, aircraft and vehicles requir-ing maintenance can pass through a warmed-up sitebefore to entry into a hanger or maintenance bay. Coldweather operation of the CAM will also shorten batterylife.

M8A1 Chemical Agent Alarm (CAA)The CAA no longer uses a wet/liquid detection

mechanism, so low temperature operation is no longerlimited because of solutions freezing. However, use theM253 winterization kit (for the alarm) when operating attemperatures below -7°C (20°F). Warm-up time with thiskit is 50 minutes.

Equipment Decon StationsPlace decon sites in built-up areas and near road

junctions, intersections of forest lanes, or where they maybe approached from several directions. Break the deconsites and approach routes into sectors, and assign unitsto keep them open, in spite of mud or heavy snow. Withpresent technology, equipment decon problems in thefield are difficult to overcome in an arctic climate. Com-manders may seriously consider fighting dirty in arcticregions. Fresh units can be rotated into the field so thatdirty units can be moved back to built-up areas to decon-taminate.

VehiclesDecon and water trucks may have to be deployed with

empty tanks instead of full ones as in temperate climates.To prevent freezing, it may be necessary to preheat waterwhen loading the water tank trucks and the tanks of thedecon apparatuses and keep it heated until it is used.These vehicles may have to be enclosed and warmed sothe engines wilI start. Decon and water tank vehicles mustbe drained immediately after use to prevent freezedamage. Commanders may choose to conduct minimumdecon until they can get back to fixed facilities andconduct a more thorough decon.

Snow and Freeze-Thaw CycleDecontaminate vehicles and personnel covered with

contaminated snow as soon as possible before the snowhas a chance to melt and freeze. Such snow forms layersof ice that make contamination difficult to remove.Radioactive fallout that settles out with snowfall must beremoved as soon as possible. Use tree branches (if avail-able) to remove contaminated snow. You can use snowto cover contamination, but snow can blow away or con-tamination can resurface when tracked vehicles, troopmovement, or digging disturb it. Snow cover providessome protection if left undisturbed, but this protection istoo uncertain to rely upon safely.

6-4

FM 3-5

Warmed AreasOne of the most challenging problems lies in prevent- The agent can be isolated there before the soldier enters

ing contamination from entering warmed areas. For ex- the structure and unmasks. Otherwise, all occupants mayample, if soldiers get frozen agents on their clothing, it be subjected to hazardous liquids and vapors. Additionalwill be hard to detect because low temperatures have soldiers and equipment are needed for these warmingslowed its effects. However, if the temperature warms or stations. Therefore, in cold weather operations, yourif the soldiers enter a heated area, the agents become decon and detection priority must be heated supportdangerous. Because of this, it maybe necessary for you facilities. FM 3-4 discusses individual and collectiveto set up a thawing station for each warmed structure. protection in detail.

Urban AreasThe need for decon operations in urban areas may also

exist, and it may be easier to support. Water sources aregenerally available and commercial chemicals may beavailable for use as decontaminants. Site security may besimplified because of limited observation and poor fieldsof fire. Decon operations in urban areas will not differsignificantly from similar operations in the field; how-ever, keep the following considerations in mind whenconducting operations in urban areas.

Street and StructuresWhen buildings are contaminated with persistent

chemicals, their value for cover, concealment, and shel-ter is reduced. Wood and concrete tend to absorb liquidagents, and they may give off toxic vapors for days orweeks. Building decon is very difficult and requires largequantities of decontaminants. You can reduce the hazardby covering contamination with plastic sheets, STB slur-ry, sodium silicate, or other substances that cover orabsorb the agent.

Though you do not intend to occupy a particular partof a building, it may need to be decontaminated toprevent the contamination from spreading to other parts.For example, decon of an upper story may prevent thecontamination from settling to basements, subways, andsewers which are prime defensive positions.

Streets and sidewalks also absorb liquid agents, thengive off toxic vapors when heated by the sun. You mayneed to decontaminate such surfaces several times to

reduce toxic hazards to soldiers occupying the area.Roads, sidewalks, or other porous surfaces are bestdecontaminated by weathering, if time and situation per-mit.

CiviliansTry to locate decon operations away from civilians.

They may injure themselves or interfere with your work.Civilians must not be forced to prepare decon sites or tohelp with decon operations. However, you may acceptthe help of volunteers who have been cleared by thecivil-military operations officer, G5.

Supplies and AmmunitionStore ammunition, as well as other supplies, under

cover to protect from NBC contamination. FM 3-3 ex-plains contamination covers in detail.

Sanitation SystemsUrban areas may have sophisticated sanitation sys-

tems. When those systems are destroyed, sanitary condi-tions become far worse than those in areas where sanitarysystems have never existed. Sanitary systems must bemaintained to avoid epidemics and to avoid overloadingbiological decon capabilities. Contaminated water andresidue must be controlled so it will not create a hazardto the civilian population or interfere with sanitationsystems. Engineer support might be necessary to con-struct controlled runoff areas.

MountainsExcluding the extremely high, alpine-type mountains, operations be decentralized. You may need additional

most mountain systems are characterized by heavy woods water-carrying vehicles to support these operations.or jungle, compartments and ridge systems, limited Rugged mountain terrain may restrict the swift transferroutes of contamination (usually of poor quality), and of units from place to place. It may be difficult to con-highly variable weather conditions. Of these, the two centrate forces at points of critical need. To compensatefactors most likely to affect decon operations are the for this restriction, combat elements must be organizedweather and restricted mobility. to be self-sufficient, and should have decon elements

attached to them initially decon platoons can be at-Mobility tached to brigades, but attaching decon squads to bat-

Because of limited roadway nets, decon units will talions maybe necessary. When decon elements operateusually operate independently. The terrain and the fact independently, their parent chemical companies may notthat existing routes may be blocked dictate that mountain be able to provide support. Decon elements must be

6-5

FM 3-5

equipped with greater hauling capability – especiallywater hauling. Administrative and logistical support tothe decon element will have to come from the combatunit it is supporting.

Planning for water resupply is a challenge in any en-vironment that restricts ground movement. Chapter 9provides a water consumption table for hasty anddeliberate decon that may assist in the logistical planningof water transportation.

WindMountains have changing weather and constant winds

that promote weathering at a faster rate than winds onflat or rolling terrain. In high mountains, the ridges andpasses are seldom calm; by contrast, in protected valleysstrong winds are rare. Normally, wind velocity increaseswith altitude. Downwind contamination generally will begreater because of the more frequently high winds. How-ever, variable winds will make predictions unreliable.

TemperatureCool or cold temperatures have an adverse effect on

decon operations. Some blister agents have high freezingpoints (see Table 6-2, page 6-3). With every 300-metergain in elevation, the temperature will normally drop 3°to 5°F. The drier the air, the more pronounced this dropwill be. At high altitudes, there maybe differences of 40°to 50°F between the temperature in the sun and that inthe shade. Consequently, the temperature rises swiftlyafter sunrise and drops quickly after sunset. Lowtemperatures that normally exist at extremely high al-titudes may demand decon procedures and precautionssimilar to those used in cold weather operations. Daytimeoperations can be scheduled to avoid some low tempera-ture problems.

SunlightSunlight destroys most biological agents. Above the

timberline, there is little protection from the sun, so theeffectiveness of a biological attack will be reduced.

JungleJungle climates vary with location. Close to the equator

all seasons are nearly alike with rains throughout theyear. Farther from the equator, especially in India andsoutheast Asia, jungles have distinct wet (monsoon) anddry seasons. Both zones have high temperatures (averag-ing 78° to 98°F [25° to 36°C]), heavy rainfall (as much as1,000 centimeters [400 inches] annually), and highhumidity (90 percent) throughout the year.

Transportation is extremely difficult due to naturalobstacles. So decon operations will be decentralized asmuch as possible. Usually decon elements should beattached and in direct support of battalion task forces.You cannot wear MOPP gear for long because of hightemperatures and high humidity. Decon becomes in-creasingly important, but the decon crews will be moresusceptible to heat stress. Staffs should plan for frequentcrew rotations and provide enough decon personnel toconduct decon operations.

RainContamination will be retained temporarily in the

jungle canopy, reducing the immediate hazard. Later,rains will wash these particles to the ground and con-centrate them in low areas. These areas are likely tobecome contamination “hot spots.” Put your decon siteson high ground during the rainy season.

Tropical rainstorms will flood decon sites unless thesites are adequately drained. Ground that appears firmmay become impassable when it rains. Rain and intenseheat will speed the deterioration of many supplies. Donot break the seals on packing material until it is ab-solutely necessary. This will protect your supplies as wellas provide protection from contamination.

Rain and high humidity (wetness) degrade the protec-tive abilities of the overgarment. Take care to ensure themaximum length of time of the overgarments’s useful-ness. Additional quantities of overgarments must bemaintained to replace those that have gotten “wet.” Rainhelps the decon process. Rain will help to actually washaway contamination on exposed surfaces. Rain can alsohydrolize blister agents, if that is the source of contamina-tion. However, runoff may contaminate the soil.

Temperature and HumidityWhen temperatures rise to the 85° to 100°F (29° to

37° C) range, troops can continue medium or heavy workloads only by reducing their MOPP level. Consider theselimitations when you plan decon operations. More sol-diers will be needed to makeup for extra rest periods andmore frequent rotation periods.

You frequently must oil exposed metal parts andgrease wheel bearings to protect them from moisture.Since POL products tend to absorb chemical agents, youmay need additional decon. Precautionary measurestaken to protect communication-electronic equipmentfrom jungle moisture will reduce the need for decon sincethese measures provide good NBC protection. Sealradios with silicone compound. Pack radios inwaterproof containers when not in use (remove bat-teries). Protect handsets and microphones with plasticbags (batteries and rations are already packed in plasticbags). Check frequently for moisture buildup in the bags.

The high jungle humidity and temperatures increasethe need for maintenance. Contact teams must operateindependently as they move from site to site doingrepairs. There may be no decon specialists to help them.

6-6

Biological agents thrive in the heat, humidity, andshade peculiar to jungles; therefore, weathering is not apractical means of biological decon. Use another decontechnique or the agent may remain dangerous for a longtime.

Solid decontaminants, such as STB, tend to cake anddecompose at a faster rate than in temperate climates.Caking is no problem, but the decomposition eventuallymakes STB ineffective. Appendix J provides some alter-nate decontaminants if STB is not available or has lost itseffectiveness.

TimeLeaders must consider that many tasks in the jungle

take more time than the same tasks in other environ-ments. More time must be allowed for movement andsecurity. Begin movements earlier to accomplish mis-sions within a specified time. This may leave less time forplanning and preparation. More decon personnel will berequired to do the same job or more time will be requiredfor rest periods to protect soldiers from heat stress.

FM 3-5

SecurityDecon stations are lucrative targets under usual con-

ditions, but they are more vulnerable to enemy attacks inthe jungle. Therefore, security must be a prime con-sideration. Relocating a decon site may require a smallsecurity force to guard against ambush. Since increasedsecurity measures must be taken, additional personnelwill be required for the preparation and conduct ofdecon operations.

ResupplyBecause of the terrain, aerial resupply usually will be

common practice. Keep this in mind when determiningamounts of decontaminants to keep on hand, sincedecontaminants will compete with ammunition, POL,medical supplies, and food and water for priority ofdelivery.

PersistencySunlight and wind are reduced within thick jungles due

to the vegetation. As a result, chemical and biologicalagents are less likely to disperse and will remain a hazardfor an extended time. This hazard must be reducedthrough decon.

DesertDesert regions are characterized by extreme tempera-

ture ranges varying between 30°F (-1°C) and 130°F (54°C)over a 24-hour period. These regions have long periodsof drought, interrupted by sudden rains that bring flashfloods. There are shortages of suitable ground water.Large areas suitable for tracked vehicle maneuver maysometimes have impassable ravines; wet, spongygrounds; and sand seas.

WaterThe principal problem for decon in the desert is lack

of water. Although decon normally takes place as farforward as possible, the lack of water may force suchoperations further to the rear. The use of STB slurry andDS2 will burden the logistical system because of all thewater required for mixing and rinsing. Nonwater-baseddecontaminant alternatives (hot air, burning, and or-ganic solvents) may have to be relied upon. Contamina-tion avoidance becomes increasingly important in desertoperations because of limited water sources. Therefore,maximum use should be made of field-expedient cover,especially at night when attack by chemical or biologicalagents is most likely.

CamouflageCamouflage is another problem in desert operations.

Lack of vegetation requires extensive use of camouflageand smoke to conceal decon operations.

Heat StressA critical problem for soldiers working in desert en-

vironment in full MOPP gear is heat stress. Operatingdecon stations in daytime temperatures may requireshort periods of work followed by long periods of rest.Operations at night to avoid heat stress may create lightdiscipline problems.

WeatheringWeathering is a viable decon option. High daytime

temperatures can increase evaporation of liquid con-tamination. As result, vapor concentrations will be highbut may not last long. Refer to FM 3-4, Chapter 3, forMOPP opening/unmasking guidance to estimate thechemical hazards, resulting from enemy attacks. But, ifliquid contamination soaks into soft, porous soil, such asloose sand, evaporation is not as quick. Strong winds alsoincrease the evaporation rate. Low temperatures duringthe night have a reverse effect and tend to increase thepersistency of chemical and biological contamination.The sandblasting effect of sandstorms may remove con-tamination from surfaces facing the storm. The desertsunlight and high temperatures will destroy many chemi-cal and biological agents without additional deconmeasures. Most metals in direct sunlight become hotterthan the temperature of the air. This hastens evaporationof liquid contamination. However, light-coloredcamouflage paints lower surface temperature and slow

6-7

FM 3-5

the evaporation rate. These light-colored surfaces may sandstorm, maintenance must be conducted regardlessrequire additional decon effort. of the last scheduled maintenance. Decontaminate first.

If time is critical, do only those surfaces that will beMaintenance touched during maintenance. Decon such as this will not

Bearings and other critical moving parts need extra eliminate vapor hazards.lubrication in the desert. This complicates decon becauselubricants tend to absorb chemical agents. After a

6-8

FM 3-5

Chapter 7

Aviation

Contamination on the battlefield possesses a unique taminate. Because of this, aviation units need to prepareproblem in the area of aviation. Aircraft use their high effective SOPs that emphasize contamination avoidance,mobility to maneuver across the entire battlefield so protection and methods to decontaminate each type ofavoiding contamination can be very difficult. Once an aircraft utilizing immediate, operational and thoroughaircraft is contaminated, it is very difficult to decon- decon.

Contamination AvoidanceContamination avoidance is critical due to the difficul-

ty in decontamination. Aircrews must be aware of thehazards of NBC operations. For instance, an aircraft thathovers or lands in a contaminated area could splashcontamination onto itself. Likewise, contaminated pas-sengers or ground crew pose a danger of transferringcontaminants into the aircraft where they are difficult toremove. Aircraft could also possibly pick up some con-tamination by flying through an invisible vapor cloud.Hazards that will only incapacitate ground personnel fora short time can be fatal in the air.

Some things that can be done to limit contaminationKnow what areas are contaminated and avoid these,

if possible.If aircraft must land in contaminated areas, pick

landing zones that will have a reduced splash effect.Limit the spread of contamination into the aircraft

from outside. For example, ground crews at the forwardarming and refueling point (FARP) should conduct ar-ming and refueling without requiring the aircrew to exitthe aircraft.

Contaminated crews should conduct inspectionswithout touching or shaking items. Many inspectionpoints can be inspected visually.

Increase the use of covers when not flying. Useengine covers, flyaway gear, and hatches. If possible,provide overhead cover for parked aircraft.

Limit the number of aircraft that must operate in acontaminated area or use aircraft already contaminated.

When carrying contaminated personnel or casual-ties, lining the troop compartment with plastic is a fieldexpedient way to limit the spread of contamination. Aplastic curtain can be fastened between the troop com-partment and the flight compartment with tape or velcroto limit contamination transfer. The aircraft’s heater canbe used in conjunction with the curtain to create anoverpressure in the pilot’s compartment. This will limitvapors from entering the compartment.

Apply M9 paper to the landing gear of the aircraft.FARP personnel should always check the M9 paperbefore servicing the aircraft. Another piece of M9 papercan be placed on the windscreen where the aircrew cansee it.

DecontaminantsOnly approved cleaning compounds may be used to

decontaminate aircraft. Caustic decontaminants such asDS2, STB, bleaches, or sodium hypochlorite are notconsidered safe. STB corrodes metal components andaircraft skin, and DS2 corrodes rubber, plastic, andplexiglass.

Soap and water, kerosene, JP8, and diesel fuels areapproved as decontaminants on selected parts of theaircraft. JP8 is effective in removing some agents fromaircraft skin and components; however, it does notneutralize the agents. Personnel must use care whenhandling JP8. When using a cloth soaked in JP8 to wipe

contaminated areas, personnel must avoid wiping inter-nal components near the exhaust. If water is available,personnel should use it to rinse off the JP8. Many por-tions of the aircraft are delicate and cannot stand highpressure water or extreme hot air.

Sodium carbonate is a fair decontaminant against G-nerve agents, but is not effective against V-nerve andblister agents. The chemical reaction of V-nerve andsodium carbonate is extremely slow and produces aproduct that is very toxic. Most of the field expedeientdecontaminants are corrosive and could cause damageto the aircraft skin or plexiglass windows.

Decon TechniquesWhen aircraft become contaminated, aircrews must perform their jobs over time. Their performance will

rely on the protection of their MOPP gear. However, steadily deteriorate until the hazard is gone. This maywearing MOPP gear degrades the ability of the crew to occur through simple weathering of the agent over time,

7-1

FM 3-5

or decontamination of the aircraft may be required.Aviation units should develop effective SOPs for decon-tamination that take into account the unit’s mission andthe type of aircraft being used.

Aircraft have some advantages over other vehicles fordecontamination. If air and ground crew are carefulwhen operating in a contaminated environment, con-tamination can be contained on the exterior of theaircraft. Most contamination on the exterior can beweathered off just by flying the aircraft. The increasedairflow over the aircraft’s skin will increase the rate ofevaporation. Still, some agent will remain and continueto be a hazard. Thickened agents will evaporate moreslowly and may remain a hazard even after prolongedflight. If the interior is contaminated, flying the aircraftwith the doors open can help reduce the hazard. Theinterior of engine compartments will not need to bedecontaminated. The heat from the running engine willevaporate agents.

However, to reduce the risk to acceptable levels onaircraft, more active methods of decontamination willprobably still be needed. Use the three types of decon—immediate, operational and thorough — with modifica-tions to meet the needs of aviation aircrew spot decon,aircraft washdown, and detailed aircraft decon (DAD).

Table 7-1 shows the types of aircraft decontamination.The crews of contaminated aircraft will continue to usethe techniques described in previous chapters to surviveand operate. Unit personnel conduct aircrew spot deconand aircraft washdown, but a chemical decontaminationunit usually conducts DAD.

Aircrew Spot DeconGround forces and aircrews share most immediate

decon needs. If aviators become contaminated, they mustdecon their skin immediately. Within 15 minutes of con-

tamination, both aviators and ground soldiers conduct apersonal wipedown (described in Chapters 1 and 3).After personal wipedown, aviators may spot decon-taminate their aircraft (see Table 7-1).

Aircrew spot decon provides the same benefits as theoperator’s spraydown. It limits the transfer and spread ofcontamination by decontaminating the surfaces thatmust be touched during operations. The spot deconapplies to the first six functional activities. The major goalalways is to limit the transfer and spread of contamina-tion while sustaining flight operations and by decon-taminating those areas most touched, such as landinggear, fuel ports, doors, and handholds.

Air or ground crews may do spot decon. Wash exteriorsurfaces with decontaminants to flush off contamination.Fuel, soap, and water are most commonly used. Exactprocedures and areas to decon are identified in theaircraft technical manual.

See Table 7-2 for guidance on aircrew spot decon.

Aircraft WashdownAircraft washdown sites area single station operation.

Aircrews should fly their aircraft at high speeds beforearriving at the site to help in the evaporation of exteriorcontamination. If the interior of the aircraft has beencontaminated, the doors should be opened, but shouldbe shut before arriving at the washdown site. At thewashdown site, aircraft will land and reduce idle speed.If the crew of the aircraft are contaminated, they shouldexit and perform MOPP gear exchange. If the crew mustperform MOPP gear exchange, the aircraft will be shutdown. The aircraft are sprayed down and rinsed with theM12A1 PDDA or M17 LDS using hot, soapy water.Spray aircraft from top to bottom, working from right toleft. Sprayers must avoid the tail rotor when aircraft arenot shut down. Aviation personnel should follow the

7-2

FM 3-5

7-3

FM 3-5

aircraft maintenance manual guidelines during aircraft NOTE: Many (but not all) aircraft have beenwash down operations. painted with chemical agent resistant coating

(CARC) paint. Aircraft will be painted with CARCCaution paint when sent to the appropriate maintenance

shop that paints aircraft. Contamination stays onUse caution during this process because aircraft skin and top of CARC surfaces where it can be more easilycomponents can be damaged when spraying aircraft with neutralized or removed (See Appendix E).pressurized water.

The aviation unit must provide a C2 element to controlthe flow of aircraft into the washdown site. Figure 7-1shows a typical layout for an aircraft washdown point.The support aviation must assist the chemical unit inselecting the site to ensure it is a suitable landing zone forthe type of aircraft contaminated.

Aircraft washdown is important when operating anaircraft contaminated by gross amounts of chemicalagent. It limits the absorption of the chemical agent intothe paint, plastic, and rubber portions of the aircraftwhere it will pose a vapor hazard and be difficult, if notimpossible, to decontaminate later.

Aircraft washdown should be conducted within sixhours and is most effective if conducted within one hour.Some amounts of chemical contamination may remainafter aircraft washdown. Aircrews should continue to, asa minimum, wear their protective mask and rubber glovesfor protection until a deliberate decon can be conducted.

There is a lot to gain by washing down an aircraftcontaminated by radiological or biological contamina-tion. Not all the biological contamination will beremoved, but you may be able to remove enough of thecontamination hazard to operate at reduced MOPPlevels.

Presently, there is no timely detection method to checkthe effectiveness of decon for biological contamination.

7-4

FM 3-5

7-5

FM 3-5

Medical personnel will monitor aircrew disposition ifbiological contamination is suspected.

For radiological contamination, use the radiation ex-posure status (RES) of the crew and the operationalexposure guidance (OEG) to control use of the aircraft.

Presently, there is no timely detection method tocheck the effectiveness of decon for biological con-tamination. Medical personnel will monitor aircrew dis-position if biological contamination is suspected.

For radiological contamination, use the radiation ex-posure status (RES) of the crew and the operationalexposure guidance (OEG) to control use of the aircraft.

Detailed Aircraft DeconThe goal of DAD is to reduce contamination hazards

to a negligible risk level so air and ground crews canoperate the aircraft without protective measures.Detailed troop decon can be conducted at the same time.The decon site should be set up in a similar fashion to thethorough decon site described in Chapter 4. The deconsite consists of four main areas: predecon staging area,DAD area, the DTD, and a postdecon assembly area. Itis not possible to decontaminate aircraft and groundvehicles in the same site for safety considerations. Aseparate DED can be established in the vicinity to sup-port contaminated aviation unit ground vehicles.

Aviation units do not have the resources to establishand operate a detailed aircraft station decon site. Sup-port from a chemical (decon or smoke/decon) unit isnecessary to set up and operate the DAD site. Thechemical (decon or smoke/decon) unit must be assistedby the supported aviation unit. Additionally the aviationunit, like ground units, must set up and operate the DTD.See Chapter 4 for DTD operations.

Typically DAD is performed as part of a reconstitutioneffort or prior to maintenance operations. When aircraftare overhauled or grounded for scheduled maintenance,contamination hazards should be reduced to negligiblerisk levels by going through DAD. When components areremoved from the aircraft for repair, care must be takenbecause some residual contamination may remain. Per-sonnel must decontaminate these components beforecannibalization or overhaul. Once components havebeen decontaminated, they must be rinsed before beinginstalled on the aircraft.

Chemical units (decon and smoke/decon platoons) areresponsible for the setup, operation, and closure of theDAD portion of the thorough decon operation. Thesetup of site is the same for all types of contamination(chemical, biological, and radiological). The DAD areais comprised of five stations — initial wash, decon solutionapplication, wait/interior decon, rinse, and check. Ac-tions at each of the stations are described below.

Station 1, Initial WashThe objective of this station is to remove the gross

contamination from the aircraft. Spray the aircraft fortwo to three minutes with hot, soapy water. Avoid hittingthe aircraft skin at a 90-degree angle. Water, under pres-sure, hitting the aircraft skin perpendicularly can damageits skin. Additionally, sprayers must avoid specific areasof the aircraft. These sensitive areas (for most Armyaircraft) are shown on Figure 7-3.

Station 2, Decon Solution ApplicationThe objective of this station is to apply a decon solution

to the exterior skin of the aircraft. Apply the deconsolution using the M12A1 PDDA or the M17 LDS. Afterthe solution is applied, a member of the scrubbing teamscrubs the aircraft’s skin. This allows mixing of the chemi-cal agent with the decon solution, especially when thick-ened chemical agents are present. A 10 percent solutionof sodium carbonate is the preferred decontaminant forG-nerve agents. DS2, STB, and HTH should not be usedbecause of their corrosive nature.

Station 3, Wait/Interior DeconThe objective of this station is to allow the decon

solution to completely neutralize the chemical agent andto decontaminate the interior of the aircraft. Aircraft willremain in station 3 for no less than 30 minutes. The deconsolution reacts with most chemical agents within 5minutes. However, allowing the decon solution to remainon the contaminated surface for 30 minutes ensures ahigher level of neutralization to occur.

While the aircraft is held in this station for the deconsolution to completely react, an attendant will inspect theinterior of the aircraft for liquid contamination. If propercontamination avoidance procedures have been fol-lowed, little or no interior decontamination will beneeded. The attendant will use the CAM and M8 detec-tor paper. If liquid chemical contamination is identified,the attendant will decontaminate the interior of theaircraft.

Decontaminate the interior of the aircraft with hot,soapy water as long as maintenance personnel approvethe use of hot, soapy water on certain pieces of equip-ment. Use the M291/M258A1 decontamination kits ordamp soapy water cloths to decontaminate optical andelectronic equipment and instruments.

NOTE: The M291 decontamination kit leaves acharcoal residue on surfaces.Field studies using Herman-Nelson portable duct

heaters have shown them to be effective in decontamina-tion of chemically contaminated vehicle and aircraft in-teriors. However, the use of hot air decon has severaldrawbacks — time required, heat damage, and downwindvapor hazard. Hot air decon for a helicopter or lightaircraft requires about 30 to 120 minutes to remove allthe contamination.

7-6

FM 3-5

Times are based on the amount of contamination andinterior surface materials. Enough time must be providedto get the contaminated surface hot enough to allowvaporization of the agent. The Herman-Nelson dischar-ges air at a temperature between 150 and 280 degreesFahrenheit. Pressurized containers, such as fire extin-guishers, must be removed prior to start of hot air decon.These items will fail catastrophically and could causesevere damage. The heat will also damage sensitiveelectronic equipment. Additionally, chemical agents ir-reversibly bind to many materials, particularly gaskets,vinyl coatings, seat belts, and seat cushions. These itemsshould be removed since they cannot be decontaminated.Hot air decon does not destroy the agent. The air exitingthe aircraft contains hazardous levels of the chemicalagent. A downwind exclusion area of about 150 metersmust be designated to prevent unwanted casualties.

While hot air decon is an alternate to using hot, soapywater or individual decon kits, the technique has manydrawbacks. Maintenance personnel must be consultedprior to using this technique to ensure the aircraft is notdamaged by the heat.

WARNINGPersonnel should not be in the aircraft during thisoperation. Soldiers in MOPP4 are more prone to heat injury.

For radiological contamination, use a AN/PDR-27-series or AN/VDR-2 radiac meter to determine the ex-tent and location of contamination inside the aircraft. Ifthere is contamination, determine the intensity of thecontamination inside of the aircraft. If the contaminationhas an intensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk),the interior of aircraft must be decontaminated. Use hot,soapy water to wash the contaminated areas. Use asponge to mop up the water and the contamination.

Station 4, RinseThe objective of this station is to remove the decon

solution from the aircraft. Spray the aircraft with waterfrom top to bottom. Take care not to damage the skin ofthe aircraft. This station will use approximately 250 gal-lons of water. Failure to remove all the decon solutionfrom the aircraft’s skin may cause corrosion.

Station 5, CheckThe objective of this station is to check the complete-

ness of the decon. This station will determine if theaircraft has a negligible risk or still has significant con-tamination remaining. Detection procedures will varydepending on the type of contamination. If significantcontamination is found on the aircraft, it will be recycled

to station 2 for chemical contamination or station 1 forradiological contamination.

Chemical. Use the CAM to check for the presence ofvapor from residual liquid contamination. A one bar orlower reading on the CAM indicates a negligible risk.Once the CAM indicates the presence of vapor con-tamination, use M8 detector paper to verify the presenceof liquid contamination. If it is suspected that both theCAM and M8 paper are producing a false positive, usean M256 chemical detector ticket to confirm or deny thepresence of contamination. If the aircraft has significantcontamination remaining, recycle the aircraft. The com-mander may modify the recycle criteria, based uponmission requirements using the chemical agent weathertables.

There will be resorption of chemical agents from thesurfaces after decontamination. On CARC-painted sur-faces, the resorption of vapors will stop sooner thanalkyd-painted surfaces. Consider this when checkingdecontaminated items for overall decontamination effec-tiveness.

Radiological. Use the AN/PDR-27-series orAN/VDR-2 radiac meter to determine if any contamina-tion remains. If contamination remains, determine theintensity of the contamination inside and outside of theaircraft. If the contamination has an intensity greaterthan 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), recycle the aircraft tostation 1.

Recycle CriteriaThe commander, in conjunction with the chemical unit

leader, establishes the recycle criteria before the start ofdecon operation. The recycle criteria determines whichaircraft are returned to station 2 after contamination isdetected at station 5. If the unit has sufficient time andresources are available, any aircraft having more con-tamination than a negligible risk should be recycled.However, time and resources are usually limited and notall aircraft can be recycled.

Decon Site ConfigurationDecon and smoke/decon platoons establish detailed

aircraft decon sites in a similar manner. This sectiondescribes the optimum setup configuration. The equip-ment and personnel requirements are identified in Table7-3. Chemical units can establish other conjurationsbased on METT-T.

It may not be possible, for a variety of reasons, for achemical platoon to use the optimum layout configura-tion. Limited personnel or equipment will affect thelayout of the thorough aircraft decon site. The platoonleader will use METT-T and the concepts outlined in thischapter to establish a DAD station within his capabilities.

7-7

FM 3-5

7-8

FM 3-5

WARNING

Work/rest tables are found in Appendix I. Chemical unit leaders must consider the impact of the work/rest cycle on the ability oftheir operation to process aircraft. Failure to initiate a work/rest cycle could result in heat casualties and mission failure.

7-9

FM 3-5

Operation of the Thorough Aircraft Decon SiteThe chemical platoon establishes the aircraft thorough

decon site prior to the arrival of the contaminatedaircraft. The supported unit will provide the necessaryaugmentation to operate the DAD station. The sup-ported unit will also setup and operate the DTD station.The supported aviation unit must provide a C2 elementto control the flow of aircraft into and out of the DAD.

All contaminated aircraft fly and land at the predeconstaging area. The supported unit is responsible for clearlymarking this area and controlling the arrival and depar-ture of all aircraft from the area. Contaminated aircraftfly at maximum airspeed for as long as possible whilemoving to the predecon staging area. The increased airflow increases the amount of chemical agent thatevaporates prior to the start of decon operations. Thismay reduce the resources necessary to decontaminatethe aircraft.

Once the chemical platoon is ready to accept aircraft,the supported unit will send the first contaminated

aircraft to the landing zone just downwind from Station1. The aircraft lands and shuts down. The crew exits theaircraft and proceeds to the DTD. Once the aircraft’screw has exited, a towing crew tows the aircraft to Station1. The tow vehicle will also be processed at each stationto prevent the spread of contamination throughout thedecon station.

The aircraft will be towed from Station 1 throughStation 5 to the clean assembly area. The tow crewreleases the aircraft and proceeds to LZ. After complet-ing DTD procedures, the crew links up with their aircraft.Once the aircraft is ready for flight, the supported unitclears the aircraft for movement to the designated as-sembly area. The supported unit is responsible for con-trolling the fight of all aircraft in and around the deconsite.

Once all contaminated aircraft are processed throughthe DAD, the chemical platoon will close the DAD usingthe procedures outlined in Chapter 4.

Selection of Aircraft Decon SitesOperational and thorough decon sites for aircraft must of operations and FARP to allow for a reasonably quick

be selected with care. The decontamination area must be turn-around of aircraft. The site must not have an angleable to accommodate the required number of aircraft, of slope exceeding the capabilities of the aircraft as-have a readily available water source, and allow for ade- signed to the unit. Tentative decon sites should be con-quate drainage. The site should be relatively secure, but sidered and integrated into the tactical plan.close enough to the forward line of troops (FLOT) area

7-10

FM 3-5

7-11

FM 3-5

7-12

FM 3-5

Chapter 8

M a i n t e n a n c e

Time is the critical factor when performing maintenance time available. Contamination allows fewer repairs in thefunctions in time of combat. In a war, maintenance units available time. Contamination hazards require protection,will not be able to perform all necessary repairs. Instead, protection hinders efficiency.they must perform all nomnission capable repairs in the

Repair ProblemsUnder ordinary battle conditions, maintenance officers

must decide which repairs will best support the battle.Mechanics must perform battle damage assessment(BDA) to determine whether to repair, recover, cannibal-ize, or evacuate equipment.

Contamination complicates this in two ways. First, themechanics may need to wear MOPP4 during assessmentand repair. Second, the equipment may need to be decon-taminated before the repairs are made. These actions takeextra time. Maintenance officers must decide the level ofprotection needed and whether repairs are possible. Ifrepairs cannot be done at organizational level, the equip-ment must be evacuated to direct support (DS) main-tenance.

The problems caused by contamination make it doublyimportant that maintenance units protect themselves.When possible, maintenance activities should occupyprotected areas such as underground garages or concretebuildings. Such areas provide some cover from liquidchemical agents and shielding from radioactive contamina-tion. Remember, however, that closed spaces concentrateand hold vapor hazards. If nothing better is available, usetents as protective covers for fallout and persistent agents.

Maintenance sections may not get directly attacked withchemical contamination. However, they still must takeprecautions because of the contaminated equipment theymust repair. Oil, grease, and dirt seriously degrade theprotective qualities of the chemical overgarment.Mechanics should keep themselves clean. Keep extra over-garments on hand to replace dirty ones. Wet weather gearhelps keep overgarments clean, but heat buildup increasesand the overgarments eventually will be penetrated. Usingthe protective gear and wet weather gear together providegood (but extremely hot) protection from mixtures of toxicchemical, grease, and oil contamination. The fuel handler’saprons can also provide added protection.

Petroleum products tend to trap chemical contaminants.A vehicle safe for an operator to use without MOPP4protection may be unsafe for a mechanic to repair. Chemi-cal contamination is also likely to collect in bolt threads,hydraulic fluids, and closed assemblies. A mechanic whobreaks open an air falter, for example, might be exposed tohazardous concentrations of chemical vapor. Therefore,unless all repairs and preventive maintenance to con-taminated vehicles are done in MOPP4, casualties are aprobability.

Unit LevelThree guiding principles control or limit spread of con-

tamination at the organizational level:Do not spread contamination.

Do Not SpreadDo not spread contamination to clean areas. Do not

bring contaminated equipment into a clean shop. Main-tenance teams should make every effort to repair con-taminated equipment where they find it, or they shouldrepair it in an already contaminated facility. Returnrepaired (but contaminated) equipment to contaminatedunits when possible. Even if equipment has gone throughdeliberate decon, it still maybe hazardous to handle. Apreviously contaminated unit conducts periodic con-

Avoid too much decon.Use the contaminated to repair the contaminated.

Contaminationlamination checks and uses the equipment safely becauseof the precautions they take. Contaminated equipment andtools must be stored at a location safely downwind of cleanareas.

Every effort should be made to control the spread ofcontamination. Decontaminate vehicles and equipmentbefore they are evacuated to the rear. Mark the vehicleswith the date, time, and decon techniques. The purpose ofthe decon is to avoid spreading the contamination. Some

8-1

FM 3-5

commands may wish to set up a consolidated evacuation should still treat all customer equipment coming from adecon point for this purpose. Direct support maintenance contaminated area as though it were contaminated.

Avoid Too Much DeconMaintenance facilities may receive equipment that has Grease, oil, hydraulic fluids, and seals are very hard to

undergone some form of decon, but that probably still has decontaminate. They probably will be replaced duringenough residual contamination to be a hazard to maintenance operations anyway. Protect mechanics bymechanics. Therefore, equipment that is clean enough to using appropriate levels of MOPP. Use detection equip-be a negligible risk to its crew may remain contaminated ment to identify what is contaminated and what is not.enough to be dangerous to unprotected mechanics. MOPP levels can be adjusted, based on the extent of theMechanics may need to wear a mask and rubber gloves contamination. Decontaminate only what is needed to min-when they repair equipment. imize contamination spread.

Maintenance facilities should not attempt to decon-taminate more than that done during thorough decon.

Use the Contaminated to Repair the ContaminatedIt may be difficult to decontaminate equipment well

enough to present only negligible risk to mechanics. So, itmay be impractical or unnecessary to decontaminate toolsand equipment constantly being used. Segregate tools andequipment used to repair contaminated equipment fromother tools. Use contaminated tools to repair con-taminated equipment. This is the same principle amaneuver unit would use operating in a contaminated area.It would be pointless to conduct thorough decon if the unitexpects to get contaminated again. It would be better to useoperational decon while constantly in contact with con-taminants.

Suppose chemical attacks have begun. A battalion main-tenance section has not been contaminated, but must nowsupport a contaminated company. They must send a main-tenance team forward to repair or recover a vehicle. Theteam must be in MOPP4. They must test the equipment forcontamination. The testing must be continuous. Vaporhazards may not be present in open terrain, but as soon asthe vehicle is moved into an area where air does not circu-late, vapor hazards may concentrate.

If contamination exists, the maintenance team mustdecide whether or not they can make the repairs inMOPP4. If they cannot, the equipment must be evacuated.Spray down any surfaces the team must touch either torepair or to recover the vehicle. Use an on-board decon

apparatus (such as Mll or M13). This will not reduce thelevel of MOPP needed by the team, but it will offer addi-tional protection and limit contamination spread. Main-tenance teams must carry one each extra on-board deconapparatus (such as Mll and M13) for this purpose or bulkdecontaminant and cylinders to refill decon apparatuses.This helps limit transferring liquid contamination from therecovered equipment onto the soldiers and equipment ofthe recovery team.

Equipment and tools used for contaminated main-tenance should be left contaminated. Use rags to wipe offonly the gross contamination. Dispose of the rags. Main-tenance teams may go through a MOPP gear exchange ordetailed troop decon, but their equipment should be leftalone. It might not be cost effective to constantly decon-taminate tools if MOPP levels cannot be lowered. So, itmight suffice by wiping gross contamination off tools ratherthan to attempt extensive decon.

A determination should be made with the hazardsremaining as to how much decon is practical. A fresh teamcan utilize contaminated tools on other contaminatedequipment. This means you must rotate your maintenanceteams often. Fresh teams relieve contaminated teams whomove back and undergo detailed decon. After a rest, thefresh team moves forward and relieves the contaminatedteam.

Unit and Intermediate MaintenanceUnit and intermediate (direct support and general sup- Segregate equipment.

port (GS)) maintenance should treat contaminated equip- Provide protection from contaminated equipment.ment the same. There are four guiding principles: Mark equipment to protect others.

Inspect all equipment for contamination.

8-2

FM 3-5

Inspect all Equipment for ContaminationOnce nuclear, biological, or chemical attacks have oc-

curred within the maintenance support unit’s area ofresponsibility, the unit must assume that all the equipmentit receives is contaminated. The unit must setup an inspec-tion and decon point to conduct battle damage assessment.

All vehicles, personnel, and supplies must pass throughthis inspection point before they enter the maintenancearea. Here, inspectors in MOPP4 use Herman-Nelsons(and other heaters or torches) to warm equipment whilethey check it for contamination. Vapor hazard from liquidcontamination may be undetectable at 65°F (18°C) in theopen; yet it can become lethal at 80°F (26°C) or whenbrought into closed areas. Biological contamination maynot be detectable.

NOTE: The falter systems for vehicles or equipmentexposed to any NBC environment must be con-sidered contaminated. Therefore, mask and weargloves for protection against possible vapors or con-taminated dust.Assume contamination is present if the equipment came

from an area known to have been contaminated. Radiac-meters will easily detect radiological contamination.

Identify both organic and unit contaminated vehicleswith the standard triangular contamination sign in thevicinity of the driver’s compartment. The sign should bevisible from the outside of the vehicle and maybe removedonly by a designated inspector at DS or GS maintenance.Mark nonvehicular equipment in a similar manner in aconspicuous place.

Segregate EquipmentThe inspection team must segregate the equipment. Un- ment to weather before repair may be a luxury a com-

contaminated equipment can go straight to the main- mander cannot afford.tenance holding area. The maintenance officer must The second choice is to decon. Before any repairs arechoose to do one of two things with the contaminated made, the equipment should go through thorough decon.equipment – let it weather or decontaminate it. Decontaminate priority equipment first. This requires

For weathering, the contaminated equipment must be coordination between maintenance and operational staffs.marked and placed in a holding point. Waiting for equip- Decontaminate only if it is worthwhile.

Provide Protection from Contaminated EquipmentAt present, the Army’s ability to detect contamination in

the field has improved and expanded, but is still limited indetecting some chemical and biological agents. Even afterdecon, maintenance teams must take precautions againstvapor hazards trapped by oils or held inside closed as-semblies to ensure they will not appear at some pointduring the maintenance process.

Because decon cannot guarantee safety for unprotectedmechanics, the maintenance officer must decide whatMOPP level the mechanics should use. This is a tacticaldecision. Mechanics should use MOPP levels consistentwith the threat and the mission. Decon provides additionalprotection for the mechanics and prevents contaminationfrom spreading when the equipment is returned to thebattlefield.

Safeguards must be taken to protect people inside andoutside of contaminated areas. The checkpoint, decon site,any contaminated runoff from the decon site, and anycontaminated holding areas should be downwind of themaintenance area. Contaminated runoff from the deconsite must be directed to a sump marked as contaminated.Observe chemical decon personnel for signs or symptomsof chemical poisoning.

Radiological decon personnel should wear a dosimeterand be closely monitored for radiation exposure levels.They should avoid exceeding safe exposure levels. Theamount of radiological contamination tolerable dependson OEG and the tactical situation. When the highest ac-ceptable levels are reached, replace personnel, missionpermitting.

Priorities for monitoring equipment should go to thedecon point, if needed. One radiacmeter should go tocompany headquarters and the rest to the maintenanceteams.

Use chemical agent detection equipment while con-taminated equipment is being repaired. If contaminationis detected after an assembly is opened, the assembly canbe quickly decontaminated by flushing with diesel or motorgasoline (MOGAS). Mark it and take it to the con-taminated holding area where it can weather or undergomore thorough decon. Either wait until the assembly nolonger gives off vapor or replace it with a new assembly.The fuel used for flushing the chemical agent from theassembly also must be marked contaminated and dumpedin the contaminated sumps at the decon site, burned, orburied. Maintenance personnel periodically shouldwithdraw to a clean area for decon and rest.

8-3

FM 3-5

Mark Equipment to Protect OthersCombat may make it necessary to place repaired equip-

ment still contaminated with units that are not con-taminated. Equipment that has been decontaminated tonegligible risk levels for operators and crews probably willpresent a real hazard to mechanics. They must know thatthe equipment has been contaminated. Place the standardNBC markers on the driver’s side of the contaminatedvehicles, the marker must be visible so it can provide anearly warning to the mechanics and protection can beassumed accordingly. However, small items such as

Class IX repair parts that are exposed to chemical con-tamination and will pose vapor hazard should be taggedwith the NBC hazard warning tag (see Figure 8-1). The tagscan be obtained through the logistic channel, NSN 9905-00-537-8955. The tags are moisture and waterproof. Thefront of the tag lists the type of hazard. The reverse carriesdecon information. Weathering will gradually decon-taminate the equipment, but until this has been verified bya detailed inspection, the NBC contamination marker mustremain on the equipment.

Effects of DS2 on GreaseThe procedures for DED involve application of DS2 to Unit and intermediate maintenance level personnel con-

neutralize chemical agents. DS2 deteriorates lubricants duct a visual inspection of the seals and/or fittings forcontained in fittings and seals. This suggests that vehicle damage. If damage or deterrants are detected, rinse sealsor equipment operators must lubricate their equipment and fittings with solvent, then relubricate.after a thorough equipment decon operation. The Maintenance crews must wear protective clothing whenlubricant order indicates the lubrication points and type of working on such equipment because of the possibility oflubricants required. Refer to this when you lubricate residual contamination.equipment

8-4

FM 3-5

Chapter 9

Patient Decontamination

Considerations for EvacuationEvacuation of casualties under NBC conditions forces

the unit commander to consider to what extent he willcommit evacuation assets to actually enter the con-taminated area. Generally, if most or all of a supportedforce is operating in a contaminated area, most of all of themedical evacuation assets will operate there also. If it ispossible to keep some ambulances free from contamina-tion, every effort should be made to do so.

On the modern battlefield we have three basic modes ofevacuating casualties (personnel, ground vehicles, andaircraft). Using personnel to physically carry the casualtiesincurs a great deal of inherent stress. Cumbersome MOPPgear, climate, increased work loads, and battle fatigue willgreatly reduce the effectiveness of unit personnel.

If evacuation personnel are to be sent into a radiologi-cally contamianted area, OEG must be established. Radia-tion exposure records must be maintained by thesupported unit chemical NCO and made available to thecommander, staff, and medical leader. Based on OEG, thecommander or medical leader will decide which evacua-tion elements to send into the contaminated environment.Again, every effort is made to limit the number of evacua-tion assets that are contaminated. Evacuation considera-tions should include–

A number of ambulances will become contaminatedin the course of battle. Optimize the use of resources,medical or nonmedical, which are already contaminatedbefore employing uncontaminated resources.

Once a vehicle has entered a contaminated area, it ishighly unlikely that it will be able to be spared long enoughto undergo a complete decon. This will depend upon thecontaminant, the tempo of the battle, and the resourcesavailable to the evacuation unit. Normally, contaminatedvehicles (air and ground) will be confined to dirty environ-ments.

Use ground ambulances instead of air ambulances incontaminated areas, as they are more plentiful, are easierto decontaminate, and can be replaced more easily. How-ever, this does not preclude the use of aircraft in a con-

taminated environment or in the evacuation of con-taminated patients.

The relative positions of the contaminated area,FLOT, threat air defense systems and patient’s medicalcondition will determine if and where air ambulances maybe used in the evacuation process with minimal pilot ex-posure. One or more air ambulances may be restricted tocontaminated areas. To the greatest extent possible, useground vehicles to cross the line separating contaminatedand clean areas. The ground ambulance proceeds to amedical treatment facility with a patient decon station. Thepatient is decontaminated and treated. The patient is trans-ferred to a clean ground or air ambulance, if furtherevacuation is required. The routes used by ground vehiclesto cross between contaminated and clean areas should beconsidered dirty routes and should not be crossed by cleanvehicles. The effects of wind and time upon the con-taminants must be considered.

The rotorwash of the helicopters must always be keptin mind when evacuating patients, especially in a con-taminated environment. The intense winds will undoubted-ly disturb the contaminants, causing increased vaporhazards.

Ideally, the aircraft must be allowed to land and reduceto flat pitch before patients are brought near. This willallow some reduction in the effects of the downwash. Ad-ditionally, a helicopter must not land too close to a deconstation (especially upwind) because any tract of con-taminants in the rotorwash will compromise the deconprocedure.

Operational decon of aircraft and ground vehiclesshould be accomplished to minimize crew exposure. Unitsshould include thorough decon procedures in their SOPs(See Chapter 4).

Evacuation of patients must continue, even under NBCconditions. The medical leader must recognize the con-straints NBC operations placed upon him, then plan andtrain to overcome these deficiencies.

Casualty DecontaminationCasualty decon presents special problems for units and to rescuers and health service support personnel. This

health service support personnel. Under NBC conditions, discussion covers decon procedures for casualties startingcontaminated wounded soldiers create increased hazards at the unit level.

9-1

FM 3-5

On the NBC battlefield, two classifications of casualtieswill be encountered – contaminated and uncontaminated.Those contaminated may suffer from the effects of an NBCagent, of a conventional wound or both. Some may sufferbattle fatigue or heat casualties, induced by the stress ofNBC conditions and extended time spent in MOPP4. It isimportant to follow proper decon procedures to limit thespread of contamination to others and equipment.

Casualty decon begins at the platoon and company level

of his team perform immediate decon and administer nerveagent antidotes, if required. The casualty is tagged with afield medical card (DD Form 1380) or field expedient tag(Figure 9-l), noting the time and type of contamination. Ifavailable, use the CAM to determine the type and con-centration of contamination. When the casualty’s conditionand the battle permits, they may go through a MOPP gearexchange (Chapter 3). The MOPP gear exchange must notcause further injury to the casualty.

with the individual soldier. The soldier himself or members

Patient DecontaminationPatient Decontamination

at the Battalion Aid StationWhen battle conditions prevent decom procedures for-

ward, the casualty may have to be evacuated to the battalionaid station (BAS) before decon. Upon arrival at the BAS,patients are monitored with the CAM or other detectionequipment or material to determine if they are con-taminated. Contaminated patients arriving at the BASmust be decontaminated before admission into the cleantreatment area.

Patient decon is the systematic removal of clothing andcontaminants from patients who are unable to decon them-selves. Patient decon is performed by a patient decon teamconsisting of eight nonmedical personnel from the sup-ported unit to support the BAS. The patient decon teamoperates under the supervision of medical personnel toensure that no further injury is caused to the patient by thedecon process.

Patient Decontaminationat the Division Clearing Station

The division clearing station (DCS) may receive patientsfrom the BAS or directly from other areas who have notbeen decontaminated. The DCS, as well as the BAS, musthave a patient decon area. As with the BAS, the DCS musthave at least eight nonmedical personnel from the sup-

at the Medical Facilityported units to perform patient decon. Procedures forpatient decon at the DCS are the same as for the BAS.

Patient Decontamination at the HospitalTo the maximum extent possible, hospitals are located

away from tactical or logistical targets. Patients evacuatedfrom forward areas should have been decontaminated;however, patients may arrive from units located within thegeographical area of the hospital that are contaminatedand require decon. Patient decon is done by 20 nonmedicalpersonnel from units located in the geographical area/basecluster of the hospital.

If the hospital does not have collective protective shel-ters (CPS) and becomes contaminated with a persistentagent, patients are re-routed to other hospitals. If possible,all inpatients are evacuated and the hospital decon-taminated.

Upon completion of decon, the hospital will return tonormal operations. Hospitals with CPS capabilities willdecontaminate areas around the entry to these facilities,then continue receiving and caring for patients. Patientdecon procedures used in forward medical facilities alsoapply to hospital operations. However, several patientdecon stations can be operated at this site. All patientsarriving at the hospital will be monitored for contaminationbefore being admitted into the clean areas of the hospital.Perform decon as required.

9-2

FM 3-5

Chemical Patient Decontamination ProceduresDecontaminate a LitterChemical Agent Patient

Before most patients receive medical treatment, they aredecontaminated by the patient decon team. Figure 9-2shows one concept for establishing the chemical agentpatient decon station. Place bandage scissors used in thisprocedure in a container of 5 percent chlorine solutionbetween each use. Decontaminate the decon teammember’s gloves and aprons with a 5 percent chlorinesolution.

Decon the patient’s skin, bandages, wounds, mask, andsplints with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

Use the ABC-MS VGH (M8) detector paper or theCAM to determine the extent of contamination on eachpatient before beginning decon procedures. Some patientsmay have been decontaminated already.

For treatment procedures, refer to FM 8-33, FM8-9 and FM 8-285.

The litter patient is decontaminated and undressed asfollows:

9-3

FM 3-5

Step 1. Decontaminate the patient’s maskand hood

Move the patient to the clothing removal station. Afterthe patient has been triaged and stabilized (if necessary)by the senior medic in the patient decon area, move him tothe litter stands at the clothing removal station.

Decontaminate the mask and hood. Use the M291 orM258A1 skin decon kit or sponge down the front, sides,and top of the mask hood with a 5 percent chlorine solution,HTH, or household bleach.

Remove hood. Remove the hood by cutting the hood (seeFigure 9-3) or by loosening the hood from the mask attach-ment points for the quick-doff hood or other similar hoods.Before cutting the hood, dip the scissors in a 5 percentchlorine solution. Cut the neck cord, zipper cord, and thesmall string under the voicemitter. Release or cut the hoodshoulder straps and unzip the hood zipper. Cut the hoodupward, close to the falter inlet cover and eyelens outsert,upward to the top of the eyelens outsert, and across theforehead to the outer edge of the other eyelens outsert.Proceed downward toward the patient’s shoulder, stayingclose to the eyelens and falter inlet cover, then across thelower part of the voicemitter to the zipper. After dippingthe scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution, cut the hoodfrom the center of the forehead over the top of the headand fold the left and right sides of the hood to the side ofthe patient’s head, laying the sides of the hood on the litter.

Decontaminate the protective mask and exposed skin.Using the M291/M258A1 kit, or a 0.5 percent chlorinesolution, wipe the external parts of the mask. Cover bothmask air inlets with gauze or your hand to keep the maskfalters dry. Continue by wiping the exposed areas of thepatients face, to include the neck, and behind the ears.Removal of the mask should be explained particularly forpatients with head and neck injuries (see clean treatmentstation).

Remove field medical card. Cut the patient’s field medi-cal card (FMC) tie wire, allowing the FMC to fall into aplastic bag. Seal the plastic bag and rinse the outside of thebag with a 5 percent chlorine solution. Place the plastic bagwith the FMC under the back of the protective mask head

straps. The FMC will remain with the patient in the con-taminated area and a clean copy will be made before thepatient is moved to the clean area.

Step 2. Remove gross contaminationfrom the patient overgarment

Remove all visible contamination spots with theM291/M258Al kit, or 5 percent chlorine solution. Decon-taminate the mask by–

Using an M291 pad on the exterior and interior of themask, OR by

Using the M258A1 wipe 1, then wipe 2 for the exteriorand interior of the mask, OR by

Using a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.DO NOT remove the protective mask.

Step 3. Remove patient’s protective overgarmentand personal effects

Cut the patient’s overgarment. The overgarment jacketand trousers are cut simultaneously. Two persons will becutting clothing at the same time. Cut around bandages,tourniquets, and splints, leaving them in place.

Caution:Bandages may have been applied to control severe bleed-ing and are treated like tourniquets. Only medical personnelremove bandages, tourniquets, and splints.

Remove overgarment jacket. Make two cuts, one upeach sleeve from the wrist up to the shoulder, and then tothe collar (Figure 9-4). Do not allow the gloves to touch thepatient along the cut line. Dip the scissors in the 5 percentchlorine solution before making each cut to prevent con-tamination of the patient’s uniform or underclothing. Keepthe cuts close to the inside of the arms so that most of thesleeve material can be folded outward. Unzip the jacket;roll the chest sections to the respective sides, with the innersurface outward. Continue by tucking the clothing betweenthe arm and chest. Roll the cut sleeves away from the arms,exposing the black liner.

9-4

FM 3-5

Remove overgarment trousers. Cut both trousers legsstarting at the ankle as shown in Figure 9-5. Keep the cutsnear the inseams to the crotch. With the left leg, continuecutting to the waist, avoiding the pockets. With the rightleg, cut across at the crotch to the left leg cut. Place thescissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution. Fold the cuttrouser halves away from the patient and allow the halvesto drop to the litter with contaminated (green) side down.Roll the inner leg portion under and between the legs.

Remove outer gloves. This procedure can be done withone person on each side of the patient working simul-taneously. Decon team will decon their gloves in 5 percentchlorine solution. Next, lift the patient’s arms up and outof the cutaway sleeves unless detrimental to the patient’scondition. Grasp the fingers of the glove, roll the cuff overthe fingers, turning the glove inside out. Do not remove theinner cotton gloves at this time. Carefully lower the armsacross the chest after the gloves have been removed (figure9-6). Do not allow the patient’s arms to come into contactwith the exterior of his overgarment. Drop his gloves into

the contaminated waste bag. Dip your gloves in the5 percent chlorine solution.

Remove overboots. Cut the overboot laces and fold thelacing eyelets flat outwards. If the GVO is worn, first try toremove the overboot without cutting; if necessary, cut theboot along the front. While standing at the foot of the litter,hold the heel with one hand, pull the overboot downwards,then pull towards you to remove the overboot over thecombat boot heel. Remove the two overboots simul-taneously. This reduces the likelihood of contaminatingone of the combat boots.

While holding the heels off of the litter, have a deconteam member wipe the end of the litter with the 5 percentchlorine solution to neutralize any liquid contaminationthat was transferred to the litter from the overboots. Lowerthe patient’s heels onto the decontaminated litter. Placethe overboots in the contaminated waste bag. Decon per-sonnel dip their gloves in the 5 percent chlorine solution.

Remove patient’s personal effects. Remove the patient’spersonal effects from his protective overgarment and BDUuniform pockets. Place the articles in a plastic bag, labelwith patient’s identification and seal the bag. If the articlesare not contaminated, they are returned to the patient. Ifthe articles are contaminated, place them in the con-taminated holding area until they can be decontaminated,then return them to the patient.

Step 4. Remove patient’s battledress uniformRemove combat boots. Cut the boot laces along the

tongue. Remove the boots by pulling them towards you.Place the boots in the contaminated waste bag. Do nottouch the patient’s skin with contaminated gloves whenremoving his boots.

Remove inner clothing. Follow the procedures for cut-ting away the protective overgarment and rolling it awayfrom the patient. If the patient is wearing a brassiere, cut itbetween the cups. Cut both shoulder straps where theyattach to the cups and lay them back off of the shoulders.Remove the socks and cotton gloves.

Step 5: Transfer the patient to a decon litterAfter the patient’s clothing has been cut away, he is

transferred to a decon litter or a canvas litter with a plasticsheeting cover. Three decon team members decon-taminate their gloves and aprons with the 5 percentchlorine solution. One member places his hands under thepatient’s legs at the thighs and Achilles tendons, a secondmember places his arms under the patient’s back andbuttocks, and a third member places his arms under thepatient’s shoulders and supports the head and neck. Theycarefully lift the patient using their knees (not their backs)to minimize back strain. While the patient is elevatedanother decon team member removes the litter from thelitter stands and another member replaces it with a

9-5

FM 3-5

decontaminated (clean) litter. The patient is carefullylowered onto the clean litter. Two decon members carrythe litter to the skin decon station. The contaminatedclothing and overgarments are placed in bags and movedto the decontaminated waste dump. The dirty litter isrinsed with the 5 percent chlorine solution and placed in alitter storage area.

NOTE: Before obtaining another patient, the deconteam drinks approximately half a quart of water. Theamount consumed is increased or decreased accord-ing to the work level and the temperature.

Step 6. Decontaminate SkinSpot decon. With the patient in a supine position spot

decontaminate the skin using the M291/M258Al kit or a0.5 percent chlorine solution. Decontaminate areas ofpotential contamination. Include areas around the neck,wrists, and lower parts of the face.

Aidman care. During decon, the clothing aroundbandages, tourniquets, and splints was cut and left in place.

The aidman replaces the old tourniquet by placing anewtourniquet l/2 to 1 inch above the old one. He then removesthe old tourniquet, decontaminates the patient’s skin usingthe M291 pads, the M258A1 kit, or a 0.5 percent chlorinesolution.

Usually the aidman will gently cut away bandages. Theaidman decontaminates the area around the wound andirrigates the wound with the 0.5 percent chlorine solution.If bleeding begins the aidman replaces the bandage with aclean one.

WarningDO NOT use the M291 pads or wipes from the M258A1 kitaround the wounds.

DO NOT remove splints. Splints are decontaminated byapplying the 0.5 percent chlorine solution to them to in-clude the padding and cravats. Splints will not be removeduntil the patient has been evacuated to a corps (combatsupport or MASH) hospital. The patient is checked withM8 detector paper or the CAM for completeness of decon.

NOTE: Other monitoring devices may be used whenavailable.Dispose of contaminated bandages and coverings by

placing them in a contaminated waste bag. Seal the bag andplace it in the contaminated waste dump.

Step 7. Transfer the patient across the shuffle pitThe patient’s clothing has been cut away and his skin,

bandages, and splints have been decontaminated. Now thelitter is transferred to the shuffle pit and placed upon thelitter stands. The shuffle pit is wide enough to prevent thepatient decon team members from straddling it while car-rying the litter. A third member of the decon team assists

with transferring the patient to a clean treatment litter inthe shuffle pit.

Decon personnel rinse or wipe down their aprons andgloves with the 5 percent chlorine solution.

Three decon team members lift the patient off of thedecon litter (see Step 5 for lifting procedures).

While the patient is elevated, another decon team mem-ber removes the litter from the stands and returns it to thedecon area. A medic from the clean side of the shuffle pitreplaces the litter with a clean one. The patient is loweredonto the clean litter. Two medics from the clean side of theshuffle pit move the patient to the clean treatment area.The patient is treated in this area or awaits processing intothe collective protection shelter. The litter is wiped downwith the 5 percent chlorine solution in preparation forreuse. Once the patient is in the airlock of the CPS and theair lock has been purged, his protective mask is removed.Place the mask in a plastic bag, close, and seal the bag.

NOTE: Before decontaminating another patient,each decon team member drinks approximately halfa quart of water. The exact amount of water con-sumed is increased or decreased according to thework level and temperature (See FM 3-4).

Decontaminate an AmbulatoryChemical Agent Patient

All ambulatory patients will be decontaminated at thebattalion aid station (BAS), if possible, before evacuation.Stable patients not requiring treatment at the BAS, butrequiring evacuation to the division clearing station or acorps hospital for treatment (for example, a patient with abroken arm), may be evacuated in their protective overgar-ments and masks by any available transportation. However,before evacuation, spot remove all thickened agents fromprotective clothing. For ambulatory patients requiringtreatment at the BAS, complete decon will be ac-complished. A member of the decon team or other am-bulatory patients will assist in removing clothing anddecontaminating the skin of these patients.

NOTE Place bandage scissors used in this proce-dure in container of 5 percent chlorine solution whennot in use. Most ambulatory patients will be treatedin the contaminated treatment area and returned toduty. Upon removal of an ambulatory patient’s cloth-ing, he becomes a litter patient. The BAS and DCSdo not have clothing to replace those cut off duringthe decon process. The patient must be placed in apatient protective wrap (PPW) for protection duringevacuation (Figure 9-7).The ambulatory patient is decontaminated and un-

dressed as follows–

9-6

FM 3-5

Step 1. Remove load-carrying equipmentRemove load-carrying equipment (LCE) by unfasten-

ing/unbuttoning all connectors or tie straps; then place theequipment in a plastic bag. Place the plastic bag in thedesignated storage area for later decon.

Step 2. Decontaminate the patient’s mask andhood

Send patient to clothing removal station. After thepatient has been triaged and treated (if necessary) by thesenior medic in the patient decon station, he walks to theclothing removal station.

Decontaminate and remove mask hood.Sponge down the front, sides, and top of the hood with

a 5 percent chlorine solution. Remove the hood by cutting(Figure 9-3) or, with the quick doff hood or other hoods,by loosening the hood from the mask attachment points.Before cutting the hood, dip the scissors in the 5 percent

chlorine solution. Begin by cutting the neck cord zippercord, and the small string under the voicemitter. Next,release or cut the hood shoulder straps and unzip the hoodzipper. Proceed by cutting the hood upward, close to thefalter inlet cover and eyelens outserts, to the top of theeyelens outsert, across the forehead to the outer edge ofthe other eyelens outsert. Proceed downward toward thepatient’s shoulder, staying close to the eyelens and filterinlet. Cut across the lower part of the voicemitter to thezipper. After dipping the scissors in the 5 percent chlorinesolution again, cut the hood from the center of the foreheadover the top of the head and fold the right and left sides ofthe hood away from the patient’s head, removing the hood.

Decontaminate mask and patient’s face by using theM291/M258A1 kit or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

NOTE: This solution is a 0.5 percent solution, con-siderably weaker than the 5 percent used for scissors.

9-7

FM 3-5

Wipe the external parts of the mask; cover both mask airinlets with gauze or your hands to keep the mask falters dry.Continue by wiping the exposed areas of the patient’s face,to include the neck and behind the ears.

Step 3. Remove field medical cardCut the card tie wire, allowing the card to fall into a

plastic bag. Seal the plastic bag and rinse it with the 5percent chlorine solution. Place the plastic bag under theback of the protective mask head straps.

Step 4. Remove all gross contaminationfrom the patient’s overgarment

Remove all visible contamination spots by using theM291/M258A1 kit or a sponge dipped in a 0.5 percentchlorine solution.

Step 5. Remove overgarmentsRemove overgarment jacket. Have the patient stand

with his feet spread apart at shoulder width. Unsnap thejacket front flap and unzip the jacket. If the patient canextend his arms, have him clinch his fist and extend his armsbackward at about a 30° angle. Move behind the patient,grasping his jacket collar at the sides of the neck, peel thejacket off the shoulders at a 30° angle down and away fromthe patient. Avoid any rapid or sharp jerks which spreadcontamination. Gently pull the inside sleeves over thepatient’s wrists and hands.

If the patient cannot extend his arms, you must cut thejacket to aid in its removal. Dip the scissors in the 5 percentchlorine solution between each cut. As with the litterpatient, cut both sleeves from the inside, starting at thewrist, up to the armpit. Continue cutting across theshoulder to the collar. Cut around bandages or splints,leaving them in place. Next, peel the jacket back anddownward to avoid spreading contamination. Ensure thatthe outside of the jacket does not touch the patient or hisinner clothing.

Remove the patient’s butyl rubber gloves by grasping theheel of the glove, peel the glove off with a smoothdownward motion. Place the contaminated gloves in aplastic bag with the overgarment jacket. Do not allow thepatient to touch his trousers or other contaminated objectswith his exposed hands.

Remove overboots. Remove the patient’s overboots bycutting the laces with scissors dipped in the 5 percentchlorine solution. Fold the lacing eyelets flat on the ground.Step on the toe and heel eyelets to hold the overboot on theground and have the patient step out of it. Repeat thisprocedure for the other overboot. If the GVO is worn, firsttry to remove the overboots without cutting if necessarycut the overboot along the front. If the overboots are ingood condition, they can be decontaminated and reissued.

Remove overgarment trousers. Unfasten or cut all ties,buttons, or zippers before grasping the trousers at the waistand peeling them down over the patient’s combat boots.Again, the trousers are cut to aid in removal. If necessary,cut both trouser legs starting at the ankle, keeping the cutsnear the inside of the legs, along the inseam, to the crotch.Cut around all bandages, tourniquets, or splints. Continueto cutup both sides of the zipper to the waist and allow thenarrow strip with the zipper to drop between the legs. Placethe scissors in the decon solution. Peel or allow the trouserhalves to drop to the ground. Have the patient step out ofthe trouser legs one at a time. Place the trousers in themarked and contaminated disposal bag.

Have the patient remove his cotton glove liners to reducethe possibility of spreading contamination. Have thepatient grasp the heel of one glove liner with the othergloved hand, peeling the glove off of his hand. Hold theremoved glove by the inside and grasp the heel of the otherglove, peeling it off of his hand. Place both gloves in thecontaminated waste bag.

Place the patient’s personal effects in a clean bag andlabel with the patient’s identification. If they are not con-taminated, give them to him. If his personal effects arecontaminated, place the bagged items in the contaminatedstorage area until they can be decontaminated, then returnthem to the patient.

Step 6. Check patient for contaminationAfter the patient’s overgarments have been removed,

check his BDU by using M8 detector paper or the CAM.Carefully survey all areas of the patient’s clothing, payingparticular attention to discolored areas on the uniform,damp spots, tears, areas around the neck, wrist, ears, anddressings, splints, or tourniquets. Remove spots by usingthe 0.5 percent chlorine solution, using the M291/M258A1kit or cutting away the contaminated area. Always dip thescissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution after each cut.Recheck the area with the detection equipment.

Step 7. Decontaminate the patient’s skinUse the M291/M258A1 kit, or the 0.5 percent chlorine

solution to spot decontaminate exposed neck and wristareas, other areas where the protective overgarment wasdamaged, dressings, bandages, or splints.

Have the patient hold his breath and close his eyes. Havehim or assist him in lifting his mask at the chin. Wipe hisface with M291/M258Al or the 0.5 percent chlorine solu-tion. Wipe quickly from below the top of one ear, beingcareful to wipe all folds of the skin, top of the upper lip,chin, dimples, ear lobes, and nose. Continue up the otherside of the face to the top of the other ear. Wipe the insideof the mask where it touches the face. Have the patientreseal and check his mask.

9-8

FM 3-5

Caution and the aidman irrigates the wound with the 0.5 percentKeep the decon solution out the patient's eyes and mouth. chlorine solution. The aidman covers massive wounds with

plastic secured with tape. Mark the wound as con-taminated. The aidman also replaces bandages that areneeded to control massive bleeding.

Step 8. Remove bandages and tourniquets Dispose of contaminated bandages and coverings byDuring the clothing removal, the clothing around placing them in a plastic bag and sealing the bag with tape.

bandages, tourniquets, and splints was cut and left in place. Place the plastic bags in the contaminated waste dump.The aidman will replace the old tourniquet by placing a

new one l/2 to 1 inch above the old tourniquet. When the Step 9. Proceed through the shuffle pit to theold tourniquet is removed, the skin is decontaminated with clean treatment areathe M291/M258A1 kit or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution. Have the decontaminated patient proceed through the

Do not remove splints. Decontaminate them by shuffle pit to the clean treatment area. Make sure that thethoroughly rinsing the splint, padding, and cravats with the patient’s boots are well decontaminated by stirring the0.5 percent chlorine solution. contents of the shuffle pitas he crosses it. Patient’s combat

The aidman gently cuts away bandages. The area around boots and protective mask will be removed in the entrancethe wound is rinsed with the 0.5 percent chlorine solution, of the CPS.

Biological Patient Decontamination ProceduresThe decon station as established for chemical agent

patients can also be used for biologically contaminatedpatients. The 8-man patient decon team is required forbiologically contaminated patient decon procedures.

Decontaminate a LitterBiological Agent Patient

Remove the FMC by cutting the tie wire and allowingthe FMC to drop into a plastic bag. Keep the FMC with thepatient.

Patient decon team members first apply a liquid disin-fectant, such as chlorine dioxide solution, to the patient’sclothing and the litter.

NOTE: Disinfectant solution for use in patient deconprocedures must be prepared in accordance with thelabel instructions on the container. The strength ofsolution for use on the skin can also be used to irrigatethe wound.Patient decon team members remove the patient’s cloth-

ing as in decon of chemical agent patients. Bandages,tourniquets, and splints are not removed. Move patient toa clean litter as described for a chemical agent patient.Place patient’s personal effects in a clean plastic bag; labelthe bag. If uncontaminated, give to patient. If con-taminated, place in contaminated storage, decontaminatewhen possible, then return to patient. Place patient’s cloth-ing in a plastic bag and dispose in a contaminated wastedump.

Bathe patient with soap and warm water, followed byreapplication of a liquid disinfectant. The medic places anew tourniquet l/2 to 1 inch above the old tourniquet, thenhe removes the old one. The medic removes bandages anddecontaminates the skin and wound with the disinfectantsolution or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution; he replaces

the bandage, if needed, to control bleeding. Splints aredisinfected by soaking the splint, cravats, and straps withthe disinfectant solution.

NOTE. Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to decon-taminate patients suspected of being contaminatedwith mycotoxins.Two decon team members move patient to the hotline

and transfer him to a clean litter as described for chemicalagent patients. Place the patient’s FMC in the plastic bagon the clean litter with him. Two medics from the clean sideof the hotline move the patient from the hotline to the cleantreatment/holding area.

Decontaminate an AmbulatoryBiological Agent Patient

Remove the patient’s FMC by cutting the tie wire andallowing it to drop into a plastic bag. Keep the bagged FMCwith the patient.

Apply a liquid disinfectant solution, such as chlorinesolution, over the patient’s clothing.

Remove the patient’s clothing as described for a chemi-cal agent patient. Do not remove bandages, tourniquets, orsplints. Place patient’s clothing in a plastic bag and movethe plastic bag to the contaminated waste dump.

Have the patient bathe with soap and warm water. If thepatient is unable to bathe himself, a member of the deconteam must bathe him. Reapply the disinfectant solution. Amedic places a new tourniquet 1/2 to 1 inch above the oldone and removes the old one. A medic removes bandagesand decontaminates the wound and surrounding skin areawith the disinfectant solution or the 0.5 percent chlorinesolution. The medic replaces the bandage, if required, tocontrol bleeding. Splints are decontaminated in place by

9-9

FM 3-5

applying the disinfectant solution or the 0.5 percent Direct the patient to cross the hotline to the clean treat-chlorine solution to the splint, cravats, and straps. ment area. His boots must be decontaminated at the hot-

NOTE: Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to decon- line before he enters the clean treatment area.taminate ambulatory patients suspected of being NOTE: This patient becomes a litter patient. Hecontaminated with mycotoxins. must be placed in a patient protective wrap before

evacuation.

Nuclear Patient Decon ProceduresDecontaminate nuclear patients. The practical decon of

nuclear contaminated patients is easily accomplishedwithout interfering with the required medical care.

NOTE: Patients must be monitored by using a radiacmeter (VDR2 or PDR 27) before, during, and aftereach step of the decon procedure.

Decontaminate a LitterNuclear-Contaminated Patient

Patient decon team members remove the patient’s outerclothing as described for chemical agent patients. Do notremove bandages, tourniquets, or splints. Move the patientto a clean litter. Place the patient’s contaminated clothingin a plastic bag and move the bagged clothing to the con-taminated waste dump.

Wash exposed skin surfaces with soap and warm water.Wash the hair with soap and warm water, or clip the hairand wash the scalp with soap and warm water.

Move the patient to the hotline. Two medics from theclean side of the hotline move the patient into the cleantreatment area.

Decontaminate an AmbulatoryNuclear-Contaminated Patient

Have the patient remove his outer clothing (or have adecon team member assist him). Place his contaminatedclothing in a plastic bag and move the bagged clothing tothe contaminated waste dump.

Wash exposed skin surfaces with soap and warm water.Wash his hair with soap and water, or clip the hair and washthe scalp with soap and water.

Direct the patient to move to the hotline. Decontaminatehis boots before he crosses into the clean treatment area.

NOTE: This patient becomes a litter patient. He isprotected by using a blanket or other protectivematerial during evacuation.Battalion aid station operations under NBC conditions

are described in FM 8-10-4 and FM 8-10-7.Treatment of chemical agent casualties is described in

FM 8-285. Treatment of nuclear, biological, and chemicalcasualties is also described in FM 8-9.

9-10

FM 3-5

Chapter 10

Logistics

Everyone who conducts decon has a supply respon-sibility and must know where resupply comes from. This

Skin DeconSince skin decon procedures are done immediately after

an NBC attack, each individual carries his or her owndecon supplies.

The standard decon kit is the M258A1 individual deconkit until it is replaced by the M291 skin decontaminationkit (SDK). Supplies of M258A1 will be used until exhaustedor discarded.

chapter identifies what materials are needed for each ofthe seven decon techniques.

Each soldier carries an M258A1 decon kit in his or hermask carrier. The M291 is stored in the right cargo pocketof the BDU trousers or BDO trousers. The basis of issueper soldier for M291 is two M291s (12 packages); eachindividual package contains six individual decon packets.The unit maintains at least one M258A1 kit or two M291kits, per assigned person, for resupply of its soldiers.

Personal WipedownThe personal wipedown technique must be done within

15 minutes after chemical attack to be effective. Soldiersmust carry their decon materials with them. The M291 orM258A1 kits are used for this procedure.

Operator’sMajor pieces of equipment are authorized an on-board

decon apparatus. The operator’s spraydown techniqueuses the M11 or M13 decon apparatus. The M11 is filledwith 1-1/3 quarts of DS2 before use. DS2 comes in 1-1/3quart cans (two authorized per M11 according to CTA50-970) and in 5 gallon pails (two authorized per company-size element according to CTA 50-970).

Four nitrogen cylinders and two 1-1/3 quart cans of DS2should be carried in the vehicle with each M11 (twonitrogen cylinders authorized per can of DS2). The M13comes with a 14-liter (3.7-gallon) DS2 container. Use thenitrogen cylinders to pressurize the container during M11

If individual equipment decon kits are all used or notavailable, the company or unit should issue the soldier twoM291 or one M258A1 decon kits. Follow the same logisticresponsibilities and supply disposition guidance for thistechnique as for skin decon.

Spraydownuse. Operating the M11 decon apparatus in below-freezingweather (below 32°F or 0°C) requires two nitrogencylinders to expend the contents of the M11. Double yourstock of nitrogen cylinders for operations in below-freezingweather.

The battalion resupplies M11s and accessories. Unitsmaintain limited spare parts and accessories. Units are notrequired to maintain additional stocks of 1-1/3-quart cansof DS2. The five gallon pails authorized each unit can beused to refill empty M11s until a resupply of 1-1/3-quartcans is received from the battalion.

MOPP Gear ExchangeMOPP gear exchange normally is done by squads and

platoons. Time and materials are at a premium for theseunits, and needed decon supplies must be readily available,For planning purposes, it takes approximately 45 minutesfor MOPP gear exchange by squad-platoon sized elements.Filters for the protective masks and a mask hood areconsidered part of the MOPP gear, but are not required tobe changed for this technique.

Each soldier wears or carries one complete set of MOPPgear. The unit stocks a second complete set, sized and

identified for each soldier. When a squad or platoon un-dergoes a MOPP gear exchange, the unit sends a supplyvehicle to rendezvous with the contaminated element at theoperational decon site. The vehicle carries replacementMOPP gear and any decontaminants required. Dry mixSTB will be used to decontaminate the soldiers’ individualfighting equipment. Appendix F tells how to prepare drymix. Plan to use about 40 pounds of dry mix per squad-sizedelement. In wartime, 5-pound quantities of STB can be putin l-gallon air tight containers and stored in the company

10-1

FM 3-5

supply section. This saves time when supplying operational Units maintain a 5 percent overage of MOPP gear baseddecon operations. on its personnel strength or authorization (whichever is

greater) to ensure a complete range of sizes and replace-CAUTION ment gear (for example, unserviceable equipment replace-

The STB W-Pound drums should not be opened becausement per CTA 50-970). Manage all MOPP gear,

STB losses its effectiveness if left open to the air for ex- serviceable and unserviceable, and replacement gear thetended periods. The unit iS resupplied with MOPP gear and same as other organizational clothing and equipmentdecontaminate from its battalion. (Class II supplies).

Vehicle WashdownLike MOPP gear exchange, vehicle washdown is done in

the unit’s area of operations. The battalion PDDE crew,stationed in the battalion trains, conducts the washdown.They move to the operational decon site, rendezvous withthe contaminated element, and conduct the washdown.The decon crew uses its PDDE to spray approximately100-150 gallons of hot, soapy water on each vehicle to washoff the gross contamination. For vehicles such as M60 orMl-series armored fighting vehicles, approximately 200gallons of water maybe required per vehicle. Soil charac-teristics and vehicle size determine how much water isneeded. Sandy soils may require less water, clay soils more.One hundred gallons of water per vehicle provide a 2-3

minute wash when the PDDE is discharging 25 gallons perminute per hose. To speed the operation, the decon crewshould heat the water prior to arriving at the operationaldecon site. See Chapters 2 and 3 and Table 10-3 for plan-ning, coordination and requirements of vehicle washdown.

Mix two pints of liquid detergent with one 450-gallontank of water for the M12A1 decon apparatus. The M17LDS injects detergent into the water as it operates. It uses2.5 quarts of detergent for every 1,200-gallon water bladder(about 1 quart of soap per 450 gallons of water). Thebattalion decon crew should maintain a basic load of liquidall-purpose detergent, sufficient to decon 30 percent of thebattalion’s organic vehicles.

Detailed Troop DeconGenerally, units conduct detailed troop decon in the

brigade support area. Battalions conduct it in thedivision/corps support area. Materials for this techniqueusually are stocked in the battalion or brigade trains.Reconstitution operations should be closely associatedwith the decon operations. The battalion assessment andrecovery team (ART) ensures the material and equipmentare available for the decon operation as part of thereconstitution effort.

If mission and time permit, the contaminated unit mayrequest the services of a clothing and bath point from theART commander. Chemical units no longer have the mis-sion of providing this service. Quartermaster elementsfrom the division support area provide that support. Deconplatoon must carry sufficient equipment and materials tosetup a DTD. It is highly possible that contaminated unitswill arrive at the decon site without supplies to set up andoperate the DTD.

Detailed Equipment DeconThe detailed equipment decon technique is done at the

same site as the detailed troop technique. The site musthave access to large water sources – rivers, ponds, andpublic water systems are best. The ART estimates theamounts of decontaminants needed. A chemical platoonsets up, supplies the decontaminants, and conducts thistechnique. A decon platoon should carry enough decon-taminants to service one company/team/battery. A mini-mum amount for a decon platoon assigned to support amaneuver company (approximately 16 vehicles per tankcompany) is: 4 gallons liquid detergent, 48 5-gallon cans ofDS2, and 10 50-pound drums of STB.

The chemical platoon is usually resupplied through itsparent unit. However, command assignment relationshipscan change the resupply channels.

For instance, chemical platoons attached to divisionalengineers might be resupplied through the divisional en-gineer battalion instead of their parent company. See Table10-1, for decon resources which are available at each or-gizational level. For equipment and supplies which areneeded for decon, see Table 10-2.

10-2

FM 3-5

10-3

FM 3-5

10-4

FM 3-5

10-5

FM 3-5

10-6

FM 3-5

Appendix A

Decontamination Materialsand Equipment

Various materials and equipment are used in decon tion and detection. They are further subdivided by the leveloperations. Some are simple to use and readily available to at which the items will be used. Most items are describedindividual soldiers. Others are very complex to use and are for easy identification. They are identified by name, NSN,available only to specially trained team members. Decon and picture in most cases. Information for each item also. .equipment and materials listed in the tables of this appen- includes its use, its limitations, and applicable reference.dix are divided into two major categories—decontamina-

A-1

FM 3-5

A-2

FM 3-5

A-3

FM 3-5

A-4

FM 3-5

A-5

FM 3-5

Appendix B

Decontamination of Specific Items

This appendix lists more than two dozen specific sur- You should choose the best method for decon of afaces or materials, and explains briefly how to best decon- particular item. The chapters in this manual cover decontaminate each for chemical, biological, or nuclear methods for personnel, equipment, terrain, and so forth.contamination. The best method of decon for a particular For a more in-depth understanding of the decon methodssurface or material in a given situation could be any of those you will need, refer to chapters 4 through 10. You will thenlisted for that surface or material. The order in which the be able to choose the best method for your particular deconmethods are listed does not indicate preference of one over problem, and include needed information in your unitsanother. standard operating procedure.

B-0

FM 3-5

B-1

FM 3-5

B-2

FM 3-5

B-3

FM 3-5

B-4

Appendix CFM 3-5

P h y s i c a l E f f e c t s o f C o l do n C W A g e n t s

W e a t h e r

Northern regions are characterized by extreme cold some chemicals that normally are nonpersistent becomeand deep snow during winter months. Spring breakup persistent (GB nerve agent may remain a transfer hazardand mud restricts mobility. Whiteout and greyout cause for up to 30 days in arctic climates). Although frozenloss of depth perception, making vehicle movement haz- agents do not present a significant problem in a solidardous. Ice fog (clouds of ice crystals) covers troops, state, they become hazards when they warm. Decon is avehicles, bivouac areas, and permanent facilities, mark- problem because low temperatures also reduce the effecting their location. of decontaminants.

Chemical agents become more persistent in low Such situations present unique problems when youtemperatures (see Chapter 6 and Table 6-2). As a result, plan and conduct decon operations.

EffectsThe freezing points of standard chemical agents are

given in Table 6-2, Chapter 6.The volatility of GA and GB is significantly reduced in

the temperature range 0 to -55°C (+32 to -65°F). How-ever, GA and GB present a liquid contact hazard andbecome moderately persistent agents in the cold. Atnormal temperatures, 10 to 25°C (50 to 77°F), theseagents would persist in the target area 0.5 to 2 hours.However, at low temperatures, 0 to -43°C (+32 to -40°F),the agent may be present for 10 to 20 hours. The volatilityof GB, for example, at 25°C (77°F) of 40,000 mg/m3 at0°C (32°F) and at -40°C (-40°F) drops to 100 mg/m3. Atthat concentration it is still deadly enough to present aserious inhalation hazard. In addition, these agents canbe aerosolized and would be deadly.

With the drop in temperature, the agent evaporatesand hydrolysis much slower, posing a potentialprolonged contact hazard for personnel. Agents such asGD and thickened GD (TGD) would be similarly af-fected by cold temperatures and the exact effects maydepend upon additives used to thicken the agent. Thick-eners increase the viscosity of liquids and generallyretard their evaporation or adsorption. Thickening theagent also gives it an adhesive or sticky quality thatincreases the likehood to be picked by contact andpresents difficulty in decontaminating personnel andequipment.

While V-type nerve agents have low volatility in thecold and would not present a vapor hazard they canpresent a percutaneous hazard. At low temperatures, theliquid agent would contaminate equipment and terrainbut if personnel did not physically contact the agent,there would be minimal hazard. However, as forcesmaneuver through VX contaminated areas, extra caremust be taken to thoroughly decontaminate skis, boots,

outer clothing and equipment. Considerable attentionmust be given to vehicles, squad tents, etc. The agent willstill be capable of producing casualties even after fivemonths.

Note—nerve agents can also be dispersed asaerosols and as such, would present a serious in-halation hazard.Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is sufficiently volatile to make

it extremely hazardous even at temperatures as low as-55°C (-65°F). AC might be sprayed during ice-fog con-ditions and link onto water molecules suspended in the

atmosphere. In either case, the agent would be readilyinhaled by unprotected personnel. Even at -40°C (-40°F)the volatility of AC is high (36,000 mg/m3).

CK in liquid or solid form sprayed onto snow mightbecome covered by either water or additional snow fall.Since CK is not readily soluble in water (only 5-10 per-cent) it will not be diluted and can still present a vaporhazard during melting and thawing.

A brief mention is made of arsine (SA). This veryvolatile arsenical may be a good blood agent candidatefor use by an enemy for rapid casualty production in coldto extreme cold conditions.

Mustard agents are generally not very soluble in waterand would not be diluted by melting snow and ice. Be-cause blister agents in general achieve casualties by per-cutaneous (skin) penetration, few inhalation casualtiesare expected. These agents are mostly used to prevent,prohibit or exact a penalty for operating or occupyingcontaminated equipment and terrain. Blister agent con-tamination will require personnel to wear completechemical protective ensembles and thoroughly decon-taminate personal equipment and vehicles. This requiresextensive time and resources, not to mention the ex-tended performance degradation while in MOPP. Since

C-1

FM 3-5

present aqueous decontamination methods in coldweather (below freezing) are severely limited, expectblister agents to be employed by an enemy to harass orrestrict abilities to operate weapons and equipment.

Standard distilled mustard (HD) freezes at 14°C(58°F) and below this temperature will be found as asolid. Snow cover increases the persistency of the agent.The rate of evaporation is further reduced by the lack ofsunshine in winter months. Nitrogen mustards havesimilar characteristics and field behavior as HD. By ad-ding nitrogen, the freezing points are lowered to permitliquid agent use even at cold to extreme cold tempera-tures. Expect nitrogen mustards to remain liquids and topresent both a contact and aerosol spray hazard to forcesoperating in the cold.

Lewisite (L) is an arsenical blister agent. Becausehydrolyzed Lewisite contains arsenic, its effect on man incombination with body fluids is that of systemic poison-ing. Furthermore, combining Lewisite with mustard in-creases agent persistency and provides a bonus effect ofcasualty production.

Phosgene oxime (CX) is solid at temperatures below35°C (95°F). Information on this blister agent indicates itcould be mixed with either G-nerve agents to increasepercutaneous (skin) toxicity, or it could be used pure tocause severe eye damage. Even at -55°C (-65°F), con-centrations of about 300 mg/m3 in air are obtainable, andeye exposure to CX at concentration of only 3 mg/m3 inair causes extreme pain. Furthermore, there is no decon-tamination procedure which is totally effective. Conse-quently, CX appears to be a good candidate for use tocause permanent eye damage or to increase skin penetra-tion of other toxic chemical agents.

Note—Some countries have stockpiles of HL. Thisis an excellent agent for use in cold weather. Thefreezing point of HL ranges from -18°C to -42°C(-l°F to -44°F) depending on the agent purity.

Choking agents phosgene (CG) and diphosgene (DP)warrant consideration for use in low temperatures be-cause of their extremely low freezing points (-128°C and-57°C (-198°F and -71°F) respectively). Under arctic con-ditions CG would be nonpersistent and DP moderatelypersistent, as an aerosol of inhalable vapor.

C-2

FM 3-5

Appendix D

C o n v e r s i o n s a n d M e a s u r e m e n t s

Conversion Factors

D-1

FM 3-5

D-2

FM 3-5

D-3

FM 3-5

Appendix E

C h e m i c a l A g e n tR e s i s t a n t C o a t i n g ( C A R C )

Most surfaces absorb chemical contamination. Oncean agent has been absorbed it is very difficult and timeconsuming to remove. The agent cannot be neutralizeduntil a decontaminant would also be absorbed into thesurface and contacts the agent. This takes time. If decon-taminant does not remain on the surface long enough,any chemical agents that have been absorbed will remainand gradually desorb, releasing toxic vapor into the air.Only heat can speed the resorption process.

To preclude the absorption of chemical agents intometal surfaces, fielded Army equipment is painted witha hardened polyurethane paint, a chemical agent resis-tant coating (CARC). These are paints that resist absorp-tion of chemical contamination. These coatings makedecon methods easier and more effective. The ad-vantage is much less decontaminant is required, as muchas 50 percent less.

Contamination will stay on top of CARC surfaceswhere it can more easily be neutralized or removed.Although the contamination is easier to remove, theagent will remain a transfer hazard until the contamina-

tion is removed. CARC prevents most of the resorptionhazard that sustains the transfer hazard.

Contamination is easily removed from CARC sur-faces, except for thickened agents. Detergents mixedwith water probably will remove (but not destroy) thecontamination. Caustic decontaminants may not beneeded.

Caustic decontaminants applied to these surfacesreact more easily with the contamination. However, con-tamination can still seep into cracks and crevices, makingit difficult to remove.

Many surfaces, such as rubber, canvas, wood, andplastic cannot be covered with CARC. These surfacesabsorb chemical agents and can still desorb them afterdecontamination.

Use proper CARC paint color when painting orrepainting bumper numbers, interior, spot painting, etc.CARC paint is available in all colors within the supplysystem. Other paints are not authorized to be used in lieuof CARC.

E-0

F M 3 - 5

Appendix F

D e c o n t a m i n a n t s

Decontaminants in this appendix are grouped in tables nuclear, biological, and/or chemical, and brief directionsaccording to their classification of standard, nonstandard, are given on how to prepare each decontaminant. Theand natural. See Tables F-1 through F-3. Each decon- tables also list any appropriate cautions for each decon-taminant is identified by name and NSN (where ap- taminant. A remarks column gives information on applica-plicable). Some include pictures of the decontaminant or tion, coverage, substitute solutions, and the relatedits container. The use of each decontaminant is listed as effectiveness of the decontaminants.

F-1

FM 3-5

F-2

FM 3-5

F-3

FM 3-5

F-4

FM 3-5

F-5

FM 3-5

F-6

FM 3-5

F-7

FM 3-5

F-8

FM 3-5

F-9

FM 3-5

Appendix G

N o n s e a l e d E l e c t r o n i c E q u i p m e n t

Many electronic equipment found inside shelters and which lack gasket-equipped covers or have openings forhelicopters have cooling fans which draw cooling air over circulation of cooling air, into the interior, must be clas-the interior electronics and circuit cards. Some field sified as nonsealed. Airborne contaminates willelectronic equipment, when removed from storage cases, penetrate inside this equipment and necessitate disas-also has openings to allow outside air to circulate for sembly for decontamination.cooling inside the equipment. All electric equipment

DisassemblyMany circuit cards and electronic parts are susceptible of electronic equipment should only be performed by

to electro-static discharge (ESD) damage from improper qualified operator or maintenance personnel.handling. Disassembly and handling of the internal parts

DecontaminationMany decontamination materials, such as DS2, are

corrosive to the metal parts and circuit componentsfound in electronic equipment. When electronic partsare exposed to NBC contamination or to corrosivedecontaminants, they must be cleaned with an approved

Cleaning ProceduresIn general, electronic assemblies can be cleaned using

mild types of evaporative solvents, such as alcohol. Milddetergent and clean water may also by used providedthat –(1) The assemblies are thoroughly rinsed with dis-tilled (de-ionized) water after cleaning and (2) care is

cleaner to remove all traces. For cleaning instructionsrefer to technical manuals for the equipment. If they arenot available or do not contain cleaning instructions, thefollowing procedures may be used as an alternative.

Note: Extreme care must be taken with those as-semblies that contain adjustable components,switches, relays, open coils and capacitors, cardedge sockets, plug contacts, and connector sockets.These assemblies should not be immersed into

taken to avoid getting any cleaning solutions inside of detergent or water solutions. Solvent cleanersadjustable components, switches, connectors and relays. should not be allowed to penetrate inside switchesAfter cleaning, assemblies should be visually examined or relays where they will dissolve lubricants. Theseand tested for contamination to ensure the success of the type of components may require the use of specialcleaning operation. All parts should be completely dry solvents or lubricant cleaners to prevent damage.and free of all traces of water, detergent, or solvents prior Any gear assemblies or moving parts may requireto reassembly and operation. lubrication after the cleaning operation.

G-0

FM 3-5

Appendix H

N B C D e c o n C o n c e p t f o rIndividual and Crew-Served Weapons

This appendix provides decontamination proceduresfor light infantry crew-served weapons and some in-dividual major weapons, critical for the unit’s mission.For those units not authorized decon devices for supportof operator spraydown, such as M13 decon apparatusportable (DAP) or M11 decon apparatus, alternativemeasures are described in this appendix. Units, such aslight infantry, due to organization and mission, needdecon procedures for their crew-served weapons andsome individual weapons critical to support their mis-sions for operations under chemical or biological condi-tions. Decon procedures are specified for the followingweapons — M60 machine gun, squad automatic weapon,M47 dragon, TOW (1M220 Series), 81mm mortar, 60mmmortar, M203 grenade launcher, AT-4 light antitankweapon, M72 series, and 66mm rocket launcher.

The basic fundamentals for operational and thoroughdecon are described in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and, 4 of thismanual. However, integrating such fundamentals withthese techniques and procedures will require additionalplanning from the contaminated units decon team, theunit chemical NCO, and the supporting chemical platoon(if available), respectively.

The operators’ spraydown technique of immediatedecon is not considered as a viable option for a light

Operational Decon

infantry unit. This type of unit generally lacks the addi-tional capability needed to transport M11 and M13decontamination apparatuses. Alternatively, IDKs canbe used to decontaminate small areas on crew-servedweapons. However, this method increases the number ofkits required at unit level. Therefore, additional kitswould need to be pushed forward in logistics packages(LOGPAC) for decontamination of crew-servedweapons. Weapon crews carry additional IDKs to con-duct operational decon. Field SOPs should be modifiedto reflect the need for resupply of the additional resour-ces. See specific on decon procedures to determine therequired number of decon kits for each weapon system.However, the TOW requires a combination of M11decon apparatus and IDKs to conduct operational decon(see TOW procedures in this appendix). When TOW isvehicle transported and dismounted on freed positions,one M11 decon apparatus will stay with the system.

NOTE: New enlarged version of the M291 SDKwill replace the actual M291 SDK when fielded.This new item will decontaminate a larger surfacethan the M291 SDK, therefore, a significant reduc-tion of LOGPAC will be required. The composi-tion and design of this new item is same as the M291SDK.

Units conduct operational decon for their crew-served tions is MOPP4. Do not decontaminate day and nightweapons by using an IDK. Use either kit to remove or sights with the IDK. Use water to rinse or flush con-neutralize contamination on small weapons systems. tamination from the lens. This step is also described in

Conduct operational decon to sustain combat opera- the decon procedures.tions, remove gross contamination, and reduce the trans- Washdown of these light infantry weapons systemsfer/spread of contamination. Prior to decontamination, should not be conducted with the M17 LDS. Use of highsoldiers should visually inspect the weapon system for pressure water from the M17 LDS could damage electri-contamination. If liquid contamination is present, follow cal components and optical sights. In addition, otherthe procedures prescribed for each weapon system. The small parts of the weapons systems could be damaged byprotection level required for operational decon opera- the water pressure.

Thorough DeconWhen conducting detailed equipment decon (DED), the chemical agent monitor (CAM) are used to deter-

the equipment is decontaminated using a solution of 10 mine effectiveness of decontamination. Decon of crew-percent HTH mixed with water (see Appendix F) served weapons should be done before detailed troopor pure bleach (already diluted). These procedures are decon (DTD) by the individual weapon crew (themore effective since the contamination will either be preferred method). Alternatively, the commander couldcompletely neutralized or reduced to a negligible risk. task his own decon team to decontaminate the unit’s lightM8 paper, M256 series chemical agent detector kit, or weapons. The contaminated unit is responsible for estab-

H-1

FM 3-5

lishing the light equipment decon area (LEDA). With vision of this process is a unit leadership responsibility;technical assistance from the chemical decon platoon, the unit chemical NCO will plan and coordinate prepara-the contaminated unit will set up the LEDA about 100- tion of the LEDA.150 meters upwind from the DTD and DED sites. Super-

Operational Decon Procedures Using the M258A1 decon kitThe intent of these operational procedures is not to

fully decontaminate the specific equipment but to reducethe level of spreading/transferring liquid contamination;in addition, it to provides temporary relief when re-quired. The performance of these procedures will in-crease the survivability rate of the crew/individualsoldier. The M258A1 decon kit will remove and neutral-ize the gross contamination found on the surface of agiven weapon system/weapon.

The following procedures are unique to the M258A1decon kit; the use of other decon equipment with theseprocedures could result in a disfunction of theweapons/weapons system. Use respective technicalmanual for proper lubrication after the operationaldecontamination procedures are performed.

M60 Machine Gun/Squad AutomaticWeapon

Safety Note: Following decon of the weapon withthe M258A1 kit ensure that mechanical parts of theweapon are dried and lubricated. Perform applica-tion of lubricant when the mission permits. Do nottouch the barrel of the weapon with chemicalprotective gloves, when barrel is hot. The heat ofthe barrel could melt the gloves.Step 1. Decon your gloves, using packets 1 and 2 of the

M258A1.Step 2. Using the packet 1 towelette, wipe the biped

and barrel assembly.Step 3. Using the packet 1 towelette, wipe the carrying

handle, rear sight, and forearm assembly.Step 4. Using another packet 1 towelette, wipe the

shoulder stock, trigger assembly, and pistol grip of theweapon.

Step 5. Repeat steps 2 thru 4 using packet 2 toweletteof the M258A1.

Step 6. Repeat step 1 to decon your gloves.

Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)Safety Note: Following decon of the weapon withthe M258A1 kit ensure that mechanical parts of theweapon are dried and lubricated. Perform applica-tion of lubricant when the mission permits. Do nottouch the barrel of the weapon with chemicalprotective gloves, when barrel is hot. The heat ofthe barrel could melt the gloves.Step 1. Decon your gloves, using packets 1 and 2 of the

M258A1.

Step 2. Using one packet 1 towelette wipe the barrelassembly, front sight, forearm, biped, carrying handleand gas regulator.

Step 3. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the feed traycover, shoulder stock, and trigger assembly of theweapon.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using packet 2 of theM258A1.

Step 5. Repeat step 1 to decontaminate your gloves.

M203 Grenade LauncherSafety Note: Before this procedure is performedclose the dust cover of the M16A1/2 and storemagazine in the magazine well; also ensure thebarrel assembly of the M203 is closed.Step 1. Decon your gloves using packets 1 and 2 of the

M258A1.Step 2. Use packet 1 towelette to wipe the leaf sight,

hand guard, barrel and receiver group.Step 3. Use another packet 1 towelette to wipe the

lower receiver group and the butt of the weapon.Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using packet 2 of the

M258A1.Step 5. Repeat step 1 to decon your gloves.Note: The M203 is not a crew-serve weapon, how-ever, this weapon is considered critical for themission accomplishment of an infantry squad.Decontaminate M16A1/2 in accordance with theSTP 21-1-SMCT.

M47 DragonUse this procedures only when liquid contamination is

present on encased missile or tracker components. If themissile has been fired and chemical contamination ispresent, follow the procedures shown in steps 1, 4, and 6,to decontaminate the tracker. Gather all the con-taminated launching tubes in a single area before depart-ing the contaminated area and mark them properly.See Chapter 5, for more information on optic decon-tamination.

Safety Note: Do not use the M258A1 on any opticallens (exclude rubber eye-cups), battery connector,electrical connectors, or lubricated components.However, if these items are stored in a protectivecontainer/box, decon the exterior of the container.Rinse or flush lens with water, if it becomes con-taminated with liquid chemical agent. Rubber eye-cups can be either rinsed with water ordecontaminated with the M258A1 SDK.

H-2

FM 3-5

Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 deconkit.

Step 2. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the biped.Step 3. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the launch

tube.Step 4. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior

and around the optical device and ensure that the decontowelette does not touch the lens.

Step 5. Using four packet 2 towelettes, repeat steps 2thru 5.

Step 6. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

TOW (M220 Series)Gather all the contaminated launching tubes in a single

area before departing the contaminated area and markthem properly. See Chapter 5 for more information indecontamination of optics.

Safety Note: Do not use the M258A1 on any opticallens (exclude rubber eye-cups), battery connector,electrical connectors, or lubricated components.However, if such items are stored in a protectivecontainer/box, decon the exterior of the container.Do not touch or decontaminate front lens of nightsight device. Rinse or flush lens with water, if itbecomes contaminated with liquid chemical agent.Rubber eye-cups can be either rinsed with water ordecontaminated with the M258A1 SDK.Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon

kit.Step 2. Fill your M11 decon apparatus with bleach or

soapy water and spray solution on the launch tube,traversing unit and tripod respectively. Protect or coverthe day/night sight when spraying.

Step 3. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exteriorof the night sight tracker.

Step 4. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exteriorof the day sight tracker.

Step 5. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the col-limator.

Step 6. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the missileguidance set and surface of the cable. Do not decon cableconnector.

Step 7. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe down thepower conditioner (including its cable).

Step 8. Using five packet 2, repeat steps 3 thru 7.Step 9. Decon your gloves, using procedures in step 1.Note: If the TOW missile has not been fired, checkfor liquid contamination. If contamination is found,spray missile with bleach or HTH solution from theM11 decon apparatus. If liquid contamination isfound on ammunition, use M11 with cool soapywater or bleach to remove gross contamination.

M72 Law SeriesThe M72 law series is not a crew-serve weapon, how-

ever decontamination procedures are listed to simplifythe mission of the soldier in a chemical environment.

Safety Note: Ensure that the launcher is in the safeposition before decon.Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon

Kit.Step 2. Extend the launcher into the firing position.Step 3. Use two packet 1 towelette and wipe the ex-

terior of the launcher and around the reflecting sight.Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using two packet 2

towelettes.Step 5. Decon your gloves using the procedures in

step 1.

AT-4 WeaponThe AT-4 weapon is not a crew-served weapon, how-

ever decontamination procedures are listed to simplifythe mission of the soldier in a chemical environment.

Safety Note: Ensure that the transport safety pin,cocked-level safety, and the forward safety areengaged.Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon

kit.Step 2. Use two packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior

of the launcher and front/rear sight.Step 3. Repeat step 2, using two packet 2 towelettes.Step 4. Decon your gloves using procedures in step

one.

66mm Rocket LauncherSafety Note: Ensure that the launcher is in the safeposition and is not loaded before decontamination.Do not use M258A1 on optical lens, battery con-nector, or electrical components.Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon

kit.Step 2. Extend the launcher into the firing position.Step 3. Use two packet 1 towelettes, wipe the exterior

of the launcher and around the reflecting sight.Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using two packet 2

towelettes.Step 5. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

81 mm MortarSafety Note: Following decontamination with theM258A1 kit, ensure that necessary parts of themortar are dried and lubricated. Conduct thislubrication when the mission permits. Do not touchthe tube of the mortar with chemical protectivegloves, when it is hot. The heat of the tube couldmelt the gloves. Do not decontaminate telescopelens; it should be rinsed or flushed with water froma canteen. See Chapter 5 for more information indecontamination of optic lens.

H-3

FM 3-5

Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 deconkit.

Step 2. Use one packet 1 towelette and wipe from theblast attenuator device (BAD) to cover the upper half ofthe mortar tube.

Step 3. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the lower halfof the mortar’s tube.

Step 4. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the base plateof the mortar.

Step 5. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the mortar’sbiped.

Step 6. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the elbowtelescope and telescope mount. Do not touch the lens ofthe telescope with the towelettes.

Step 7. Use five packet 2 towelettes and repeat steps 2thru 6.

Step 8. Decon your gloves, using the procedures instep 1.

60mm MortarSafety Note: Following decontamination with theM258A1, ensure that the mechanical parts of the

mortar are dried and lubricated. This lubricationwill be performed when the mission permits. Donot touch the tube of the mortar with the chemicalprotective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of thetube could melt the gloves. Do not decontaminatethe telescope lens; it should be rinsed or flushedwith water from a canteen. See Chapter 5 for moreinformation in decontamination of optic lens.Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon

kit.Step 2. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the the

mortar’s tube and handgrip.Step 3. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the biped.Step 4. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the base plate.Step 5. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior

of the telescope.Step 6. Use four packet 2 towelettes, repeat steps 2

thru 5.Step 7. Decon your gloves, using the procedures in

step 1.

Operational Decon Procedures Using the M291 Decon KitThe intent of these operational procedures are not to

fully decontaminate the specific equipment but to reducethe level of spreading/transferring liquid contaminationand to provide temporary relief when required. Theperformance of these procedures will increase the sur-vivability rate of the crew/individual soldier. The M291decon kit will remove the gross contamination found onthe surface of a given weapon system/weapon.

The following procedures are unique to the M291decon kit; the use of other decon equipment with theseprocedures could result in a disfunction of theweapons/weapons system.

WARNING

Do not apply an M291 SDK to any optical lens. The abrasiveeffect of the charcoal inside the pads will damage the lens.

when it is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt thegloves.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove. Thoroughly scrub backs, palms, andfingers of gloves using extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use one pad of the M291, remove all liquidcontamination from the bipod, barrel assembly, forearmassembly, and carrying handle. Use a second pad, ifnecessary.

Step 3. Use a second pad from M291 kit and decon thefeed tray cover, shoulder stock, and trigger assembly.

Step 4. Decon your gloves, using the procedures instep 1.

Note: Do not decontaminate the flash suppressorwith the M291. Charcoal debris may fall into thebarrel and cause the weapon to malfunction.

Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)Be aware that this charcoal from the M291 SDK could Safety Note: Ensure that feed tray of the SAW is

affect mechanical parts of the weapons system/weapons, closed. This prevents M291 charcoal from fallinginside the feed tray and jamming the weapon. Doif not used properly. Use respective technical manual for

proper lubrication after the operational decontamina-tion procedures are performed.

M60 Machine GunSafety Note: Ensure that feed tray of the M60machine gun is closed. This prevents charcoal inthe M291 from falling inside the feed tray andjamming the weapon. Do not touch the barrel ofthe weapon with the chemical protective gloves,

not touch the barrel of the weapon with chemicalprotective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of thebarrel could melt the gloves.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove. Follow procedures described instep 1 forthe M60 Machine gun.

Step 2. Use one pad of M291, remove all liquid con-tamination from the biped, barrel assembly, gasregulator, and carrying handle.

H-4

FM 3-5

Step 3. Use a second pad from the M291 kit and deconthe feed tray cover, magazine, trigger assembly, andshoulder stock.

Step 4. Decon your gloves, using the procedures instep 1.

Note: Ensure that the weapon is upright whendecontaminating the feed cover with the M291.This prevents charcoal debris from falling into theammunition feeder. Place the magazine in themagazine well prior to decontamination.

M203 Grenade LauncherSafety Note: Before decontaminating ensure thatthe dust cover is closed and magazine is stored inthe magazine well. Ensure that the barrel assemblyis closed.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove. Follow procedures described in Step 1 forthe M60 machine gun.

Step 2. Use one M291 pad to decon the barrel, handguard, and receiver.

Step 3. Use one M291 pad to decon the lower receivergroup and butt stock.

Step 4. Decon your gloves, using procedures in step 1.

M47 DragonUse this procedures only when liquid contamination is

present on encased missile or tracker components. If thelauncher has been fired and chemical contamination ispresent, follow the procedures shown in steps 1, 4, and 5,to decontaminate the tracker. Gather all the con-taminated launching tubes in a single area before depart-ing the contaminated area and mark them properly. SeeChapter 5, for more information on optic decontamina-tion.

Safety Note: Do not use the M291 on any opticallens (exclude rubber eye-cups), battery connector,electrical connectors or lubricated components.Use of the M291 could cause corrosion if the kitsresidue is left on equipment for extended periodsof time. However, if the these items are stored in aprotective container/box, decon the storage con-tainer with the M291 kit. Rinse or flush lens withwater only, if it becomes contaminated. Rubbereye-cups can be either rinsed with water or decon-taminated with the M291 SDK.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove.Step 2. Use one M291 pad to decon the biped.Step 3. Use one M291 pad to decon the exterior of the

launcher.Step 4. Using water, rinse or flush any liquid con-

tamination off the exterior of the day/night sight. Use ragor any available towelette to dry the sight, but do nottouch the lens.

Step 5. Decon your gloves using the procedures instep 1.

TOW (M220 Series)Gather all the contaminated launching tubes in a single

area before departing the contaminated area and markthem properly. See Chapter 5, for more information indecontamination of optics.

Safety Note: Do not use the M291 SDK on anyoptical lens, battery connector, electrical connec-tor, or lubricated components. However, if theseitems are stored in a protective container/boxproceed with operational decon by wiping con-tamination from the protective container or spray-ing it with M11. Do not touch or decontaminatefront lens of the night sight device. Rinse or flushlens with water, if it becomes contaminated withliquid chemical agent. Rubber eye-cups can berinsed with water.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove. Thoroughly scrub back, palms, andfingers of the gloves. Use extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use an M11 decon apparatus, filled with bleachor soapy water. Spray the solution on launch tube,traversing unit, and tripod respectively. Protect or coverthe day/night sight when spraying.

Step 3. Use two M291s. Use one M291 kit to decon theexterior of the day sight tracker and another M291 kit todecon the night sight tracker. Avoid touching the lenswhen using the M291. Once sights are decontaminated,brush off charcoal residue from the M291.

Step 4. Use one M291 to decon the collimator.Step 5. Use one M291 to decon the exterior of the

missile guidance set and cable surface. Ensure thatelectrical connectors are covered prior to decontamina-tion.

Step 6. Use two M291 kits; use one to decon the powerconditioner and its cable and the other kit for the batterycomponent.

Step 7. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

AT-4 Light Antitank WeaponSafety Note: Ensure that the three safety positionsof the launcher are engaged. Transport safety pin,cocked-level safety, and the forward safety.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291.Step 2. Use one M291, wipe the exterior of the launch-

er and front/rear sight. Use another M291 pad, whenrequired.

Step 3. Decon your gloves using procedures in stepone.

66mm Rocket LauncherSafety Note: Ensure that the launcher is in the safeposition and is not loaded before decontaminating.

H-5

FM 3-5

Omit step 2, if launcher has not been fired in acontaminated environment.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove. Thoroughly scrub backs, palms, andfingers of gloves using extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Extend the launcher into the firing position.Step 3. Use two M291 pads to completely decon the

exterior of the launcher and around the reflecting sight.Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using two M291 padsStep 5. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

81 mm MortarSafety Note: If the M291 is used, lubricate themechanical parts of the mortar after decontamina-tion. This lubrication will be performed when themission permits. Do not touch the tube of themortar with chemical protective gloves, when it ishot. The heat of the tube could melt the gloves. Donot apply an M291 to any optical lens due to theabrasive effect of the charcoal in the pads. The lensshould be rinsed or flushed with water, when re-quired.Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291

for each glove. Thoroughly scrub back, palms, andfingers of the gloves. Use extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use one M291 to decon from the blast at-tenuator device to the lower half of the mortar’s tube.

Step 3. Use one M291 to decon the baseplate.Step 4. Use one M291 to decon the bipod assembly.

Step 5. Use one M291 to decon the elbow telescopeand telescope mount. Do not apply to the telescope lens.Flush lens with water, if contamination is present.

Step 6. Decon your gloves using the procedures instep 1.

60mm MortarSafety Note: If the M291 SDK is used, lubricate the

mechanical parts of the mortar after decontamination.Perform this safety application when the mission permits.Do not touch the tube of the mortar with chemicalprotective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of the tubecould melt the gloves. Do not apply an M291 to anyoptical lens due to the abrasive effect of the charcoal inthe pads. The lens should be rinsed or flushed with water,when required.

Step 1. Decontaminate your gloves using one pad ofthe M291 for each glove. Thoroughly scrub back, palms,and fingers of the gloves. Use extra strokes betweenfingers.

Step 2. Use one M291 to decon the mortar tube (fromtop to bottom) and hand grip. If mortar is heavily con-taminated you may need another M291 to decon theseparts.

Step 3. Use one M291 to decontaminate the biped andbase plate.

Step 4. Use one M291 SDK to decon the exterior ofthe telescope. Do not apply pad to the lens. Flush lenswith water, if contamination is present.

Step 5. Decon your gloves using the procedures instep 1.

Thorough Decon Procedures for Light InfantryUse the following procedures during DED/DTD. Mix

10 percent HTH with water as the preferred decon-taminant for thorough decon (See table below). Use acontact time of HTH for 15 minutes for chemical andbiological agents. Prepare the solution of HTH and waterin accordance with the number and size of the weaponssystems that need to be decontaminated.

Safety Note: Refer to Appendix F of this manualfor how to use Sodium Hypochlorite (householdbleach) and Calcium Hypochlorite (high-testbleach) and see table H-1 (above) for the prepara-tion of 5% and 10% water mixture with HTH.Always wear chemical gloves when performing these

procedures.

Use the HTH solution to decontaminate up to 10weapon systems. Use the required number of rags on aweapon system (see material) and then dispose of therags properly. This will avoid the transfer of contamina-tion.

Do not apply HTH or bleach on electrical connectorsand lens of optical equipment.

Use bleach or 10% concentration of HTH on theexterior of optical systems not sensitive to any bleach.Rinse with water afterwards.

Once HTH has been used on a weapon system,thoroughly dry and lubricate the equipment.

Avoid spilling HTH or bleach on the chemical over-garment.

MaterialsSee below for the recommended number of clean rags

to use with the HTH solution on each specific weaponsystem.

M60 Machine Gun/SAW (use three rags).1 rag, biped and barrel.

H-6

FM 3-5

1 rag, forearm, carrying handle, and rear sight.1 rag, feed tray cover, shoulder stock, pistol grip, and

trigger assembly.

M203 Grenade Launcher (use two rags).1 rag, M16A1/2 barrel, hand guard, receiver group,

and butt stock.1 rag, M203 receiver group, sight, and exterior of the

barrel.

M47 DRAGON (use three rags).1 rag, exterior of the sight.1 rag, bipod (if weapon is not fired).1 rag, round (canister) (if weapon is not fired)Note: Keep electrical connector covered beforedecontamination. Dragon’s eye rubber piece canbe removed and submerged in decontaminant.

TOW (M220 Series) (use seven rags).1 rag, exterior of night sight.1 rag, exterior of day sight.1 rag, launch tube.1 rag, traversing unit.1 rag, tripod assembly.1 rag, battery power conditioner (BPC) and cable.

Ensure that battery is in a water proof container or case.1 rag, missile guidance set and its cable.NOTE: Lock bridge clamp after the removal of theround. Do not get HTH solution on the electricalconnector under the bridge clamp or on the postamplifier cable.

66mm Rocket Launcher (use one rag).

AT-4 Weapon (use one rag).

81 mm Mortar (use four rags).1 rag, blast denature device and tube.

1 rag, bipod.1 rag, base plate.1 rag, exterior of telescope.

60mm Mortar (use three rags).1 rag, tube (barrel) and handgrip.1 rag, base plate and bipod.1 rag, exterior of telescope.Water. Recommend preparation (as a minimum) of a

5-gallon solution. Change solution after 10 weapons aredecontaminated.

Buckets. You will need a minimum of two for theseprocedures.

Trash Bags. Use trash bags for disposal of the con-taminated rags.

NBC Marking Kit. Mark the contaminated area, oncedecon procedures are completed.

Lubricant. Use required lubricants for the weaponsystem. Follow the procedures specified in applicabletechnical manuals.

ProceduresStep 1. Submerge the rag or cloth in the HTH solution

and ensure that the material is completely dampened.Step 2. Wipe down the complete weapon system with

the rag until contamination is no longer suspected.Step 3. Rinse. Submerge clean rag or cloth into a

container of clean water (use hot water when available)and wipe down weapon system once more. This proce-dure removes HTH or bleach solution from the weapon.

Step 4. Once step three is completed, take a piece ofdry material (rag or cloth) and completely dry theweapon.

Step 5. After decontamination, lubricate weapon sys-tem with its recommended lubricant.

Step 6. Process through the DTD for the removal ofMOPP gear.

H-7

FM 3-5

Glossary

ADC — Area damage controlAircraft spot decon — Process of flushing con-

taminated aircraft surfaces required to betouched.

Aircraft washdown — process similar to thevehicle washdown technique

Area damage control (ADC) — Measures takenbefore, during and after hostile action or naturalor man-made disaster to reduce the probability ofdamage and minimize its effects.

ART — Assessment recovery teamASP — ammunition supply pointAVIM — Aviation intermediate maintenanceAVUM — Aviation maintenanceBAS — Battalion aid stationBDA — Battle damage assessmentBDO — Battle dress overgarmentBDU — Battle dress uniformBSA — Brigade or battalion support areaCAM — Chemical agent monitorCARC — Chemical agent resistant coatingCASP — Chemical ammunition supply pointCB — Chemical-BiologicalcGy — CentigramsChemical agent resistant coating — Paint made of

polyurethane that is used on equipment, vehicles,and aircraft. It prevents the absorption and allowseasy decontamination of chemical agents.

Chemical protective cover helmet — A brittle-coated protective cover for the personnel armorsystem ground troop (PASGT) helmet.

Contamination — The deposit and/or absorption ofradioactive material, biological, or chemicalagents on and by structures, areas, personnel,and objects.

Corduroy road — A roadway laid down of logs orheavy branches.

CP — Chemical protectiveCPOG — Chemical protective overgarmentCPS — Collective protective shelterCS — Combat supportCSA — Corps support areaCSS — Combat service supportCU — Contaminated unitC2 — Command and controlDAP — Decontaminating apparatusDCS — Division clearing stationDecon — Decontamination

Decontamination — The removal and/or theneutralization of hazardous levels of chemi-cal, biological, and radiological contaminationfrom personnel and material.

DED — Detailed equipment deconDetailed aircraft decon — A process where techni-

ques are applied to remove, neutralize, or reducecontamination from an aircraft to a neglible risk,to allow the removal of MOPP level and/or reduceit for extended periods. Different procedures andtechniques are used for interior decontaminationof an aircraft due to avionic equipment.

Detailed equipment decon — Process of removing,neutralizing, or reducing contamination on inte-rior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment tonegligible risk levels to allow the removal ofMOPP level and/or reduce it for extended periods.

Detailed troop decon — Process of decontaminat-ing individual fighting equipment to negligible risklevels; removing contaminated MOPP gear includ-ing protective masks; decontaminating protectivemasks; and monitoring personnel equipment fordecon effectiveness. This is done to removeand/or reduce MOPP levels for extended periods.

DKIE — Decon kit, individual equipmentDISCOM — Division support commandDP — Dual purposeDPLT — Decon platoonDS2 — Decontamination solution number twoDTD — Detailed troop deconEOD — Explosive ordnance disposalFARP — Forward arming and refueling pointFLOT — Forward line of own troopsFM — Field manualFMC — Field medical cardFSB — Forward support battalionFSOP — Field standing operating proceduresGPFU — Gas particular filter unitGPM — Gallons per minuteGVO — Green vinyl overbootsHot line — A real or imaginary line that separates

contaminated from uncontaminated areas.HTH — High test hypochloriteIDK — Individual decon kit-M258A1 or M291.LCE — Load carrying equipmentLDS — Lightweight decontaminating systemLEDA — Light equipment decon areaLOGPAC — Logistics packages

Glossary-1

FM 3-5

METT — Mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and timeavailable

MGX — MOPP gear exchangeMission oriented protective posture — A flexible

system for protection against NBC contamina-tion. This posture requires personnel to wear onlythat protective clothing and equipment (MOPPgear) appropiate to the threat level, work rate im-posed by the mission, temperature, and humidity.There are five levels of MOPP ( zero through four),MOPP4 offers the most protection but alsodegrades mission performance the most.

MMC — Material management centerMOPP — Mission oriented protective postureMOPP gear — Combat clothing and equipment used

to operate in an NBC environmentMOPP gear exchange — Process of decontaminat-

ing individual fighting equipment including theprotective mask and hood, removing the con-taminated MOPP gear, and putting on new MOPPgear.

MP — Military policeMTOE — Modified table of organization and equip-

mentNBC — Nuclear, biological, and chemicalNBC-PC — NBC protective coverNCO — Noncommissioned officerNegligible risk levels — Level of contamination that

will cause mild incapacitation among no morethan five percent of unprotected soldiers whooperate for twelve continuous hours within 1meter of contaminated surfaces; 2.5 percentnuisance effect for radiological contamination ofthe unprotected soldiers who operate for twelvecontinuous hours within 1 meter of a con-taminated surface.

NSN — National stock numberOEG — Operational exposure guidanceOPCON — Operation controlOperational decon operations — A decon operation

that consists of two techniques, the MOPP gearexchange and the vehicle washdown.

Operator’s spraydown — Process of applyingdecontaminant onto unit equipment control sur-faces to stop contamination from spreading,transferring, or soaking into surface.

OPLAN — Operation planOPORD — Operations order

PASGT — Personal armor system ground troopsPDDA — power-driven decon apparatusPDDE — Power-driven decon equipmentPersonal wipedown — Process of removing or

neutralizing contamination from the individual’sequipment including the protective mask, hood,gloves, weapon, and helmet. This process willstop the spread, transfer, and penetrating of con-tamination into the equipment surfaces.

PIC — Pilot in commandPOL — Petroleum, oil, and lubricantsPower driven decon equipment — Any of different

types of pump and heater units capable of spray-ing water, heated water, or steam. Soap anddecontaminants can also be mixed and sprayedthrough these units in most cases. They include,but are not limited to, the M12 power driven-decon apparatus (PDDA), M17 Lightweight deconsystem (LDS).

PSI — Pressure per square inchReconstitution — The rest, refitting, maintenance,

and replacement necessary to restore a militaryunit to its full capability, often after it has beendepleted by military operations.

SAW — Squad automatic weaponSDK — Skin decontamination kitSkin decon technique — Process of removing or

neutralizing contamination on the skin within 1minute of contamination to prevent it frompenetrating into the skin.

SOP — Standing operating proceduresSTB — Supertropical bleachTAACOM — Theater Army area commandTAP apron — Toxicological agent protective apronTC — Training circularTOC — Tactical operations centerTOE — Table of organization and equipmentTM — Technical manualTPU — Tank and pump unitVehicle washdown — Technique used for flushing

contamination off equipment surface to limitspreading and transferring contamination. Thisprocess will reduce amounts of contaminationand speed weathering.

Velcro — Patented two-piece tape which is sewninto a garment to permit fast opening or closure.

WBGT — Wet bulb gradient temperature

Glossary-2

FM 3-5

I n d e x

Index-0